Volcanic CO2 emission rate data are sparse despite their potential importance for constraining the role of magma degassing in the biogeochemical cycle of carbon and for assessing volcanic hazards. We used a LI-COR CO2 analyzer to determine volcanic CO2 emission rates by airborne measurements in volcanic plumes at Popocatépetl volcano on June 7 and 10, 1995. LI-COR sample paths of ∼72 m, compared with ∼1 km for the analyzer customarily used, together with fast Fourier transforms to remove instrument noise from raw data greatly improve resolution of volcanic CO2 anomalies. Parametric models fit to background CO2 provide a statistical tool for distinguishing volcanic from ambient CO2. Global Positioning System referenced flight traverses provide vastly improved data on the shape, coherence, and spatial distribution of volcanic CO2 in plume cross sections and contrast markedly with previous results based on traverse stacking. The continuous escape of CO2 and SO2 from Popocatépetl was fundamentally noneruptive and represented quiescent magma degassing from the top of a magma chamber ∼5 km deep. The average CO2 emission rate for January-June 1995 is estimated to be at least 6400 t d−1, one of the highest determined for a quiescently degassing volcano, although correction for downwind dispersion effects on volcanic CO2 indicates a higher rate of ∼9000 t d−1. Analysis of random errors indicates emission rates have 95% confidence intervals of ∼±20%, with uncertainty contributed mostly by wind speed variance, although the variance of plume cross-sectional areas during traversing is poorly constrained and possibly significant.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU Publications","doi":"10.1029/96JB03887","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Gerlach, T., Delgado, H., McGee, K., Doukas, M., Venegas, J., and Cardenas, L., 1997, Application of the LI-COR CO2 analyzer to volcanic plumes: a case study, volcán Popocatépetl, Mexico, June 7 and 10, 1995: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 102, no. B4, p. 8005-8019, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JB03887.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"8005","endPage":"8019","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479995,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/96jb03887","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":227986,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"102","issue":"B4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-04-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ecb4e4b0c8380cd49438","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gerlach, T.M.","contributorId":38713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerlach","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Delgado, H.","contributorId":22103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delgado","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McGee, K.A.","contributorId":6059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGee","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Doukas, M.P.","contributorId":28615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doukas","given":"M.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Venegas, J.J.","contributorId":88893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Venegas","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Cardenas, L.","contributorId":94054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cardenas","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70019900,"text":"70019900 - 1997 - The use of multifrequency and polarimetric SIR-C/X-SAR data in geologic studies of Bir Safsaf, Egypt","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:18","indexId":"70019900","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The use of multifrequency and polarimetric SIR-C/X-SAR data in geologic studies of Bir Safsaf, Egypt","docAbstract":"Bir Safsaf, within the hyperarid 'core' of the Sahara in the Western Desert of Egypt, was recognized following the SIR-A and SIR-B missions in the 1980s as one of the key localities in northeast Africa, where penetration of dry sand by radar signals delineates previously unknown, sand-buried paleodrainage valleys ('radar-rivers') of middle Tertiary to Quaternary age. The Bir Safsaf area was targeted as a focal point for further research in sand penetration and geologic mapping using the multifrequency and polarimetric SIR-C/X-SAR sensors. Analysis of the SIR-C/X-SAR data from Bir Safsaf provides important new information on the roles of multiple SAR frequency and polarimetry in portraying specific types of geologic units, materials, and structures mostly hidden from view on the ground and on Landsat TM images by a relatively thin, but extensive blanket of blow sand. Basement rock units (granitoids and gneisses) and the fractures associated with them at Bir Safsaf are shown here for the first time to be clearly delineated using C- and L-band SAR images. The detectability of most geologic features is dependent primarily on radar frequency, as shown for wind erosion patterns in bedrock at X-band (3 cm wavelength), and for geologic units and sand and clay-filled fractures in weathered crystal-line basement rocks at C-band (6 cm) and L-band (24 cm). By contrast, Quaternary paleodrainage channels are detectable at all three radar frequencies owing, among other things, to an usually thin cover of blow sand. The SIR-C/X-SAR data investigated to date enable us to make specific recommendations about the utility of certain radar sensor configurations for geologic and paleoenvironmental reconnaissance in desert regions.Analysis of the shuttle imaging radar-C/X-synthetic aperture radar (SIR-C/X-SAR) data from Bir Safsaf provides important new information on the roles of multiple SAR frequency and polarimetry in portraying specific types of geologic units, materials, and structures mostly hidden from view on the ground and on Landsat images by a relatively thin, but extensive blanket of blow sand. Basement rock units and associated fractures at the Bir Safsaf are clearly delineated using C- and L-band SAR images. The detectability of most geologic features depend primarily on radar frequency. The SIR-C/X-SAR data also provide recommendations about the utility of certain radar configurations for geologic and paleoenvironmental reconnaissance in deserts.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Remote Sensing of Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science Inc","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","doi":"10.1016/S0034-4257(96)00143-5","issn":"00344257","usgsCitation":"Schaber, G.G., McCauley, J., and Breed, C.S., 1997, The use of multifrequency and polarimetric SIR-C/X-SAR data in geologic studies of Bir Safsaf, Egypt: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 59, no. 2, p. 337-363, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(96)00143-5.","startPage":"337","endPage":"363","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206025,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(96)00143-5"},{"id":227942,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"59","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb190e4b08c986b32533f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schaber, G. G.","contributorId":68300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaber","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCauley, J.F.","contributorId":26310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCauley","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Breed, C. S.","contributorId":39809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Breed","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019887,"text":"70019887 - 1997 - A geologic history of the north-central Appalachians, part 2: The Appalachian basin from the Silurian through the Carboniferous","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-07T16:56:06.421933","indexId":"70019887","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":732,"text":"American Journal of Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A geologic history of the north-central Appalachians, part 2: The Appalachian basin from the Silurian through the Carboniferous","docAbstract":"The north-central Appalachians occupy a critical position within the 3000+ km-long Appalachian orogen, lying southwest of the boundary between the central and northern Appalachians (CNAB). The one-billion-year-long history of tectonic activity in the north-central Appalachians includes the assembly and breakup of a late Proterozoic supercontinent, the creation and evolution of the Appalachian orogen during the Paleozoic, and the Mesozoic transformation of the active orogen into a passive margin during Pangea's disassembly. An important part of the Middle and Late Paleozoic history is the formation and growth of the Appalachian basin, an enormous, elongate continental basin lying cratonward of the active Appalachian internides along Laurentia's eastern margin. The Appalachian basin developed out of the Taconic orogeny, the second of the four orogenies that formed and modified the character of the Appalachian orogen. Prior to the Taconic orogeny, the eastern margin of Laurentia consisted of a broad carbonate shelf facing the Theic Ocean. The Taconic orogeny obduced various Theic components, including microcontinents, magmatic arcs, and accretionary prisms, onto the carbonate shelf. The resulting Taconic highlands formed a topographic barrier between Theia and the craton's interior. Because tectonic activity in the internides continued more or less throughout the remainder of the Paleozoic, the Appalachian basin never had a direct connection with Theia. The coarse-grained molasse from the newly uplifted Taconic highland spread westward over most of the basin during the Early Silurian. Carbonate deposition gradually encroached eastward over the basin as the siliciclastic input from the southeast waned. A resurgence in the earliest Late Silurian, perhaps related to orogenesis in Newfoundland and the Maritimes, expanded the clastic wedge somewhat. Before long, however, carbonate deposition once again dominated most of the north-central basin for the remainder of the Silurian and into the Early Devonian. The Early-to-Middle Devonian Acadian orogeny began introducing siliciclastic material into the eastern part of the Appalachian basin, thereby ending the largely paralic environment that persisted from the Late Silurian. A number of deltas formed around local sediment-input centers during the Middle Devonian. Continued uplift and/or orogenesis must have continued into the Late Devonian because a vast amount of terrigenous sediment was introduced into the Appalachian basin to form the vast Upper Devonian Catskill delta. Although the principal tectonic activity appears to have centered in New England, the large volume of sediment input suggests that orogenesis may have extended southward to the north-central Appalachians. However, direct evidence of actual Acadian deformation and metamorphism is lacking at this latitude. The north-central Appalachian basin underwent a significant change during the Carboniferous. Prior to this time, the shoreline shifted laterally through transgressions and regressions largely as a function of sediment input and regional subsidence. In the Carboniferous, vertical movements in the basin became more important. During the Early Carboniferous, much of the Mauch Chunk delta was eroded in the central and western parts of the basin. At the end of the Early Carboniferous, an unconformity truncated progressively older rocks to the north toward New York. New sediment transport patterns and depositional environments within the basin during the Late Carboniferous probably reflect significant topographic and tectonic changes, not only in the hinterland, but in the basin itself, perhaps in conjunction with climatic changes. Extensive interfluvial swamps on a lower delta plain accumulated thick organic deposits which would become coal. This delta plain graded southwestward into tidal and marine environments. The Alleghany orogeny in the Early Permian interrupted deposition in much of the north-central Appalachian basin and profoundly altered its structure.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Journal of Science","doi":"10.2475/ajs.297.7.729","usgsCitation":"Faill, R.T., 1997, A geologic history of the north-central Appalachians, part 2: The Appalachian basin from the Silurian through the Carboniferous: American Journal of Science, v. 297, no. 7, p. 729-761, https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.297.7.729.","productDescription":"33 p.","startPage":"729","endPage":"761","numberOfPages":"33","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":488605,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.297.7.729","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":227734,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"297","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e3fee4b0c8380cd46336","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Faill, R. T.","contributorId":79639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faill","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019880,"text":"70019880 - 1997 - Ice-sheet sourced juxtaposed turbidite systems in Labrador Sea","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:20","indexId":"70019880","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1813,"text":"Geoscience Canada","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ice-sheet sourced juxtaposed turbidite systems in Labrador Sea","docAbstract":"Ice-sheet sourced Pleistocene turbidite systems of the Labrador Sea are different from non-glacially influenced systems in their facies distribution and depositional processes. Two large-scale sediment dispersal systems are juxtaposed, one mud-dominated and associated with the Northwest Atlantic Mid-Ocean Channel (NAMOC), the other sand-dominated and forming a huge submarine braided sandplain. Co-existence of the two systems reflects grain-size separation of the coarse and fine fractions on an enormous scale, caused by sediment winnowing at the entrance points of meltwater from the Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS) to the sea (Hudson Strait, fiords) and involves a complex interplay of depositional and redepositional processes. The mud-rich NAMOC system is multisourced and represents a basinwide converging system of tributary canyons and channels. It focusses its sand load to the central trunk channel in basin centre, in the fashion of a \"reverse\" deep-sea fan. The sand plain received its sediment from the Hudson Strait by turbidity currents that were generated either by failure of glacial prodelta slopes at the ice margin, or by direct meltwater discharges with high bedload concentration. We speculate that the latter might have been related to subglacial-lake outburst flooding through the Hudson Strait, possibly associated with ice-rafting (Heinrich) events.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geoscience Canada","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03150941","usgsCitation":"Hesse, R., Klaucke, I., Ryan, W., and Piper, D., 1997, Ice-sheet sourced juxtaposed turbidite systems in Labrador Sea: Geoscience Canada, v. 24, no. 1, p. 3-12.","startPage":"3","endPage":"12","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228298,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a37fbe4b0c8380cd61330","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hesse, R.","contributorId":34653,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hesse","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Klaucke, I.","contributorId":88104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klaucke","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ryan, William B. F.","contributorId":86486,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ryan","given":"William B. F.","affiliations":[{"id":7135,"text":"Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":384252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Piper, D.J.W.","contributorId":17351,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Piper","given":"D.J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7219,"text":"Natural Resources Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":384250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70019849,"text":"70019849 - 1997 - A geologic history of the north-central Appalachians. Part 1. Orogenesis from the Mesoproterozoic through the Taconic orogeny","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-07T16:54:35.660839","indexId":"70019849","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":732,"text":"American Journal of Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A geologic history of the north-central Appalachians. Part 1. Orogenesis from the Mesoproterozoic through the Taconic orogeny","docAbstract":"The north-central Appalachians lie just southwest of the boundary between the central/southern and northern Appalachians, occupying a critical position within the 3000+ km-long Appalachian orogen. The history of tectonic activity in the north-central Appalachians spans more than one billion years, from the assembly and breakup of a Neoproterozoic supercontinent, through active orogenesis during Laurentia's Paleozoic northward journey off the western margin of West Gondwana, to the Mesozoic transformation of the active orogen into a passive margin during Pangea's disassembly. The major tectonic events include five compressional orogenies and two extensional episodes: 1. The late Mesoproterozoic Grenville orogeny assembled several continental masses into the Neoproterozoic supercontinent, Rodinia. It was the most widespread but now least exposed tectonism, and rocks involved in this event underlie as basement most of the exposed north-central Appalachians. Large fragments of Laurentian Grenville rock were subsequently broken off and incorporated in later Appalachian orogenesis. 2. Crustal extension and rifting late in the Neoproterozoic and into the earliest Cambrian separated Laurentia from West Gondwana, thereby forming the intervening Theic ocean and two continental rifts on Laurentia's eastern margin, the Catoctin rift and, later in the Middle? to Late Cambrian, the so-called \"Rome\" trough. The initial siliciclastic sedimentation on the margin migrated westward through time onto the craton, supplanted by a thick and increasingly wide carbonate shelf on Laurentia's eastern margin. Two microcontinents of Grenville-age, non-Laurentian(?) continental rock became positioned east of Laurentia, thereby creating the Octoraro sea as an arm of Theia. 3. In Theia, east of the two microcontinents, magmatic arcs developed over a subduction zone late in the Cambrian. Convergence within Theia caused the Potomac orogeny, which obduced the arcs (Wilmington Complex, Cecil Amalgamate) over the microcontinents and associated Theic deposits (including accretionary wedge sediments). 4. Continued westward convergence collapsed the Octoraro sea, producing the Middle to Late Ordovician Taconic orogeny in which the Potomac-deformed magmatic arcs and associated Theic elements were obduced onto the Laurentian continental margin. This obduction: drowned the carbonate shelf with siliciclastic sediments (Martinsburg Formation); drove continental rise and basinal deposits over the carbonate shelf on the Martic thrust; slid the Hamburg klippe onto the shelf; and accreted the Potomac package of microcontinent/arc/basinal-sediments onto the Laurentian margin. This orogeny transformed the broad Early Paleozoic carbonate shelf into the Appalachian basin that persisted throughout the Middle and Late Paleozoic. 5. The Middle Devonian Acadian orogeny ended the largely paralic environment that dominated the Appalachian basin during the Late Silurian. Active orogenesis in New England probably extended southward to the north-central Appalachians, because a vast amount of terrigenous sediment was introduced into the Appalachian basin to form the Catskill delta; however, evidence of actual Acadian deformation and metamorphism is lacking at this latitude. These presumed internal Acadides have yet to be found. 6. The convergence of West Gondwana and Laurentia during the Late Carboniferous and earliest Permian produced the Permian Alleghany orogeny in the north-central Appalachians. This widespread decollement tectonism directly affected a larger area of the presently exposed central and southern Appalachians than any earlier Paleozoic tectonic event. An early layer-parallel shortening phase gave way to a fold-thrust development above a basal decollement. This Alleghany fold-and-thrust tectonism created long, arcuate folds in the Appalachian basin. Late in the Alleghany orogeny, rock thrust northward over the Carboniferous rocks in the Anthracite region of northeastern Pennsylvania caused anthracitization of the underlying coals. The internal Alleghanides are not presently exposed. 7. Crustal extension in the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic produced numerous local, closed basins along eastern North America. Igneous intrusions and effusions marked the beginning of the Jurassic. By the end of the Early Jurassic, horizontal crustal rebound in response to opening of the Atlantic Ocean rotated the basins by crustal inversion, which folded some within-basin rocks and produced a prominent topographic ridge along the Piedmont, up-dip of the basins. Subsequent erosion of this Piedmont ridge and other parts of the Appalachian orogen fed large volumes of sediment to offshore basins during the remainder of the Mesozoic and throughout the Cenozoic. Each of these orogenies affected most of the Appalachian orogen. The tectonic expression of each orogeny varied along and across the orogen. The elements and structural bodies involved in each also varied along strike. However, many common elements persist from one part of the orogen to another; only a few features are singular in time and space. The tectonic boundary between the central and northern Appalachians is one of these singular features-it is solely an Alleghanian artifact.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Journal of Science","doi":"10.2475/ajs.297.6.551","usgsCitation":"Faill, R.T., 1997, A geologic history of the north-central Appalachians. Part 1. Orogenesis from the Mesoproterozoic through the Taconic orogeny: American Journal of Science, v. 297, no. 6, p. 551-619, https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.297.6.551.","productDescription":"69 p.","startPage":"551","endPage":"619","numberOfPages":"69","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479952,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.297.6.551","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":227892,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"297","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e3fee4b0c8380cd4633c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Faill, R. T.","contributorId":79639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faill","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019832,"text":"70019832 - 1997 - Climatic/Hydrologic Oscillations since 155,000 yr B.P. at Owens Lake, California, Reflected in Abundance and Stable Isotope Composition of Sediment Carbonate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-27T11:36:04","indexId":"70019832","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Climatic/Hydrologic Oscillations since 155,000 yr B.P. at Owens Lake, California, Reflected in Abundance and Stable Isotope Composition of Sediment Carbonate","docAbstract":"Sediment grain size, carbonate content, and stable isotopes in 70-cm-long (∼1500-yr) channel samples from Owens Lake core OL-92 record many oscillations representing climate change in the eastern Sierra Nevada region since 155,000 yr B.P. To first order, the records match well the marine δ18O record. At Owens Lake, however, the last interglaciation appears to span the entire period from 120,000 to 50,000 yr B.P., according to our chronology, and was punctuated by numerous short periods of wetter conditions during an otherwise dry climate. Sediment proxies reveal that the apparent timing of glacial–interglacial transitions, notably the penultimate one, is proxy-dependent. In the grain-size and carbonate-content records this transition is abrupt and occurs at ∼120,000 yr B.P. In contrast, in the isotopic records the transition is gradual and occurs between 145,000 and 120,000 yr B.P. Differences in timing of the transition are attributed to variable responses by proxies to climate change.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1006/qres.1997.1898","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Menking, K., Bischoff, J.L., Fitzpatrick, J., Burdette, J., and Rye, R.O., 1997, Climatic/Hydrologic Oscillations since 155,000 yr B.P. at Owens Lake, California, Reflected in Abundance and Stable Isotope Composition of Sediment Carbonate: Quaternary Research, v. 48, no. 1, p. 58-68, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.1997.1898.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"58","endPage":"68","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":266465,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1997.1898"},{"id":228256,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f66be4b0c8380cd4c75c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Menking, K.M.","contributorId":45845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Menking","given":"K.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bischoff, J. L.","contributorId":28969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bischoff","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fitzpatrick, J.A.","contributorId":52205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzpatrick","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Burdette, J.W.","contributorId":55983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burdette","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rye, R. O.","contributorId":66208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rye","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70019830,"text":"70019830 - 1997 - Jonah field, Sublette County, Wyoming: Gas production from overpressured Upper Cretaceous Lance sandstones of the Green River basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-20T18:01:16.054629","indexId":"70019830","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Jonah field, Sublette County, Wyoming: Gas production from overpressured Upper Cretaceous Lance sandstones of the Green River basin","docAbstract":"Jonah field, located in the northwestern Green River basin, Wyoming, produces gas from overpressured fluvial channel sandstones of the Upper Cretaceous Lance Formation. Reservoirs exist in isolated and amalgamated channel facies 10-100 ft (3-30 m) thick and 150-4000 ft (45-1210 m) wide, deposited by meandering and braided streams. Compositional and paleocurrent studies indicate these streams flowed eastward and had their source area in highlands associated with the Wyoming-Idaho thrust belt to the west. Productive sandstones at Jonah have been divided into five pay intervals, only one of which (Jonah interval) displays continuity across most of the field. Porosities in clean, productive sandstones range from 8 to 12%, with core permeabilities of .01-0.9 md (millidarcys) and in-situ permeabilities as low as 3-20 µd (microdarcys), as determined by pressure buildup analyses. Structurally, the field is bounded by faults that have partly controlled the level of overpressuring. This level is 2500 ft (758 m) higher at Jonah field than in surrounding parts of the basin, extending to the top part of the Lance Formation. The field was discovered in 1975, but only in the 1990s did the area become fully commercial, due to improvements in fracture stimulation techniques. Recent advances in this area have further increased recoverable reserves and serve as a potential example for future development of tight gas sands elsewhere in the Rocky Mountain region.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/522B49D3-1727-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Montgomery, S.L., and Robinson, J.W., 1997, Jonah field, Sublette County, Wyoming: Gas production from overpressured Upper Cretaceous Lance sandstones of the Green River basin: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 81, no. 7, p. 1049-1062, https://doi.org/10.1306/522B49D3-1727-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1049","endPage":"1062","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228214,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","county":"Sublette County","otherGeospatial":"Jonah field","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.90916441832,\n 43\n ],\n [\n -110.90916441832,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -109,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -109,\n 43\n ],\n [\n -110.90916441832,\n 43\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"81","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a400ce4b0c8380cd64a15","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Montgomery, Scott L.","contributorId":43513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Montgomery","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robinson, J. W.","contributorId":54179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019811,"text":"70019811 - 1997 - Modeling structural influences on soil water retention","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-13T05:42:47","indexId":"70019811","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3420,"text":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling structural influences on soil water retention","docAbstract":"A new model quantities the effect of soil structure, considered as the arrangement of particles in the soil, on soil water retention. The model partitions the pore space into texture-related and structure-related components, the textural component being what can be deduced to exist if the arrangement of the particles were random, and the structural component being the remainder. An existing model, based on particle-size distributions, represents the textural component, and a new model, based on aggregate-size distributions, represents the structural component. This new model makes use of generalized properties that vary little from one medium to another, thereby eliminating any need for empirically tilted parameters. It postulates a particular character of the structural pore space that in same ways resembles texture-related pore space, but with pore shape related to the breadth of the aggregate-size distribution. To predict a soil water retention curve, this model requires the soil's porosity and particle- and aggregate-size distributions. Tested with measurements for 17 samples from two sources, it fits the data much better than does a model based on texture alone. Goodness of fit indicated by correlation coefficients ranged from 0.908 to 0.998 for the new model, compared with a range of 0.686 in 0.955 for the texture-based model.","language":"English","publisher":"ACSESS","doi":"10.2136/sssaj1997.03615995006100030002x","issn":"03615995","usgsCitation":"Nimmo, J., 1997, Modeling structural influences on soil water retention: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 61, no. 3, p. 712-719, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1997.03615995006100030002x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"712","endPage":"719","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227935,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"61","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c32e4b0c8380cd6facc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nimmo, J. R. 0000-0001-8191-1727","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8191-1727","contributorId":58304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimmo","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019809,"text":"70019809 - 1997 - Continents as lithological icebergs: The importance of buoyant lithospheric roots","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-05T13:58:54.30346","indexId":"70019809","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Continents as lithological icebergs: The importance of buoyant lithospheric roots","docAbstract":"An understanding of the formation of new continental crust provides an important guide to locating the oldest terrestrial rocks and minerals. We evaluated the crustal thicknesses of the thinnest stable continental crust and of an unsubductable oceanic plateau and used the resulting data to estimate the amount of mantle melting which produces permanent continental crust. The lithospheric mantle is sufficiently depleted to produce permanent buoyancy (i.e., the crust is unsubductable) at crustal thicknesses greater than 25–27 km. These unsubductable oceanic plateaus and hotspot island chains are important sources of new continental crust. The newest continental crust (e.g., the Ontong Java plateau) has a basaltic composition, not a granitic one. The observed structure and geochemistry of continents are the result of convergent margin magmatism and metamorphism which modify the nascent basaltic crust into a lowermost basaltic layer overlain by a more silicic upper crust. The definition of a continent should imply only that the lithosphere is unsubductable over ≥ 0.25 Ga time periods. Therefore, the search for the oldest crustal rocks should include rocks from lower to mid-crustal levels.
Type curves derived from Theis’ exact nonequilibrium well function solution are proposed for graphical estimation of aquifer hydraulic properties, transmissivity (T), and storage coefficient (S), from water‐level recovery data after cessation of a constant‐rate discharge test. Drawdown (on log scale) is plotted versus the ratio of time since pumping stopped to duration of pumping, a normalized time. Under Theis conditions, individual type curves depend on only the dimensionless pumping duration, which depends in turn on S and radial distance from the pumping well. Type curve matching, in contrast to the Theis procedure for pumping data, is performed by shifting only the drawdown axis; the time axis is fixed because it is a relative or normalized time. The match‐point for the drawdown axis is used to compute T, and S is determined from matching the curve shape, which depends on early dimensionless‐time data. Multiple well data can be plotted and matched simultaneously (a composite plot), with drawdown at different radial distances matching different curves. The ratio of dimensionless pumping durations for any two matched curves is equal to one over the squared ratio of radial distances. Application to two recovery datasets from the literature confirm the utility of these type curves in normalized time for composite estimation of T and S.
We used otolith banding patterns formed during incubation to discriminate among hatchery- and wild-incubated fry of sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka from Tustumena Lake, Alaska. Fourier analysis of otolith luminance profiles was used to describe banding patterns: the amplitudes of individual Fourier harmonics were discriminant variables. Correct classification of otoliths to either hatchery or wild origin was 83.1% (cross-validation) and 72.7% (test data) with the use of quadratic discriminant function analysts on 10 Fourier amplitudes. Overall classification rates among the six test groups (one hatchery and five wild groups) were 46.5% (cross-validation) and 39.3% (test data) with the use of linear discriminant function analysis on 16 Fourier amplitudes. Although classification rates for wild-incubated fry from any one site never exceeded 67% (cross-validation) or 60% (test data), location-specific information was evident for all groups because the probability of classifying an individual to its true incubation location was significantly greater than chance. Results indicate phenotypic differences in otolith microstructure among incubation sites separated by less than 10 km. Analysis of otolith luminance profiles is a potentially useful technique for discriminating among and between various populations of hatchery and wild fish.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1997)126<0559:DAPOSS>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00028487","usgsCitation":"Finn, J.E., Burger, C.V., and Holland-Bartels, L.E., 1997, Discrimination among populations of sockeye salmon fry with Fourier analysis of otolith banding patterns formed during incubation: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 126, no. 4, p. 559-578, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1997)126<0559:DAPOSS>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"559","endPage":"578","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227977,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Tustumena Lake","volume":"126","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a01f7e4b0c8380cd4fe08","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finn, James E.","contributorId":11157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":383881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burger, Carl V.","contributorId":152419,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Burger","given":"Carl","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Holland-Bartels, Leslie E. lholland-bartels@usgs.gov","contributorId":222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holland-Bartels","given":"Leslie","email":"lholland-bartels@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":383882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019765,"text":"70019765 - 1997 - Comparison of three qualitative habitat indices and their applicability to prairie streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-03T13:51:56","indexId":"70019765","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of three qualitative habitat indices and their applicability to prairie streams","docAbstract":"Qualitative stream habitat indices are important tools in classifying, interpreting, and assessing the conditions of stream ecosystems. Habitat indices are numerical values produced from scoring various features of a stream. Three commonly used habitat indices are the qualitative habitat evaluation index (QHEI), the rapid bioassessment protocols (RBP), and the riparian, channel, and environmental inventory (RCE). All three indices were used to assess the habitat conditions of 18 prairie streams of different sizes and environmental settings in the Red River of the North basin. Correlations suggest that these three indices provide similar results (r ranged from 0.83 to 0.85, P ≤ 0.003); however, the indices emphasize different aspects of the stream environment. Metrics from each index were classified as one of the following: channel geomorphology, riparian zone, substrate related, and instream cover and biota. The QHEI and RBP indices emphasize channel geomorphology metrics (41% of total score for the QHEI and 42% of the total score for the RBP). The RCE had a more balanced emphasis among the four classes but emphasized riparianzone metrics (32% of total score). There is redundancy within indices. Several metrics showed high correlations (e.g., r = 0.74 for land use and riparian-zone width in QHEI; r = 0.86 for bank vegetative protection and bank condition in RBP; r = 0.83 for macrobenthos and fish in RCE). To evaluate biological applicability, index scores were correlated to scores of the index of biotic integrity and fish community statistics of species richness, evenness, diversity, and percent of individuals in four trophic groups. No significant correlations were identified. We concluded that the metrics making up the habitat indices were either not applicable or not weighted appropriately for northern prairie streams.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(1997)017<0348:COTQHI>2.3.CO;2","issn":"02755947","usgsCitation":"Stauffer, J.C., and Goldstein, R.M., 1997, Comparison of three qualitative habitat indices and their applicability to prairie streams: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 17, no. 2, p. 348-361, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1997)017<0348:COTQHI>2.3.CO;2.","startPage":"348","endPage":"361","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227807,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280157,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1997)017<0348:COTQHI>2.3.CO;2"}],"volume":"17","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f8b4e4b0c8380cd4d23c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stauffer, J. C.","contributorId":25597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stauffer","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goldstein, R. M.","contributorId":98305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldstein","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019763,"text":"70019763 - 1997 - Potential effects of translatory waves on estimation of peak flows","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-12T16:39:57.95524","indexId":"70019763","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2338,"text":"Journal of Hydraulic Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Potential effects of translatory waves on estimation of peak flows","docAbstract":"During the afternoon of August 19, 1971, an intense thunderstorm a few miles southwest of Wikieup, Arizona, produced one of the largest known flood peaks for a 49.2-square-km drainage basin. Initial computations of the peak discharge assumed stable flow conditions and a four-section slope area measurement indicated that discharge was 2,082 m3/s. Recent findings based on free-surface instability characteristics at the site suggest that gravitational forces exceeded boundary retarding forces, and flow in the wide sand channel was unstable. Computations for roll or translatory waves indicate that waves crashed into the highway bridge at velocities of as much as 12.5 m/s. The close agreement of free surface instability results, translatory wave computations, estimates of the steady flow on which the translatory waves traveled, and an eyewitness account of the translatory waves suggest the total peak discharge could have been 2,742 m3/s or 32% greater than the published discharge. The occurrence of translatory waves in natural channels may be more common than previously thought, and instability criteria should be considered for hydraulic analysis of flow in steep smooth channels.
","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1997)123:6(571)","issn":"07339429","usgsCitation":"Hjalmarson, H., and Phillips, J.V., 1997, Potential effects of translatory waves on estimation of peak flows: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, v. 123, no. 6, p. 571-575, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1997)123:6(571).","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"571","endPage":"575","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227767,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"123","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7ef1e4b0c8380cd7a81f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hjalmarson, H. W.","contributorId":95872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hjalmarson","given":"H. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Phillips, J. V.","contributorId":40244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019756,"text":"70019756 - 1997 - Effect of experimental technique on the determination of strontium distribution coefficients of a surficial sediment from the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:22","indexId":"70019756","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3716,"text":"Water Research","onlineIssn":"1879-2448","printIssn":"0043-1354","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of experimental technique on the determination of strontium distribution coefficients of a surficial sediment from the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho","docAbstract":"The effect of experimental technique on strontium distribution coefficients (K(d)'s) was determined as part of an investigation of strontium geochemical transport properties of surficial sediment from the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho. The investigation was conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey and Idaho State University, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy. Batch experiments were conducted to quantify the effect of different experimental techniques on experimentally derived strontium K(d)'s at a fixed pH of 8.0. Combinations of three variables were investigated: method of sample agitation (rotating-mixer and shaker table), ratio of the mass-of-sediment to the volume-of-reaction-solution (1:2 and 1:20), and method of sediment preparation (crushed and non-crushed). Strontium K(d)'s ranged from 11 to 23 mlg-1 among all three experimental variables examined. Strontium K(d)'s were bimodally grouped around 12 and 21 mlg-1. Among the three experimental variables examined, the mass-to-volume ratio appeared to be the only one that could account for this bimodal distribution. The bimodal distribution of the derived strontium K(d)'s may occur because the two different mass-to-volume ratios represent different natural systems. The high mass-to-volume ratio of 1:2 models a natural system, such as an aquifer, in which there is an abundance of favorable sorption sites relative to the amount of strontium in solution. The low mass-to-volume ratio of 1:20 models a natural system, such as a stream, in which the relative amount of strontium in solution exceeds the favorable surface sorption site concentration. Except for low mass-to-volume ratios of non-crushed sediment using a rotating mixer, the method of agitation and sediment preparation appears to have little influence on derived strontium K(d)'s.The effect of experimental technique on strontium distribution coefficients (Kd's) was determined as part of an investigation of strontium geochemical transport properties of surficial sediment from the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho. The investigation was conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey and Idaho State University, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy. Batch experiments were conducted to quantify the effect of different experimental techniques on experimentally derived strontium Kd's at a fixed pH of 8.0. Combinations of three variables were investigated: method of sample agitation (rotating-mixer and shaker table), ratio of the mass-of-sediment to the volume-of-reaction-solution (1:2 and 1:20), and method of sediment preparation (crushed and non-crushed). Strontium Kd's ranged from 11 to 23 mlg-1 among all three experimental variables examined. Strontium Kd's were bimodally grouped around 12 and 21 mlg-1. Among the three experimental variables examined, the mass-to-volume ratio appeared to be the only one that could account for this bimodal distribution. The bimodal distribution of the derived strontium Kd's may occur because the two different mass-to-volume ratios represent different natural systems. The high mass-to-volume ratio of 1:2 models a natural system, such as an aquifer, in which there is an abundance of favorable sorption sites relative to the amount of strontium in solution. The low mass-to-volume ratio of 1:20 models a natural system, such as a stream, in which the relative amount of strontium in solution exceeds the favorable surface sorption site concentration. Except for low mass-to-volume ratios of non-crushed sediment using a rotating mixer, the method of agitation and sediment preparation appears to have little influence on derived strontium Kd's.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science Ltd","publisherLocation":"Oxford, United Kingdom","doi":"10.1016/S0043-1354(96)00408-3","issn":"00431354","usgsCitation":"Hemming, C., Bunde, R., Liszewski, M.J., Rosentreter, J., and Welhan, J., 1997, Effect of experimental technique on the determination of strontium distribution coefficients of a surficial sediment from the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho: Water Research, v. 31, no. 7, p. 1629-1636, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(96)00408-3.","startPage":"1629","endPage":"1636","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205964,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(96)00408-3"},{"id":227685,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a05dbe4b0c8380cd50fc4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hemming, C.H.","contributorId":51026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hemming","given":"C.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bunde, R.L.","contributorId":35885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bunde","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Liszewski, M. J.","contributorId":107308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liszewski","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rosentreter, J.J.","contributorId":24394,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosentreter","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Welhan, J.","contributorId":14127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welhan","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70019740,"text":"70019740 - 1997 - Enhancement and inhibition of microbial activity in hydrocarbon- contaminated arctic soils: Implications for nutrient-amended bioremediation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:22","indexId":"70019740","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Enhancement and inhibition of microbial activity in hydrocarbon- contaminated arctic soils: Implications for nutrient-amended bioremediation","docAbstract":"Bioremediation is being used or proposed as a treatment option at many hydrocarbon-contaminated sites. One such site is a former bulk-fuel storage facility near Barrow, AK, where contamination persists after approximately 380 m3 of JP-5 was spilled in 1970. The soil at the site is primarily coarse sand with low organic carbon (<1%) end low moisture (1-3%) contents. We examined the effects of nutrient additions on microorganisms in contaminated soil from this site in laboratory microcosms and in mesocosms incubated for 6 weeks in the field. Nitrogen was the major limiting nutrient in this system, but microbial populations and activity were maximally enhanced by additions of both nitrogen and phosphorus. When nutrients were added to soil in the field at three levels of N:P (100:45, 200:90, and 300:135 mg/kg soil), the greatest stimulation in microbial activity occurred at the lowest, rather than the highest, level of nutrient addition. The total soil-water potentials ranged from -2 to -15 bar with increasing levels of fertilizer. Semivolatile hydrocarbon concentrations declined significantly only in the soils treated at the low fertilizer level. These results indicate that an understanding of nutrient effects at a specific site is essential for successful bioremediation.Bioremediation is being used or proposed as a treatment option at many hydrocarbon-contaminated sites. One such site is a former bulk-fuel storage facility near Barrow, AK, where contamination persists after approximately 380 m3 of JP-5 was spilled in 1970. The soil at the site is primarily coarse sand with low organic carbon (<1%) and low moisture (1-3%) contents. We examined the effects of nutrient additions on microorganisms in contaminated soil from this site in laboratory microcosms and in mesocosms incubated for 6 weeks in the field. Nitrogen was the major limiting nutrient in this system, but microbial populations and activity were maximally enhanced by additions of both nitrogen and phosphorus. When nutrients were added to soil in the field at three levels of N:P (100:45, 200:90, and 300:135 mg/kg soil), the greatest stimulation in microbial activity occurred at the lowest, rather than the highest, level of nutrient addition. The total soil-water potentials ranged from -2 to -15 bar with increasing levels of fertilizer. Semi-volatile hydrocarbon concentrations declined significantly only in the soils treated at the low fertilizer level. These results indicate that an understanding of nutrient effects at a specific site is essential for successful bioremediation.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Science and Technology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"ACS","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC, United States","doi":"10.1021/es960904d","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Braddock, J., Ruth, M., Catterall, P., Walworth, J., and McCarthy, K.A., 1997, Enhancement and inhibition of microbial activity in hydrocarbon- contaminated arctic soils: Implications for nutrient-amended bioremediation: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 31, no. 7, p. 2078-2084, https://doi.org/10.1021/es960904d.","startPage":"2078","endPage":"2084","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206039,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es960904d"},{"id":228018,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-06-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0971e4b0c8380cd51ef9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Braddock, J.F.","contributorId":9010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Braddock","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ruth, M.L.","contributorId":67679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruth","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Catterall, P.H.","contributorId":73357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Catterall","given":"P.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Walworth, J.L.","contributorId":56815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walworth","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McCarthy, K. A.","contributorId":107309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCarthy","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70019737,"text":"70019737 - 1997 - Arsenic and lead concentrations in the Pond Creek and Fire Clay coal beds, eastern Kentucky coal field","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:22","indexId":"70019737","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Arsenic and lead concentrations in the Pond Creek and Fire Clay coal beds, eastern Kentucky coal field","docAbstract":"The Middle Pennsylvanian Breathitt Formation (Westphalian B) Pond Creek and Fire Clay coal beds are the 2 largest producing coal beds in eastern Kentucky. Single channel samples from 22 localities in the Pond Creek coal bed were obtained from active coal mines in Pike and Martin Countries, Kentucky, and a total of 18 Fire Clay coal bed channel samples were collected from localities in the central portion of the coal field. The overall objective of this study was to investigate the concentration and distribution of potentially hazardous elements in the Fire Clay and Pond Creek coal beds, with particular emphasis on As and Pb, 2 elements that are included in the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments as potential air toxics. The 2 coals are discussed individually as the depositional histories are distinct, the Fire Clay coal bed having more sites where relatively high-S lithologies are encountered. In an effort to characterize these coals, 40 whole channel samples, excluding 1-cm partings, were analyzed for major, minor and trace elements by X-ray fluorescence and proton-induced X-ray emission spectroscopy. Previously analyzed samples were added to provide additional geographic coverage and lithotype samples from one site were analyzed in order to provide detail of vertical elemental trends. The As and Pb levels in the Fire Clay coal bed tend to be higher than in the Pond Creek coal bed. One whole channel sample of the Fire Clay coal bed contains 1156 ppm As (ash basis), with a single lithotype containing 4000 ppm As (ash basis). Most of the As and Pb appears to be associated with pyrite, which potentially can be removed in beneficiation (particularly coarser pyrite). Disseminated finer pyrite may not be completely removable by cleaning. In the examination of pyrite conducted in this study, it does not appear that significant concentration of As or Pb occurs in the finer pyrite forms. The biggest potential problem of As- or Pb-enriched pyrite is, therefore, one of refuse disposal.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Applied Geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0883-2927(96)00071-6","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Hower, J., Robertson, J., Wong, A., Eble, C., and Ruppert, L., 1997, Arsenic and lead concentrations in the Pond Creek and Fire Clay coal beds, eastern Kentucky coal field: Applied Geochemistry, v. 12, no. 3, p. 281-289, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(96)00071-6.","startPage":"281","endPage":"289","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206028,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(96)00071-6"},{"id":227972,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ed88e4b0c8380cd49874","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hower, J.C.","contributorId":100541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hower","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robertson, J.D.","contributorId":99717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wong, A.S.","contributorId":93644,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wong","given":"A.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Eble, C.F.","contributorId":35346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eble","given":"C.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ruppert, L.F. 0000-0003-4990-0539","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4990-0539","contributorId":59043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruppert","given":"L.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70019736,"text":"70019736 - 1997 - Effects of unsaturated zone on aquifer test analysis in a shallow-aquifer system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-08T01:11:57.663466","indexId":"70019736","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of unsaturated zone on aquifer test analysis in a shallow-aquifer system","docAbstract":"A comparison between two hypothetical flow models of an unconfined aquifer, one saturated and the other variably saturated, indicates that the variably saturated model which explicitly models drainage from the unsaturated zone provides a better conceptual framework for analyzing unconfined aquifer test data and better estimates of the lateral and vertical hydraulic conductivity in fine-grained sands. Explicitly accounting for multiple aquifers, well-bore storage, and the effects of delayed drainage from the unsaturated zone increases confidence in aquifer property estimates by removing some assumptions and allowing for the inclusion of early time data and water-table observations in an aquifer test analysis. The inclusion of the unsaturated zone expands the number of parameters to be estimated, but reasonable estimates of lateral and vertical hydraulic conductivity and specific storage of the unconfined aquifer can be obtained. For the cases examined, only the van Genuchten parameter a needed to be determined by the test, because the parameters n and 9r had a minimal effect on the estimates of hydraulic conductivities, and literature values could be used for these parameters. Estimates of lateral and vertical hydraulic conductivity using MODFLOW were not as good as the VS2DT based estimates and differed from the known values by as much as 30 percent.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00112.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Halford, K.J., 1997, Effects of unsaturated zone on aquifer test analysis in a shallow-aquifer system: Groundwater, v. 35, no. 3, p. 512-522, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00112.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"512","endPage":"522","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227931,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a081ce4b0c8380cd519a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Halford, K. J. 0000-0002-7322-1846","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7322-1846","contributorId":61077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halford","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019733,"text":"70019733 - 1997 - Distribution of terminal electron-accepting processes in an aquifer having multiple contaminant sources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:22","indexId":"70019733","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution of terminal electron-accepting processes in an aquifer having multiple contaminant sources","docAbstract":"Concentrations of electron acceptors, electron donors, and H2 in groundwater were measured to determine the distribution of terminal electron-accepting processes (TEAPs) in an alluvial aquifer having multiple contaminant sources. Upgradient contaminant sources included two separate hydrocarbon point sources, one of which contained the fuel oxygenate methyl tertbutyl ether (MTBE). Infiltrating river water was a source of dissolved NO31 SO4 and organic carbon (DOC) to the downgradient part of the aquifer. Groundwater downgradient from the MTBE source had larger concentrations of electron acceptors (dissolved O2 and SO4) and smaller concentrations of TEAP end products (dissolved inorganic C, Fe2+ and CH4) than groundwater downgradient from the other hydrocarbon source, suggesting that MTBE was not as suitable for supporting TEAPs as the other hydrocarbons. Measurements of dissolved H2 indicated that SO4 reduction predominated in the aquifer during a period of high water levels in the aquifer and river. The predominant TEAP shifted to Fe3+ reduction in upgradient areas after water levels receded but remained SO4 reducing downgradient near the river. This distribution of TEAPs is the opposite of what is commonly observed in aquifers having a single contaminant point source and probably reflects the input of Dec and SO4 to the aquifer from the river. Results of this study indicate that the distribution of TEAPs in aquifers having multiple contaminant sources depends on the composition and location of the contaminants and on the availability of electron acceptors.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Applied Geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science Ltd","publisherLocation":"Oxford, United Kingdom","doi":"10.1016/S0883-2927(97)00029-2","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"McMahon, P., and Bruce, B.W., 1997, Distribution of terminal electron-accepting processes in an aquifer having multiple contaminant sources: Applied Geochemistry, v. 12, no. 4, p. 507-516, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(97)00029-2.","startPage":"507","endPage":"516","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206016,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(97)00029-2"},{"id":227884,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0305e4b0c8380cd502e0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McMahon, P.B. 0000-0001-7452-2379","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7452-2379","contributorId":10762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMahon","given":"P.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bruce, B. W.","contributorId":19577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bruce","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019718,"text":"70019718 - 1997 - Radar and photoclinometric studies of wrinkle ridges on Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-31T15:40:56.319655","indexId":"70019718","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Radar and photoclinometric studies of wrinkle ridges on Mars","docAbstract":"Earth-based radar altimetry and image derived photoclinometric profiles were analyzed to examine both the long- and short-wavelength topography associated with wrinkle ridges on Mars. Photoclinometrically derived elevation data across wrinkle ridges were evaluated to determine the sensitivity of profiles to two empirical photoclinometric parameters, the horizontal digital number (HDN) and the scattered light value (SLV). The photoclinometric profiles are extremely sensitive to small variations in HDN. The sense of slope of a profile can be completely reversed over a range in HDN of as little as ±1. Comparably small variations in the SLV have relatively minor effects on the photoclinometrically derived elevations. The existence of elevation offsets from one side of the ridge to the other, reported in previous photoclinometric studies of martian wrinkles, were not confirmed through photoclinometry. In addition, no evidence of elevation offsets were found in Earth-based radar altimetry profiles across wrinkle ridges. In order to more accurately model wrinkle ridge topography, we controlled photoclinometrically derived elevations with long-wavelength topography obtained from the radar altimetry. The results of this study do not support kinematic models for the origin of planetary wrinkle ridges that involve deeply rooted thrust faults which separate crustal blocks at different elevations. A kinematic model involving buckling of shallow crustal layers into concentric folds that close, leading to the development of thrust faults, is consistent with wrinkle ridge morphology and terrestrial analogs. Recent geophysical studies of terrestrial analogs and the influence of shallow subsurface structures, particularly buried craters, on the localization of many wrinkle ridges on Mars suggest that thrust faults associated with the ridges are confined to the ridged plains material and do not extend into the lithosphere.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97JE00411","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Watters, T.R., and Robinson, M., 1997, Radar and photoclinometric studies of wrinkle ridges on Mars: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 102, no. E5, p. 10889-10903, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JE00411.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"10889","endPage":"10903","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479968,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/97je00411","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":227682,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"102","issue":"E5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a937de4b0c8380cd80e57","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Watters, T. R.","contributorId":83590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watters","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robinson, M.S.","contributorId":34934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019717,"text":"70019717 - 1997 - The Bishop Tuff: New insights from eruptive stratigraphy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-13T11:27:11.698425","indexId":"70019717","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2309,"text":"Journal of Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Bishop Tuff: New insights from eruptive stratigraphy","docAbstract":"The 0.76 Ma Bishop Tuff, from Long Valley caldera in eastern California, consists of a widespread fall deposit and voluminous partly welded ignimbrite. The fall deposit (F), exposed over an easterly sector below and adjacent to the ignimbrite, is divided into nine units (F1‐F9), with no significant time breaks, except possibly between F8 and F9. Maximum clast sizes are compared with other deposits where accumulation rates are known or inferred to estimate an accumulation time for F1‐F8 as ca. 90 hrs. The ignimbrite (Ig) is divided into chronologically and/or geographically distinct packages of material. Earlier packages (Ig1) were emplaced mostly eastward, are wholly intraplinian (coeval with fall units F2‐F8), Lack phenocrystic pyroxenes, and contain few or no Glass Mountain‐derived rhyolite lithic fragments. Earlier packages (Ig2) were erupted mostly to the north and east, are at least partly intraplinian (interbedded with fall unit F9 to the east), contain pyroxenes, and have lithic fractions rich in Glass Mountain‐derived rhyolite or other lithologies exposed on the northern caldera rim. Recognition of the intraplinian nature of Ig1 east of the caldera and use of the fall deposit chronometry yields accumulation estimates of ca. 25 hrs for an earlier, less‐welded subpackage and ca. 36 hrs for a later, mostly welded subpackage. Average accumulation rates range up to ≥1 mm/s of dense‐welded massive ignimbrite, equivalent to ≥2.5 mm/s of non‐welded material. Comparisons of internal stratification in Ig1 and northern Ig2 lobes suggest the thickest northern ignimbrite accumulated in ≥35 hrs. Identifiable vent positions migrated from an initial site previously proposed in the south‐central part of the caldera (F1‐8, Ig1) in complex fashion; one vent set (for eastern Ig2) migrated east and north toward Glass Mountain, while another set (for northern Ig2) opened from west to east across the northern caldera margin. Vent locations for Ig1 and Ig2 southwest of the caldera have not been identified. The new stratigraphic framework shows that much of the Bishop ignimbrite is intraplinian in nature, and that fall deposits and ignimbrite units previously inferred to be sequential are largely or wholly coeval. Fundamental reassessment is therefore required of all existing models for the eruption dynamics and the nature and causes of pre‐eruptive zonations in trace elements, volatiles, and isotopes in the parental magma chamber.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.1086/515937","issn":"00221376","usgsCitation":"Wilson, C.J., and Hildreth, W., 1997, The Bishop Tuff: New insights from eruptive stratigraphy: Journal of Geology, v. 105, no. 4, p. 407-439, https://doi.org/10.1086/515937.","productDescription":"33 p.","startPage":"407","endPage":"439","numberOfPages":"33","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228289,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Bishop Tuff, Long Valley Caldera","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.9812469482422,\n 37.541855135522226\n ],\n [\n -118.63586425781249,\n 37.541855135522226\n ],\n [\n -118.63586425781249,\n 37.76474401178003\n ],\n [\n -118.9812469482422,\n 37.76474401178003\n ],\n [\n -118.9812469482422,\n 37.541855135522226\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"105","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba9eee4b08c986b3225f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilson, C. J. N.","contributorId":22096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hildreth, W. 0000-0002-7925-4251","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7925-4251","contributorId":100487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildreth","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019686,"text":"70019686 - 1997 - Seismic source study of the Racha-Dzhava (Georgia) earthquake from aftershocks and broad-band teleseismic body-wave records: An example of active nappe tectonics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-08T12:01:45.542941","indexId":"70019686","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1803,"text":"Geophysical Journal International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic source study of the Racha-Dzhava (Georgia) earthquake from aftershocks and broad-band teleseismic body-wave records: An example of active nappe tectonics","docAbstract":"The Racha-Dzhava earthquake (Ms=7.0) that occurred on 1991 April 29 at 09:12:48.1 GMT in the southern border of the Great Caucasus is the biggest event ever recorded in the region, stronger than the Spitak earthquake (Ms=6.9) of 1988. A field expedition to the epicentral area was organised and a temporary seismic network of 37 stations was deployed to record the aftershock activity. A very precise image of the aftershock distribution is obtained, showing an elongated cloud oriented N105°, with one branch trending N310° in the western part. The southernmost part extends over 80 km, with the depth ranging from 0 to 15 km, and dips north. The northern branch, which is about 30 km long, shows activity that ranges in depth from 5 to 15 km. The complex thrust dips northwards. A stress-tensor inversion from P-wave first-motion polarities shows a state of triaxial compression, with the major principal axis oriented roughly N-S, the minor principal axis being vertical. Body-waveform inversion of teleseismic seismograms was performed for the main shock, which can be divided into four subevents with a total rupture-time duration of 22 s. The most important part of the seismic moment was released by a gentle northerly dipping thrust. The model is consistent with the compressive tectonics of the region and is in agreement with the aftershock distribution and the stress tensor deduced from the aftershocks. The focal mechanisms of the three largest aftershocks were also inverted from body-wave records. The April 29th (Ms=6.1) and May 5th (Ms=5.4) aftershocks have thrust mechanisms on roughly E-W-oriented planes, similar to the main shock. Surprisingly, the June 15th (Ms=6.2) aftershock shows a thrust fault striking N-S. This mechanism is explained by the structural control of the rupture along the east-dipping geometry of the Dzirula Massif close to the Borzhomi-Kazbeg strike-slip fault. In fact, the orientation and shape of the stress tensor produce a thrust on a N-S oriented plane. Nappe tectonics has been identified as an important feature in the Caucasus, and the source mechanism is consistent with this observation. A hidden fault is present below the nappe, and no large surface breaks were observed due to the main shock. The epicentral region is characterized by sediments that are trapped between two crystalline basements: the Dzirula Massif, which crops out south of Chiatoura, and the Caucasus Main Range north of Oni. Most, if not all, of the rupture is controlled by the thrusting of overlapping, deformed and folded sediments over the Dzirula Massif. This event is another example of blind active faults, with the distinctive feature that the fault plane dips at a gentle angle. The Racha Range is one of the surface expressions of this blind thrust, and its growth is the consequence and evidence of similar earthquakes in the past.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-246X.1997.tb00985.x","issn":"0956540X","usgsCitation":"Fuenzalida, H., Rivera, L., Haessler, H., Legrand, D., Philip, H., Dorbath, L., McCormack, D., Arefiev, S., Langer, C., and Cisternas, A., 1997, Seismic source study of the Racha-Dzhava (Georgia) earthquake from aftershocks and broad-band teleseismic body-wave records: An example of active nappe tectonics: Geophysical Journal International, v. 130, no. 1, p. 29-46, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1997.tb00985.x.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"29","endPage":"46","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480040,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hal.science/hal-04578497","text":"External Repository"},{"id":227800,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"130","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8b63e4b08c986b3177c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fuenzalida, H.","contributorId":94806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuenzalida","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rivera, L.","contributorId":39535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rivera","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Haessler, H.","contributorId":82871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haessler","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Legrand, D.","contributorId":37093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Legrand","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Philip, H.","contributorId":43122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Philip","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Dorbath, L.","contributorId":103424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dorbath","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"McCormack, D.","contributorId":97648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCormack","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Arefiev, S.","contributorId":92003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arefiev","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Langer, C.","contributorId":98480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langer","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Cisternas, A.","contributorId":43509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cisternas","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70019681,"text":"70019681 - 1997 - Selection of summer roosting sites by Indiana bats (Myotis sodalis) in Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:28","indexId":"70019681","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2373,"text":"Journal of Mammalogy","onlineIssn":"1545-1542","printIssn":"0022-2372","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Selection of summer roosting sites by Indiana bats (Myotis sodalis) in Missouri","docAbstract":"Summer roosting sites were studied at four maternity colonies of Indiana bats (Myotis sodalis) in northern Missouri. Colonies of Indiana bats used two types of roosts, primary and alternate, that differed in intensity of use, number, and probable function. Primary roosts were denned as roosts where use by >30 bats on more than one occasion was observed. The number of primary roosts per colony ranged from one to three. All primary roosts were in standing dead trees situated in trees exposed to direct sunlight. Alternate roosts were used by smaller numbers of bats. These roosts included both living and dead trees that typically were located within the shaded forest interior. Differences in patterns of use between types of roosts seemed to be influenced by weather conditions in that use of alternate roost trees increased during periods of elevated temperature and precipitation. Indiana bats have specific requirements for roost sites, but also must be able to relocate when loss of bark, tree fall, or other events render their current roost sites unusable. Practices of forest management within the summer range of Indiana bats should favor retention of large-diameter, mature, and senescent trees.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Mammalogy","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00222372","usgsCitation":"Callahan, E., Drobney, R., and Clawson, R., 1997, Selection of summer roosting sites by Indiana bats (Myotis sodalis) in Missouri: Journal of Mammalogy, v. 78, no. 3, p. 818-825.","startPage":"818","endPage":"825","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227681,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"78","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8cd4e4b08c986b318163","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Callahan, E.V.","contributorId":74527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Callahan","given":"E.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Drobney, R.D.","contributorId":26827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drobney","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clawson, R.L.","contributorId":6559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clawson","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019670,"text":"70019670 - 1997 - GSLIB-style programs for discriminant analysis and regionalized classification","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-21T13:14:07","indexId":"70019670","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1315,"text":"Computers & Geosciences","printIssn":"0098-3004","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"GSLIB-style programs for discriminant analysis and regionalized classification","docAbstract":"Discriminant analysis is a statistical technique used to predict the group membership of a set of multivariate observations, each of which is assumed to arise from one of a set of distinct classes or groups. Each group is characterized by a certain distribution in multivariate space, and group allocations are based on the similarity of each sample to each group. Assuming multivariate normality, generalized distance measures based on the squared Mahalanobis distance from each sample to each group centroid arise as the natural measure of similarity. One can allocate samples to groups either on the basis of minimum generalized distance or, equivalently, maximum posterior probability of group membership. In earth science applications samples are often associated with geographic locations. In this situation regionalized classification can be used to produce a map representing group membership throughout the sampled domain. This can be accomplished by interpolating either generalized distances or membership probabilities from sample locations to regularly spaced grid nodes and comparing resulting grids to produce a classification map. This paper presents a set of GSLIB-style FORTRAN programs for performing discriminant analysis and regionalized classification. The program disco performs discriminant analysis and the programs xmd2cls and prb2cls combine interpolated distances and probabilities, respectively, to create a grid of predicted classifications. In addition, the utility program colbind allows the user to combine selected columns from different GSLIB-style data files into one file. ?? 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Computers and Geosciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/S0098-3004(97)00050-2","issn":"00983004","usgsCitation":"Bohling, G.C., 1997, GSLIB-style programs for discriminant analysis and regionalized classification: Computers & Geosciences, v. 23, no. 7, p. 739-761, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(97)00050-2.","startPage":"739","endPage":"761","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228168,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266156,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(97)00050-2"}],"volume":"23","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a148fe4b0c8380cd54aa5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bohling, Geoffrey C.","contributorId":43109,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bohling","given":"Geoffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}