The Thornthwaite potential evapotranspiration model is well known and widely used, but has received some criticism as it is primarily based on air temperature to estimate potential evapotranspiration. Errors of the Thornthwaite model can be analyzed using adjusted pan evaporation as an index of potential evapotranspiration. An examination of ratios of adjusted pan evaporation to Thornthwaite potential evapotranspiration indicates that the ratios are highest in the winter and lowest during summer months. This trend suggests a parabolic pattern. In this study a parabolic function is used to adjust Thornthwaite estimates of potential evapotranspiration. Forty locations east of the Rocky Mountains are analyzed and indicate that a parabolic adjustment of Thornthwaite potential evapotranspiration estimates generally increases correlation with adjusted pan evaporation and decreases error by 20 to 70 percent.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/02723646.1989.10642376","issn":"02723646","usgsCitation":"McCabe, G.J., 1989, A parabolic function to modify Thornthwaite estimates of potential evapotranspiration for the eastern United States: Physical Geography, v. 10, no. 2, p. 176-189, https://doi.org/10.1080/02723646.1989.10642376.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"176","endPage":"189","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223743,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-05-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4d1e4b0c8380cd46951","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCabe, G. J. Jr.","contributorId":77551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCabe","given":"G.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70044330,"text":"70044330 - 1989 - Horizontal stresses from well-bore breakouts and lithologies associated with their formation, Oklahoma and Texas Panhandle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-03T10:00:00","indexId":"70044330","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesNumber":"90","title":"Horizontal stresses from well-bore breakouts and lithologies associated with their formation, Oklahoma and Texas Panhandle","docAbstract":"Orientations of crustal stresses are inferred from stress-induced well-bore breakouts in three areas in the south-central United States: the eastern part of the Anadarko basin in central Oklahoma, the Marietta basin in south-central Oklahoma, and the Bravo dome area of the central Texas Panhandle. Inferred directions of maximum horizontal principal stress (SHmax) are ENE for the eastern Anadarko basin, and NE for the Marietta basin and the Bravo dome area. For the Bravo dome area, the magnitudes of the three principal stresses (S1, S2, S3) are known from existing hydraulic-fracturing (hydrofrac) measurements, and a normal-faulting stress regime (SV > SHmax > SHmin) is implied. For the eastern Anadarko basin and the Marietta basin, the magnitudes of the principal stresses are not known. Because Quaternary left-lateral oblique slip on the Meers fault in south-central Oklahoma suggests strike-slip (SHmax > Sv > SHmin) and reverse faulting (SHmax > SHmin > SV), the study region is inferred to be a possible transition zone between areas of extensional and compressional stresses. Breakout data from the eastern Anadarko basin yield a single consistent SHmax orientation. Data from the Marietta basin and the Bravo dome area have bimodal-orthogonal distributions consisting of breakouts and orthogonal sets of well-bore enlargement orientations. Orthogonal trends in the data are probably related to drilling-induced hydraulic fracturing of the well bore, or to preexisting natural fractures or joint sets intersecting the well bore. On the dipmeter log, breakouts and fracture enlargements have elliptical cross sections of similar size and shape. Orthogonally oriented well-bore enlargements are differentiated by comparing their long-axis orientations with directions of known or inferred horizontal stress. Dispersion, or data scatter, among enlargement orientations (bimodal data sets) increases the standard deviations for many well data sets from the Marietta basin and the Bravo dome area. In these two areas, some dispersion may reflect variation in stress conditions across fault-bounded blocks and the orientations of fractures or joints within these blocks. Although breakouts and fracture enlargements formed in all parts of the thick sequences of sedimentary rocks logged, they occurred primarily in limestone, shale, and dolomitic rocks, reflecting the abundance of these rock types in the study areas.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Anadarko Basin symposium, 1988 (Circular 90)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Oklahoma Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Norman, OK","collaboration":"Proceedings of a symposium held April 5-6, 1988, at Norman, Oklahoma; cosponsored by the Oklahoma Geological Survey and the U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Dart, R.L., 1989, Horizontal stresses from well-bore breakouts and lithologies associated with their formation, Oklahoma and Texas Panhandle, chap. of Anadarko Basin symposium, 1988 (Circular 90), p. 97-120.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"97","endPage":"120","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":268673,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268672,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.ogs.ou.edu/pubsscanned/Circulars/Circular90.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma;Texas","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -104.0,33.0 ], [ -104.0,38.0 ], [ -94.0,38.0 ], [ -94.0,33.0 ], [ -104.0,33.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51347f07e4b0e1603e4fec54","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dart, Richard L. dart@usgs.gov","contributorId":1209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dart","given":"Richard","email":"dart@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":475300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70044339,"text":"70044339 - 1989 - Constraints on the Anadarko Basin-Wichita uplift boundary interpreted from aeromagnetic data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-03T18:33:56","indexId":"70044339","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesNumber":"90","title":"Constraints on the Anadarko Basin-Wichita uplift boundary interpreted from aeromagnetic data","docAbstract":"Modeling and interpretation of aeromagnetic data across the transition between the Anadarko basin and the Wichita uplift in the vicinity of the scarp on the Meers fault (Fig. 1) constrains structural relationships and lithologic contrasts at this boundary. We digitized aeromagnetic data from the map based on a detailed survey flown in 1954 (U.S. Geological Survey, 1975). The flight lines for this survey were oriented east-west, spaced 0.25 mi apart, and flown 500 ft above the ground. The digitized data were gridded using a minimum-curvature gridding program (MINC; Webring, 1981) and plotted as a color-shaded relief map using an unpublished program written by M. W. Webring. The color-shaded relief map was shown in the Anadarko Basin Workshop poster session. Figure 2 is a generalized contour map made from the digitized data, using the unpublished program CONTOURS, written by R. H. Bracken, R. H. Godson, and M. W. Webring.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Anadarko Basin symposium, 1988 (Circular 90)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Oklahoma Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Norman, OK","collaboration":"Proceedings of a symposium held April 5-6, 1988, at Norman, Oklahoma; cosponsored by the Oklahoma Geological Survey and the U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Jones-Cecil, M., and Crone, A.J., 1989, Constraints on the Anadarko Basin-Wichita uplift boundary interpreted from aeromagnetic data, chap. of Anadarko Basin symposium, 1988 (Circular 90), p. 228-232.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"228","endPage":"232","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":268691,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268690,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.ogs.ou.edu/pubsscanned/Circulars/Circular90.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -103.0,33.62 ], [ -103.0,37.0 ], [ -94.43,37.0 ], [ -94.43,33.62 ], [ -103.0,33.62 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51347f03e4b0e1603e4fec40","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones-Cecil, Meridee","contributorId":68313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones-Cecil","given":"Meridee","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crone, Anthony J. 0000-0002-3006-406X crone@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3006-406X","contributorId":790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crone","given":"Anthony","email":"crone@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":475317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70044334,"text":"70044334 - 1989 - Quantitative petrographic analysis of Desmoinesian sandstones from Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-03T10:40:44","indexId":"70044334","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesNumber":"90","title":"Quantitative petrographic analysis of Desmoinesian sandstones from Oklahoma","docAbstract":"Desmoinesian sandstones from the northern Oklahoma platform and the Anadarko, Arkoma, and Ardmore basins record a complex interaction between mid-Pennsylvanian source-area tectonism and cyclic sedimentation patterns associated with numerous transgressions and regressions. Framework-grain summaries for 50 thin sections from sandstones of the Krebs, Cabaniss, and Marmaton Groups and their surface and subsurface equivalents were subjected to multivariate statistical analyses to establish regional compositional trends for provenance analysis. R-mode cluster and correspondence analyses were used to determine the contributing effect (total variance) of key framework grains. Fragments of monocrystalline and polycrystalline quartz; potassium and plagioclase feldspar; chert; and metamorphic, limestone, and mudstone-sandstone rock fragments contribute most to the variation in the grain population. Q-mode cluster and correspondence analyses were used to identify four petrofacies and establish the range of compositional variation in Desmoinesian sandstones. Petrofacies I is rich in monocrystalline quartz (78-98%); mica and rock fragments are rare. Petrofacies II is also rich in monocrystalline quartz (60-84%) and averages 12% total rock fragments. Petrofacies III and IV are compositionally heterogeneous and contain variable percentages of monocrystalline and polycrystalline quartz, potassium feldspar, mica, chert, and metamorphic and sedimentary rock fragments. Quantitative analyses indicate that Desmoinesian sandstones were derived from sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic source areas. Sandstones of petrofacies I and II occur mostly in the lower Desmoinesian and are widely distributed, although they are most abundant in eastern and central Oklahoma; sandstones of petrofacies III and IV are widely distributed and occur primarily in the middle and upper Desmoinesian. The range of compositional variation and the distribution of petrofacies are related to paleotectonics and basin development, sediment recycling, and varying depositional environments.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Anadarko Basin symposium, 1988 (Circular 90)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Oklahoma Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Norman, OK","collaboration":"Proceedings of a symposium held April 5-6, 1988, at Norman, Oklahoma; cosponsored by the Oklahoma Geological Survey and the U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Dyman, T.S., 1989, Quantitative petrographic analysis of Desmoinesian sandstones from Oklahoma, chap. of Anadarko Basin symposium, 1988 (Circular 90), p. 162-175.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"162","endPage":"175","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":268681,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268680,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.ogs.ou.edu/pubsscanned/Circulars/Circular90.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -103.0,33.62 ], [ -103.0,37.0 ], [ -94.43,37.0 ], [ -94.43,33.62 ], [ -103.0,33.62 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51347f0ae4b0e1603e4fec66","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dyman, Thaddeus S.","contributorId":83971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dyman","given":"Thaddeus","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70044329,"text":"70044329 - 1989 - Structural evolution of the southeastern portion of the Anadarko Basin region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-03T09:45:50","indexId":"70044329","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesNumber":"90","title":"Structural evolution of the southeastern portion of the Anadarko Basin region","docAbstract":"Field investigations in the Lake Classen-Turner Falls, Oklahoma, area of the northern Arbuckle anticline, on the southeastern margin of the Anadarko basin, indicate that transpressional (oblique compressional) deformation of Late Pennsylvanian age dominated the structural development of this area. The Arbuckle anticline is detached along the NW -trending, SW -dipping, left-reverse Arbuckle fault and is thrust obliquely onto the margin of the Tishomingo block to the east. Paleostress analysis of slip lines on mesoscopic faults along the northeastern limb of the Arbuckle anticline, associated in style and geometry with oblique Arbuckle thrusting, indicates compression directed N. 35-60° E.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Anadarko Basin symposium, 1988 (Circular 90)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Oklahoma Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Norman, OK","collaboration":"Proceedings of a symposium held April 5-6, 1988, at Norman, Oklahoma; cosponsored by the Oklahoma Geological Survey and the U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Perry, W.J., 1989, Structural evolution of the southeastern portion of the Anadarko Basin region, chap. of Anadarko Basin symposium, 1988 (Circular 90), p. 77-77.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"77","endPage":"77","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":268671,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268670,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.ogs.ou.edu/pubsscanned/Circulars/Circular90.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","otherGeospatial":"Anadarko Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -103.0,33.62 ], [ -103.0,37.0 ], [ -94.43,37.0 ], [ -94.43,33.62 ], [ -103.0,33.62 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51347f0ce4b0e1603e4fec72","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Perry, William J. Jr.","contributorId":32498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"William","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70038761,"text":"70038761 - 1989 - Borax in the supraglacial moraine of the Lewis Cliff, Buckley Island quadrangle--first Antarctic occurrence","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-06-20T01:01:36","indexId":"70038761","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T15:23:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":812,"text":"Antarctic Journal of the United States","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Borax in the supraglacial moraine of the Lewis Cliff, Buckley Island quadrangle--first Antarctic occurrence","docAbstract":"During the 1987-1988 austral summer field season, membersof the south party of the antarctic search for meteorites south-ern team* working in the Lewis Cliff/Colbert Hills region dis-covered several areas of unusual mineralization within theLewis Cliff ice tongue and its associated moraine field (figure1). The Lewis Cliff ice tongue (84°15'S 161°25'E) is a meteorite-stranding surface of ablating blue ice, about 2.3 by 7.0 kilo-meters, bounded on the west by the Lewis Cliff, on the northand northeast by a large supraglacial moraine, and on the eastby the Colbert Hills. To the south it opens to the Walcott Névé.Because it is a meteorite-stranding surface, the major component of ice motion in the area is believed to be vertical(Whillans and Cassidy 1983). The presence of Thule-Baffinmoraines at the northern terminus of the blue ice tends tosupport the hypothesis that the area underlying the moraineis essentially stagnant and that ice arriving from the south ispiling up against it. Areas containing mineral deposits werefound within the moraine field to the north and east of theblue ice margin and also along the east margins of the blue iceitself. Subsequent X-ray diffraction analyses of these depositshave shown that they are composed predominantly of nah-colite (NaHCO3), trona [Na3(CO3)(HCO3) · 2H20], borax[Na2B405(OH)4 · 8H20], and a new hexagonal hydrous sulfatespecies. This paper reports the details of the borax occurrence,because it is the first known on the continent.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Antarctic Journal of the United States","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Science Foundation, Office of Polar Programs","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Fitzpatrick, J.J., and Muhs, D., 1989, Borax in the supraglacial moraine of the Lewis Cliff, Buckley Island quadrangle--first Antarctic occurrence: Antarctic Journal of the United States, v. 24, no. 5, p. 63-65.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"63","endPage":"65","costCenters":[{"id":308,"text":"Geology and Environmental Change Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":257720,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":257696,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/Antarctica/AJUS/AJUSvXXIVn5/AJUSvXXIVn5p63.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"otherGeospatial":"Lewis Cliff;Buckley Island;Antarctica","volume":"24","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f211e4b0c8380cd4afbc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fitzpatrick, J. J.","contributorId":95078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzpatrick","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":464883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Muhs, D.R. 0000-0001-7449-251X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7449-251X","contributorId":61460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muhs","given":"D.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":464882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015407,"text":"70015407 - 1989 - Taconic plate kinematics as revealed by foredeep stratigraphy, Appalachian orogen","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-09T16:53:48.049201","indexId":"70015407","displayToPublicDate":"2010-07-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3524,"text":"Tectonics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Taconic plate kinematics as revealed by foredeep stratigraphy, Appalachian orogen","docAbstract":"Destruction of the Ordovician passive margin of eastern North America is recorded by an upward deepening succession of carbonates, shales, and flysch. A compilation of the age of shelf drowning (carbonate-to-shale transition) reveals the degree to which orogeny was diachronous both across and along strike. Shelf drowning occurred first at the northern end of the orogen in Newfoundland, then at the southern end of the orogen in Georgia, and finally in Quebec. Diachronism is attributed to oblique collision between an irregular passive margin, that had a deep embayment in Quebec, and at least one east dipping subduction complex. The rate of plate convergence during collision is estimated at 1 to 2 cm/yr, and the minimum width of the ocean that closed is estimated at 500 to 900 km. Far-traveled deepwater sequences in the thrust belt contain anomalously old Taconic flysch, related to early arrival of the continental slope/rise at a west advancing trench then located far to the east. The drowning isochron map provides a new basis for estimating tectonic transport distances of four of these allochthons (about 165 to 450 km), results not readily obtained by conventional structural analysis.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TC008i005p01037","issn":"02787407","usgsCitation":"Bradley, D.C., 1989, Taconic plate kinematics as revealed by foredeep stratigraphy, Appalachian orogen: Tectonics, v. 8, no. 5, p. 1037-1049, https://doi.org/10.1029/TC008i005p01037.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1037","endPage":"1049","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224307,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","otherGeospatial":"Appalachian Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -59.94794184613204,\n 53.783005810210994\n ],\n [\n -66.52193972184966,\n 49.42391661877889\n ],\n [\n -84.05589482730278,\n 32.29826164743447\n ],\n [\n -82.25406401000738,\n 31.27460409801749\n ],\n [\n -72.41174206402178,\n 42.00001551829209\n ],\n [\n -60.01457676108012,\n 51.99456174559443\n ],\n [\n -59.94794184613204,\n 53.783005810210994\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"8","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba3ace4b08c986b31fdee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bradley, D. C.","contributorId":17634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016442,"text":"70016442 - 1989 - The style of late Cenozoic deformation at the eastern front of the California Coast Ranges","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-09T16:20:02.592969","indexId":"70016442","displayToPublicDate":"2010-07-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3524,"text":"Tectonics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The style of late Cenozoic deformation at the eastern front of the California Coast Ranges","docAbstract":"The 1983 Coalinga earthquake occurred at the eastern boundary of the California Coast Ranges in response to northeast directed thrusting. Such movements over the past 2 Ma have produced Coalinga anticline by folding above the blind eastern tip of the Coalinga thrust zone. The 600-km length of the Coast Ranges boundary shares a common structural setting that involves westward upturn of Cenozoic and Cretaceous strata at the eastern front of the Coast Ranges and a major, southwest facing step in the basement surface beneath the western Great Valley. Like Coalinga anticline, Pliocene and Quaternary folding and faulting along the rest of the boundary also result from northeast–southwest compression acting nearly perpendicular to the strike of the San Andreas fault. We suggest that much of this deformation is related to active thrusts beneath the eastern Coast Ranges. The step in the basement surface beneath the Great Valley seems to have controlled the distribution of this deformation and the shape of the Coast Ranges boundary.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TC008i002p00237","issn":"02787407","usgsCitation":"Wentworth, C.M., and Zoback, M.D., 1989, The style of late Cenozoic deformation at the eastern front of the California Coast Ranges: Tectonics, v. 8, no. 2, p. 237-246, https://doi.org/10.1029/TC008i002p00237.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"237","endPage":"246","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223023,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.32227407395877,\n 41.97832769849734\n ],\n [\n -124.74825712118408,\n 40.481762804899304\n ],\n [\n -123.95784846843993,\n 37.723480083156964\n ],\n [\n -120.98130768802946,\n 33.960324024322546\n ],\n [\n -117.91076108785359,\n 32.52389178858395\n ],\n [\n -114.47724181066988,\n 32.56556837931663\n ],\n [\n -114.0284147380225,\n 34.84897918676069\n ],\n [\n -120.04211889323415,\n 39.2058471835924\n ],\n [\n -119.7547739371154,\n 41.9554707528047\n ],\n [\n -124.32227407395877,\n 41.97832769849734\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"8","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb0a2e4b08c986b324fa8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wentworth, Carl M. 0000-0003-2569-569X cwent@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2569-569X","contributorId":1178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wentworth","given":"Carl","email":"cwent@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":373550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zoback, Mark D.","contributorId":80275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zoback","given":"Mark","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5222251,"text":"5222251 - 1989 - Avian community response to small-scale habitat disturbance in Maine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-16T12:21:24.686702","indexId":"5222251","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:09","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1176,"text":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Avian community response to small-scale habitat disturbance in Maine","docAbstract":"The effects of small clearcuts (1 - 8 ha) on avian communities in the forest of eastern Maine were studied using point counts during spring 1978 - 1981. Surveys were conducted in uncut (control) and clear-cut (treatment) plots in three stand types: conifer, hardwood, and mixed growth. We used a mark-recapture model and its associated jackknife species richness estimator (N), as an indicator of avian community structure. Increases in estimated richness (N) and Shannon - Weaver diversity (H') were noted in the treated hardwood and mixed growth, but not in the conifer stands. Seventeen avian species increased in relative abundance, whereas two species declined. Stand treatment was associated with important changes in bird species composition. Increased habitat patchiness and the creation of forest edge are hypothesized as causes for the greater estimates of richness and diversity.","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/z89-057","usgsCitation":"Derleth, E., McAuley, D., and Dwyer, T., 1989, Avian community response to small-scale habitat disturbance in Maine: Canadian Journal of Zoology, v. 67, no. 2, p. 385-390, https://doi.org/10.1139/z89-057.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"385","endPage":"390","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194131,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"67","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64afb8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Derleth, E.L.","contributorId":31483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Derleth","given":"E.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McAuley, D.G. 0000-0003-3674-6392","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3674-6392","contributorId":15296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McAuley","given":"D.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dwyer, T.J.","contributorId":56177,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dwyer","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5222298,"text":"5222298 - 1989 - Population declines in North American birds that migrate to the neotropics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:36","indexId":"5222298","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:06","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3164,"text":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Population declines in North American birds that migrate to the neotropics","docAbstract":"Using data from the North American Breeding Bird Survey, we determined that most neotropical migrant bird species that breed in forests of the eastern United States and Canada have recently (1978-1987) declined in abundance after a period of stable or increasing populations. Most permanent residents and temperate-zone migrants did not show a general pattern of decrease during this period. Field data from Mexico were used to classify a subset of the neotropical migrants as using forest or scrub habitats during winter. Population declines during 1978-1987 were significantly greater among the forest-wintering species, while populations of scrub-wintering species increased. The same subset of neotropical migrants also showed overall declines in forest-breeding species, but no significant differences existed between species breeding in forest and scrub habitats. Neotropical migrant species that primarily use forested habitats in either wintering or breeding areas are declining, but a statistically significant association between habitat and population declines was detected only in the tropics.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"3808_Robbins.pdf","usgsCitation":"Robbins, C., Sauer, J., Greenberg, R., and Droege, S., 1989, Population declines in North American birds that migrate to the neotropics: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, v. 86, no. 19, p. 7658-7662.","productDescription":"7658-7662","startPage":"7658","endPage":"7662","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":94268,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.pnas.org/content/86/19/7658.abstract","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":17903,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=298126&blobtype=pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":193697,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"19","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db68430a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robbins, C.S.","contributorId":53907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sauer, J.R. 0000-0002-4557-3019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-3019","contributorId":66197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Greenberg, R.S.","contributorId":27158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greenberg","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Droege, Sam 0000-0003-4393-0403","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4393-0403","contributorId":64185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Droege","given":"Sam","affiliations":[{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":336017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5222576,"text":"5222576 - 1989 - Population ecology and harvest of the American black duck: a review","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-02T17:16:07","indexId":"5222576","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:06","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Population ecology and harvest of the American black duck: a review","docAbstract":"1. The purpose of our review was to examine available data on population trends and current status of black ducks and trends in natality and survival and to relate these, where possible, to changes in habitat, predation, disease, contaminants, harvest, and hybridization with mallards. 2. The number of black ducks tallied in the winter survey has declined steadily over the past 30 years at an average rate of about 3%/ year. Reliability and precision of the survey are uncertain; it may not provide an adequate index to the continental population of black ducks. Breeding surveys are incomplete and sporadic, but black ducks have decreased in Ontario and increased in the Maritime Provinces and Quebec. 3. Recent declines in numbers of black ducks tallied in the winter survey are not unusual in magnitude or much different from those that have occurred among several other species of waterfowl. 4. At present, black ducks are not especially scarce relative to numbers of several other ducks in eastern North America. 5. There is no solid evidence of major decreases in quality or quantity of breeding habitat for black ducks in recent years; in some areas, habitat has improved. 6. Natural mortality of black ducks has not been well studied, but does not seem unusually high compared to other dabbling ducks. 7. Harvest rates of black ducks are similar to those of sympatric mallards as determined by banding analyses. 8. There is no strong evidence for direct effects of contaminants on black ducks, but some indirect effects through invertebrate food resources have been detected. 9. Age ratios in black ducks show no trend in the past 18 years. 10. The quality and quantity of wintering habitat for black ducks have decreased substantially in some areas. 11. Disease and other natural mortality that affect black ducks do .not occur in unusually high frequency. 12. A decline in harvest of black ducks has occurred; most of the decline has been in the United States, especially since restrictive regulations were implemented in 1983. 13. Recovery rates of black ducks have declined recently in the U.S., but not in Canada. 14. Survival rates of black ducks are 56-63% for adults and 43% for young. These rates of survival are similar to comparable estimates in sympatric mallards. 15. Long hunting seasons may depress survival in some sex-age classes of black ducks, buteffects of small reductions in survival on population trends are unknown. 16. Available evidence does not support the contention that hunting is either the sole or most important cause of the decline in the winter tally of black duck numbers. 17. Surveys and banding of black ducks should be thoroughly reviewed and maintained or improved as warranted. Obtaining or maintaining a reasonable index to numbers of black ducks is the top priority among survey needs. 18. Experimental manipulation of hunting seasons should be considered to elucidate relationships among regulations, harvest, survival, and population trends. 19. Black ducks and mallards are genetically similar; there is as much genetic differentiation within the 2 species as there is between them. 20. Black duck x mallard hybrids are fertile. Hybrids are difficult to detect by plumage and thus published frequencies (0-13%) of hybrids may be low. 21. Hybridization could be a result of concomitant mallard increases and black duck decreases, or changes in black duck-to-mallard ratios could be from hybridization and genetic swamping of black ducks.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Rusch, D., Ankney, C., Boyd, H., Longcore, J.R., Montalbano, F., Ringelman, J., and Stotts, V.D., 1989, Population ecology and harvest of the American black duck: a review: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 17, no. 4, p. 379-406.","productDescription":"379-406","startPage":"379","endPage":"406","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194197,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":17904,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3782702","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"17","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db684010","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rusch, D. H.","contributorId":19897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rusch","given":"D. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ankney, C.D.","contributorId":48904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ankney","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Boyd, H.","contributorId":65942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boyd","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Longcore, J. R. 0000-0003-4898-5438","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4898-5438","contributorId":43835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Longcore","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Montalbano, Frank III","contributorId":86715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Montalbano","given":"Frank","suffix":"III","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ringelman, J.K.","contributorId":65418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ringelman","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Stotts, Vernon D.","contributorId":86724,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stotts","given":"Vernon","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70015525,"text":"70015525 - 1989 - Lower Permian sediment-gravity-flow sequence, eastern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-23T15:35:30.98844","indexId":"70015525","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3368,"text":"Sedimentary Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lower Permian sediment-gravity-flow sequence, eastern California","docAbstract":"The Lower Permian (middle Wolfcampian) Zinc Hill sequence, a 65- to 110-m-thick series of beds in the Owens Valley Group in east-central California, comprises sediment-gravity-flow deposits consisting of carbonate sediment that originated on, and siliciclastic sediment that may have been generally ponded behind, a carbonate shelf to the east and northeast. Thickness patterns and paleocurrent indicators show that the sediment forming this sequence was transported primarily southeastward and deposited in a southeast-trending, lobe-shaped body. Evidently, the sediment was carried from the shelf by sediment-gravity flows that travelled westward down the slope and then turned southeastward upon reaching a southeast-trending basin at the base of the slope. Data derived from the study of this basin, which paralleled the shelf edge and is thought to have formed parallel to a southeast-oriented segment of the Early Permian continental margin, constitute one of the most important arguments favoring a Pennsylvanian to Early Permian age of truncation of the western North American continental margin.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0037-0738(89)90080-8","issn":"00370738","usgsCitation":"Stevens, C., Lico, M.S., and Stone, P., 1989, Lower Permian sediment-gravity-flow sequence, eastern California: Sedimentary Geology, v. 64, no. 1-3, p. 1-12, https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(89)90080-8.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223721,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"eastern California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.25036992550474,\n 36.24083341099646\n ],\n [\n -116.25036992550474,\n 35.348277037935134\n ],\n [\n -114.89567591529288,\n 35.348277037935134\n ],\n [\n -114.89567591529288,\n 36.24083341099646\n ],\n [\n -116.25036992550474,\n 36.24083341099646\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"64","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4a72e4b0c8380cd68d88","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stevens, C.H.","contributorId":16102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevens","given":"C.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lico, Michael S.","contributorId":75897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lico","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stone, Paul 0000-0002-1439-0156 pastone@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1439-0156","contributorId":273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"Paul","email":"pastone@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":371154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015231,"text":"70015231 - 1989 - Tulelake, California: The last 3 million years","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-10T16:00:28.838301","indexId":"70015231","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tulelake, California: The last 3 million years","docAbstract":"The Tulelake basin, formed by east-west extension and faulting during the past several million years, contains at least 550 m of lacustrine sediment. Interdisciplinary studies of a 334 m-long cored section from the town of Tulelake, California, near the center of the basin, document a 3-m.y. record of environmental changes. The core consists of a thick sequence of diatomaceous clayey, silty, and marly lacustrine sediments interbedded with numerous tephra layers. Paleomagnetic study puts the base of the core at about 3.0 Ma. Twelve widespread silicic tephra units provide correlations with other areas and complement age control provided by magnetostratigraphy; mafic and silicic tephra units erupted from local sources are also common in the core. Widespread tephra units include the Llao Rock pumice (=Tsoyawata, 7 ka), the Trego Hot Springs Bed (23 ka), and the Rockland (0.40 Ma), Lava Creek (0.62 Ma), and Rio Dell (1.5 Ma) ash beds, as well as several ash beds also found at Summer Lake, Oregon, and an ash bed originally recognized in DSDP hole 173 in the northeastern Pacific. Several tephra layers found in the core also occur in lacustrine beds exposed around the margins of the basin and elsewhere in the ancestral lacustrine system.
Diatoms are present throughout the section. Pollen is present in most of the section, but some barren zones are found in the interval between 50 and 140 m; the greatest change in behavior of the pollen record takes place just above the top of the Olduvai Normal-Polarity Subchronozone. Ostracodes are present only in high-carbonate (>10% CaCO3) intervals. Evolutionary changes are found in the diatom and ostracode records. Bulk geochemical analyses show significant changes in elemental composition of the sediment through time.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0031-0182(89)90134-X","issn":"00310182","usgsCitation":"Adam, D., Sarna-Wojcicki, A., Rieck, H.J., Bradbury, J., Dean, W., and Forester, R.M., 1989, Tulelake, California: The last 3 million years: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 72, p. 89-103, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(89)90134-X.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"89","endPage":"103","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224141,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Tulelake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.590433212109,\n 42.001532888963766\n ],\n [\n -121.590433212109,\n 41.82182577352725\n ],\n [\n -121.39683255075273,\n 41.82182577352725\n ],\n [\n -121.39683255075273,\n 42.001532888963766\n ],\n [\n -121.590433212109,\n 42.001532888963766\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"72","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb8bae4b08c986b327a2b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Adam, D.P.","contributorId":14815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adam","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sarna-Wojcicki, A.M. 0000-0002-0244-9149","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0244-9149","contributorId":104022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sarna-Wojcicki","given":"A.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rieck, Hugh J.","contributorId":44560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rieck","given":"Hugh","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bradbury, J.P.","contributorId":14431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradbury","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dean, W.E.","contributorId":97099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"W.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Forester, R. M.","contributorId":76332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Forester","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":17532,"text":"ofr89284 - 1989 - Preliminary geologic map of the Puu Anahulu quadrangle, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-03-25T18:46:05.283311","indexId":"ofr89284","displayToPublicDate":"1995-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-284","title":"Preliminary geologic map of the Puu Anahulu quadrangle, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Vent deposits and lava flows from Hualalai Volcano and lava flows from Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea Volcanoes cover the Puu Anahulu 7 1/2-minute quadrangle. Hualalai's diffuse north-trending rift zone, marked by the large trachyte cone of Puu Waawaa and several basaltic spatter cones, is located mainly in the southwestern part of the quadrangle. Several Hualalai flows originated in the Hualalai quadrangle, crossed the Puu Anahulu quadrangle, and terminated in the Kiholo quadrangle. Hualalai flows cover most of the western half of the quadrangle and are interlayered with Mauna Loa lavas along a 2-kilometer-wide strip from southeast to northwest across the middle of the Puu Anahulu quadrangle. Mauna Loa flows cover most of the eastern half. Mauna Kea flows are restricted to the northeastern corner, where they underlie Hualalai and Mauna Loa lavas. A few extensive and relatively young flows from Hualalai and Mauna Loa cover most of the quadrangle; thus, the older units are generally small in area. The oldest units in the quadrangle are the trachyte cone of Puu Waawaa and its flow, which includes Puu Anahulu, covers about 7 percent of the quadrangle. Basaltic lavas of Hualalai range in age from latest Pleistocene to less than 2,000 years. Pleistocene lavas cover about 5 percent of this quadrangle, lavas that are 5,000 - 10,000 years old cover about 5 percent, lavas that are 3,000 - 5,000 years old cover about 3 percent, and three extensive flows that are 1,500 - 3,000 years old cover about 25 percent. The oldest Mauna Loa flows, that are probably 5,000 - 10,000 years old, cover about 2 percent of this quadrangle, flows that are 3,000 - 5,000 years old cover about 18 percent, six extensive flows that are 1,500 - 3,000 years old cover about 23 percent, and the 1859 flow, that is the youngest volcanic unit, and covers about 10 percent of its area. Two hawaiite flows from Mauna Kea, that are late Pleistocene in age, cover about 2 percent of the quadrangle.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr89284","usgsCitation":"Moore, R.B., Clague, D.A., Bohrson, W.A., and Wise, W.S., 1989, Preliminary geologic map of the Puu Anahulu quadrangle, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-284, Report: 19 p.; 2 Plates: 24.50 x 30.59 inches and 40.74 x 21.52 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr89284.","productDescription":"Report: 19 p.; 2 Plates: 24.50 x 30.59 inches and 40.74 x 21.52 inches","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":397619,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18942.htm"},{"id":46689,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0284/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":46690,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0284/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":149262,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0284/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":46691,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0284/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Puu Anahulu quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.875,\n 19.75\n ],\n [\n -155.75,\n 19.75\n ],\n [\n -155.75,\n 19.875\n ],\n [\n -155.875,\n 19.875\n ],\n [\n -155.875,\n 19.75\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67ad82","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, Richard B. rmoore@usgs.gov","contributorId":1464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Richard","email":"rmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":176760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clague, David A.","contributorId":77105,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clague","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bohrson, Wendy A.","contributorId":55024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohrson","given":"Wendy","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wise, W. S.","contributorId":53817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wise","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":20713,"text":"ofr89253 - 1989 - Flow of ground water through fractured carbonate rocks in the Prairie du Chien-Jordan Aquifer, southeastern Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-19T11:18:56","indexId":"ofr89253","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-253","title":"Flow of ground water through fractured carbonate rocks in the Prairie du Chien-Jordan Aquifer, southeastern Minnesota","docAbstract":"Contamination of groundwater from point and nonpoint sources (such as landfills, feedlots, agricultural chemicals applied to fields, and septic systems) is a recognized problem in the karst area of southeastern Minnesota. The US Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources and the Legislative Commission on Minnesota Resources, Began a study in October 1987 to improve the understanding of local groundwater flow through karst terrain in southeastern Minnesota. The objectives of the study are to: (1) describe the orientations of systematic rock fractures and solution channels of the Prairie du Chien Group of Ordovician-age carbonate rocks in southeastern Minnesota, and, if possible, to define the principal and minor axes of these orientations; and (2) evaluate the effect of fractures and solution channels in the Prairie du Chien Group on the local flow of groundwater. Groundwater in the Upper Carbonate aquifer regionally flows toward the periphery of the aquifer and locally flows into streams and bedrock valleys. The hydraulic gradient in this aquifer generally is greatest near areas of groundwater seepage to streams. Regional groundwater flow in the Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer generally is to the south and east in much of Fillmore and Houston Counties and in the southern parts of Olmsted and Winona Counties. Groundwater seepage to selected streams was evaluated by current-meter measurements of downstream gains or losses of streamflow and by an experimental approach based on radon activity in streams. The activity of radon in groundwater ranges from two to four orders of magnitude greater than the activity in surface water; therefore, groundwater seepage to streams generally increases the in-stream radon activity.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"St. Paul, MN","doi":"10.3133/ofr89253","usgsCitation":"Ruhl, J.F., 1989, Flow of ground water through fractured carbonate rocks in the Prairie du Chien-Jordan Aquifer, southeastern Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-253, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr89253.","productDescription":"2 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":50273,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0253/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":154819,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0253/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Prairie du Chien-Jordan Aquifer","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48c0e4b07f02db53c023","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ruhl, J. F.","contributorId":81866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruhl","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27171,"text":"wri894017 - 1989 - Geohydrology of the Foothill ground-water basin near Santa Barbara, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:26","indexId":"wri894017","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4017","title":"Geohydrology of the Foothill ground-water basin near Santa Barbara, California","docAbstract":"Geohydrologic data presented in this report indicate that the East Subbasin of the Goleta groundwater basin and Storage Unit II of the Santa Barbara groundwater basin should be considered as a separate groundwater basin, which is referred to as the Foothill groundwater basin in this report. The 4.5 sq-mi Foothill groundwater basin is bordered on the north and northeast by the Santa Ynez Mountains and on three sides by faults that impede groundwater flow. Sedimentary rocks of Tertiary age underlie the groundwater basin and form its lower boundary. Unconsolidated deposits of the Santa Barbara Formation (Pliocene and Pleistocene age) form the principal aquifer of the basin. Where a zone of low permeability separates it from overlying Quaternary alluvium, the aquifer is confined. In the early 1950's, groundwater levels declined more than 60 ft during periods of heavy pumping. From the mid-1950 's to the late 1970 's, groundwater levels generally rose. Water levels during 1984-87 generally declined. Nitrate concentrations in samples from two wells exceeded the primary maximum contaminant level established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Secondary maximum contaminant levels for dissolved solids, chloride, and sulfate also were exceeded in some samples. A three-dimensional finite-difference model was developed for part of Foothill groundwater basin. Steady-state verification and transient-state model calibrations were used to estimate or confirm estimates of basin recharge and natural discharge. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S. Geological Survey, Books and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri894017","usgsCitation":"Freckleton, J.R., 1989, Geohydrology of the Foothill ground-water basin near Santa Barbara, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4017, v, 46 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894017.","productDescription":"v, 46 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119059,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4017/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56045,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4017/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a898a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Freckleton, J. R.","contributorId":93498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freckleton","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":13718,"text":"ofr87237 - 1989 - Hydrology and digital simulation of the regional aquifer system, eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":13718,"text":"ofr87237 - 1989 - Hydrology and digital simulation of the regional aquifer system, eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho","indexId":"ofr87237","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"title":"Hydrology and digital simulation of the regional aquifer system, eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":38451,"text":"pp1408F - 1992 - Hydrology and digital simulation of the regional aquifer system, eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho","indexId":"pp1408F","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"chapter":"F","title":"Hydrology and digital simulation of the regional aquifer system, eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":38451,"text":"pp1408F - 1992 - Hydrology and digital simulation of the regional aquifer system, eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho","indexId":"pp1408F","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"title":"Hydrology and digital simulation of the regional aquifer system, eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho"},"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-22T20:48:37.270001","indexId":"ofr87237","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-237","title":"Hydrology and digital simulation of the regional aquifer system, eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr87237","usgsCitation":"Garabedian, S., 1989, Hydrology and digital simulation of the regional aquifer system, eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-237, Report: x, 151 p.; 10 Plates: 27.67 x 25.65 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87237.","productDescription":"Report: x, 151 p.; 10 Plates: 27.67 x 25.65 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":383499,"rank":11,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0237/plate-10.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":383498,"rank":10,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0237/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":383497,"rank":9,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0237/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":383496,"rank":8,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0237/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":383495,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0237/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":383494,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0237/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":383493,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0237/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":383492,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0237/plate-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":383491,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0237/plate-8.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":383490,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0237/plate-9.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":147282,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0237/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Snake River Plain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.93847656250001,\n 42.06560675405716\n ],\n [\n -111.005859375,\n 42.06560675405716\n ],\n [\n -111.005859375,\n 43.96119063892024\n ],\n [\n -116.93847656250001,\n 43.96119063892024\n ],\n [\n -116.93847656250001,\n 42.06560675405716\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e8fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garabedian, S. P.","contributorId":56657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garabedian","given":"S. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":13262,"text":"ofr88490 - 1989 - Variable-density ground-water flow and paleohydrology in the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) region, southeastern New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-20T19:41:23.737582","indexId":"ofr88490","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-490","title":"Variable-density ground-water flow and paleohydrology in the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) region, southeastern New Mexico","docAbstract":"Variable-density groundwater flow was studied near the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant in southeastern New Mexico. An analysis of the relative magnitude of pressure-related and density-related flow-driving forces indicates that density-related gravity effects are not significant at the plant and to the west but are significant in areas to the north, northeast, and south. A regional-scale model of variable-density groundwater flow in the Culebra Dolomite member of the Rustler Formation indicates that the flow velocities are relatively rapid (10 to the minus 7th power m/sec) west of the site and extremely slow (10 to the minus 11th power m/sec) east and northeast of the site. In the transition zone between those two extremes, which includes the plant, velocities are highly variable. Sensitivity simulations indicate that the central and western parts of the region, including the plant, are fairly well isolated from the eastern and northeastern boundaries. Vertical-flux simulations indicate that as much as 25% of total inflow to the Culebra could be entering as vertical flow, with most of this flow occurring west of the plant. A simple cross-sectional model was developed to examine the flow system as it drains through time following recharge during a past glacial pluvial. This model indicates that the system as a whole drains very slowly and that it apparently could have sustained flow from purely transient drainage following recharge of the system during the Pleistocene. (USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr88490","usgsCitation":"Davies, P.B., 1989, Variable-density ground-water flow and paleohydrology in the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) region, southeastern New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 88-490, xii, 139 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr88490.","productDescription":"xii, 139 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":41645,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0490/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":146796,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0490/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":404156,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_17454.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -104.026,\n 32.137\n ],\n [\n -103.644,\n 32.137\n ],\n [\n -103.644,\n 32.554\n ],\n [\n -104.026,\n 32.554\n ],\n [\n -104.026,\n 32.137\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49a0e4b07f02db5bd805","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davies, P. B.","contributorId":66695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davies","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":44164,"text":"ofr89226 - 1989 - Summary of hydrologic data for the San Gabriel River basin and Edwards Aquifer, Georgetown area, Texas, water year 1988","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-15T09:09:29","indexId":"ofr89226","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-226","title":"Summary of hydrologic data for the San Gabriel River basin and Edwards Aquifer, Georgetown area, Texas, water year 1988","docAbstract":"The Edwards aquifer is the principle source of freshwater for municipal, domestic, and industrial users in the Georgetown area. Other sources of freshwater are the streams draining the San Gabriel River basin and Lake Georgetown. Lake Georgetown, located on the North Fork San Gabriel River west of Georgetown, is a freshwater supply for some municipalities in the area, water in the San Gabriel River basin also supplies a variety of needs east of Georgetown. Because of the importance of the Edwards aquifer and the surface waters in the area, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the city of Georgetown, conducted a monitoring program of the Edwards Aquifer and principal streams during water year 1988. The study area centered on Georgetown and encompassed an area of about 150 square miles (fig. 1).
\nThe freshwater resources in the Georgetown area have been the subject of three recent reports. Baker and others (1986) described the Edwards aquifer and the relation between recharge and discharge. Krietier and others (1987) provided fracture analysis, geologic mapping, ground-water chemistry, and the relation between rainfall and recharge in the study area. Land and Dorsey (1988) conducted an investigation to reassess the inclusion of the Georgetown Limestone as one of the geologic units comprising the Edwards aquifer. In addition, the Geological Survey publishes streamflow and water-quality data in the Water Resources Data for Texas report on an annual basis.
\nThe primary purpose of this report is to present a summary of the hydrologic data collected from the streams draining the San Gabriel River basin and from the Edwards aquifer during the 1988 water year (October 1987–September 1988). A secondary purpose is to add perspective to the 1988 data by including data from the previous 2 years (1986 and 1987) when available. The scope of the report is limited to the Georgetown area (fig. 1) and to data collected by the Geological Survey.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr89226","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Georgetown","usgsCitation":"Land, L.F., and Dorsey, M., 1989, Summary of hydrologic data for the San Gabriel River basin and Edwards Aquifer, Georgetown area, Texas, water year 1988: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-226, Plate: 34.68 x 28.33 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr89226.","productDescription":"Plate: 34.68 x 28.33 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326473,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr89226.JPG"},{"id":81561,"rank":1,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0226/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"San Gabriel River basin and Edwards Aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.75,\n 30.75\n ],\n [\n -97.5625,\n 30.75\n ],\n [\n -97.5625,\n 30.625\n ],\n [\n -97.625,\n 30.625\n ],\n [\n -97.625,\n 30.5\n ],\n [\n -97.75,\n 30.5\n ],\n [\n -97.75,\n 30.75\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db699146","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Land, Larry F.","contributorId":60612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Land","given":"Larry","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dorsey, M.E.","contributorId":73997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dorsey","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":38470,"text":"pp1403G - 1989 - Hydrogeology, ground-water movement, and subsurface storage in the Floridan aquifer system in southern Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-17T18:39:56.937825","indexId":"pp1403G","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1403","chapter":"G","title":"Hydrogeology, ground-water movement, and subsurface storage in the Floridan aquifer system in southern Florida","docAbstract":"The Floridan aquifer system of southern Florida is composed chiefly of carbonate rocks that range in age from early Miocene to Paleocene. The top of the aquifer system in southern Florida generally is at depths ranging from 500 to 1,000 feet, and the average thickness is about 3,000 feet. It is divided into three general hydrogeologic units: (1) the Upper Floridan aquifer, (2) the middle confining unit, and (3) the Lower Floridan aquifer. The Upper Floridan aquifer contains brackish ground water, and the Lower Floridan aquifer contains salty ground water that compares chemically to modern seawater. Zones of high permeability are present in the Upper and Lower Floridan aquifers. A thick, cavernous dolostone in the Lower Floridan aquifer, called the Boulder Zone, is one of the most permeable carbonate units in the world (transmissivity of about 2.5 x 107 feet squared per day). Ground-water movement in the Upper Floridan aquifer is generally southward from the area of highest head in central Florida, eastward to the Straits of Florida, and westward to the Gulf of Mexico.\r\n\r\nDistributions of natural isotopes of carbon and uranium generally confirm hydraulic gradients in the Lower Floridan aquifer. Groundwater movement in the Lower Floridan aquifer is inland from the Straits of Florida. The concentration gradients of the carbon and uranium isotopes indicate that the source of cold saltwater in the Lower Floridan aquifer is seawater that has entered through the karat features on the submarine Miami Terrace near Fort Lauderdale. The relative ages of the saltwater suggest that the rate of inland movement is related in part to rising sea level during the Holocene transgression. Isotope, temperature, and salinity anomalies in waters from the Upper Floridan aquifer of southern Florida suggest upwelling of saltwater from the Lower Floridan aquifer. The results of the study support the hypothesis of circulating relatively modern seawater and cast doubt on the theory that the saltwater in the Floridan aquifer system probably is connate or unflushed seawater from high stands of sea level.\r\n\r\nThe principal use of the Floridan aquifer system in southern Florida is for subsurface storage of liquid waste. The Boulder Zone of the Lower Floridan aquifer is extensively used as a receptacle for injected treated municipal wastewater, oil field brine, and, to a lesser extent, industrial wastewater. Pilot studies indicate a potential for cyclic storage of freshwater in the Upper Floridan aquifer in southern Florida.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1403G","usgsCitation":"Hydrogeology, ground-water movement, and subsurface storage in the Floridan aquifer system in southern Florida; 1989; PP; 1403-G; Meyer, Frederick W.","productDescription":"59 p.","numberOfPages":"59","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124781,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1403g/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":65027,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1403g/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"12.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.1217,\n 29.7369\n ],\n [\n -83.1217,\n 26.5789\n ],\n [\n -81.4525,\n 26.5789\n ],\n [\n -81.4525,\n 29.7369\n ],\n [\n -83.1217,\n 29.7369\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
Water resources in the White Earth Indian Reservation meet the present (1988) needs for potable supply and other household uses and provide valuable ecological, recreational, and aesthetic benefits. Total annual water use in the Reservation is about 460 million gallons per year. Domestic supply from privately owned wells and municipal systems accounts for roughly three-fourths of the water use, and irrigation of croplands and nurseries accounts for approximately one-fourth, depending on rainfall.
\nGlacial-drift aquifers are the source of ground water in the Reservation. Unconfined-drift aquifers consist of two surficial outwash deposits that extend over approximately one-fifth of the Reservation. One deposit trends along a north-south strip through the central part of the Reservation, and the other occupies the southeastern corner. Confined-drift aquifers are the most significant source of ground-water supply. These aquifers are discontinuous lenses of sand and gravel that hydraulically are poorly connected to each other. The aquifers are 50 to 300 feet below land surface and 5 to 25 feet thick. Yields from these aquifers typically range from 10 to 100 gallons per minute.
\nSurface water in the Reservation consist of numerous lakes, wetlands, prairie potholes, and streams. The larger, deeper lakes in the eastern and southern parts of the Reservation support walleye and northern pike and provide recreational opportunities for swimming and boating. The shallower lakes and prairie potholes are used to produce wild rice and also are managed to provide waterfowl habitat. Most of the streams in the Reservation drain the headwater areas of basins that are part of the Red River of the North watershed; however, several small streams in the southeastern part drain to the Crow Wing River, which is part of the Mississippi River drainage system. The Wild Rice River drains the largest basin in the Reservation.
\nGround water is mostly a calcium magnesium bicarbonate type. Dissolvedsolids concentration of the ground water generally is greater in the deeper confined-drift aquifers than in the shallower unconfined-drift aquifers. The concentrations of sodium and sulfate in water from the confined-drift aquifers are higher in the northwestern part of the Reservation than in the rest of the aquifer. Except for elevated concentrations of iron and manganese, the quality of the ground water meets the criteria established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) for drinking water.
\nSurface water also is a calcium magnesium bicarbonate type. Lake waters are hard and alkaline and are mesotrophic to eutrophic in productivity. Quality of the lake and stream water is suitable for native forms of freshwater biota, although the concentration of total recoverable mercury exceeds the 0.012 micrograms per liter maximum contaminant level; that level, established by USEPA for the organic form of dissolved mercury, is intended to protect against chronic effects on freshwater life. Available information, however, indicates that the amount of mercury in edible tissue from fish in alkaline lakes of northwestern Minnesota is within safe limits. The concentrations of phosphorus and nitrate in the streams are below levels that indicate pollution problems.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"St. Paul, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri894074","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the White Earth Indian Reservation Business Committee","usgsCitation":"Ruhl, J.F., 1989, Water resources of the White Earth Indian Reservation, northwestern Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4074, vii, 73 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894074.","productDescription":"vii, 73 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":58302,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4074/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":126744,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4074/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"White Earth Indian Reservation","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.03424072265625,\n 46.97463048970669\n ],\n [\n -96.03424072265625,\n 47.4596655525415\n ],\n [\n -95.29815673828124,\n 47.4596655525415\n ],\n [\n -95.29815673828124,\n 46.97463048970669\n ],\n [\n -96.03424072265625,\n 46.97463048970669\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f02a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ruhl, J. F.","contributorId":81866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruhl","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29454,"text":"wri884114 - 1989 - Water resources of the Fond du Lac Indian Reservation, east-central Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-19T11:19:25","indexId":"wri884114","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4114","title":"Water resources of the Fond du Lac Indian Reservation, east-central Minnesota","docAbstract":"Water resources in the Fond du Lac Indian Reservation meet the present (1987) needs for drinking-water supplies and other household uses with respect to water quality and quantity, and provide valuable ecological, recreational, and aesthetic benefits. Total annual water use in the Reservation is about 36.5 million gallons per year and per capita use is about 100 gallons per day. Practically all the water is used for domestic supply. Ground water is the source of all water supplies in the Reservation.
\nThree aquifers are the source of ground water in the Reservation. Unconfined-drift aquifers consist of surficial outwash that extends over one third of the Reservation. Confined-drift aquifers consist of sand and gravel deposits that occur discontinuously at depths of 50 to 150 feet throughout the Reservation. The third aquifer is in crystalline bedrock that underlies the glacial drift.
\nSurface-water resources in the Reservation consist of numerous wetlands, many shallow lakes, and streams that drain five basins. All the basins in the Reservation are part of the St. Louis River drainage system, except for a small area in the southcentral part of the Reservation that is part of the Kettle River basin. Stoney Brook, which is the major stream, drains three fourths of the Reservation. Average discharge from Stoney Brook during the 1984 water year was 82 cubic feet per second. The lakes in the Reservation, which are shallow and small, have a combined surface area of about 3,000 acres.
\nConcentrations of constituents in ground-water samples met recommended and regulated limits set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for drinking water except for samples collected from wells in the unconfined-drift aquifer that suggested limits for nitrate (one sample), iron (two samples), and manganese (six samples), were exceeded. Quality of water in the lakes and streams is suitable for native forms of plant and animal life.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"St. Paul, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri884114","collaboration":"Prepared in Cooperation with the Fond du Lac Indian Reservation Business Committee","usgsCitation":"Ruhl, J.F., 1989, Water resources of the Fond du Lac Indian Reservation, east-central Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4114, v, 42 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884114.","productDescription":"v, 42 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":58299,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4114/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119528,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4114/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Fond du Lac Indian Reservation","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.4774169921875,\n 46.73327226871774\n ],\n [\n -92.4774169921875,\n 46.6451938027548\n ],\n [\n -92.7520751953125,\n 46.64472240881699\n ],\n [\n -92.74864196777342,\n 46.875213396722685\n ],\n [\n -92.73902893066406,\n 46.878029625122075\n ],\n [\n -92.72323608398438,\n 46.88131503811574\n ],\n [\n -92.70744323730469,\n 46.878029625122075\n ],\n [\n -92.69096374511719,\n 46.87709089874481\n ],\n [\n -92.67791748046875,\n 46.875213396722685\n ],\n [\n -92.66624450683594,\n 46.874274621077795\n ],\n [\n -92.65663146972656,\n 46.87380522709687\n ],\n [\n -92.64495849609375,\n 46.875213396722685\n ],\n [\n -92.62229919433594,\n 46.87333582901027\n ],\n [\n -92.61680603027342,\n 46.870988776992256\n ],\n [\n -92.61062622070312,\n 46.870988776992256\n ],\n [\n -92.59689331054688,\n 46.87051935427163\n ],\n [\n -92.58041381835938,\n 46.86723328026759\n ],\n [\n -92.57286071777344,\n 46.862069043222895\n ],\n [\n -92.57492065429688,\n 46.855026101172285\n ],\n [\n -92.5762939453125,\n 46.84798223530896\n ],\n [\n -92.57286071777344,\n 46.83999807052501\n ],\n [\n -92.56050109863281,\n 46.83577067935951\n ],\n [\n -92.55157470703125,\n 46.82637528602131\n ],\n [\n -92.5433349609375,\n 46.81932766316868\n ],\n [\n -92.5323486328125,\n 46.81650835534017\n ],\n [\n -92.52548217773438,\n 46.81415881922961\n ],\n [\n -92.50968933105469,\n 46.81509864599243\n ],\n [\n -92.49870300292969,\n 46.81932766316868\n ],\n [\n -92.48771667480469,\n 46.81462873466413\n ],\n [\n -92.48497009277344,\n 46.80428964656369\n ],\n [\n -92.4835968017578,\n 46.79723912881805\n ],\n [\n -92.47123718261719,\n 46.795828914397596\n ],\n [\n -92.46162414550781,\n 46.79394857101435\n ],\n [\n -92.45819091796875,\n 46.78924742510817\n ],\n [\n -92.46025085449217,\n 46.78407569031799\n ],\n [\n -92.47055053710938,\n 46.779373682055635\n ],\n [\n -92.4835968017578,\n 46.773730730079414\n ],\n [\n -92.49252319335938,\n 46.76761686478674\n ],\n [\n -92.49114990234374,\n 46.75726874246586\n ],\n [\n -92.48634338378906,\n 46.744095530257525\n ],\n [\n -92.4774169921875,\n 46.73327226871774\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db69963f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ruhl, J. F.","contributorId":81866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruhl","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27587,"text":"wri884234 - 1989 - Geohydrology of the alluvial and terrace deposits of the North Canadian River from Oklahoma City to Eufaula Lake, central Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:40","indexId":"wri884234","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4234","title":"Geohydrology of the alluvial and terrace deposits of the North Canadian River from Oklahoma City to Eufaula Lake, central Oklahoma","docAbstract":"This investigation was undertaken to describe the geohydrology of the alluvial and terrace deposits along the North Canadian River between Lake Overholser and Eufaula Lake, an area of about 1,835 square miles, and to determine the maximum annual yield of ground water.\r\nA 1982 water-level map of the alluvial and terrace aquifer was prepared using field data and published records. Data from test holes and other data from the files of the U.S. Geological Survey and the Oklahoma Water Resources Board were used to establish the approximate thickness of the alluvial and terrace deposits.\r\n\r\nThe North Canadian River from Lake Overholser, near Oklahoma City, to Eufaula Lake is paralleled by a 2- to 3-mile wide band of alluvium. Scattered terrace deposits on either side of the alluvium reach an extreme width of 8 miles. Rocks of Permian age bound the alluvial and terrace deposits from the west to the midpoint of the study area; Pennsylvanian rocks bound the alluvial and terrace deposits from that point eastward.\r\n\r\nThree major aquifers are present in the study area: the alluvial and terrace aquifer, consisting of alluvium and terrace deposits of Quaternary age in a narrow band on either side of the North Canadian River; the Garber-Wellington aquifer of Permian age, consisting of an upper unconfined zone and a lower confined zone separated by relatively impermeable shales; and the Ada-Vamoosa aquifer of Pennsylvanian age. At locations were the alluvial and terrace aquifer overlies either of the other aquifers, there is hydraulic continuity between the alluvial and terrace aquifer and the other aquifers, and water levels are the same.\r\n\r\nMost large-scale municipal and industrial pumping from the Garber-Wellington aquifer is from the lower zone and has little discernible effect upon the alluvial and terrace aquifer.\r\n\r\nThe total estimated base flow of the North Canadian River for the studied reach is 264 cubic feet per second. Evapotranspiration from the basin in August is about 60 cubic feet per second for the North Canadian River from Lake Overholser to a measuring station above Eufaula Lake. Estimated recharge rates to the alluvial and terrace aquifer in the basin range from 1.7 inches at the west edge of the study area to 7.0 inches at the east edge.\r\n\r\nTotal permitted withdrawal from the aquifer, according to records of the Oklahoma Water Resources Board, ranged from 2,107 acre-feet per year in 1942 to about 21,415 acre-feet per year in 1982.\r\n\r\nSimulations of the alluvial and terrace aquifer from Lake Overholser to Eufaula Lake were made using a finite-difference model developed by McDonald and Harbaugh (1984). The area of the aquifers was subdivided into a finite-difference grid having 30 rows and 57 columns with cells measuring 1 mile in the north-south direction and 2 miles in the east-west direction. The model was calibrated in two steps: A steady-state calibration simulated head distribution prior to extensive pumping of the aquifer in 1942, and a transient calibration simulated head distribution after extensive pumpage. The final horizontal hydraulic conductivity used for the alluvial and terrace aquifer was 0.0036 feet per second (310 feet per day) at all locations. The recharge rate for the alluvial and terrace aquifer ranged from 1.7 inch per year in the west to 7.0 inches per year in the east, and averaged about 3.3 inches per year. A specific yield of 15 percent was used for the transient simulation.\r\n\r\nPermitted pumpage for 1942 through 1982 was used in the digital model to estimate the annual volume of water in storage in the alluvial and terrace aquifer for the years for this time period. The 1982 permitted pumpage rates were used for projections for 1983 to 2020. The estimated volume of water in storage was 1,940,000 acre-feet in 1982. Because the estimated recharge rate is equal to the allowed pumpage rate in 1982, the projected volume of water in storage in both 1993 and 2020 was 1,890,000 acre-feet.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-file reports, Federal Center,","doi":"10.3133/wri884234","usgsCitation":"Havens, J., 1989, Geohydrology of the alluvial and terrace deposits of the North Canadian River from Oklahoma City to Eufaula Lake, central Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4234, vii, 32 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884234.","productDescription":"vii, 32 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":121808,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4234/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56439,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4234/plate-01.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56440,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4234/plate-02.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56441,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4234/plate-03.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56442,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4234/plate-04.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56443,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4234/plate-05.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56444,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4234/plate-06.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56445,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4234/plate-07.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56446,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4234/plate-08.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56447,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4234/plate-09.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56448,"rank":409,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4234/plate-10.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56449,"rank":410,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4234/plate-11.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56450,"rank":411,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4234/plate-12.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56451,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4234/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8888","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Havens, J.S.","contributorId":12043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Havens","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}