Historic fire suppression efforts have increased the likelihood of large wildfires in much of the western U.S. Post-fire soil erosion and sedimentation risks are important concerns to resource managers. In this paper we develop and apply procedures to predict post-fire erosion and sedimentation risks on a pixel-, catchment-, and landscape-scale in central and western Colorado.
Our model for predicting post-fire surface erosion risk is conceptually similar to the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE). One key addition is the incorporation of a hydrophobicity risk index (HY-RISK) based on vegetation type, predicted fire severity, and soil texture. Post-fire surface erosion risk was assessed for each 90-m pixel by combining HYRISK, slope, soil erodibility, and a factor representing the likely increase in soil wetness due to removal of the vegetation. Sedimentation risk was a simple function of stream gradient. Composite surface erosion and sedimentation risk indices were calculated and compared across the 72 catchments in the study area.
When evaluated on a catchment scale, two-thirds of the catchments had relatively little post-fire erosion risk. Steeper catchments with higher fuel loadings typically had the highest post-fire surface erosion risk. These were generally located along the major north-south mountain chains and, to a lesser extent, in west-central Colorado. Sedimentation risks were usually highest in the eastern part of the study area where a higher proportion of streams had lower gradients. While data to validate the predicted erosion and sedimentation risks are lacking, the results appear reasonable and are consistent with our limited field observations. The models and analytic procedures can be readily adapted to other locations and should provide useful tools for planning and management at both the catchment and landscape scale.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1300/J091v11n01_04","usgsCitation":"MacDonald, L.H., Sampson, R., Brady, D., Juarros, L., and Martin, D.A., 2000, Chapter 4. Predicting post-fire erosion and sedimentation risk on a landscape scale: Journal of Sustainable Forestry, v. 11, no. 1-2, p. 57-87, https://doi.org/10.1300/J091v11n01_04.","productDescription":"31 p.","startPage":"57","endPage":"87","numberOfPages":"31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230636,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a81c3e4b0c8380cd7b6f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"MacDonald, L. H.","contributorId":11791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacDonald","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sampson, R.","contributorId":22111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sampson","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brady, D.","contributorId":52742,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brady","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Juarros, L.","contributorId":55173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Juarros","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Martin, Deborah A. 0000-0001-8237-0838 damartin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8237-0838","contributorId":168662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Deborah","email":"damartin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":392863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70022277,"text":"70022277 - 2000 - Bottlenecks and multiple introductions: Population genetics of the vector of avian malaria in Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-29T18:41:21","indexId":"70022277","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2774,"text":"Molecular Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bottlenecks and multiple introductions: Population genetics of the vector of avian malaria in Hawaii","docAbstract":"Avian malaria has had a profound impact on the demographics and behaviour of Hawaiian forest birds since its vector, Culex quinquefasciatusthe southern house mosquito, was first introduced to Hawaii around 1830. In order to understand the dynamics of the disease in Hawaii and gain insights into the evolution of vector-mediated parasite–host interactions in general we studied the population genetics of Cx. quinquefasciatus in the Hawaiian Islands. We used both microsatellite and mitochondrial loci. Not surprisingly we found that mosquitoes in Midway, a small island in the Western group, are quite distinct from the populations in the main Hawaiian Islands. However, we also found that in general mosquito populations are relatively isolated even among the main islands, in particular between Hawaii (the Big Island) and the remaining Hawaiian Islands. We found evidence of bottlenecks among populations within the Big Island and an excess of alleles in Maui, the site of the original introduction. The mitochondrial diversity was typically low but higher than expected. The current distribution of mitochondrial haplotypes combined with the microsatellite information lead us to conclude that there have been several introductions and to speculate on some processes that may be responsible for the current population genetics of vectors of avian malaria in Hawaii.
","language":"English","publisher":"Blackwell Science","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-294X.2000.01070.x","issn":"09621083","usgsCitation":"Fonseca, D.M., LaPointe, D.A., and Fleischer, R.C., 2000, Bottlenecks and multiple introductions: Population genetics of the vector of avian malaria in Hawaii: Molecular Ecology, v. 9, no. 11, p. 1803-1814, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294X.2000.01070.x.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1803","endPage":"1814","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230370,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -159.4610595703125,\n 22.24080219246335\n ],\n [\n -159.43359375,\n 22.24080219246335\n ],\n [\n 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A.","contributorId":63900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaPointe","given":"Dennis","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":392955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fleischer, Robert C.","contributorId":105421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleischer","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":7035,"text":"Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":392956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022276,"text":"70022276 - 2000 - Rupture history of the 1997 Cariaco, Venezuela, earthquake from teleseismic P waves","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-03T11:41:01","indexId":"70022276","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rupture history of the 1997 Cariaco, Venezuela, earthquake from teleseismic P waves","docAbstract":"A two-step finite-fault waveform inversion scheme is applied to the broadband teleseismic P waves recorded for the strike-slip, Cariaco, Venezuela, earthquake of 9 July 1997 to recover the distribution of mainshock slip. The earthquake is first analyzed using a long narrow fault with a maximum rise time of 20 sec. This line-source analysis indicates that slip propagated to the west with a constant rupture velocity and a relatively short rise time. The results are then used to constrain a second inversion of the P waveforms using a 60-km by 20-km two-dimensional fault. The rupture shows a zone of large slip (1.3-m peak) near the hypocenter and a second, broader source extending updip and to the west at depths shallower than 5 km. The second source has a peak slip of 2.1 meters and accounts for most of the moment of 1.1 × 1026 dyne-cm (6.6 Mww) estimated from the P waves. The inferred rupture pattern is consistent with macroseismic effects observed in the epicentral area.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/1999GL011278","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Mendoza, C., 2000, Rupture history of the 1997 Cariaco, Venezuela, earthquake from teleseismic P waves: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 27, no. 10, p. 1555-1558, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GL011278.","startPage":"1555","endPage":"1558","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230369,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280147,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999GL011278"}],"volume":"27","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-05-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaed0e4b0c8380cd8722b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mendoza, C.","contributorId":82059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mendoza","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70022275,"text":"70022275 - 2000 - Models of downdip frictional coupling for the Cascadia Megathrust","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-20T18:50:46.516422","indexId":"70022275","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Models of downdip frictional coupling for the Cascadia Megathrust","docAbstract":"We have developed models of downdip frictional coupling along two transects across the Cascadia subduction zone in northern Washington and central Oregon. The models involve complicated downdip coupling profiles. Although not unique, our models closely predict available GPS shortening rates and vertical uplift data. We are able to explain relatively low horizontal shortening rates along the Washington coast and small vertical uplift rates in central Oregon. Our models depart from previous models by inclusion of a deeply coupled region assumed to be related to mafic rocks in both the upper and lower plates of the thrust.","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1999GL005441","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Stanley, D., and Villasenor, A., 2000, Models of downdip frictional coupling for the Cascadia Megathrust: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 27, no. 10, p. 1551-1554, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GL005441.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1551","endPage":"1554","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":489191,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1999gl005441","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230337,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Cascadia subduction zone","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -128.0126953125,\n 48.86471476180277\n ],\n [\n -126.40869140625,\n 45.398449976304086\n ],\n [\n -126.7822265625,\n 44.11914151643737\n ],\n [\n -119.3115234375,\n 43.99281450048989\n ],\n [\n -119.39941406249999,\n 49.023461463214126\n ],\n [\n -128.0126953125,\n 48.86471476180277\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"27","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-05-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c7ee4b0c8380cd6fd3a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stanley, D.","contributorId":62365,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanley","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Villasenor, A.","contributorId":52733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Villasenor","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022476,"text":"70022476 - 2000 - Microscopic character of marine sediment containing disseminated gas hydrate. Examples from the Blake Ridge and the Middle America Trench","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:43","indexId":"70022476","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Microscopic character of marine sediment containing disseminated gas hydrate. Examples from the Blake Ridge and the Middle America Trench","docAbstract":"The presence of disseminated gas hydrate was inferred based on pore fluid geochemistry and downhole logging data, but was rarely observed at Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 164 (Blake Ridge), and Leg 170 (Middle America Trench, offshore from Costa Rica) drilling sites. Gas hydrate nucleation is likely to occur first in larger voids rather than in constricted pore space, where capillary forces depress the temperature-pressure stability field for gas hydrate formation. Traditional macroscopic descriptions of sediment fail to detect the microscopic character of primary and secondary porosity in sediment hosting disseminated gas hydrate. Light transmission and scanning electron microscopy of sediments within and below the depth of gas hydrate occurrences reveal at least four general types of primary and secondary porosity: (1) microfossils (diatoms, foraminifera, and spicules) void of infilling sediment, but commonly containing small masses of pyrite framboids; (2) infauna burrows filled with unconsolidated sand and or microfossil debris; (3) irregularly shaped pods of nonconsolidated framboidial pyrite; and (4) nonlithified volcanic ash.","largerWorkTitle":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","language":"English","issn":"00778923","usgsCitation":"Lorenson, T., 2000, Microscopic character of marine sediment containing disseminated gas hydrate. Examples from the Blake Ridge and the Middle America Trench, in Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, v. 912, p. 189-194.","startPage":"189","endPage":"194","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230539,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"912","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a56a5e4b0c8380cd6d71e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lorenson, T.D.","contributorId":7715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lorenson","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70022486,"text":"70022486 - 2000 - Contaminant distribution and accumulation in the surface sediments of Long Island Sound","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-18T12:19:38","indexId":"70022486","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2220,"text":"Journal of Coastal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Contaminant distribution and accumulation in the surface sediments of Long Island Sound","docAbstract":"The distribution of contaminants in surface sediments has been measured and mapped as part of a U.S. Geological Survey study of the sediment quality and dynamics of Long Island Sound. Surface samples from 219 stations were analyzed for trace (Ag, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, V, Zn and Zr) and major (Al, Fe, Mn, Ca, and Ti) elements, grain size, and Clostridium perfringens spores. Principal Components Analysis was used to identify metals that may covary as a function of common sources or geochemistry. The metallic elements generally have higher concentrations in fine-grained deposits, and their transport and depositional patterns mimic those of small particles. Fine-grained particles are remobilized and transported from areas of high bottom energy and deposited in less dynamic regions of the Sound. Metal concentrations in bottom sediments are high in the western part of the Sound and low in the bottom-scoured regions of the eastern Sound. The sediment chemistry was compared to model results (Signell et al., 1998) and maps of sedimentary environments (Knebel et al., 1999) to better understand the processes responsible for contaminant distribution across the Sound. Metal concentrations were normalized to grain-size and the resulting ratios are uniform in the depositional basins of the Sound and show residual signals in the eastern end as well as in some local areas. The preferential transport of fine-grained material from regions of high bottom stress is probably the dominant factor controlling the metal concentrations in different regions of Long Island Sound. This physical redistribution has implications for environmental management in the region.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Coastal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"07490208","usgsCitation":"Mecray, E., and Buchholtz ten Brink, M.R., 2000, Contaminant distribution and accumulation in the surface sediments of Long Island Sound: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 16, no. 3, p. 575-590.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"575","endPage":"590","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230683,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Long Island Sound","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n 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]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa30e4b0c8380cd4d994","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mecray, E.L.","contributorId":14840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mecray","given":"E.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buchholtz ten Brink, Marilyn R.","contributorId":88021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buchholtz ten Brink","given":"Marilyn","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":393794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022320,"text":"70022320 - 2000 - Possible origin and significance of extension-parallel drainages in Arizona's metamophic core complexes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-22T15:14:52.280715","indexId":"70022320","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Possible origin and significance of extension-parallel drainages in Arizona's metamophic core complexes","docAbstract":"The corrugated form of the Harcuvar, South Mountains, and Catalina metamorphic core complexes in Arizona reflects the shape of the middle Tertiary extensional detachment fault that projects over each complex. Corrugation axes are approximately parallel to the fault-displacement direction and to the footwall mylonitic lineation. The core complexes are locally incised by enigmatic, linear drainages that parallel corrugation axes and the inferred extension direction and are especially conspicuous on the crests of antiformal corrugations. These drainages have been attributed to erosional incision on a freshly denuded, planar, inclined fault ramp followed by folding that elevated and preserved some drainages on the crests of rising antiforms. According to this hypothesis, corrugations were produced by folding after subacrial exposure of detachment-fault foot-walls. An alternative hypothesis, proposed here, is as follows. In a setting where preexisting drainages cross an active normal fault, each fault-slip event will cut each drainage into two segments separated by a freshly denuded fault ramp. The upper and lower drainage segments will remain hydraulically linked after each fault-slip event if the drainage in the hanging-wall block is incised, even if the stream is on the flank of an antiformal corrugation and there is a large component of strike-slip fault movement. Maintenance of hydraulic linkage during sequential fault-slip events will guide the lengthening stream down the fault ramp as the ramp is uncovered, and stream incision will form a progressively lengthening, extension-parallel, linear drainage segment. This mechanism for linear drainage genesis is compatible with corrugations as original irregularities of the detachment fault, and does not require folding after early to middle Miocene footwall exhumations. This is desirable because many drainages are incised into nonmylonitic crystalline footwall rocks that were probably not folded under low-temperature, surface conditions. An alternative hypothesis, that drainages were localized by small fault grooves as footwalls were uncovered, is not supported by analysis of a down-plunge fault projection for the southern Rincon Mountains that shows a linear drainage aligned with the crest of a small antiformal groove on the detachment fault, but this process could have been effective elsewhere. Lineation-parallel drainages now plunge gently southwestward on the southwest ends of antiformal corrugations in the South and Buckskin Mountains, but these drainages must have originally plunged northeastward if they formed by either of the two alternative processes proposed here. Footwall exhumation and incision by northeast-flowing streams was apparently followed by core-complex arching and drainage reversal.","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<727:POASOE>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Spencer, J., 2000, Possible origin and significance of extension-parallel drainages in Arizona's metamophic core complexes: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 112, no. 5, p. 727-735, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<727:POASOE>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"727","endPage":"735","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230454,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Catalina complex, Harcuvar complex, South Mountains complex","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.169921875,\n 33.58716733904656\n ],\n [\n -112.96142578125,\n 33.58716733904656\n ],\n [\n -112.96142578125,\n 34.338900400404995\n ],\n [\n -114.169921875,\n 34.338900400404995\n ],\n [\n -114.169921875,\n 33.58716733904656\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.86279296875,\n 32.879587173066305\n ],\n [\n -111.2310791015625,\n 32.879587173066305\n ],\n [\n -111.2310791015625,\n 33.41310221370827\n ],\n [\n -111.86279296875,\n 33.41310221370827\n ],\n [\n -111.86279296875,\n 32.879587173066305\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.4508056640625,\n 31.910204597744382\n ],\n [\n -110.0115966796875,\n 31.910204597744382\n ],\n [\n -110.0115966796875,\n 32.7872745269555\n ],\n [\n -111.4508056640625,\n 32.7872745269555\n ],\n [\n -111.4508056640625,\n 31.910204597744382\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"112","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7e32e4b0c8380cd7a3c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spencer, J.E.","contributorId":91542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spencer","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70022478,"text":"70022478 - 2000 - Bird mortality associated with wind turbines at the Buffalo Ridge wind resource area, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-05T19:00:43.310135","indexId":"70022478","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":737,"text":"American Midland Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bird mortality associated with wind turbines at the Buffalo Ridge wind resource area, Minnesota","docAbstract":"Recent technological advances have made wind power a viable source of alternative energy production and the number of windplant facilities has increased in the United States. Construction was completed on a 73 turbine, 25 megawatt windplant on Buffalo Ridge near Lake Benton, Minnesota in Spring 1994. The number of birds killed at existing windplants in California caused concern about the potential impacts of the Buffalo Ridge facility on the avian community. From April 1994 through Dec. 1995 we searched the Buffalo Ridge windplant site for dead birds. Additionally, we evaluated search efficiency, predator scavenging rates and rate of carcass decomposition. During 20 mo of monitoring we found 12 dead birds. Collisions with wind turbines were suspected for 8 of the 12 birds. During observer efficiency trials searchers found 78.8% of carcasses. Scavengers removed 39.5% of carcasses during scavenging trials. All carcasses remained recognizable during 7 d decomposition trials. After correction for biases we estimated that approximately 36 ?? 12 birds (<1 dead bird per turbine) were killed at the Buffalo Ridge windplant in 1 y. Although windplants do not appear to be more detrimental to birds than other man-made structures, proper facility sitting is an important first consideration in order to avoid unnecessary fatalities.","language":"English","publisher":"University of Notre Dame","doi":"10.1674/0003-0031(2000)143[0041:BMAWWT]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00030031","usgsCitation":"Osborn, R.G., Higgins, K., Usgaard, R.E., Dieter, C., and Neiger, R., 2000, Bird mortality associated with wind turbines at the Buffalo Ridge wind resource area, Minnesota: American Midland Naturalist, v. 143, no. 1, p. 41-52, https://doi.org/10.1674/0003-0031(2000)143[0041:BMAWWT]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"41","endPage":"52","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230541,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Buffalo Ridge Wind Resource Area, Lake Benton","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.30855560302734,\n 44.182696367769395\n ],\n [\n -96.10427856445312,\n 44.181711543549135\n ],\n [\n -96.10565185546875,\n 44.19598988458207\n ],\n [\n -96.11869812011719,\n 44.19869745560854\n ],\n [\n -96.12041473388672,\n 44.21887724630257\n ],\n [\n -96.12865447998047,\n 44.220599591069444\n ],\n [\n -96.12934112548828,\n 44.253806384428664\n ],\n [\n -96.13380432128906,\n 44.25749487134716\n ],\n [\n -96.13414764404297,\n 44.269788156801084\n ],\n [\n -96.2508773803711,\n 44.27003399628911\n ],\n [\n -96.26152038574219,\n 44.263395969186675\n ],\n [\n -96.2841796875,\n 44.261183126905195\n ],\n [\n -96.28829956054686,\n 44.264871151101985\n ],\n [\n -96.28658294677734,\n 44.25282274884293\n ],\n [\n -96.30374908447264,\n 44.232900588452274\n ],\n [\n -96.30168914794922,\n 44.226258369133916\n ],\n [\n -96.30203247070312,\n 44.21617060273111\n ],\n [\n -96.30889892578125,\n 44.20632721367974\n ],\n [\n -96.30855560302734,\n 44.182696367769395\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"143","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f1afe4b0c8380cd4ad9f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Osborn, R. G.","contributorId":76700,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Osborn","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Higgins, K.F.","contributorId":55767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Higgins","given":"K.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Usgaard, R. E.","contributorId":83696,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Usgaard","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dieter, C.D.","contributorId":96860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dieter","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Neiger, R.D.","contributorId":63562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neiger","given":"R.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70022256,"text":"70022256 - 2000 - Modeling biotic habitat high risk areas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-29T19:46:28.72432","indexId":"70022256","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2471,"text":"Journal of Sustainable Forestry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling biotic habitat high risk areas","docAbstract":"Fire, especially stand replacing fire, poses a threat to many threatened and endangered species as well as their habitat. On the other hand, fire is important in maintaining a variety of successional stages that can be important for approach risk assessment to assist in prioritizing areas for allocation of fire mitigation funds. One example looks at assessing risk to the species and biotic communities of concern followed by the Colorado Natural Heritage Program. One looks at the risk to Mexican spottled owls. Another looks at the risk to cutthroat trout, and a fourth considers the general effects of fire and elk.","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1300/J091v11n01_05","issn":"10549811","usgsCitation":"Despain, D.G., Beier, P., Tate, C., Durtsche, B., and Stephens, T., 2000, Modeling biotic habitat high risk areas: Journal of Sustainable Forestry, v. 11, no. 1-2, p. 89-117, https://doi.org/10.1300/J091v11n01_05.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"89","endPage":"117","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230637,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5be2e4b0c8380cd6f892","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Despain, Don G.","contributorId":31147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Despain","given":"Don","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":392864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beier, P.","contributorId":84944,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beier","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tate, C.","contributorId":48343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tate","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Durtsche, B.M.","contributorId":59976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Durtsche","given":"B.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Stephens, T.","contributorId":62367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephens","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70022260,"text":"70022260 - 2000 - Regional Crustal Structures and Their Relationship to the Distribution of Ore Deposits in the Western United States, Based on Magnetic and Gravity Data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:46","indexId":"70022260","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Regional Crustal Structures and Their Relationship to the Distribution of Ore Deposits in the Western United States, Based on Magnetic and Gravity Data","docAbstract":"Upgraded gravity and magnetic databases and associated filtered-anomaly maps of western United States define regional crustal fractures or faults that may have guided the emplacement of plutonic rocks and large metallic ore deposits. Fractures, igneous intrusions, and hydrothermal circulation tend to be localized along boundaries of crustal blocks, with geophysical expressions that are enhanced here by wavelength filtering. In particular, we explore the utility of regional gravity and magnetic data to aid in understanding the distribution of large Mesozoic and Cenozoic ore deposits, primarily epithermal and porphyry precious and base metal deposits and sediment-hosted gold deposits in the western United States cordillera. On the broadest scale, most ore deposits lie within areas characterized by low magnetic properties. The Mesozoic Mother Lodge gold belt displays characteristic geophysical signatures (regional gravity high, regional low-to-moderate background magnetic field anomaly, and long curvilinear magnetic highs) that might serve as an exploration guide. Geophysical lineaments characterize the Idaho-Montana porphyry belt and the La Caridad-Mineral Park belt (from northern Mexico to western Arizona) and thus indicate a deep-seated control for these mineral belts. Large metal accumulations represented by the giant Bingham porphyry copper and the Butte polymetallic vein and porphyry copper systems lie at intersections of several geophysical lineaments. At a more local scale, geophysical data define deep-rooted faults and magmatic zones that correspond to patterns of epithermal precious metal deposits in western and northern Nevada. Of particular interest is an interpreted dense crustal block with a shape that resembles the elliptical deposit pattern partly formed by the Carlin trend and the Battle Mountain-Eureka mineral belt. We support previous studies, which on a local scale, conclude that structural elements work together to localize mineral deposits within regional zones or belts. This study of mineral deposits of the western United States demonstrates the ability of magnetic and gravity data to elucidate the regional geologic framework or structural setting and to contribute in locating favorable environments for hydrothermal mineralization.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Economic Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2113/95.8.1583","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Hildenbrand, T., Berger, B., Jachens, R., and Ludington, S., 2000, Regional Crustal Structures and Their Relationship to the Distribution of Ore Deposits in the Western United States, Based on Magnetic and Gravity Data: Economic Geology, v. 95, no. 8, p. 1583-1603, https://doi.org/10.2113/95.8.1583.","startPage":"1583","endPage":"1603","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206747,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2113/95.8.1583"},{"id":230710,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"95","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a45ee4b0e8fec6cdbb55","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hildenbrand, T.G.","contributorId":83892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildenbrand","given":"T.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Berger, B.","contributorId":36316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berger","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jachens, R.C.","contributorId":55433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jachens","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ludington, S.","contributorId":91987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ludington","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70022269,"text":"70022269 - 2000 - Estimation of potential loss of two pesticides in runoff in Fillmore County, Minnesota using a field-scale process-based model and a geographic information system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-10T15:35:31.582236","indexId":"70022269","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Estimation of potential loss of two pesticides in runoff in Fillmore County, Minnesota using a field-scale process-based model and a geographic information system","docAbstract":"In assessing the occurrence, behavior, and effects of agricultural chemicals in surface water, the scales of study (i.e., watershed, county, state, and regional areas) are usually much larger than the scale of agricultural fields, where much of the understanding of processes has been developed. Field-scale areas are characterized by relatively homogeneous conditions. The combination of process-based simulation models and geographic information system technology can be used to help extend our understanding of field processes to water-quality concerns at larger scales. To demonstrate this, the model \"Groundwater Loading Effects of Agricultural Management Systems\" was used to estimate the potential loss of two pesticides (atrazine and permethrin) in runoff to surface water in Fillmore County in southeastern Minnesota. The county was divided into field-scale areas on the basis of a 100 m by 100 m grid, and the influences of soil type and surface topography on the potential losses of the two pesticides in runoff was evaluated for each individual grid cell. The results could be used for guidance for agricultural management and regulatory decisions, for planning environmental monitoring programs, and as an educational tool for the public.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Agrochemical fate and movement","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/bk-2000-0751.ch012","issn":"00976156","usgsCitation":"Capel, P.D., and Hua, Z., 2000, Estimation of potential loss of two pesticides in runoff in Fillmore County, Minnesota using a field-scale process-based model and a geographic information system, in Agrochemical fate and movement, v. 751, p. 172-184, https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-2000-0751.ch012.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"172","endPage":"184","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230863,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","county":"Fillmore County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-91.7304,43.8503],[-91.7306,43.5023],[-92.0803,43.5021],[-92.0828,43.5021],[-92.4507,43.5026],[-92.4507,43.8361],[-92.4498,43.8507],[-92.0806,43.8508],[-91.7304,43.8503]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Fillmore\",\"state\":\"MN\"}}]}","volume":"751","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-07-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0ba1e4b0c8380cd527e5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Capel, Paul D. 0000-0003-1620-5185 capel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1620-5185","contributorId":1002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Capel","given":"Paul","email":"capel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":392931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hua, Zhang","contributorId":126962,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hua","given":"Zhang","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6731,"text":"Environmental Earth System Science, Stanford University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":392930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022318,"text":"70022318 - 2000 - The effect of mineral bond strength and adsorbed water on fault gouge frictional strength","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-10-29T13:33:08","indexId":"70022318","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effect of mineral bond strength and adsorbed water on fault gouge frictional strength","docAbstract":"Recent studies suggest that the tendency of many fault gouge minerals to take on adsorbed or interlayer water may strongly influence their frictional strength. To test this hypothesis, triaxial sliding experiments were conducted on 15 different single-mineral gouges with various water-adsorbing affinities. Vacuum dried samples were sheared at 100 MPa, then saturated with water and sheared farther to compare dry and wet strengths. The coefficients of friction, μ, for the dry sheet-structure minerals (0.2-0.8), were related to mineral bond strength, and dropped 20-60% with the addition of water. For non-adsorbing minerals (μ = 0.6-0.8), the strength remained unchanged after saturation. These results confirm that the ability of minerals to adsorb various amounts of water is related to their relative frictional strengths, and may explain the anomalously low strength of certain natural fault gouges.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1999GL008401","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Morrow, C., Moore, D., and Lockner, D., 2000, The effect of mineral bond strength and adsorbed water on fault gouge frictional strength: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 27, no. 6, p. 815-818, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GL008401.","startPage":"815","endPage":"818","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479226,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1999gl008401","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":206631,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999GL008401"},{"id":230417,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-03-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bab35e4b08c986b322cc5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morrow, C.A.","contributorId":99977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morrow","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, Diane E. 0000-0002-8641-1075","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8641-1075","contributorId":106496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Diane E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lockner, D.A. 0000-0001-8630-6833","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8630-6833","contributorId":85603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lockner","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022261,"text":"70022261 - 2000 - Was the 18 May 1980 lateral blast at Mt St Helens the product of two explosions?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-17T13:56:44.185986","indexId":"70022261","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3047,"text":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Was the 18 May 1980 lateral blast at Mt St Helens the product of two explosions?","docAbstract":"The 18 May 1980 lateral blast at Mt St Helens has been interpreted as the product of a single explosion by some stratigraphers and as two closely spaced explosions by others. The stratigraphic evidence that bears on this question is inconclusive; strata change dramatically over short distances and this complexity provides wide latitude for interpretation. Some independent non-stratigraphic evidence, however, suggests that the blast was the product of two explosions or clusters of explosions. The independent evidence comes from eyewitness accounts and photographs, from satellite sensors, and from seismic records. This paper reviews the pertinent evidence, offers a new interpretation, and concludes that the blast was indeed the product of two explosions or clusters of explosions.","language":"English","publisher":"Royal Society Publishing","doi":"10.1098/rsta.2000.0608","issn":"1364503X","usgsCitation":"Hoblitt, R., 2000, Was the 18 May 1980 lateral blast at Mt St Helens the product of two explosions?: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, v. 358, no. 1770, p. 1639-1661, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2000.0608.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"1639","endPage":"1661","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230746,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mt. St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.19303131103516,\n 46.14630227511229\n ],\n [\n -122.15595245361328,\n 46.150107913663305\n ],\n [\n -122.12951660156249,\n 46.17769092452084\n ],\n [\n -122.1360397338867,\n 46.19052657426052\n ],\n [\n -122.14530944824217,\n 46.214050815339526\n ],\n [\n -122.1566390991211,\n 46.226877974151705\n ],\n [\n -122.18685150146484,\n 46.24088940711426\n ],\n [\n -122.23148345947267,\n 46.25038664894849\n ],\n [\n -122.24693298339844,\n 46.23946467902409\n ],\n [\n -122.26512908935547,\n 46.20834889395228\n ],\n [\n -122.25208282470703,\n 46.170558713043334\n ],\n [\n -122.24281311035156,\n 46.164614496897094\n ],\n [\n -122.19303131103516,\n 46.14630227511229\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"358","issue":"1770","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-05-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc3e2e4b08c986b32b3c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoblitt, R.","contributorId":89536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoblitt","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70022268,"text":"70022268 - 2000 - N2-dependent growth and nitrogenase activity in the metal-metabolizing bacteria, Geobacter and Magnetospirillum species","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:46","indexId":"70022268","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1548,"text":"Environmental Microbiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"N2-dependent growth and nitrogenase activity in the metal-metabolizing bacteria, Geobacter and Magnetospirillum species","docAbstract":"Cells of Geobacter metallireducens, Magnetospirillum strain AMB-1, Magnetospirillum magnetotacticum and Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense showed N2-dependent growth, the first anaerobically with Fe(lll) as the electron acceptor, and the latter three species micro-aerobically in semi-solid oxygen gradient cultures. Cells of the Magnetospirillum species grown with N2 under microaerobic conditions were magnetotactic and therefore produced magnetosomes. Cells of Geobacter metallireducens reduced acetylene to ethylene (11.5 ?? 5.9nmol C2H4 produced min-1 mg-1 cell protein) while growing with Fe(lll) as the electron acceptor in anaerobic growth medium lacking a fixed nitrogen source. Cells of the Magnetospirillum species, grown in a semi-solid oxygen gradient medium, also reduced acetylene at comparable rates. Uncut chromosomal and fragments from endonuclease-digested chromosomal DNA from these species, as well as Geobacter sulphurreducens organisms, hybridized with a nifHDK probe from Rhodospirillum rubrum, indicating the presence of these nitrogenase structural genes in these organisms. The evidence presented here shows that members of the metal-metabolizing genera, Geobacter and Magnetospirillum, fix atmospheric dinitrogen.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Microbiology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1046/j.1462-2920.2000.00096.x","issn":"14622912","usgsCitation":"Bazylinski, D., Dean, A., Schuler, D., Phillips, E.J., and Lovley, D.R., 2000, N2-dependent growth and nitrogenase activity in the metal-metabolizing bacteria, Geobacter and Magnetospirillum species: Environmental Microbiology, v. 2, no. 3, p. 266-273, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1462-2920.2000.00096.x.","startPage":"266","endPage":"273","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206804,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1462-2920.2000.00096.x"},{"id":230824,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-12-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a612ee4b0c8380cd71814","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bazylinski, D.A.","contributorId":55964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bazylinski","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dean, A.J.","contributorId":104660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schuler, D.","contributorId":80850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuler","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Phillips, Elizabeth J.P.","contributorId":37475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"Elizabeth","middleInitial":"J.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lovley, Derek R.","contributorId":107852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lovley","given":"Derek","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70022267,"text":"70022267 - 2000 - Considerations involved with the use of semipermeable membrane devices for monitoring environmental contaminants","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-07T13:57:06","indexId":"70022267","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2214,"text":"Journal of Chromatography A","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Considerations involved with the use of semipermeable membrane devices for monitoring environmental contaminants","docAbstract":"Semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) are used with increasing frequency, and throughout the world as samplers of organic contaminants. The devices can be used to detect a variety of lipophilic chemicals in water, sediment/soil, and air. SPMDs are designed to sample nonpolar, hydrophobic chemicals. The maximum concentration factor achievable for a particular chemical is proportional to its octanol–water partition coefficient. Techniques used for cleanup of SPMD extracts for targeted analytes and for general screening by full-scan mass spectrometry do not differ greatly from techniques used for extracts of other matrices. However, SPMD extracts contain potential interferences that are specific to the membrane–lipid matrix. Procedures have been developed or modified to alleviate these potential interferences. The SPMD approach has been demonstrated to be applicable to sequestering and analyzing a wide array of environmental contaminants including organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurans, selected organophosphate pesticides and pyrethroid insecticides, and other nonpolar organic chemicals. We present herein an overview of effective procedural steps for analyzing exposed SPMDs for trace to ultra-trace levels of contaminants sequestered from environmental matrices.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0021-9673(00)00315-0","issn":"00219673","usgsCitation":"Petty, J.D., Orazio, C., Huckins, J., Gale, R., Lebo, J., Meadows, J., Echols, K.R., and Cranor, W., 2000, Considerations involved with the use of semipermeable membrane devices for monitoring environmental contaminants: Journal of Chromatography A, v. 879, no. 1, p. 83-95, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)00315-0.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"83","endPage":"95","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230823,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206803,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)00315-0"}],"volume":"879","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f9fee4b0c8380cd4d873","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Petty, J. D.","contributorId":86722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petty","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Orazio, C.E.","contributorId":68440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orazio","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Huckins, J.N.","contributorId":62553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huckins","given":"J.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gale, R.W.","contributorId":81653,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gale","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lebo, J.A.","contributorId":65533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lebo","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Meadows, J.C.","contributorId":91962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meadows","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Echols, K. R.","contributorId":32637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Echols","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Cranor, W.L.","contributorId":98261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cranor","given":"W.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70022366,"text":"70022366 - 2000 - Evaluation of ground-penetrating radar to detect free-phase hydrocarbons in fractured rocks: Results of numerical modeling and physical experiments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-15T11:19:43","indexId":"70022366","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of ground-penetrating radar to detect free-phase hydrocarbons in fractured rocks: Results of numerical modeling and physical experiments","docAbstract":"The suitability of common-offset ground-penetrating radar (GPR) to detect free-phase hydrocarbons in bedrock fractures was evaluated using numerical modeling and physical experiments. The results of one- and two-dimensional numerical modeling at 100 megahertz indicate that GPR reflection amplitudes are relatively insensitive to fracture apertures ranging from 1 to 4 mm. The numerical modeling and physical experiments indicate that differences in the fluids that fill fractures significantly affect the amplitude and the polarity of electromagnetic waves reflected by subhorizontal fractures. Air-filled and hydrocarbon-filled fractures generate low-amplitude reflections that are in-phase with the transmitted pulse. Water-filled fractures create reflections with greater amplitude and opposite polarity than those reflections created by air-filled or hydrocarbon-filled fractures. The results from the numerical modeling and physical experiments demonstrate it is possible to distinguish water-filled fracture reflections from air- or hydrocarbon-filled fracture reflections, nevertheless subsurface heterogeneity, antenna coupling changes, and other sources of noise will likely make it difficult to observe these changes in GPR field data. This indicates that the routine application of common-offset GPR reflection methods for detection of hydrocarbon-filled fractures will be problematic. Ideal cases will require appropriately processed, high-quality GPR data, ground-truth information, and detailed knowledge of subsurface physical properties. Conversely, the sensitivity of GPR methods to changes in subsurface physical properties as demonstrated by the numerical and experimental results suggests the potential of using GPR methods as a monitoring tool. GPR methods may be suited for monitoring pumping and tracer tests, changes in site hydrologic conditions, and remediation activities.The suitability of common-offset ground-penetrating radar (GPR) to detect free-phase hydrocarbons in bedrock fractures was evaluated using numerical modeling and physical experiments. The results of one- and two-dimensional numerical modeling at 100 megahertz indicate that GPR reflection amplitudes are relatively insensitive to fracture apertures ranging from 1 to 4 mm. The numerical modeling and physical experiments indicate that differences in the fluids that fill fractures significantly affect the amplitude and the polarity of electromagnetic waves reflected by subhorizontal fractures. Air-filled and hydrocarbon-filled fractures generate low-amplitude reflections that are in-phase with the transmitted pulse. Water-filled fractures create reflections with greater amplitude and opposite polarity than those reflections created by air-filled or hydrocarbon-filled fractures. The results from the numerical modeling and physical experiments demonstrate it is possible to distinguish water-filled fracture reflections from air- or hydrocarbon-filled fracture reflections, nevertheless subsurface heterogeneity, antenna coupling changes, and other sources of noise will likely make it difficult to observe these changes in GPR field data. This indicates that the routine application of common-offset GPR reflection methods for detection of hydrocarbon-filled fractures will be problematic. Ideal cases will require appropriately processed, high-quality GPR data, ground-truth information, and detailed knowledge of subsurface physical properties. Conversely, the sensitivity of GPR methods to changes in subsurface physical properties as demonstrated by the numerical and experimental results suggests the potential of using GPR methods as a monitoring tool. GPR methods may be suited for monitoring pumping and tracer tests, changes in site hydrologic conditions, and remediation activities.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb00693.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Lane, J., Buursink, M., Haeni, F., and Versteeg, R., 2000, Evaluation of ground-penetrating radar to detect free-phase hydrocarbons in fractured rocks: Results of numerical modeling and physical experiments: Ground Water, v. 38, no. 6, p. 929-938, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb00693.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"929","endPage":"938","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230608,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0c80e4b0c8380cd52b94","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lane, J.W. Jr.","contributorId":66723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lane","given":"J.W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buursink, M. L. 0000-0001-6491-386X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6491-386X","contributorId":73658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buursink","given":"M. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Haeni, F.P.","contributorId":87105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haeni","given":"F.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Versteeg, R.J.","contributorId":74159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Versteeg","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70022262,"text":"70022262 - 2000 - Studies in neotropical paleobotany. XIV. A palynoflora from the middle Eocene Saramaguacán formation of Cuba","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-05T18:34:28.652623","indexId":"70022262","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":724,"text":"American Journal of Botany","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Studies in neotropical paleobotany. XIV. A palynoflora from the middle Eocene Saramaguacán formation of Cuba","docAbstract":"An assemblage of 46 fossil pollen and spore types is described from a core drilled through the middle Eocene Saramaguacán Formation, Camagüey Province, eastern Cuba. Many of the specimens represent unidentified or extinct taxa but several can be identified to family (Palmae, Bombacaceae, Gramineae, Moraceae, Myrtaceae) and some to genus (Pteris, Crudia, Lymingtonia?). The paleoclimate was warm-temperate to subtropical which is consistent with other floras in the region of comparable age and with the global paleotemperature curve. Older plate tectonic models show a variety of locations for proto-Cuba during Late Cretaceous and later times, including along the norther coast of South America. More recent models depict western and central Cuba as two separate parts until the Eocene, and eastern Cuba (joined to northern Hispaniola) docking to central Cuba also in the Eocene. All fragments are part of the North American Plate and none were directly connected with northern South America in late Mesozoic or Cenozoic time. The Saramaguacán flora supports this model because the assemblage is distinctly North American in affinities, with only one type (Retimonocolpites type 1) found elsewhere only in South America.
","language":"English","publisher":"Botanical Society of America","doi":"10.2307/2656879","issn":"00029122","usgsCitation":"Graham, A., Cozadd, D., Areces-Mallea, A., and Frederiksen, N.O., 2000, Studies in neotropical paleobotany. XIV. 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O.","contributorId":78356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frederiksen","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70022263,"text":"70022263 - 2000 - Effects of topography and soil properties on recharge at two sites in an agricultural field","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-10T07:54:54","indexId":"70022263","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of topography and soil properties on recharge at two sites in an agricultural field","docAbstract":"Field experiments were conducted from 1992 to 1995 to estimate ground water recharge rates at two sites located within a 2.7-hectare agricultural field. The field lies in a sand plain setting in central Minnesota and is cropped continuously in field corn. The sites are located at a topographically high (upland) site and a topographically low (lowland) site in an effort to quantify the effects of depression focusing of recharge. Three site-specific methods were used to estimate recharge rates: well hydrograph analysis, chlorofluorocarbon age dating, and an unsaturated zone water balance. All three recharge methods indicated that recharge rates at the lowland site (annual average of all methods of 29 cm) exceeded those at the upland site (annual average of 18 cm). On an annual basis, estimates by the individual methods ranged from 12 to 44 percent of precipitation at the upland site and from 21 to 83 percent at the lowland site. The difference in recharge rates between the sites is primarily attributed to depression focusing of surface water runon at the lowland site. However, two other factors were also important: the presence of thin lamellae at the upland site, and coarser textured soils below a depth of 1.5 m at the lowland site.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb05735.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Delin, G., Healy, R.W., Landon, M., and Böhlke, J., 2000, Effects of topography and soil properties on recharge at two sites in an agricultural field: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 36, no. 6, p. 1401-1416, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb05735.x.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1401","endPage":"1416","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230748,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.69415283203125,\n 45.50923415869288\n ],\n [\n -93.69415283203125,\n 45.630365250117606\n ],\n [\n -93.47785949707031,\n 45.630365250117606\n ],\n [\n -93.47785949707031,\n 45.50923415869288\n ],\n [\n -93.69415283203125,\n 45.50923415869288\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"36","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a080fe4b0c8380cd51961","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Delin, G. N.","contributorId":12834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delin","given":"G. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Healy, R. W.","contributorId":89872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Healy","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Landon, M.K. 0000-0002-5766-0494","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-0494","contributorId":69572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landon","given":"M.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Böhlke, J.K. 0000-0001-5693-6455","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":96696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Böhlke","given":"J.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70022363,"text":"70022363 - 2000 - Influence of acid volatile sulfides and metal concentrations on metal partitioning in contaminated sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-02T19:28:14.15264","indexId":"70022363","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of acid volatile sulfides and metal concentrations on metal partitioning in contaminated sediments","docAbstract":"The influence of acid volatile sulfide (AVS) on the partitioning of Cd, Ni, and Zn in porewater (PW) and sediment as reactive metals (SEM, simultaneously extracted metals) was investigated in laboratory microcosms. Two spiking procedures were compared, and the effects of vertical geochemical gradients and infaunal activity were evaluated. Sediments were spiked with a Cd−Ni−Zn mixture (0.06, 3, 7.5 μmol/g, respectively) containing four levels of AVS (0.5, 7.5, 15, 35 μmol/g). The results were compared to sediments spiked with four levels of Cd−Ni−Zn mixtures at one AVS concentration (7.5 μmol/g). A vertical redox gradient was generated in each treatment by an 18-d incubation with an oxidized water column. [AVS] in the surface sediments decreased by 65−95% due to oxidation during incubation; initial [AVS] was maintained at 0.5−7.5 cm depth. PW metal concentrations were correlated with [SEM − AVS] among all data. But PW metal concentrations were variable, causing the distribution coefficient, Kdpw (the ratio of [SEM] to PW metal concentrations) to vary by 2−3 orders of magnitude at a given [SEM − AVS]. One reason for the variability was that vertical profiles in PW metal concentrations appeared to be influenced by diffusion as well as [SEM − AVS]. The presence of animals appeared to enhance the diffusion of at least Zn. The generalization that PW metal concentrations are controlled by [SEM − AVS] is subject to some important qualifications if vertical gradients are complicated, metal concentrations vary, or equilibration times differ.
The development of solid-phase extraction (SPE) for environmental chemistry has progressed significantly over the last decade to include a number of new sorbents and new approaches to SPE. One SPE approach in particular, the SPE disk, has greatly reduced or eliminated the use of chlorinated solvents for the analysis of trace organic compounds. This article discusses the use and applicability of various SPE disks, including micro-sized disks, prior to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the analysis of trace organic compounds in water.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0165-9936(99)00175-2","issn":"01659936","usgsCitation":"Thurman, E., and Snavely, K., 2000, Advances in solid-phase extraction disks for environmental chemistry: TrAC - Trends in Analytical Chemistry, v. 19, no. 1, p. 18-26, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-9936(99)00175-2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"18","endPage":"26","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230650,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206731,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-9936(99)00175-2"}],"volume":"19","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e705e4b0c8380cd477d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Snavely, K.","contributorId":41176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snavely","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022266,"text":"70022266 - 2000 - A close-up look at Io from Galileo's near-infrared mapping spectrometer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:46","indexId":"70022266","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A close-up look at Io from Galileo's near-infrared mapping spectrometer","docAbstract":"Infrared spectral images of Jupiter's volcanic moon Io, acquired during the October and November 1999 and February 2000 flybys of the Galileo spacecraft, were used to study the thermal structure and sulfur dioxide distribution of active volcanoes. Loki Patera, the solar system's most powerful known volcano, exhibits large expanses of dark, cooling lava on its caldera floor. Prometheus, the site of long-lived plume activity, has two major areas of thermal emission, which support ideas of plume migration. Sulfur dioxide deposits were mapped at local scales and show a more complex relationship to surface colors than previously thought, indicating the presence of other sulfur compounds.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1126/science.288.5469.1201","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Lopes-Gautier, R., Doute, S., Smythe, W.D., Kamp, L., Carlson, R.W., Davies, A.G., Leader, F., McEwen, A.S., Geissler, P., Kieffer, S.W., Keszthelyi, L., Barbinis, E., Mehlman, R., Segura, M., Shirley, J., and Soderblom, L., 2000, A close-up look at Io from Galileo's near-infrared mapping spectrometer: Science, v. 288, no. 5469, p. 1201-1204, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.288.5469.1201.","startPage":"1201","endPage":"1204","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206789,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.288.5469.1201"},{"id":230788,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"288","issue":"5469","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e346e4b0c8380cd45f1d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lopes-Gautier, R.","contributorId":13763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lopes-Gautier","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Doute, S.","contributorId":62803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doute","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smythe, W. D.","contributorId":90878,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smythe","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kamp, L.W.","contributorId":16581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kamp","given":"L.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Carlson, R. W.","contributorId":85331,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Carlson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Davies, A. G.","contributorId":72538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davies","given":"A.","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Leader, F.E.","contributorId":94048,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leader","given":"F.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"McEwen, A. S.","contributorId":11317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McEwen","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Geissler, P.E.","contributorId":67636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geissler","given":"P.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Kieffer, S. W.","contributorId":19186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kieffer","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Keszthelyi, L.","contributorId":42691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keszthelyi","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Barbinis, E.","contributorId":30006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barbinis","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Mehlman, R.","contributorId":88499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mehlman","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Segura, M.","contributorId":84091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Segura","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Shirley, J.","contributorId":86939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shirley","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Soderblom, L.A. 0000-0002-0917-853X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0917-853X","contributorId":6139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soderblom","given":"L.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16}]}} ,{"id":70022265,"text":"70022265 - 2000 - Mobilization of major inorganic ions during experimental diagenesis of characterized peats","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:46","indexId":"70022265","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mobilization of major inorganic ions during experimental diagenesis of characterized peats","docAbstract":"Laboratory experiments were undertaken to study changes in concentrations of major inorganic ions during simulated burial of peats to about 1.5 km. Cladium, Rhizophora, and Cyrilla peats were first analyzed to determine cation distributions among fractions of the initial materials and minerals in residues from wet oxidation. Subsamples of the peats (80 g) were then subjected to increasing temperatures and pressures in steps of 5??C and 300 psi at 2-day intervals and produced solutions collected. After six steps, starting from 30??C and 300 psi, a final temperature of 60??C and a final pressure of 2100 psi were achieved. The system was then allowed to stand for an additional 2 weeks at 60??C and 2100 psi. Treatments resulted in highly altered organic solids resembling lignite and expelled solutions of systematically varying compositions. Solutions from each step were analyzed for Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, total dissolved Si (Si(T)), Cl-, SO42-, and organic acids and anions (OAAs). Some data on total dissolved Al (Al(T)) were also collected. Mobilization of major ions from peats during these experiments is controlled by at least three processes: (1) loss of dissolved ions in original porewater expelled during compaction, (2) loss of adsorbed cations as adsorption sites are lost during modification of organic solids, and (3) increased dissolution of inorganic phases at later steps due to increased temperatures (Si(T)) and increased complexing by OAAs (Al(T)). In general, results provide insight into early post-burial inorganic changes occurring during maturation of terrestrial organic matter. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0009-2541(99)00226-0","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Bailey, A., Cohen, A., Orem, W., and Blackson, J., 2000, Mobilization of major inorganic ions during experimental diagenesis of characterized peats: Chemical Geology, v. 166, no. 3-4, p. 287-300, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(99)00226-0.","startPage":"287","endPage":"300","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206788,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(99)00226-0"},{"id":230787,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"166","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5b99e4b0c8380cd6f688","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bailey, A.M.","contributorId":70557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cohen, A.D.","contributorId":38717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cohen","given":"A.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Orem, W. H. 0000-0003-4990-0539","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4990-0539","contributorId":93084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orem","given":"W. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Blackson, J.H.","contributorId":51049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blackson","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70022076,"text":"70022076 - 2000 - High-resolution seismic reflection to delineate shallow gas in Eastern Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-07T19:08:20","indexId":"70022076","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3550,"text":"The Compass: Earth Science Journal of Sigma Gamma Epsilon","printIssn":"0894-802X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"High-resolution seismic reflection to delineate shallow gas in Eastern Kansas","docAbstract":"Unique amplitude characteristics of shallow gas sands within Pennsylvanian clastic-carbonate dominated sequences are discernible on high-resolution seismic reflection data in eastern Kansas. Upward grading sequences of sand into shale represent a potential gas reservoir with a low-impedence acoustic contrast at the base of the encasing layer. The gas sand and encasing shale, which define the gas reservoir studied here, are part of an erosional incised valley where about 30 m of carbonates and shale have been replaced by sandstone and shale confined to the incised valley. These consolidated geologic settings would normally possess high impedence gas sand reservoirs as defined by abrupt contacts between the gas sand and encasing shale. Based orr core and borehole logs, the gas sand studied here grades from sand into shale in a fashion analogous to that observed in classic low-impedance environments. Amplitude and phase characteristics of high-resolution seismic data across this approximately 400-m wide gas sand are indicative of a low-impedance reservoir. Shot gathers possess classic amplitude with offsett-dependent characteristics which are manifeted on the stacked section as \"bright spots.\" Dominant Frequencies of around 120 Hz allow detection of several reflectors within the 30+ meters of sand/shale that make up this localized gas-rich incised valley fill. The gradational nature of the trapping mechanism observed in this gas reservoir would make detection with conventional seismic reflection methods unlikely.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Compass","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0894802X","usgsCitation":"Miller, R., Watney, W., Begay, D., and Xia, J., 2000, High-resolution seismic reflection to delineate shallow gas in Eastern Kansas: The Compass: Earth Science Journal of Sigma Gamma Epsilon, v. 75, no. 2-3, p. 134-145.","startPage":"134","endPage":"145","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230439,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"75","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3120e4b0c8380cd5dc59","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, R. D.","contributorId":92693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"R. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Watney, W.L.","contributorId":43087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watney","given":"W.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Begay, D.K.","contributorId":31145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Begay","given":"D.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Xia, J.","contributorId":63513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xia","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70022414,"text":"70022414 - 2000 - Ground deformation associated with the March 1996 earthquake swarm at Akutan volcano, Alaska, revealed by satellite radar interferometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-25T15:49:51","indexId":"70022414","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ground deformation associated with the March 1996 earthquake swarm at Akutan volcano, Alaska, revealed by satellite radar interferometry","docAbstract":"In March 1996 an intense swarm of volcano-tectonic earthquakes (???3000 felt by local residents, Mmax = 5.1, cumulative moment of 2.7 ??1018 N m) beneath Akutan Island in the Aleutian volcanic arc, Alaska, produced extensive ground cracks but no eruption of Akutan volcano. Synthetic aperture radar interferograms that span the time of the swarm reveal complex island-wide deformation: the western part of the island including Akutan volcano moved upward, while the eastern part moved downward. The axis of the deformation approximately aligns with new ground cracks on the western part of the island and with Holocene normal faults that were reactivated during the swarm on the eastern part of the island. The axis is also roughly parallel to the direction of greatest compressional stress in the region. No ground movements greater than 2.83 cm were observed outside the volcano's summit caldera for periods of 4 years before or 2 years after the swarm. We modeled the deformation primarily as the emplacement of a shallow, east-west trending, north dipping dike plus inflation of a deep, Mogi-type magma body beneath the volcano. The pattern of subsidence on the eastern part of the island is poorly constrained. It might have been produced by extensional tectonic strain that both reactivated preexisting faults on the eastern part of the island and facilitated magma movement beneath the western part. Alternatively, magma intrusion beneath the volcano might have been the cause of extension and subsidence in the eastern part of the island. We attribute localized subsidence in an area of active fumaroles within the Akutan caldera, by as much as 10 cm during 1992-1993 and 1996-1998, to fluid withdrawal or depressurization of the shallow hydrothermal system. Copyright 2000 by the American Geophysical Union.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/2000JB900200","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Lu, Z., Wicks, C., Power, J., and Dzurisin, D., 2000, Ground deformation associated with the March 1996 earthquake swarm at Akutan volcano, Alaska, revealed by satellite radar interferometry: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 105, no. B9, p. 21483-21495, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JB900200.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"21483","endPage":"21495","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487324,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jb900200","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230797,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"105","issue":"B9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-09-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2a90e4b0c8380cd5b29a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lu, Z.","contributorId":106241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lu","given":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wicks, C. Jr.","contributorId":87681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wicks","given":"C.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Power, J.A.","contributorId":20765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Power","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dzurisin, D.","contributorId":76067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dzurisin","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}