{"pageNumber":"325","pageRowStart":"8100","pageSize":"25","recordCount":16506,"records":[{"id":39949,"text":"wri024205 - 2002 - Characterization of hydraulic conductivity of the alluvium and basin fill, Pinal Creek Basin near Globe, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-16T11:33:20","indexId":"wri024205","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4205","title":"Characterization of hydraulic conductivity of the alluvium and basin fill, Pinal Creek Basin near Globe, Arizona","docAbstract":"

Acidic waters containing elevated concentrations of dissolved metals have contaminated the regional aquifer in the Pinal Creek Basin, which is in Gila County, Arizona, about 100 kilometers east of Phoenix. The aquifer is made up of two geologic units: unconsolidated stream alluvium and consolidated basin fill. To better understand how contaminants are transported through these units, a better understanding of the distribution of hydraulic conductivity and processes that affect it within the aquifer is needed.

\n
\n

Slug tests were done in September 1997 and October 1998 on 9 wells finished in the basin fill and 14 wells finished in the stream alluvium. Data from the tests were analyzed by using either the Bouwer and Rice (1976) method, or by using an extension to the method developed by Springer and Gellhar (1991). Both methods are applicable for unconfined aquifers and partially penetrating wells. The results of the analyses show wide variability within and between the two geologic units. Hydraulic conductivity estimates ranged from 0.5 to 250 meters per day for the basin fill and from 3 to 200 meters per day for the stream alluvium. Results of the slug tests also show a correlation coefficient of 0.83 between the hydraulic conductivity and the pH of the ground water. The areas of highest hydraulic conductivity coincide with the areas of lowest pH, and the areas of lowest hydraulic conductivity coincide with the areas of highest pH, suggesting that the acidic water is increasing the hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer by dissolution of carbonate minerals.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Tucson, AZ","doi":"10.3133/wri024205","usgsCitation":"Angeroth, C.E., 2002, Characterization of hydraulic conductivity of the alluvium and basin fill, Pinal Creek Basin near Globe, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4205, iv, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024205.","productDescription":"iv, 25 p.","numberOfPages":"30","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288422,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4205/report.pdf"},{"id":288423,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Arizona","city":"Globe","otherGeospatial":"Pinal Creek Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111.0,33.25 ], [ -111.0,33.583333 ], [ -110.75,33.583333 ], [ -110.75,33.25 ], [ -111.0,33.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4e4d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Angeroth, Cory E. 0000-0002-2915-6418 angeroth@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2915-6418","contributorId":2105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Angeroth","given":"Cory","email":"angeroth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":222670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":44692,"text":"fs14102 - 2002 - Effects of wildfire on the hydrology of Frijoles and Capulin canyons in and near Bandelier National Monument, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-12T10:38:23","indexId":"fs14102","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"141-02","displayTitle":"Effects of Wildfire on the Hydrology of Frijoles and Capulin Canyons in and near Bandelier National Monument, New Mexico","title":"Effects of wildfire on the hydrology of Frijoles and Capulin canyons in and near Bandelier National Monument, New Mexico","docAbstract":"

In June 1977, the La Mesa wildfire burned 15,270 acres in and near Frijoles Canyon in Bandelier National Monument (BNM) and the adjacent Santa Fe National Forest, New Mexico. In April 1996, the Dome wildfire in BNM burned 16,516 acres in and near Capulin Canyon and the surrounding Dome Wilderness area. Both Frijoles and Capulin Canyon watersheds are characterized by archeological artifacts that could be affected by increased runoff and accelerated rates of erosion, which typically occur after a fire. In response to this concern, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the National Park Service, conducted a study to monitor and document the wildfire effects on streamflow after the 1996 Dome fire.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs14102","usgsCitation":"Veenhuis, J.E., and Bowman, P.R., 2002, Effects of wildfire on the hydrology of Frijoles and Capulin canyons in and near Bandelier National Monument, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 141-02, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs14102.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":122575,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2002/0141/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":359786,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2002/0141/fs14102.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.69 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"contact":"

Director, New Mexico Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6700 Edith Blvd NE
Albuquerque, NM 87113

","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60fb21","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Veenhuis, Jack E.","contributorId":66745,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Veenhuis","given":"Jack","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bowman, Phillip R.","contributorId":39354,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowman","given":"Phillip","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":39954,"text":"wri024223 - 2002 - Bed-material entrainment potential, Roaring Fork River at Basalt, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:18","indexId":"wri024223","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4223","title":"Bed-material entrainment potential, Roaring Fork River at Basalt, Colorado","docAbstract":"The Roaring Fork River at Basalt, Colorado, has a frequently mobile streambed composed of gravel, cobbles, and boulders. Recent urban and highway development on the flood plain, earlier attempts to realign and confine the channel, and flow obstructions such as bridge openings and piers have altered the hydrology, hydraulics, sediment transport, and sediment deposition areas of the Roaring Fork. Entrainment and deposition of coarse sediment on the streambed and in large alluvial bars have reduced the flood-conveying capacity of the river. Previous engineering studies have identified flood-prone areas and hazards related to inundation and high streamflow velocity, but those studies have not evaluated the potential response of the channel to discharges that entrain the coarse streambed. This study builds upon the results of earlier flood studies and identifies some potential areas of concern associated with bed-material entrainment. \r\n\r\nCross-section surveys and simulated water-surface elevations from a previously run HEC?RAS model were used to calculate the boundary shear stress on the mean streambed, in the thalweg, and on the tops of adjacent alluvial bars for four reference streamflows. Sediment-size characteristics were determined for surficial material on the streambed, on large alluvial bars, and on a streambank. The median particle size (d50) for the streambed samples was 165 millimeters and for the alluvial bars and bank samples was 107 millimeters. \r\n\r\nShear stresses generated by the 10-, 50-, and 100-year floods, and by a more common flow that just inundated most of the alluvial bars in the study reach were calculated at 14 of the cross sections used in the Roaring Fork River HEC?RAS model. The Shields equation was used with a Shields parameter of 0.030 to estimate the critical shear stress for entrainment of the median sediment particle size on the mean streambed, in the thalweg, and on adjacent alluvial bar surfaces at the 14 cross sections. \r\n\r\nSediment-entrainment potential for a specific geomorphic surface was expressed as the ratio of the flood-generated boundary shear stress to the critical shear stress (to/tc) with respect to two threshold conditions. The partial entrainment threshold (to/tc=1) is the condition where the mean boundary shear stress (to) equals the critical shear stress for the median particle size (tc) at that cross section. At this threshold discharge, the d50 particle size becomes entrained, but movement of d50-size particles may be limited to a few individual particles or in a small area of the streambed surface. The complete entrainment threshold (to/tc=2) is the condition where to is twice the critical shear stress for the median particle size, the condition where complete or widespread mobilization of the d50 particle-size fraction is anticipated. \r\n\r\nEntrainment potential for a specific reference streamflow varied greatly in the downstream direction. At some cross sections, the bed or bar material was mobile, whereas at other cross sections, the bed or bar material was immobile for the same discharge. The significance of downstream variability is that sediment entrained at one cross section may be transported into, but not through, a cross section farther downstream, a situation resulting in sediment deposition and possibly progressive aggradation and loss of channel conveyance. \r\n\r\nLittle or no sediment in the d50-size range is likely to be entrained or transported through much of the study reach by the bar-inundating streamflow. However, the entrainment potential at this discharge increases abruptly to more than twice the critical value, then decreases abruptly, at a series of cross sections located downstream from the Emma and Midland Avenue Bridges. Median particle-size sediment is mobile at most cross sections in the study reach during the 10-year flood; however, the bed material is immobile at cross sections just upstream from the Upper Bypass and Midland Avenue Bridges. A similar s","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri024223","usgsCitation":"Elliott, J.G., 2002, Bed-material entrainment potential, Roaring Fork River at Basalt, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4223, iv, 33 p. : col. ill., col. maps ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024223.","productDescription":"iv, 33 p. : col. ill., col. maps ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":3648,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024223","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":170420,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6be4b07f02db63dbb1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elliott, John G. jelliott@usgs.gov","contributorId":832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"John","email":"jelliott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":222675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":45095,"text":"wri024212 - 2002 - Probability distributions of hydraulic conductivity for the hydrogeologic units of the Death Valley regional ground-water flow system, Nevada and California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:00","indexId":"wri024212","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4212","title":"Probability distributions of hydraulic conductivity for the hydrogeologic units of the Death Valley regional ground-water flow system, Nevada and California","docAbstract":"The use of geologic information such as lithology and rock properties is important to constrain conceptual and numerical hydrogeologic models. This geologic information is difficult to apply explicitly to numerical modeling and analyses because it tends to be qualitative rather than quantitative. This study uses a compilation of hydraulic-conductivity measurements to derive estimates of the probability distributions for several hydrogeologic units within the Death Valley regional ground-water flow system, a geologically and hydrologically complex region underlain by basin-fill sediments, volcanic, intrusive, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. Probability distributions of hydraulic conductivity for general rock types have been studied previously; however, this study provides more detailed definition of hydrogeologic units based on lithostratigraphy, lithology, alteration, and fracturing and compares the probability distributions to the aquifer test data. Results suggest that these probability distributions can be used for studies involving, for example, numerical flow modeling, recharge, evapotranspiration, and rainfall runoff. These probability distributions can be used for such studies involving the hydrogeologic units in the region, as well as for similar rock types elsewhere.\r\n\r\nWithin the study area, fracturing appears to have the greatest influence on the hydraulic conductivity of carbonate bedrock hydrogeologic units. Similar to earlier studies, we find that alteration and welding in the Tertiary volcanic rocks greatly influence hydraulic conductivity. As alteration increases, hydraulic conductivity tends to decrease. Increasing degrees of welding appears to increase hydraulic conductivity because welding increases the brittleness of the volcanic rocks, thus increasing the amount of fracturing.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri024212","usgsCitation":"Belcher, W., Sweetkind, D., and Elliott, P.E., 2002, Probability distributions of hydraulic conductivity for the hydrogeologic units of the Death Valley regional ground-water flow system, Nevada and California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4212, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024212.","productDescription":"18 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":3940,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024212","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":135358,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ee4b07f02db660b9d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Belcher, Wayne R.","contributorId":79446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belcher","given":"Wayne R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":231102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sweetkind, Donald S.","contributorId":18732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sweetkind","given":"Donald S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":231101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Elliott, Peggy E. 0000-0002-7264-664X pelliott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7264-664X","contributorId":3805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"Peggy","email":"pelliott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":231100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":44689,"text":"fs12002 - 2002 - Occurrence of antibiotics in water from fish hatcheries","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-16T11:42:31","indexId":"fs12002","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"120-02","displayTitle":"Occurrence of Antibiotics in Water from Fish Hatcheries","title":"Occurrence of antibiotics in water from fish hatcheries","docAbstract":"

The recent discovery of pharmaceuticals in streams across the United States (Kolpin and others, 2002) has raised the visibility and need for monitoring of antibiotics in the environment. Possible sources of antibiotics and other pharmaceuticals in streams may include fish hatcheries. This fact sheet presents the results from a preliminary study of fish hatcheries across the United States for the occurrence and concentration of antibiotics present in fish hatchery water. The study examines both sufonamides and tetracyclines. Sulfonamides are synthetic compounds, and tetracyclines are naturally occurring compounds. The use of antibiotics added to specially formulated feed is a common practice in fish hatcheries to treat and prevent bacterial infections in large fish populations. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved antibiotics are oxytetracycline-HCI, sulfamerazine, and a combination drug containing ormetoprim and sulfadiamethoxine (U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2003). During January 2001–June 2002, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Organic Geochemistry Research Laboratory (OGRL), Lawrence, Kansas, cooperatively collected water samples from 13 fish hatcheries across the United States (fig. 1) with the assistance of hatchery operators. A method for the analysis of antibiotics was developed and used to identify and quantify these compounds in fish hatchery water (Lindsey and others, 2001). This study was completed to determine if trace levels of antibiotics [approximately 1 microgram per liter (μg/L) or 1 part per billion or greater occurred] in which water associated with fish hatcheries, which are a potential source of these compounds in surface water.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs12002","collaboration":"Prepared as part of the U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","usgsCitation":"Thurman, E.M., Dietze, J.E., and Scribner, E.A., 2002, Occurrence of antibiotics in water from fish hatcheries: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 120-02, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs12002.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":360097,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2002/0120/fs20020120.pdf","text":"Report","size":"10.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2002–0120"},{"id":125054,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2002/0120/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, Iowa, Kansas, New York, Oklahoma, Oregon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.0283203125,\n 36.98500309285596\n ],\n [\n -103.0078125,\n 36.98500309285596\n ],\n [\n -102.919921875,\n 36.527294814546245\n ],\n [\n -100.1513671875,\n 36.35052700542763\n ],\n [\n -100.1953125,\n 34.52466147177172\n ],\n [\n -94.3505859375,\n 33.54139466898275\n ],\n [\n -94.4384765625,\n 36.4566360115962\n ],\n [\n -89.6044921875,\n 36.03133177633187\n ],\n [\n -89.07714843749999,\n 36.80928470205937\n ],\n [\n -90.04394531249999,\n 41.83682786072714\n ],\n [\n -91.2744140625,\n 43.42100882994726\n ],\n [\n -96.56982421875,\n 43.51668853502906\n ],\n [\n -96.7236328125,\n 42.79540065303723\n ],\n [\n -95.91064453125,\n 40.64730356252251\n ],\n [\n -95.27343750000001,\n 39.9434364619742\n ],\n [\n -101.90917968749999,\n 40.04443758460856\n ],\n [\n -101.953125,\n 40.94671366508002\n ],\n [\n -109.07226562500001,\n 40.94671366508002\n ],\n [\n -109.0283203125,\n 36.98500309285596\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.0576171875,\n 44.653024159812\n ],\n [\n -124.60693359374999,\n 42.79540065303723\n ],\n [\n -124.25537109375,\n 42.00032514831621\n ],\n [\n -116.98242187499999,\n 42.00032514831621\n ],\n [\n -116.96044921875,\n 44.11914151643737\n ],\n [\n -116.91650390625,\n 46.01222384063236\n ],\n [\n -118.98193359375,\n 46.01222384063236\n ],\n [\n -122.607421875,\n 45.62940492064501\n ],\n [\n -122.82714843749999,\n 46.057985244793024\n ],\n [\n -123.0908203125,\n 46.164614496897094\n ],\n [\n -124.16748046874999,\n 46.255846818480315\n ],\n [\n -124.0576171875,\n 44.653024159812\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -79.78271484375,\n 42.293564192170095\n ],\n [\n -79.73876953125,\n 42.00032514831621\n ],\n [\n -75.38818359375,\n 41.96765920367816\n ],\n [\n -75.03662109375,\n 41.44272637767212\n ],\n [\n -73.916015625,\n 41.0130657870063\n ],\n [\n -73.47656249999999,\n 41.19518982948959\n ],\n [\n -73.23486328124999,\n 43.11702412135048\n ],\n [\n -73.388671875,\n 45.042478050891546\n ],\n [\n -74.81689453125,\n 45.042478050891546\n ],\n [\n -76.46484375,\n 44.15068115978094\n ],\n [\n -76.22314453125,\n 43.56447158721811\n ],\n [\n -78.3984375,\n 43.45291889355465\n ],\n [\n -79.0576171875,\n 43.24520272203356\n ],\n [\n -79.78271484375,\n 42.293564192170095\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"

Director, Kansas Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1217 Biltmore Drive
Lawrence, KS 66049

","tableOfContents":"","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db68a23a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thurman, Earl M.","contributorId":48622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"Earl","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dietze, Julie E. 0000-0002-5936-5739 juliec@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5936-5739","contributorId":3939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dietze","given":"Julie","email":"juliec@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Scribner, Elisabeth A.","contributorId":80265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scribner","given":"Elisabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":39984,"text":"wri014241 - 2002 - Hydrologic characteristics of selected alluvial aquifers in the North Platte Natural Resources District, western Nebraska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:35","indexId":"wri014241","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4241","title":"Hydrologic characteristics of selected alluvial aquifers in the North Platte Natural Resources District, western Nebraska","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri014241","usgsCitation":"Steele, G.V., Cannia, J.C., and Scripter, K.G., 2002, Hydrologic characteristics of selected alluvial aquifers in the North Platte Natural Resources District, western Nebraska: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4241, 24 p. : ill., map ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014241.","productDescription":"24 p. : ill., map ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122055,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4241/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":67746,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4241/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a28e4b07f02db61165b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Steele, Gregory V. gvsteele@usgs.gov","contributorId":783,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steele","given":"Gregory","email":"gvsteele@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":464,"text":"Nebraska Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":222746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cannia, James C.","contributorId":94356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannia","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Scripter, Kimberly G.","contributorId":32226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scripter","given":"Kimberly","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":39962,"text":"wri014274 - 2002 - Dissolved cadmium, zinc, and lead loads from ground-water seepage into the South Fork Coeur d'Alene River system, northern Idaho, 1999","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-10T12:16:52","indexId":"wri014274","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4274","title":"Dissolved cadmium, zinc, and lead loads from ground-water seepage into the South Fork Coeur d'Alene River system, northern Idaho, 1999","docAbstract":"The valley of the South Fork Coeur d’Alene\nRiver and some of its tributaries have been heavily\nimpacted by the dispersion of metal-enriched\nmaterials from the Coeur d’Alene mining district\nsince 1884. The valley floor, including the unconsolidated\nvalley-fill/flood-plain aquifers, is a major\nholding area for mine tailings. The U.S. Geological\nSurvey, in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental\nProtection Agency, characterized groundwater\nand surface-water relations for parts of the\nSouth Fork Coeur d’Alene River Basin and quantified\nthe loading of dissolved metals into the South\nFork Coeur d’Alene River system from groundwater\nseepage. This information can be used to\ndetermine the effects of dissolved metal from\nground-water seepage on the river system and to\nevaluate the necessity and feasibility of remediation\nalong gaining reaches. This study defines a\nfield approach that can be repeated during and\nafter the implementation of remediation solutions\nto measure the effectiveness of these efforts in\nreducing loading to streams.\nThe study area includes three reaches along\nthe South Fork Coeur d’Alene River valley in the\nCoeur d’Alene mining district in central Shoshone\nCounty, northern Idaho: a 3.3-mile reach of Canyon\nCreek at Woodland Park, a 4.8-mile reach\nof the South Fork Coeur d’Alene River near\nOsburn, and a 6.5-mile reach of the South Fork\nCoeur d’Alene River near Kellogg and Smelterville.\nSeepage studies were conducted during July\n27–29; September 17–19; and October 15–17,\n1999. Each seepage study was conducted over a\n3-day period, during which each station was measured\non a daily basis for streamflow, and waterquality\nsamples were collected. The consecutiveday\napproach allowed for an evaluation of variability\nin streamflow gains and losses and metal loading\nthat resulted from changing hydrologic\nconditions.\nDuring the July, September, and October\nseepage studies, ground-water seepage was the\npredominant source for gains in dissolved cadmium\nand zinc loads in the three study reaches,\nwhereas tributary inflow loads were a minor\nsource. The overall average net gain in dissolved\nzinc load from ground-water seepage into the\nSouth Fork Coeur d’Alene River near Kellogg and\nSmelterville was about 730 pounds per day, compared\nwith the net gains in Canyon Creek at Woodland\nPark and the South Fork Coeur d’Alene River\nnear Osburn, which were roughly similar at 150\nand 218 pounds per day, respectively. The net gain\nin dissolved cadmium load from ground-water\nseepage into the three river reaches was about two\norders of magnitude less than the gain in dissolved\nzinc.\nOn the South Fork Coeur d’Alene River study\nreaches near Osburn and near Kellogg and Smelterville,\nno pattern associated with an increase or\ndecrease in dissolved lead load along gaining or\nlosing subreaches was recognizable. Canyon Creek\nat Woodland Park was the only study reach where\nground-water seepage contributed appreciably to\nthe dissolved lead load; the average net gain was\n1.5 pounds per day.\nThe average dissolved lead loads leaving\nSouth Fork Coeur d’Alene River study reaches (corrected for tributary inflow along the study\nreaches) near Osburn and near Kellogg and\nSmelterville were 1.4 and 0.8 pounds per day less,\nrespectively, than the loads entering the study\nreaches. The decrease in dissolved lead could be\nthe result of lead adsorbing onto organic and inorganic\nsediment surfaces and (or) coprecipitating\nwith iron and manganese oxides. These forms of\nlead likely will be resuspended into the water column\nat high flows.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri014274","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency -- Missing pages 31, 32, 57","usgsCitation":"Barton, G., 2002, Dissolved cadmium, zinc, and lead loads from ground-water seepage into the South Fork Coeur d'Alene River system, northern Idaho, 1999: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4274, v, 130 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014274.","productDescription":"v, 130 p.","numberOfPages":"134","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262356,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4274/report.pdf"},{"id":262357,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4274/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","county":"Shoshone","city":"Woodland Park;Osburn;Kellogg;Smelterville","otherGeospatial":"Canyon Creek","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -116.3303,47.298223 ], [ -116.3303,47.697523 ], [ -115.600042,47.697523 ], [ -115.600042,47.298223 ], [ -116.3303,47.298223 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a277","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barton, Gary J. gbarton@usgs.gov","contributorId":1147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barton","given":"Gary J.","email":"gbarton@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":222692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":45094,"text":"wri024209 - 2002 - Assessment of possible sources of microbiological contamination and water-quality characteristics of the Jacks Fork, Ozark National Scenic Riverways, Missouri — Phase II","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-21T20:28:56.459901","indexId":"wri024209","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4209","displayTitle":"Assessment of Possible Sources of Microbiological Contamination and Water-Quality Characteristics of the Jacks Fork, Ozark National Scenic Riverways, Missouri — Phase II","title":"Assessment of possible sources of microbiological contamination and water-quality characteristics of the Jacks Fork, Ozark National Scenic Riverways, Missouri — Phase II","docAbstract":"

In 1998, an 8-mile reach of the Jacks Fork was included on Missouri's list of impaired waters as required by Section 303(d) of the Federal Clean Water Act. The identified pollutant on the Jacks Fork was fecal coliform bacteria. Potential sources of fecal contamination to the Jacks Fork include a wastewater treatment plant; campground pit-toilet or septic-system effluent; a large commercial, cross-country horseback trail riding facility; canoeists, boaters, and tubers; and cows.

The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the National Park Service, conducted a study to better understand the extent and sources of microbiological contamination within the Jacks Fork from Alley Spring to the mouth, which includes the 8-mile 303(d) reach. Identification of the sources would provide the National Park Service and the State of Missouri with the information needed to craft a solution of abatement, regulation, prevention, and mitigation with the end result being the removal of the Jacks Fork from the 303(d) list. Fifteen sites were sampled from November 1999 through December 2000. An additional site was sampled one time. Samples were collected mostly during base-flow conditions during a variety of nonrecreational and recreational season river uses. Samples were analyzed for selected fecal indicator bacteria, physical properties, nutrients, and wastewater organic compounds.

During the sampling period, the whole-body-contact recreation standard for fecal coliform (200 colonies per 100 milliliters of sample) was exceeded at three sites on August 10, 2000, and also at one site on May 11, June 7, and October 3, 2000. Fecal coliform densities and instantaneous loads generally increased from background concentrations at the Eminence site, peaked about 2 river miles downstream, and then decreased until the most downstream site sampled. Generally, the largest densities and loads at sites downstream from Eminence not related to wet-weather flow were observed during a trail ride held August 6 to 12, 2000.

A 24-hour sample collection effort was conducted the weekend of July 15 and 16, 2000, to investigate the effect that large numbers of swimmers, canoeists, and tubers had on fecal coliform densities in the Jacks Fork. Five or six samples were collected at six sites between Saturday morning and the following Sunday afternoon. No fecal coliform density at any of the sites sampled exceeded the whole-body-contact recreation standard.

Because bacteria survive longer in stream-bed sediments than in water, a source of bacteria in the water column could be from resuspension of accumulated bacteria from streambed sediments. Water and streambed-sediment samples were collected at three sites on August 3, 2000, 1 week before a trail ride and again at three sites on August 8, 2000, during a trail ride.

Sixty-five Escherichia coli isolates obtained from water samples collected at 9 sites and 23 Escherichia coli isolates obtained from stream-bed-sediment samples collected at 5 sites were submitted for ribotyping analysis. Samples were collected in 2000 during a variety of nonrecreational and recreational season river uses, including trail rides, canoeing, tubing, and swimming. Of the 65 isolates from water samples, 40 percent were identified as originating from sewage, 29 percent from horse, 11 percent from cow, and 20 percent from an unknown source. Of the 23 isolates from streambed-sediment samples, 39 percent were identified as originating from sewage, 35 percent from horse, 13 percent from cow, and 13 percent from unknown sources.

Analysis of physical property (dissolved oxygen, pH, specific conductance, and temperature) and nutrient (dissolved nitrite plus nitrate and total phosphorus) data indicated that overall few statistically significant differences occurred among the main stem sites of the Jacks Fork. A significant increase in total phosphorus concentrations did occur at site 75 immediately downstream from the Eminence Wastewater Treatment Plant, but the effect diminished quickly downstream. Unlike fecal coliform bacteria, most variations in physical property values or nutrient concentrations were related to seasonal changes, time of day the sample was collected, or hydrologic conditions and not to certain recreational activities.

Trace quantities of wastewater organic compounds were detected in all waters sampled for these constituents. Two of the compounds were detected in associated laboratory blanks, and other detected compounds have sources other than sewage effluent. The best indicators of municipal or domestic sewage effluent were the non-ionic detergent metabolites (nonylphenol monoethoxylate, octylphenol monoethoxylate, and para-nonylphenol), phenol, and caffeine; but possible sources of these compounds, which were detected in one or more of the samples, could be the numerous campers, swimmers, and canoeists that were present when the samples were collected. 

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri024209","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Davis, J., and Richards, J.M., 2002, Assessment of possible sources of microbiological contamination and water-quality characteristics of the Jacks Fork, Ozark National Scenic Riverways, Missouri — Phase II: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4209, iv, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024209.","productDescription":"iv, 43 p.","numberOfPages":"45","costCenters":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":135357,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4209/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":360412,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4209/wrir20024209.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.77 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 2002–4209"},{"id":394690,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_53968.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","otherGeospatial":"Jacks Fork, Ozark National Scenic Riverways","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.45,\n 37.1447\n ],\n [\n -91.2719,\n 37.1447\n ],\n [\n -91.2719,\n 37.1917\n ],\n [\n -91.45,\n 37.1917\n ],\n [\n -91.45,\n 37.1447\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"

Director, Central Midwest Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1400 Independence Road
Rolla, MO 65401

","tableOfContents":"","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db671ec6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, Jerri V. jdavis@usgs.gov","contributorId":2667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"Jerri V.","email":"jdavis@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":231099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Richards, Joseph M. 0000-0002-9822-2706 richards@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9822-2706","contributorId":2370,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richards","given":"Joseph","email":"richards@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":231098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":39976,"text":"wri024083 - 2002 - Water quality of the Mississippian carbonate aquifer in parts of middle Tennessee and northern Alabama, 1999","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:35","indexId":"wri024083","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4083","title":"Water quality of the Mississippian carbonate aquifer in parts of middle Tennessee and northern Alabama, 1999","docAbstract":"Water-quality data for nitrate, fecal-indicator bacteria, pesticides, and volatile organic compounds collected in parts of Middle Tennessee and northern Alabama indicate that the Mississippian carbonate aquifer in these areas is susceptible to contamination from point and nonpoint sources. Thirty randomly located wells (predominantly domestic), two springs, and two additional public-supply wells were sampled in the summer of 1999 as part of the U.S. Geological Survey?s National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program. These wells and springs were sampled to characterize the occurrence and distribution of the above constituents in this karst aquifer of Mississippian age and to determine the principal environmental factors related to their occurrence.Nitrate and fecal indicator bacteria were frequently detected at the sampled sites. Nitrate exceeded the drinking-water maximum contaminant level of 10 milligrams per liter in two samples; the median concentration for all samples was about 1.5 milligrams per liter. Correlation of nitrate concentrations to the amount of cropland near a site and to pesticide detections indicates that fertilizer application is the predominant source of nitrogen to the aquifer. Fecal-indicator bacteria were present in samples from about 40 percent of the sites. The presence of fecal-indicator bacteria is weakly correlated to the depth to ground water but is not correlated to a specific land use near the sites.Pesticides and pesticide breakdown products (metabolites) were detected at 74 percent of the sites sampled. Concentrations generally were less than 1 microgram per liter and no pesticide detections exceeded drinking-water maximum contaminant levels. The maximum total pesticide concentration measured was about 4 micrograms per liter. Intensity of pesticide use, proximity of sites to areas of pesticide application, and soil hydrologic group were the primary factors affecting the occurrence of pesticides.Volatile organic compounds were detected at generally low concentrations at about 81 percent of the sites sampled. Concentrations of trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, and 1,2-dichloropropane at three sites equalled or exceeded drinking-water maximum contaminant levels. The maximum concentration measured was 7.5 micrograms per liter of trichloroethylene. The presence of volatile organic compounds in the Mississippian carbonate aquifer was not related to hydrogeology, soil properties, or land use near the sites; although higher total volatile organic compound concentrations and greater numbers of compounds in samples generally were associated with a higher percentage of urban land use near a site. Chloroform was the most frequently detected compound, and correlation of low-level detections to the amount of wetlands near sites having these detections may indicate biogenic formation of chloroform.The relation between land use and water quality was stronger for constituents that are contributed to the environment systematically (fertilizer and pesticide applications), than those contributed inadvertently (leaking septic tanks or chemical spills or leaks). Land use and soils characterized in circular buffer areas near sites sampled in this karst aquifer explained some of the variation in nitrate concentration and presence of pesticides. Use of land use and soil data with greater detail than the large scale data used in this analysis and buffer areas based on well capacities and ground-water withdrawals might strengthen this type of analysis.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri024083","usgsCitation":"Kingsbury, J.A., and Shelton, J.M., 2002, Water quality of the Mississippian carbonate aquifer in parts of middle Tennessee and northern Alabama, 1999: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4083, vii, 36 p. : col. ill., col. maps. ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024083.","productDescription":"vii, 36 p. : col. ill., col. maps. ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123656,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_2002_4083.jpg"},{"id":3666,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024083","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f9911","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kingsbury, James A. 0000-0003-4985-275X jakingsb@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4985-275X","contributorId":883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kingsbury","given":"James","email":"jakingsb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":581,"text":"Tennessee Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":222725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shelton, John M. 0000-0002-4787-9572 jmshelto@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4787-9572","contributorId":1751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shelton","given":"John","email":"jmshelto@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":222726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50522,"text":"ofr02352 - 2002 - Preliminary report on geophysical data in Yavapai County, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-27T14:24:15.185096","indexId":"ofr02352","displayToPublicDate":"2002-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-352","title":"Preliminary report on geophysical data in Yavapai County, Arizona","docAbstract":"Recently acquired geophysical data provide information on the geologic framework and its effect of groundwater flow and on stream/aquifer interaction in Yavapai County, Arizona. High-resolution aeromagnetic data reflect diverse rock types at and below the topographic surface and have permitted a preliminary interpretation of faults and underlying rock types (in particular, volcanic) that will provide new insights on the geologic framework, critical input to future hydrologic investigations. Aeromagnetic data map the western end of the Bear Wallow Canyon fault into the sedimentary fill of Verde Valley. Regional gravity data indicate potentially significant accumulations of low-density basin fill in Big Chino, Verde, and Williamson Valleys. Electrical and seismic data were also collected and help evaluate the approximate depth and extent of recent alluvium overlying Tertiary and Paleozoic sediments. These data will be used to ascertain the potential contribution of shallow ground-water subflow that cannot be measured by gages or flow meters and whether stream flow in losing reaches is moving as subflow or is being lost to the subsurface. The geophysical data will help produce a more robust groundwater flow model of the region.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr02352","usgsCitation":"Langenheim, V., Hoffmann, J., Blasch, K., DeWitt, E., and Wirt, L., 2002, Preliminary report on geophysical data in Yavapai County, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-352, Report: PDF, 29 p.; Report: TXT, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02352.","productDescription":"Report: PDF, 29 p.; Report: TXT","numberOfPages":"30","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":283851,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr02352.jpg"},{"id":86332,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0352/pdf/of02-352.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":4334,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0352/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":283850,"rank":1,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0352/ofr02-352.txt","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","county":"Yavapai County","otherGeospatial":"Bear Wallow Canyon, Big Chino Valley, Verde Valley, Williamson Valley","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -112.9999,34.348 ], [ -112.9999,35.268 ], [ -111.5977,35.268 ], [ -111.5977,34.348 ], [ -112.9999,34.348 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cba5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langenheim, V.E. 0000-0003-2170-5213","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2170-5213","contributorId":54956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langenheim","given":"V.E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":241682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hoffmann, J.P.","contributorId":76389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffmann","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blasch, K.W.","contributorId":29877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blasch","given":"K.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"DeWitt, Ed","contributorId":65081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeWitt","given":"Ed","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wirt, Laurie","contributorId":13204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wirt","given":"Laurie","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":44708,"text":"wri994174 - 2002 - Simulated pond-aquifer interactions under natural and stressed conditions near Snake Pond, Cape Cod, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-16T11:36:52","indexId":"wri994174","displayToPublicDate":"2002-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4174","title":"Simulated pond-aquifer interactions under natural and stressed conditions near Snake Pond, Cape Cod, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"A numerical model was used to simulate pond-aquifer interactions under natural and stressed conditions near Snake Pond, Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Simulation results show that pond-bottom hydraulic conductivity, which represents the degree of hydraulic connection between the pond and the aquifer, is an important control on these interactions. As this parameter was incrementally increased from 10 to 350 feet per day, the rate of ground-water inflow into the pond under natural conditions increased by about 250 percent, the associated residence times of water in the pond decreased by about 50 percent, and ground-water inflow to the pond shifted closer to the pond shore. Most ground-water inflow (90 to 98 percent) was in the upper model layer, which corresponded to shallow, near-shore areas of the pond, over the entire range of pond-bottom hydraulic conductivity. Ground-water flow paths into the pond became more vertical, the contributing area to the pond became larger, and the pond captured water from greater depths in the aquifer as the hydraulic conductivity of the pond bottom was increased. The pond level, however, remained nearly constant, and regional ground-water levels and gradients differed little over the range of pond-bottom hydraulic conductivity, indicating that calibrated models with similar head solutions can have different pond-aquifer interaction characteristics.\r\n\r\n\r\nHydrologic stresses caused by a simulated plume-containment system that specifies the extraction and injection of large volumes of ground water near the pond increased the pond level by about 0.4 foot and ground-water inflow rates into the pond by about 25 percent. Several factors related to the operation of the simulated containment system are affected by the hydraulic conductivity of the pond bottom. With increasing pond-bottom hydraulic conductivity, the amount of injected water that flows into Snake Pond increased and the amount of water recirculated between extraction and injection wells decreased. Comparison of simulations in which pond-bottom hydraulic conductivity was varied throughout the pond and simulations in which hydraulic conductivity was varied only in areas corresponding to shallow, near-shore areas of the pond indicate that the simulated hydraulic conductivity of the pond bottom in deeper parts of the pond had little effect on pond-aquifer interactions under both natural and stressed conditions.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri994174","usgsCitation":"Walter, D.A., Masterson, J., and LeBlanc, D.R., 2002, Simulated pond-aquifer interactions under natural and stressed conditions near Snake Pond, Cape Cod, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4174, v, 35 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994174.","productDescription":"v, 35 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":172716,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3750,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri994174/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.7080078125,\n 41.57436130598913\n ],\n [\n -69.89501953125,\n 41.57436130598913\n ],\n [\n -69.89501953125,\n 42.049292638686836\n ],\n [\n -70.7080078125,\n 42.049292638686836\n ],\n [\n -70.7080078125,\n 41.57436130598913\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60f9af","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walter, Donald A. 0000-0003-0879-4477 dawalter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0879-4477","contributorId":1101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walter","given":"Donald","email":"dawalter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Masterson, John P. 0000-0003-3202-4413 jpmaster@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3202-4413","contributorId":1865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masterson","given":"John P.","email":"jpmaster@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":230296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"LeBlanc, Denis R. 0000-0002-4646-2628 dleblanc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4646-2628","contributorId":1696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeBlanc","given":"Denis","email":"dleblanc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":45085,"text":"wri024208 - 2002 - Ground-water flow simulation and chemical and isotopic mixing equation analysis to determine source contributions to the Missouri River alluvial aquifer in the vicinity of the Independence, Missouri, well field","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-18T15:17:26","indexId":"wri024208","displayToPublicDate":"2002-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4208","displayTitle":"Ground-Water Flow Simulation and Chemical and Isotopic Mixing Equation Analysis to Determine Source Contributions to the Missouri River Alluvial Aquifer in the Vicinity of the Independence, Missouri, Well Field","title":"Ground-water flow simulation and chemical and isotopic mixing equation analysis to determine source contributions to the Missouri River alluvial aquifer in the vicinity of the Independence, Missouri, well field","docAbstract":"

The city of Independence, Missouri, operates a well field in the Missouri River alluvial aquifer. Steady-state ground-water flow simulation, particle tracking, and the use of chemical and isotopic composition of river water, ground water, and well-field pumpage in a two-component mixing equation were used to determine the source contributions of induced inflow from the Missouri River and recharge to ground water from precipitation in well-field pumpage.

Steady-state flow-budget analysis for the simulation-defined zone of contribution to the Independence well field indicates that 86.7 percent of well-field pumpage is from induced inflow from the river, and 6.7 percent is from ground-water recharge from precipitation. The 6.6 percent of flow from outside the simulation-defined zone of contribution is a measure of the uncertainty of the estimation, and occurs because model cells are too large to uniquely define the actual zone of contribution. Flow-budget calculations indicate that the largest source of water to most wells is the Missouri River.

Particle-tracking techniques indicate that the Missouri River supplies 82.3 percent of the water to the Independence well field, ground-water recharge from precipitation supplies 9.7 percent, and flow from outside defined zones of contribution supplies 8.0 percent. Particle tracking was used to determine the relative amounts of source water to total well-field pumpage as a function of traveltime from the source. Well-field pumpage that traveled 1 year or less from the source was 8.8 percent, with 0.6 percent from the Missouri River, none from precipitation, and 8.2 percent between starting cells. Well-field pumpage that traveled 2 years or less from the source was 10.3 percent, with 1.8 percent from the Missouri River, 0.2 percent from precipitation, and 8.3 percent between starting cells. Well-field pumpage that traveled 5 years or less from the source was 36.5 percent, with 27.1 percent from the Missouri River, 1.1 percent from precipitation, and 8.3 percent between starting cells. Well-field pumpage that traveled 10 years or less from the source was 42.7 percent, with 32.6 percent from the Missouri River, 1.8 percent from precipitation, and 8.3 percent between starting cells. Well-field pumpage that traveled 25 years or less from the source was 71.9 percent, with 58.9 percent from the Missouri River, 4.7 percent from precipitation, and 8.3 percent between starting cells.

Results of chemical (calcium, sodium, iron, and fluoride) and isotopic (oxygen and hydrogen) analyses of water samples collected from the Missouri River, selected monitoring wells around the Independence well field, and combined well-field pumpage were used in a two component mixing equation to estimate the relative amount of Missouri River water in total well-field pumpage. The relative amounts of induced inflow from the Missouri River in well-field pumpage ranged from 49 percent for sodium to 80 percent for calcium, and sensitivities ranged from 0 percent for iron to plus or minus 35 percent for naturally occurring stable isotope (18O). The average of all mixing equation results indicated that 61 percent of well-field pumpage was from induced inflow from the Missouri River.

All methods used in the study indicate that more than one-half of the water in well-field pumpage was inflow from the Missouri River. River inflow estimates from ground-water simulation methods are larger and error values are smaller than those using chemical and isotopic data in the mixing equation, although substantial uncertainties exist for both estimation methods. Because of the complex hydrology of the aquifer near the Independence well field, the source estimates using particle tracking probably are the most reliable of the ground-water simulation methods. Mixing equation results are less reliable than those of the ground-water simulation for this study. However, more reliable results can be obtained from the mixing equation by increasing the number of samples and collecting samples for a longer period of time, and during different flow conditions. In the absence of a calibrated ground-water flow simulation, the mixing equation can provide a reasonable estimate of the sources of water to a well field at relatively low cost, if sources of error are clearly understood.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri024208","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Independence, Missouri","usgsCitation":"Kelly, B.P., 2002, Ground-water flow simulation and chemical and isotopic mixing equation analysis to determine source contributions to the Missouri River alluvial aquifer in the vicinity of the Independence, Missouri, well field: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4208, iv, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024208.","productDescription":"iv, 31 p.","numberOfPages":"34","costCenters":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":169283,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4208/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":360413,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4208/wrir20024208.pdf","text":"Report","size":"892 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 2002–4208"}],"contact":"

Director, Central Midwest Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1400 Independence Road
Rolla, MO 65401

","tableOfContents":"","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db669010","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kelly, Brian P. 0000-0001-6378-2837 bkelly@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6378-2837","contributorId":897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelly","given":"Brian","email":"bkelly@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":231081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":45104,"text":"wri004166 - 2002 - Geohydrology of Southeastern Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-13T20:15:01.850429","indexId":"wri004166","displayToPublicDate":"2002-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4166","title":"Geohydrology of Southeastern Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"

Rapid population growth in southeastern Pennsylvania has increased the demand for ground water. In an effort to address the increased ground-water needs, a ground-water investigation in a 5,200-square-mile area of southeastern Pennsylvania was initiated. Information on the geohydrologic system of the area and the water-bearing capabilities of 51 geohydrologic units in six physiographic provinces or sections (Coastal Plain, Piedmont Upland, Piedmont Lowland, Gettysburg-Newark Lowland, South Mountain, and Reading Prong) has been summarized. Also included are statistical summaries by geohydrologic unit for well construction and discharge data (according to water use), as well as inorganic and radiochemical ground-water-quality data.

Characteristics of the ground-water-flow system in the study area, as well as aquifer hydrologic properties, are related to geology, but can be modified by human development. Ground-water flow in the Coastal Plain Physiographic Province, is through intergranular or primary openings under either unconfined or confined aquifer conditions. Historically, ground-water flowed toward the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers, but the original flow paths and water quality have been altered significantly by urbanization. In igneous and metamorphic rocks (Piedmont Upland, South Mountain, and Reading Prong), ground-water flows through a network of interconnected secondary openings (fractures, joints, cleavage planes). Ground water in the carbonate rocks (Piedmont Lowland) also flows through a network of secondary openings, but these openings have been enlarged by solution. In the Triassic sedimentary rocks (Gettysburg-Newark Lowland), thin tabular aquifers are separated by much thicker, strata-bound aquitards. The fractured Triassic bedrock forms a very complex, anisotropic, and heterogeneous aquifer with horizontal permeability much greater than vertical permeability.

In general, ground-water flow in southeastern Pennsylvania takes place within local flow systems that discharge within days or weeks to adjacent stream valleys or surface-water bodies. Intermediate (South Mountain) and regional (Gettysburg-Newark Lowland) scale systems, however, in which residence times have been measured in months or years discharge to major streams or rivers that are located in different physiographic provinces or sections or tens of miles distant.

Well depths, casing lengths, reported yields, and specific capacities can vary significantly by geohydrologic unit, use of well, and topographic setting. Wells drilled in the Weverton and Loudon Formations, undivided, and the Montalto Quartzite Member (South Mountain) have median well and casing lengths of 374 and 130 feet, respectively, significantly greater than in almost every other geohydrologic unit in the study area. Wells drilled in the Peach Bottom Slate and Cardiff Conglomerate, undivided (Piedmont Upland) are typically shallow, with a median well depth of 90 feet. Wells in the Marburg Schist (Piedmont Upland) have the lowest median casing length—5.5 feet. Wells in the Stonehenge Formation (Piedmont Lowland), the most productive unit in the study area, have a median reported yield of 200 gallons per minute and a median specific capacity of 27 gallons per minute per foot. The Cocalico Formation (Piedmont Lowland) is the least productive unit with a median reported well yield of 2.5 gallons per minute and a median specific capacity of 0.01 gallons per minute per foot. In general, high-demand wells are significantly deeper, use significantly more casing, and have significantly greater yields than domestic wells drilled in the same unit. Commonly, wells drilled in valleys will have greater reported yields and specific capacities than wells drilled in the same unit on slopes or hilltops.

Except where adversely affected by human activities, the quality of ground water in southeastern Pennsylvania is suitable for most purposes. Yet several water-quality criteria are exceeded in many wells throughout the area. Water from 51 percent of 2,075 wells sampled had a pH higher or lower than the range specified in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) secondary maximum contaminant level (SMCL). Of water samples analyzed, about 1 percent of 1,623 wells contained concentrations of chloride and 27 percent of 1,624 wells sampled contained concentrations of iron that exceeded the USEPA SMCL. Twenty-seven percent of 1,397 wells sampled contained water with manganese concentrations greater than the USEPA SMCL. Sulfate concentrations in the water of 3 percent of 1,699 wells sampled and total dissolved solids in the water from 10 percent of 1,590 wells sampled exceeded the USEPA SMCL. Concentrations of cadmium, chromium, cyanide, mercury, nickel, radium-226, selenium, and zinc in the water exceeded the USEPA maximum contaminant level (MCL) in less than 5 percent of the 183 to 620 wells sampled. Nine percent of 625 wells sampled contained water with lead concentrations that exceeded the USEPA MCL. Radon concentrations in the water of 92 percent of the 285 wells sampled exceeded the proposed USEPA MCL. Radium-228 in the water of 10 percent of the 240 wells sampled and nitrate in the water of 13 percent of 1,413 wells sampled exceeded the USEPA MCL. Gross-alpha activity in the water was measured only in the Chickies and Harpers Formations of the Piedmont Upland, with 23 percent of the 168 wells sampled exceeding the USEPA MCL.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri004166","collaboration":"Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey","usgsCitation":"Low, D.J., Hippe, D.J., and Yannacci, D., 2002, Geohydrology of Southeastern Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4166, xiv, 347 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004166.","productDescription":"xiv, 347 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":411902,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4166/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":3942,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4166/wri20004166.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.94 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 2000-4166"}],"contact":"

Director, Pennsylvania Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Pennsylvania Water Science Center
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070

","tableOfContents":"","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a89e0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Low, Dennis J. djlow@usgs.gov","contributorId":3450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Low","given":"Dennis","email":"djlow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":231116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hippe, Daniel J. djhippe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hippe","given":"Daniel","email":"djhippe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":231115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Yannacci, Dawna","contributorId":106188,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yannacci","given":"Dawna","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":231117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":39944,"text":"wri024172 - 2002 - Calculation of individual isotope equilibrium constants for implementation in geochemical models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-16T11:37:47","indexId":"wri024172","displayToPublicDate":"2002-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4172","title":"Calculation of individual isotope equilibrium constants for implementation in geochemical models","docAbstract":"Theory is derived from the work of Urey to calculate equilibrium constants commonly used in geochemical equilibrium and reaction-transport models for reactions of individual isotopic species. Urey showed that equilibrium constants of isotope exchange reactions for molecules that contain two or more atoms of the same element in equivalent positions are related to isotope fractionation factors by , where is n the number of atoms exchanged. This relation is extended to include species containing multiple isotopes, for example and , and to include the effects of nonideality. The equilibrium constants of the isotope exchange reactions provide a basis for calculating the individual isotope equilibrium constants for the geochemical modeling reactions. The temperature dependence of the individual isotope equilibrium constants can be calculated from the temperature dependence of the fractionation factors. Equilibrium constants are calculated for all species that can be formed from and selected species containing , in the molecules and the ion pairs with where the subscripts g, aq, l, and s refer to gas, aqueous, liquid, and solid, respectively. These equilibrium constants are used in the geochemical model PHREEQC to produce an equilibrium and reaction-transport model that includes these isotopic species. Methods are presented for calculation of the individual isotope equilibrium constants for the asymmetric bicarbonate ion. An example calculates the equilibrium of multiple isotopes among multiple species and phases.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024172","usgsCitation":"Thorstenson, D.C., and Parkhurst, D.L., 2002, Calculation of individual isotope equilibrium constants for implementation in geochemical models: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4172, iv, 129 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024172.","productDescription":"iv, 129 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":165138,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3642,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024172/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f966c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thorstenson, Donald C.","contributorId":107323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thorstenson","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Parkhurst, David L. 0000-0003-3348-1544 dlpark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3348-1544","contributorId":1088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parkhurst","given":"David","email":"dlpark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":222662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":51126,"text":"ofr02324 - 2002 - Digital soils survey map of the Patagonia Mountains, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-13T13:04:19","indexId":"ofr02324","displayToPublicDate":"2002-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-324","title":"Digital soils survey map of the Patagonia Mountains, Arizona","docAbstract":"

The ‘Soil Survey of Santa Cruz and Parts of Cochise\n and Pima Counties, Arizona,' a product of the USDA’s\n Soil Conservation Service and the Forest Service in\n cooperation with the Arizona Agricultural Experiment\n Station, released in 1979, was created according to\n the site conditions in 1971, when soil scientists\n identified soils types on aerial photographs. The\n scale at which these maps were published is 1:20,000.

\n
\n

These soil maps were automated for incorporation into\n the hydrologic modeling within a GIS. The aerial photos\n onto which the soils units were drawn had not been\n orthoganalized, and contained distortion. A total of 15\n maps composed the study area. These maps were scanned\n into TIFF format using an 8-bit black and white drum\n scanner at 100 dpi. The images were imported into ERDAS\n IMAGINE and the white borders were removed through\n subset decollaring processes. Five CD-ROM’s containing\n Digital Orthophoto Quarter Quads (DOQQ’s) were used to\n register and rectify the scanned soils maps. Polygonal\n data was then attributed according to the datasets.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr02324","usgsCitation":"Norman, L., Wissler, C., Guertin, D.P., and Gray, F., 2002, Digital soils survey map of the Patagonia Mountains, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-324, Report: 24 p.; Readme; Metadata; Dataset; Legend; Map: JPG format, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02324.","productDescription":"Report: 24 p.; Readme; Metadata; Dataset; Legend; Map: JPG format","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":179138,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr02324.jpg"},{"id":4513,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0324/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":283898,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0324/00readme.txt"},{"id":283899,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0324/scs_soil.met"},{"id":283900,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0324/pdf/scs_soil.pdf"},{"id":283901,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0324/scs_soil.e00"},{"id":283902,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0324/scs_soil.avl"},{"id":283903,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0324/images/scs_soil.jpg"}],"scale":"35000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Patagonia Mountains","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -110.864671,31.348635 ], [ -110.864671,31.536392 ], [ -110.642353,31.536392 ], [ -110.642353,31.348635 ], [ -110.864671,31.348635 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8be4b07f02db651835","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Norman, Laura","contributorId":90382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norman","given":"Laura","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":242995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wissler, Craig","contributorId":16912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wissler","given":"Craig","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":242993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Guertin, D. Phillip","contributorId":46062,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Guertin","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"Phillip","affiliations":[{"id":12625,"text":"School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":242994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gray, Floyd 0000-0002-0223-8966 fgray@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0223-8966","contributorId":603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"Floyd","email":"fgray@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":662,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":242992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":51115,"text":"ofr0264 - 2002 - Digital map of the elevation of the base of the High Plains Aquifer in the Republican River Basin upstream of Hardy, Nebraska, in parts of Nebraska, Kansas, and Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:27","indexId":"ofr0264","displayToPublicDate":"2002-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-64","title":"Digital map of the elevation of the base of the High Plains Aquifer in the Republican River Basin upstream of Hardy, Nebraska, in parts of Nebraska, Kansas, and Colorado","docAbstract":"This digital spatial data set consists of the aquifer base elevation contours (50-foot contour interval) for part of the High Plains aquifer in the central United States. This subset of the High Plains aquifer covers the Republican River Basin in Nebraska, Kansas, and Colorado upstream from the streamflow station on the Republican River near Hardy, Nebraska, near the Kansas/Nebraska border. In Nebraska, the digitized contours extend to the South Platte, Platte, and Little Blue Rivers. In Colorado and Kansas, the digital contours extend to the edge of the High Plains aquifer. These boundaries were chosen to simplify boundary conditions for a computer simulation model being used for a hydrologic study of the Republican River Basin. The data are not intended for use at scales larger than 1:500,000.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr0264","usgsCitation":"Johnson, M., Cornwall, J.F., and Landon, M.K., 2002, Digital map of the elevation of the base of the High Plains Aquifer in the Republican River Basin upstream of Hardy, Nebraska, in parts of Nebraska, Kansas, and Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-64, 5 refs, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0264.","productDescription":"5 refs","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178463,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4510,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/ofr02-064/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a96e4b07f02db65ac58","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Michaela R. 0000-0001-6133-0247 mrjohns@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6133-0247","contributorId":1013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Michaela R.","email":"mrjohns@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":242972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cornwall, James F.","contributorId":74067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cornwall","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":242973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Landon, Matthew K. 0000-0002-5766-0494 landon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-0494","contributorId":392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landon","given":"Matthew","email":"landon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":242971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":69423,"text":"i2755 - 2002 - Geologic map of the Yucca Mountain region, Nye County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:35","indexId":"i2755","displayToPublicDate":"2002-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2755","subseriesTitle":"GIS","title":"Geologic map of the Yucca Mountain region, Nye County, Nevada","docAbstract":"Yucca Mountain, Nye County, Nev., has been identified as a potential site for underground storage of high-level radioactive waste. This geologic map compilation, including all of Yucca Mountain and Crater Flat, most of the Calico Hills, western Jackass Flats, Little Skull Mountain, the Striped Hills, the Skeleton Hills, and the northeastern Amargosa Desert, portrays the geologic framework for a saturated-zone hydrologic flow model of the Yucca Mountain site. Key geologic features shown on the geologic map and accompanying cross sections include: (1) exposures of Proterozoic through Devonian strata inferred to have been deformed by regional thrust faulting and folding, in the Skeleton Hills, Striped Hills, and Amargosa Desert near Big Dune; (2) folded and thrust-faulted Devonian and Mississippian strata, unconformably overlain by Miocene tuffs and lavas and cut by complex Neogene fault patterns, in the Calico Hills; (3) the Claim Canyon caldera, a segment of which is exposed north of Yucca Mountain and Crater Flat; (4) thick densely welded to nonwelded ash-flow sheets of the Miocene southwest Nevada volcanic field exposed in normal-fault-bounded blocks at Yucca Mountain; (5) upper Tertiary and Quaternary basaltic cinder cones and lava flows in Crater Flat and at southernmost Yucca Mountain; and (6) broad basins covered by Quaternary and upper Tertiary surficial deposits in Jackass Flats, Crater Flat, and the northeastern Amargosa Desert, beneath which Neogene normal and strike-slip faults are inferred to be present on the basis of geophysical data and geologic map patterns.\r\n A regional thrust belt of late Paleozoic or Mesozoic age affected all pre-Tertiary rocks in the region; main thrust faults, not exposed in the map area, are interpreted to underlie the map area in an arcuate pattern, striking north, northeast, and east. The predominant vergence of thrust faults exposed elsewhere in the region, including the Belted Range and Specter Range thrusts, was to the east, southeast, and south. The vertical to overturned strata of the Striped Hills are hypothesized to result from successive stacking of three south-vergent thrust ramps, the lowest of which is the Specter Range thrust. The CP thrust is interpreted as a north-vergent backthrust that may have been roughly contemporaneous with the Belted Range and Specter Range thrusts.\r\n The southwest Nevada volcanic field consists predominantly of a series of silicic tuffs and lava flows ranging in age from 15 to 8 Ma. The map area is in the southwestern quadrant of the southwest Nevada volcanic field, just south of the Timber Mountain caldera complex.\r\n The Claim Canyon caldera, exposed in the northern part of the map area, contains thick deposits of the 12.7-Ma Tiva Canyon Tuff, along with widespread megabreccia deposits of similar age, and subordinate thick exposures of other 12.8- to 12.7-Ma Paintbrush Group rocks. An irregular, blocky fault array, which affects parts of the caldera and much of the nearby area, includes several large-displacement, steeply dipping faults that strike radially to the caldera and bound south-dipping blocks of volcanic rock.\r\n South and southeast of the Claim Canyon caldera, in the area that includes Yucca Mountain, the Neogene fault pattern is dominated by closely spaced, north-northwest- to north-northeast-striking normal faults that lie within a north-trending graben. This 20- to 25-km-wide graben includes Crater Flat, Yucca Mountain, and Fortymile Wash, and is bounded on the east by the 'gravity fault' and on the west by the Bare Mountain fault. Both of these faults separate Proterozoic and Paleozoic sedimentary rocks in their footwalls from Miocene volcanic rocks in their hanging walls.\r\n Stratigraphic and structural relations at Yucca Mountain demonstrate that block-bounding faults were active before and during eruption of the 12.8- to 12.7-Ma Paintbrush Group, and significant motion on these faults continued unt","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/i2755","isbn":"0607989882 ","usgsCitation":"Potter, C.J., Dickerson, R.P., Sweetkind, D., Drake, R.M., Taylor, E.M., Fridrich, C.J., San Juan, C.A., and Day, W.C., 2002, Geologic map of the Yucca Mountain region, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2755, 1 map : col. ; 90 x 60 cm., on sheet 145 x 100 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm. + 1 pamphlet (44 p. : ill., maps ; 28 cm.) , https://doi.org/10.3133/i2755.","productDescription":"1 map : col. ; 90 x 60 cm., on sheet 145 x 100 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm. + 1 pamphlet (44 p. : ill., maps ; 28 cm.) ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":110361,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_52803.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"52803"},{"id":191294,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6361,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i-2755/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"50000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -116.61749999999999,36.6175 ], [ -116.61749999999999,36.8675 ], [ -116.36749999999999,36.8675 ], [ -116.36749999999999,36.6175 ], [ -116.61749999999999,36.6175 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db68884f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Potter, Christopher J. 0000-0002-2300-6670 cpotter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2300-6670","contributorId":1026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Potter","given":"Christopher","email":"cpotter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":280384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dickerson, Robert P.","contributorId":6461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickerson","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":280390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sweetkind, Donald S.","contributorId":18732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sweetkind","given":"Donald S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":280391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Drake, Ronald M. II 0000-0002-1770-4667 rmdrake@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1770-4667","contributorId":1353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drake","given":"Ronald","suffix":"II","email":"rmdrake@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":280389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Taylor, Emily M. 0000-0003-1152-5761 emtaylor@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1152-5761","contributorId":1240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Emily","email":"emtaylor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":280386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Fridrich, Christopher J. 0000-0003-2453-6478 fridrich@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2453-6478","contributorId":1251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fridrich","given":"Christopher","email":"fridrich@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":280387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"San Juan, Carma A. 0000-0002-9151-1919 csanjuan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9151-1919","contributorId":1146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"San Juan","given":"Carma","email":"csanjuan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":280385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Day, Warren C. 0000-0002-9278-2120 wday@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9278-2120","contributorId":1308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Day","given":"Warren","email":"wday@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":280388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70185177,"text":"70185177 - 2002 - Comparison of formation and fluid-column logs in a heterogeneous basalt aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-26T08:53:16","indexId":"70185177","displayToPublicDate":"2002-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of formation and fluid-column logs in a heterogeneous basalt aquifer","docAbstract":"

Deep observation boreholes in the vicinity of active production wells in Honolulu, Hawaii, exhibit the anomalous condition that fluid-column electrical conductivity logs and apparent profiles of pore-water electrical conductivity derived from induction conductivity logs are nearly identical if a formation factor of 12.5 is assumed. This condition is documented in three boreholes where fluid-column logs clearly indicate the presence of strong borehole flow induced by withdrawal from partially penetrating water-supply wells. This result appears to contradict the basic principles of conductivity-log interpretation. Flow conditions in one of these boreholes was investigated in detail by obtaining flow profiles under two water production conditions using the electromagnetic flowmeter. The flow-log interpretation demonstrates that the fluid-column log resembles the induction log because the amount of inflow to the borehole increases systematically upward through the transition zone between deeper salt water and shallower fresh water. This condition allows the properties of the fluid column to approximate the properties of water entering the borehole as soon as the upflow stream encounters that producing zone. Because this condition occurs in all three boreholes investigated, the similarity of induction and fluid-column logs is probably not a coincidence, and may relate to aquifer response under the influence of pumping from production wells.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2002.tb02544.x","usgsCitation":"Paillet, F., Williams, J., Oki, D., and Knutson, K.D., 2002, Comparison of formation and fluid-column logs in a heterogeneous basalt aquifer: Groundwater, v. 40, no. 6, p. 577-585, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2002.tb02544.x.","productDescription":"9 p. ","startPage":"577","endPage":"585","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337682,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ca52d4e4b0849ce97c86ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paillet, F.L.","contributorId":189369,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Paillet","given":"F.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, J.H.","contributorId":29482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Oki, D.S.","contributorId":75184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oki","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Knutson, K. D.","contributorId":31790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knutson","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70223167,"text":"70223167 - 2002 - The flood pulse concept in wetland restoration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-13T18:18:29.742847","indexId":"70223167","displayToPublicDate":"2002-10-15T12:01:43","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"title":"The flood pulse concept in wetland restoration","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Flood pulsing in wetlands: Restoring the natural hydrological balance","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"John Wiley & Sons, Inc.","publisherLocation":"Hoboken, NJ","usgsCitation":"Middleton, B.A., 2002, The flood pulse concept in wetland restoration, chap. of Flood pulsing in wetlands: Restoring the natural hydrological balance, p. 1-10.","startPage":"1","endPage":"10","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":387926,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":387925,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Flood+Pulsing+in+Wetlands%3A+Restoring+the+Natural+Hydrological+Balance-p-9780471418078","description":"Index Page"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Middleton, Beth A. 0000-0002-1220-2326 middletonb@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1220-2326","contributorId":2029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Middleton","given":"Beth","email":"middletonb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":821203,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Middleton, Beth A. 0000-0002-1220-2326 middletonb@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1220-2326","contributorId":2029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Middleton","given":"Beth","email":"middletonb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":821202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70169931,"text":"70169931 - 2002 - Do pharmaceuticals, pathogens, and other organic wastewater contaminants persist when wastewater is used for recharge?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-30T14:24:33","indexId":"70169931","displayToPublicDate":"2002-10-01T13:30:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Do pharmaceuticals, pathogens, and other organic wastewater contaminants persist when wastewater is used for recharge?","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Symposium 2002--Water Transfers: Past, Present, and Future: Proceedings of the fifteenth annual symposium of the Arizona Hydrological Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Fifteenth annual symposium of the Arizona Hydrological Society","conferenceDate":"Sept. 18- 21, 2002","conferenceLocation":"Flagstaff, AZ","language":"English","publisher":"Arizona Hydrological Society","publisherLocation":"Flagstaff, AZ","usgsCitation":"Cordy, G., Duran, N., Bouwer, H., Rice, R., Adamsen, F., Askins, J., Kolpin, D., Furlong, E., Zaugg, S., Meyer, M.T., and Barber, L.B., 2002, Do pharmaceuticals, pathogens, and other organic wastewater contaminants persist when wastewater is used for recharge?, chap. of Symposium 2002--Water Transfers: Past, Present, and Future: Proceedings of the fifteenth annual symposium of the Arizona Hydrological Society, p. 105-109.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"105","endPage":"109","numberOfPages":"5","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319635,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56fcfb0ce4b0a6037df2bc50","contributors":{"compilers":[{"text":"Tembly, Jeff","contributorId":168366,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tembly","given":"Jeff","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":625652,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Cordy, G.","contributorId":108349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cordy","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":625641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Duran, N.","contributorId":168362,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Duran","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":625642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bouwer, H.","contributorId":168363,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bouwer","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":625643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rice, R.","contributorId":74570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":625644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Adamsen, F.","contributorId":168364,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Adamsen","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":625645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Askins, J.","contributorId":168365,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Askins","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":625646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Kolpin, D.W.","contributorId":87565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolpin","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":625647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Furlong, E. T. 0000-0002-7305-4603","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7305-4603","contributorId":98346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Furlong","given":"E. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":625648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Zaugg, S.D.","contributorId":82811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zaugg","given":"S.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":625649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Meyer, M. T.","contributorId":92279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":625650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Barber, L. B.","contributorId":64602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barber","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":625651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":44645,"text":"wri024127 - 2002 - Water quality of the Tlikakila River and five major tributaries to Lake Clark, Lake Clark National Park and Preserve, Alaska, 1999-2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:01","indexId":"wri024127","displayToPublicDate":"2002-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4127","title":"Water quality of the Tlikakila River and five major tributaries to Lake Clark, Lake Clark National Park and Preserve, Alaska, 1999-2001","docAbstract":"The Tlikakila River Basin, located in Lake Clark National Park and Preserve, drains an area of 622 square miles. This watershed comprises about 21 percent of the Lake Clark Basin, making it one of the major tributaries to Lake Clark. Due to a sharp decline in sockeye salmon population and the lack of hydrologic data, the Tlikakila River and five other major tributaries to Lake Clark were studied during the summer runoff months (May through September) from 1999 through 2001 as part of a cooperative study with the National Park Service.\r\n\r\nMeasurements of pH and dissolved oxygen concentrations of the Tlikakila River are within acceptable limits for fish survival. Water temperatures at the measurement site reach 0 ?C during the winter and this part of the Tlikakila River may not be suitable for fish. Water temperatures are within acceptable limits for fish during the summer months. The Tlikakila River is a calcium bicarbonate type water with a low buffering capacity. Concentrations of un-ionized ammonia are well below the recommended value of 0.02 mg/L for fish propagation. Annual transport of suspended sediment by the Tlikakila River into Lake Clark ranged from 0.4 to 1.5 million tons during 1999?2001. The fine sediment from the Tlikakila River disperses through the lake over the summer, affecting light transmissivity.\r\n\r\nMost runoff from the Tlikakila River occurs from mid-to-late May through September. Average discharge for these months during 1999?2001 was 6,600 ft?/s. Total annual inflow to Lake Clark from the Tlikakila River ranged from 32 to 45 percent of the total inflow. The relatively high proportion of inflow is due to the presence of glaciers, which comprise 36 percent of the watershed. \r\n\r\nMonthly measurements of flow, field water-quality parameters, alkalinity, and suspended sediment were collected on the remaining five tributaries to Lake Clark: the Chokotonk River, Currant Creek, the Kijik River, the Tanalian River and the Chulitna River. Similar to the Tlikakila River, pH and dissolved oxygen concentrations of these rivers are within acceptable limits for fish survival and the rivers have a low buffering capacity. Small amounts of suspended sediment are transported by the Kijik and Tanalian Rivers due to lakes acting as settling basins in their watersheds. The Chulitna River also transports small amounts of suspended sediment due to its flat topography and the presence of many lakes in the basin. Some suspended sediment is transported by the Chokotonk River and Currant Creek during the runoff season due to the presence of glaciers within their basins, but not as much as the Tlikakila River. The Chulitna River provides the most discharge into Lake Clark after the Tlikakila River and has the warmest water temperature of the major tributaries to Lake Clark. Water temperatures of Currant Creek and the Chokotonk River are similar to the Tlikakila River. The Kijik River and Tanalian River have similar temperatures that may be due to the presence of lakes in their basins and are characterize by slowly declining and rising temperatures. At all sites water temperature approaches 0 ?C during winter months which may not be suitable for fish survival.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri024127","usgsCitation":"Brabets, T.P., 2002, Water quality of the Tlikakila River and five major tributaries to Lake Clark, Lake Clark National Park and Preserve, Alaska, 1999-2001: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4127, iv, 29 p. : b ill. (some col.), col. maps ; 28 cm.; 21 illus.; 18 tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024127.","productDescription":"iv, 29 p. : b ill. (some col.), col. maps ; 28 cm.; 21 illus.; 18 tables","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":3735,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024127","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":168829,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48d3e4b07f02db548dd4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brabets, Timothy P. tbrabets@usgs.gov","contributorId":2087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brabets","given":"Timothy","email":"tbrabets@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":230183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":39941,"text":"wri024166 - 2002 - Detection of fresh ground water and a contaminant plume beneath Red Brook Harbor, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, 2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-07T19:57:49.365507","indexId":"wri024166","displayToPublicDate":"2002-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4166","title":"Detection of fresh ground water and a contaminant plume beneath Red Brook Harbor, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, 2000","docAbstract":"Trichloroethene and tetrachloroethene were detected in ground water in a vertical interval from about 68 to 176 feet below sea level beneath the shoreline where the contaminant plume emanating from a capped landfill on the Massachusetts Military Reservation intersects Red Brook Harbor. The highest concentrations at the shoreline, about 15 micrograms per liter of trichloroethene and 1 microgram per liter of tetrachloroethene, were measured in samples from one well at about 176 feet below sea level. The concentrations of nutrients, such as nitrate and ammonium, and trace metals, such as iron and manganese, in these same samples are typical of uncontaminated ground water on Cape Cod. Fresh ground water (bulk electrical conductance less than 100 millisiemens per meter) is present beneath the harbor at 40 of 48 locations investigated within about 250 feet of the shoreline. Fresh ground water also was detected at one location approximately 450 feet from shore. The harbor bottom consists of soft sediments that range in thickness from 0 to greater than 20 feet and overlie sandy aquifer materials. Trichloroethene was detected at several locations in fresh ground water from the sandy aquifer materials beneath the harbor. The highest trichloroethene concentration, about 4.5 micrograms per liter, was measured about 450 feet from shore.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024166","usgsCitation":"McCobb, T.D., and LeBlanc, D.R., 2002, Detection of fresh ground water and a contaminant plume beneath Red Brook Harbor, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, 2000: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4166, iv, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024166.","productDescription":"iv, 36 p.","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":3639,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024166/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":415462,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_52728.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":165036,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod, Red Brook Harbor","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.6728,\n 41.6814\n ],\n [\n -70.6728,\n 41.65\n ],\n [\n -70.5778,\n 41.65\n ],\n [\n -70.5778,\n 41.6814\n ],\n [\n -70.6728,\n 41.6814\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db6679f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCobb, Timothy D. 0000-0003-1533-847X tmccobb@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1533-847X","contributorId":2012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCobb","given":"Timothy","email":"tmccobb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":222657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"LeBlanc, Denis R. 0000-0002-4646-2628 dleblanc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4646-2628","contributorId":1696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeBlanc","given":"Denis","email":"dleblanc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":222656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":39934,"text":"wri024148 - 2002 - Metal concentrations and sources in the Miller Creek watershed, Park County, Montana, August 2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-20T06:25:52","indexId":"wri024148","displayToPublicDate":"2002-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4148","title":"Metal concentrations and sources in the Miller Creek watershed, Park County, Montana, August 2000","docAbstract":"Miller Creek is a tributary of Soda Butte Creek in south-central Montana near the northeast corner of Yellowstone National Park. Surface-water and streambed-sediment samples were collected from streams and seeps throughout the Miller Creek watershed during low-flow conditions on August 28-31, 2000, to characterize metal concentrations and identify possible sources contributing metal to Miller Creek. \r\n\r\nMost water in Miller Creek appears to be unaffected by mining disturbances or natural weathering of mineralized rocks, although such effects are common elsewhere in the New World Mining District. Values for pH were near neutral to basic. Total-recoverable copper, lead, and zinc concentrations were low, relative to State of Montana water-quality standards, with many concentrations less than the analytical minimum reporting levels. Metal concentrations in Miller Creek during this study ranged from 1 to 6 micrograms per liter (?g/L) for total-recoverable copper, <1 to 5 ?g/L for total-recoverable lead, and <1 to 26 ?g/L for total-recoverable zinc. Concentrations of cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc in all samples from Miller Creek were less than the chronic aquatic-life criteria, except for one total-recoverable lead value (5 ?g/L) just downstream from the Black Warrior Mine inflow. \r\n\r\nLeachable lead and zinc concentrations in streambed-sediment samples collected during this study were highest at the Black Warrior Mine inflow. Leachable concentrations at this site were about 20 times greater for lead and 11 times greater for zinc than concentrations in the streambed-sediment sample collected from Miller Creek upstream from this inflow. However, these elevated concentrations had little effect on the leachable metal concentrations in the streambed-sediment sample collected downstream from the Black Warrior Mine inflow. \r\n\r\nMetal loading to Miller Creek during this low-flow study was relatively small. Three small left-bank inflows having elevated copper concentrations entered Miller Creek near the middle of the study reach and their combined total-recoverable copper load accounted for about 96 percent of the copper load in Miller Creek. Small loads of lead (about 2 micrograms per second) entered Miller Creek from the Black Warrior Mine inflow and a right bank inflow. None of the loads entering Miller Creek had an appreciable effect on mainstem metal concentrations. In addition, substantial differences between mining related areas and areas influenced by local geology could not be determined.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024148","usgsCitation":"Cleasby, T., and Nimick, D.A., 2002, Metal concentrations and sources in the Miller Creek watershed, Park County, Montana, August 2000: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4148, 32 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024148.","productDescription":"32 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":164738,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3634,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024148","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","county":"Park County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-110.2821,46.1847],[-110.2815,46.1596],[-110.2816,46.1348],[-110.2901,46.1344],[-110.2904,46.0447],[-110.29,45.9595],[-110.2908,45.9289],[-110.2916,45.8708],[-110.2912,45.7852],[-110.2207,45.7842],[-110.2182,45.6072],[-110.2145,45.5523],[-110.2175,45.4824],[-110.2166,45.37],[-110.2167,45.3494],[-110.2297,45.3494],[-110.2286,45.2946],[-110.2275,45.259],[-110.2276,45.2306],[-110.227,45.2051],[-110.2271,45.1763],[-110.059,45.1758],[-109.7977,45.1729],[-109.7977,45.1665],[-109.7979,45.0939],[-109.7969,45.003],[-109.8524,45.0029],[-109.9988,45.0026],[-110.1325,45.0022],[-110.133,45.0021],[-110.2006,44.9942],[-110.3717,44.9972],[-110.4021,44.9921],[-110.4302,44.9921],[-110.5806,44.9925],[-110.7072,44.9929],[-110.7756,45.0019],[-110.7823,45.0018],[-110.8004,45.0017],[-111.0418,45],[-111.0411,45.078],[-111.0427,45.0773],[-111.0429,45.1024],[-111.0424,45.1307],[-111.042,45.1599],[-111.0422,45.1791],[-111.0364,45.1791],[-111.0355,45.234],[-111.0357,45.2614],[-111.0351,45.3495],[-110.9366,45.349],[-110.9145,45.3486],[-110.9146,45.3619],[-110.9164,45.451],[-110.9174,45.4953],[-110.9175,45.5245],[-110.859,45.5247],[-110.8568,45.5896],[-110.7943,45.5902],[-110.7937,45.6113],[-110.794,45.6657],[-110.7935,45.6977],[-110.7942,45.7132],[-110.7945,45.7864],[-110.7886,45.7864],[-110.7888,45.8299],[-110.7884,45.8871],[-110.7893,45.9301],[-110.7887,45.9452],[-110.7889,46.1425],[-110.7836,46.1425],[-110.7825,46.1933],[-110.5789,46.1913],[-110.55,46.1913],[-110.5264,46.1913],[-110.4062,46.1904],[-110.4068,46.1844],[-110.3031,46.1852],[-110.2821,46.1847]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Park\",\"state\":\"MT\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db6256ee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cleasby, Thomas E. 0000-0003-0694-1541","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0694-1541","contributorId":21993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cleasby","given":"Thomas E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nimick, David A. dnimick@usgs.gov","contributorId":421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimick","given":"David","email":"dnimick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":573,"text":"Special Applications Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":222646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":39960,"text":"wri20014250 - 2002 - Hydrology and water quality near Bromide Pavilion in Chickasaw National Recreation Area, Murray County, Oklahoma, 2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-26T16:44:14","indexId":"wri20014250","displayToPublicDate":"2002-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4250","displayTitle":"Hydrology and Water Quality near Bromide Pavilion in Chickasaw National Recreation Area, Murray County, Oklahoma, 2000","title":"Hydrology and water quality near Bromide Pavilion in Chickasaw National Recreation Area, Murray County, Oklahoma, 2000","docAbstract":"The Bromide Pavilion in Chickasaw National Recreation Area drew many thousands of people annually to drink the mineral-rich waters piped from nearby Bromide and Medicine Springs. Periodic detection of fecal coliform bacteria in water piped to the pavilion from the springs, low yields of the springs, or flooding by adjacent Rock Creek prompted National Park Service officials to discontinue piping of the springs to the pavilion in the 1970s. Park officials would like to resume piping mineralized spring water to the pavilion to restore it as a visitor attraction, but they are concerned about the ability of the springs to provide sufficient quantities of potable water. \r\n\r\nPumping and sampling of Bromide and Medicine Springs and Rock Creek six times during 2000 indicate that these springs may not provide sufficient water for Bromide Pavilion to supply large numbers of visitors. A potential problem with piping water from Medicine Spring is the presence of an undercut, overhanging cliff composed of conglomerate, which may collapse. Evidence of intermittent inundation of the springs by Rock Creek and seepage of surface water into the spring vaults from the adjoining creek pose a threat of contamination of the springs. \r\n\r\nEscherichia coli, fecal coliform, and fecal streptococcal bacteria were detected in some samples from the springs, indicating possible fecal contamination. Cysts of Giardia lamblia and oocysts of Cryptosporidium parvum protozoa were not detected in the creek or the springs. 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