The willow flycatcher (Empidonax traillii) breeds across much of the conterminous United States and in portions of extreme southern Canada. As might be expected in such a wide-ranging species, willow fly- catchers in different portions of the range exhibit differences in appearance, song, and ecological characteristics. The intent of this chapter is to provide information on the breeding-season ecology of the southwestern subspecies, E.t. extimus. However, most ecological studies to date have dealt with other willow flycatcher subspecies. Relatively few studies have been published on E.t. extimus, and much of what is currently known is presented in unpublished literature (e.g., agency and consulting firm reports); these sources are relied upon heavily in this chapter. This chapter does not address habitat characteristics in depth, other than for nest sites (refer to A Survey of Current Breeding Habitats for additional details). Although southwestern willow flycatchers are frequent victims of nest parasitism by brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater), this chapter will not address the topic of parasitism and its effect on breeding ecology (refer to The Ecology of Brown-headed Cowbirds and their Effects on Southwestern Willow Flycatchers for details). Readers interested in more details of willow flycatcher biology and ecology are encouraged to read McCabe’s (1991) treatise, which is based on over a decade of willow flycatchers research in Wisconsin and includes comparisons with other populations and subspecies.
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The intervening liquefaction was achieved by controlled blasting. A geotechnical borehole radar technique was used to acquire high-resolution 2-D radar velocity data. This method of non-destructive site characterization uses radar trans-illumination surveys through the soil column and tomographic data manipulation techniques to construct radar velocity tomograms, from which averaged void ratios can be derived at 0.25 - 0.5m pixel footprints. Tomograms of void ratio were constructed through the relation between soil porosity and dielectric constant. Both pre- and post-blast tomograms were collected and indicate that liquefaction related densification occurred at the site. Volumetric strains estimated from the tomograms correlate well with the observed settlement at the site. The 2-D imagery of void ratio can serve as high-resolution data layers for numerical site response analysis.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of Sessions of Geo-Denver 2000 - Computer Simulation of Earthquake Effects, GSP 110","conferenceTitle":"Sessions of Geo-Denver 2000 - Computer Simulation of Earthquake Effects, GSP 110","conferenceLocation":"Denver, CO","language":"English","doi":"10.1061/40523(298)3","isbn":"9780784405239","usgsCitation":"Kayen, R., Barnhardt, W., Ashford, S., and Rollins, K., 2000, Non-destructive measurement of soil liquefaction density change by crosshole radar tomography, Treasure Island, California, v. 298, https://doi.org/10.1061/40523(298)3.","startPage":"52","endPage":"65","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":214337,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40523(298)3"},{"id":242056,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"298","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-04-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a673be4b0c8380cd7322a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kayen, Robert E. rkayen@usgs.gov","contributorId":2787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kayen","given":"Robert E.","email":"rkayen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":441658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barnhardt, Walter A.","contributorId":80656,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnhardt","given":"Walter A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ashford, Scott","contributorId":51401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ashford","given":"Scott","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rollins, Kyle","contributorId":53614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rollins","given":"Kyle","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":441660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70043756,"text":"70043756 - 2000 - New Publications of the U.S. Geological Survey, July-September 2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-18T12:15:29","indexId":"70043756","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":378,"text":"Publications of the US Geological Survey","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"New Publications of the U.S. Geological Survey, July-September 2000","docAbstract":"A list of USGS publications and articles by U.S. Geological Survey personnel in non-U.S. Geological Survey journals and books that were published in July to September of the year 2000.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/70043756","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2000, New Publications of the U.S. Geological Survey, July-September 2000: Publications of the US Geological Survey, 60 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70043756.","productDescription":"60 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":272694,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70043756/report.pdf"},{"id":267776,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70043756/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5124ad57e4b0b6328103b4ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1017425,"text":"1017425 - 2000 - Scientific meeting raises awareness of amphibian decline in Asia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-07-06T01:01:41","indexId":"1017425","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2873,"text":"Newsletter of the Declining Amphibian Populations Task Force of the World","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Scientific meeting raises awareness of amphibian decline in Asia","docAbstract":"Blood samples from 433 Peregrine Falcons (Falco peregrinus) during fall and spring migrations, 1976-80, indicated that most of their pesticide burden, primarily DDE, was accumulated on wintering grounds in Latin America. DDE in spring migrants returning from Latin America for the first time declined significantly from 1979 to 1980. Only about 10% of breeding-age females contained organochlorine residues likely to adversely affect reproduction. 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The lake has not reached its natural spill elevation to the Sheyenne River (a tributary of the Red River of the North) in recorded history. However, geologic evidence indicates a spill occurred sometime within the last 1,800 years. From 1993 to 1999, Devils Lake rose 24.5 feet and, at the present (August 2000), is about 13 feet below the natural spill elevation. The recent lake-level rise has caused flood damages exceeding $300 million and triggered development of future flood-control options to prevent further infrastructure damage and reduce the risk of a potentially catastrophic uncontrolled spill. Construction of an emergency outlet from the west end of Devils Lake to the Sheyenne River is one flood-control option being considered. This report describes the climatologic and hydrologic causes of the recent lake level rise, provides information on the potential for continued lake-level rises during the next 15 years, and describes the potential effectiveness of an emergency outlet in reducing future lake levels and in reducing the risk of an uncontrolled spill. The potential effects of an outlet on downstream water quantity and quality in the upper Sheyenne River also are described.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri004174","usgsCitation":"Wiche, G.J., Vecchia, A.V., Osborne, L., Wood, C.M., and Fay, J.T., 2000, Climatology, hydrology, and simulation of an emergency outlet, Devils Lake basin, North Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4174, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004174.","productDescription":"16 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":156610,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4174/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":403172,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4174/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":400777,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_32189.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Devils Lake basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -99.3548583984375,\n 47.78548011929362\n ],\n [\n -98.2342529296875,\n 47.78548011929362\n ],\n [\n -98.2342529296875,\n 48.295985271707636\n ],\n [\n -99.3548583984375,\n 48.295985271707636\n ],\n [\n -99.3548583984375,\n 47.78548011929362\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d6e4b07f02db5de0df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wiche, Gregg J. gjwiche@usgs.gov","contributorId":1675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiche","given":"Gregg","email":"gjwiche@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":193595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vecchia, A. 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","language":"English","publisher":"South Dakota State University","usgsCitation":"Dechant, J., 2000, A fascination with birds: Prairie Naturalist, v. 31, no. 3, p. 189-190.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"189","endPage":"190","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132635,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6aecbf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dechant, Jill A. 0000-0003-3172-0708","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3172-0708","contributorId":103984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dechant","given":"Jill A.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":324373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1017032,"text":"1017032 - 2000 - Cryptic genetic variation and paraphyly in ravens","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-16T16:12:27.449209","indexId":"1017032","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3174,"text":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cryptic genetic variation and paraphyly in ravens","docAbstract":"Widespread species that are morphologically uniform may be likely to harbour cryptic genetic variation. Common ravens (Corvus corax) have an extensive range covering nearly the entire Northern Hemisphere, but show little discrete phenotypic variation. We obtained tissue samples from throughout much of this range and collected mitochondrial sequence and nuclear microsatellite data. Our study revealed a deep genetic break between ravens from the western United States and ravens from throughout the rest of the world. These two groups, the ‘California clade’ and the ‘Holarctic clade’ are well supported and over 4% divergent in mitochondrial coding sequence. Microsatellites also reveal significant differentiation between these two groups. Ravens from Minnesota, Maine and Alaska are more similar to ravens from Asia and Europe than they are to ravens from California. The two clades come in contact over a huge area of the western United States, with mixtures of the two mitochondrial groups present in Washington, Idaho and California. In addition, the restricted range Chihuahuan raven (Corvus cryptoleucus) of the south–west United States and Mexico is genetically nested within the paraphyletic common raven. Our findings suggest that the common raven may have formerly consisted of two allopatric groups that may be in the process of remerging.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Royal Society Publishing","doi":"10.1098/rspb.2000.1308","usgsCitation":"Omland, K., Tarr, C., Boarman, W., Marzluff, J., and Fleischer, R., 2000, Cryptic genetic variation and paraphyly in ravens: Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, v. 267, p. 2475-2482, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2000.1308.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"2475","endPage":"2482","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479161,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1690844","text":"External Repository"},{"id":133172,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Northern Hemisphere","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -175.078125,\n -4.915832801313164\n ],\n [\n 181.40625,\n -4.915832801313164\n ],\n [\n 181.40625,\n 84.92832092949963\n ],\n [\n -175.078125,\n 84.92832092949963\n ],\n [\n -175.078125,\n -4.915832801313164\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"267","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-12-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acfe4b07f02db680083","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Omland, K.E.","contributorId":48924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Omland","given":"K.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tarr, C.L.","contributorId":25116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tarr","given":"C.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Boarman, W.I.","contributorId":73523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boarman","given":"W.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Marzluff, J.M.","contributorId":15152,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marzluff","given":"J.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fleischer, R.C.","contributorId":82259,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleischer","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1016563,"text":"1016563 - 2000 - Lack of reproduction in muskoxen and arctic hares caused by early winter?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-06T15:57:27.779573","indexId":"1016563","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":894,"text":"Arctic","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lack of reproduction in muskoxen and arctic hares caused by early winter?","docAbstract":"A lack of young muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) and arctic hares (Lepus arcticus) in the Eureka area of Ellesmere Island, Northwest Territories (now Nunavut), Canada, was observed during summer 1998, in contrast to most other years since 1986. Evidence of malnourished muskoxen was also found. Early winter weather and a consequent 50% reduction of the 1997 summer replenishment period appeared to be the most likely cause, giving rise to a new hypothesis about conditions that might cause adverse demographic effects in arctic herbivores.
","language":"English","publisher":"Arctic Institute of North America","doi":"10.14430/arctic836","usgsCitation":"Mech, L.D., 2000, Lack of reproduction in muskoxen and arctic hares caused by early winter?: Arctic, v. 53, no. 1, p. 69-71, https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic836.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"69","endPage":"71","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479290,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic836","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":132662,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"53","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b43a8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mech, L. David 0000-0003-3944-7769 david_mech@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3944-7769","contributorId":2518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mech","given":"L.","email":"david_mech@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":324384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1017190,"text":"1017190 - 2000 - Measurement of milt quality and factors affecting viability of fish spermatotzoa; Cryopreservation aquatic species","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-24T12:51:43","indexId":"1017190","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":665,"text":"Advances in World Aquaculture","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Measurement of milt quality and factors affecting viability of fish spermatotzoa; Cryopreservation aquatic species","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Advances in World Aquaculture","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"00-062/NF","usgsCitation":"Honeyfield, D., and Krise, W.F., 2000, Measurement of milt quality and factors affecting viability of fish spermatotzoa; Cryopreservation aquatic species: Advances in World Aquaculture, v. 7, p. 49-58.","productDescription":"p. 49-58","startPage":"49","endPage":"58","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132967,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a28e4b07f02db6110d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Honeyfield, D. C. 0000-0003-3034-2047","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3034-2047","contributorId":73136,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Honeyfield","given":"D. C.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":324693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krise, W. F.","contributorId":50842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krise","given":"W.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1003608,"text":"1003608 - 2000 - Septicemic pasteurellosis in free-ranging neonatal pronghorn in Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-19T13:49:13","indexId":"1003608","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Septicemic pasteurellosis in free-ranging neonatal pronghorn in Oregon","docAbstract":"As part of a study to determine the cause(s) of population decline and low survival of pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) neonates on Hart Mountain National Antelope Refuge (HMNAR), Oregon (USA), 55 of 104 neonates captured during May 1996 and 1997 were necropsied (n = 28, 1996; n = 27, 1997) to determine cause of death. Necropsies were conducted on fawns that died during May, June, or July of each year. The objectives of this study were to report the occurrence and pathology of pasteurellosis in neonates and determine if the isolated strain of Pasteurella multocida was unique. Septicemic pasteurellosis, caused by P. multocida, was diagnosed as the cause of death for two neonates in May and June 1997. Necropsy findings included widely scattered petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhages found over a large portion of the subcutaneous tissue, meninges of the brain, epicardium, skeletal muscle, and serosal surface of the thorasic and abdominal cavities. Histological examination of lung tissues revealed diffuse congestion and edema and moderate to marked multifocal infiltrate of macrophages, neutrophils, and numerous bacteria within many terminal bronchioles and alveoli. Pasteurella multocida serotypes A:3,4, and B:1 were isolated from several tissues including lung, intestinal, thorasic fluid, and heart blood. Each B:1 isolate had DNA restriction endonuclease fingerprint profiles distinct from isolates previously characterized from domestic cattle, swan (Olor spp.), moose (Alces alces), and pronghorn from Montana (USA). This is the first report of pasteurellosis in pronghorn from Oregon and the B:1 isolates appear to be unique in comparison to DNA fingerprint profiles from selected domestic and wild species.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-36.2.383","usgsCitation":"Dunbar, M.R., Wolcott, M.J., Rimler, R., and Berlowski, B.M., 2000, Septicemic pasteurellosis in free-ranging neonatal pronghorn in Oregon: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 36, no. 2, p. 383-388, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-36.2.383.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"383","endPage":"388","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479274,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-36.2.383","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":134161,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Hart Mountain National Antelope Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.1849365234375,\n 41.98807738309159\n ],\n [\n -119.27307128906249,\n 41.98807738309159\n ],\n [\n -119.27307128906249,\n 42.96446257387128\n ],\n [\n -120.1849365234375,\n 42.96446257387128\n ],\n [\n -120.1849365234375,\n 41.98807738309159\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"36","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fde4b07f02db5f5f10","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dunbar, Michael R.","contributorId":42935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunbar","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolcott, Mark J.","contributorId":60176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolcott","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rimler, R.B.","contributorId":68274,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rimler","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Berlowski, Brenda M.","contributorId":12011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berlowski","given":"Brenda","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1000916,"text":"1000916 - 2000 - Seasonal changes in ruffe abundance in two Lake Superior tributaries: Implications for control","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-23T13:23:18","indexId":"1000916","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seasonal changes in ruffe abundance in two Lake Superior tributaries: Implications for control","docAbstract":"Since the discovery of ruffe Gymnocephalus cernuus in the St. Louis River in 1987, state, federal, and tribal management agencies have sought to slow its spread to areas outside the western end of Lake Superior. A debate over control strategies highlighted uncertainties about seasonal movements of this species between Lake Superior and its western tributaries. One strategy called for eliminating reproducing populations in tributaries on the periphery of the range using chemical piscicides. That strategy rested on the assumption that ruffe congregate in tributaries during a predictable time of year. This study was designed to explore that assumption. Ruffe collections from the Iron and Sand rivers during 1995 indicated that ruffe were present in those tributaries throughout the summer but that abundance was not highest at the predicted time: June 19–22. Maximum abundance in the Iron River did not coincide with that in the Sand River and did not occur during June 19–22 in either river. The timing of peak abundance was not clearly related to changes in water temperature. Ruffe were present in substantial numbers in Lake Superior during June 19–22 when aggregations in the tributaries had been predicted. These findings do not support the assumption of the chemical control strategy.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(2000)020<0822:SCIRAI>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Horns, W.H., Brown, W.P., Hulse, S.R., and Bronte, C.R., 2000, Seasonal changes in ruffe abundance in two Lake Superior tributaries: Implications for control: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 20, no. 3, p. 822-826, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(2000)020<0822:SCIRAI>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"822","endPage":"826","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133407,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc3da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Horns, William H.","contributorId":40946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horns","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, William P.","contributorId":16357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hulse, Scott R.","contributorId":64205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hulse","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bronte, Charles R.","contributorId":83050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bronte","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1017426,"text":"1017426 - 2000 - Pepperweed: a growing threat to western wildlife habitat","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-07-06T01:01:41","indexId":"1017426","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3030,"text":"People, Land, and Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pepperweed: a growing threat to western wildlife habitat","docAbstract":"Counts on photographs and visual estimates of the numbers of territorial gulls are usually reliable indicators of the number of gull nests, but single visual estimates are not adequate to measure the number of nests in individual colonies. To properly interpret gull counts requires that several islands with known numbers of nests be photographed to establish the ratio of gulls to nests applicable for a given local census. Visual estimates are adequate to determine total breeding gull numbers by regions. Neither visual estimates nor photography will reliably detect annual changes of less than about 2.5 percent.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"People, Land, and Water","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Gilmer, D., 2000, Pepperweed: a growing threat to western wildlife habitat: People, Land, and Water, no. 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Cell suspensions of S. barnesii were able to reduce arsenate to arsenite when the former oxyanion was dissolved in solution, or when it was adsorbed onto the surface of ferrihydrite, a common soil mineral, by a variety of mechanisms (e.g., coprecipitation, presorption). Reduction of Fe(III) in ferrihydrite to soluble Fe(II) also occurred, but dissolution of ferrihydrite was not required in order for adsorbed arsenate reduction to be achieved. This was illustrated by bacterial reduction of arsenate coprecipitated with aluminum hydroxide, a mineral that does not undergo reductive dissolution. The rate of arsenate reduction was influenced by the method in which arsenate became associated with the mineral phases and may have been strongly coupled with arsenate desorption rates. The extent of release of arsenite into solution was governed by adsorption of arsenite onto the ferrihydrite or alumina phases. The results of these experiments have interpretive significance to the mobilization of arsenic in large alluvial aquifers, such as those of the Ganges in India and Bangladesh, and in the hyporheic zones of contaminated streams.Sulfurospirillum barnesii is capable of anaerobic growth using ferric iron or arsenate as electron acceptors. Cell suspensions of S. barnesii were able to reduce arsenate to arsenite when the former oxyanion was dissolved in solution, or when it was adsorbed onto the surface of ferrihydrite a common soil mineral, by a variety of mechanisms (e.g., coprecipitation, presorption). Reduction of Fe(III) in ferrihydrite to soluble Fe(II) also occurred, but dissolution of ferrihydrite was not required in order for adsorbed arsenate reduction to be achieved. This was illustrated by bacterial reduction of arsenate coprecipitated with aluminum hydroxide, a mineral that does not undergo reductive dissolution. The rate of arsenate reduction was influenced by the method in which arsenate became associated with the mineral phases and may have been strongly coupled with arsenate desorption rates. The extent of release of arsenite into solution was governed by adsorption of arsenite onto the ferrihydrite or alumina phases. The results of these experiments have interpretive significance to the mobilization of arsenic in large alluvial aquifers, such as those of the Ganges in India and Bangladesh, and in the hyporheic zones of contaminated streams.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es001068h","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Zobrist, J., Dowdle, P., Davis, J., and Oremland, R.S., 2000, Mobilization of arsenite by dissimilatory reduction of adsorbed arsenate: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 34, no. 22, p. 4747-4753, https://doi.org/10.1021/es001068h.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"4747","endPage":"4753","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230751,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"22","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-10-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5b96e4b0c8380cd6f66d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zobrist, J.","contributorId":34287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zobrist","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dowdle, P.R.","contributorId":77678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dowdle","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Davis, J.A.","contributorId":71694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Oremland, Ronald S. 0000-0001-7382-0147 roremlan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7382-0147","contributorId":931,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oremland","given":"Ronald","email":"roremlan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1000929,"text":"1000929 - 2000 - Shifts in depth distributions of alewives, rainbow smelt, and age-2 lake trout in southern Lake Ontario following establishment of Dreissenids","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-23T13:21:26","indexId":"1000929","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Shifts in depth distributions of alewives, rainbow smelt, and age-2 lake trout in southern Lake Ontario following establishment of Dreissenids","docAbstract":"In the mid-1990s, biologists conducting assessments of fish stocks in Lake Ontario reported finding alewives Alosa pseudoharengus, rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax, and juvenile lake trout Salvelinus namaycush at greater depths than in the mid-1980s. To determine if depth distributions shifted coincident with the early 1990s colonization of Lake Ontario by exotic Dreissena mussels, we calculated mean depth of capture for each of the three species during trawl surveys conducted annually during 1978–1997 and examined the means for significant deviations from established patterns. We found that mean capture depth of alewives, rainbow smelt, and age-2 lake trout shifted deeper during the build up of the dreissenid population in Lake Ontario but that timing of the shift varied among seasons and species. Depth shifts occurred first for rainbow smelt and age-2 lake trout in June 1991. In 1992, alewives shifted deeper in June followed by age-2 lake trout in July–August. Finally, in 1993 and 1994, the distribution of lake trout and alewives shifted in April–May. Reasons why the three fishes moved to deeper water are not clear, but changes in distribution were not linked to temperature. Mean temperature of capture after the depth shift was significantly lower than before the depth shift except for alewives in April–May. Movement of alewives, rainbow smelt, and age-2 lake trout to colder, deeper water has the potential to alter growth and reproduction schedules by exposing the fish to different temperature regimes and to alter the food chain, increasing predation on Mysis relicta in deep water and decreasing alewife predation on lake trout fry over nearshore spawning grounds in spring.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(2000)129<1096:SIDDOA>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"O’Gorman, R., Elrod, J.H., Owens, R.W., Schneider, C.P., Eckert, T.H., and Lantry, B.F., 2000, Shifts in depth distributions of alewives, rainbow smelt, and age-2 lake trout in southern Lake Ontario following establishment of Dreissenids: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 129, no. 5, p. 1096-1106, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(2000)129<1096:SIDDOA>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1096","endPage":"1106","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133626,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"129","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fae4b07f02db5f3fe6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O’Gorman, Robert rogorman@usgs.gov","contributorId":3451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Gorman","given":"Robert","email":"rogorman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":309856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Elrod, Joseph H.","contributorId":72737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elrod","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Owens, Randall W.","contributorId":23871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Owens","given":"Randall","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schneider, Clifford P.","contributorId":45251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schneider","given":"Clifford","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Eckert, Thomas H.","contributorId":58585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eckert","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lantry, Brian F. 0000-0001-8797-3910 bflantry@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8797-3910","contributorId":3435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lantry","given":"Brian","email":"bflantry@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":309855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70006880,"text":"70006880 - 2000 - ARD remediation with limestone in a CO2 pressurized reactor","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-15T15:05:23","indexId":"70006880","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"seriesNumber":"ARD remediation with limestone in a CO2 pressurized reactor","displayTitle":"ARD remediation with limestone in a CO2 pressurized reactor","title":"ARD remediation with limestone in a CO2 pressurized reactor","docAbstract":"We evaluated a new process for remediation of acid rock drainage (ARD). The process treats ARD with intermittently fluidized beds of granular limestone maintained within a continuous flow reactor pressurized with CO2. Tests were performed over a thirty day period at the Toby Creek mine drainage treatment plant, Elk County, Pennsylvania in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection. Equipment performance was established at operating pressures of 0, 34, 82, and 117 kPa using an ARD flow of 227 L/min. The ARD had the following characteristics: pH, 3.1; temperature, 10 °C; dissolved oxygen, 6.4 mg/L; acidity, 260 mg/L; total iron, 21 mg/L; aluminum, 22 mg/L; manganese, 7.5 mg/L; and conductivity, 1400 μS/cm. In all cases tested, processed ARD was net alkaline with mean pH and alkalinities of 6.7 and 59 mg/L at a CO2 pressure of 0 kPa, 6.6 and 158 mg/L at 34 kPa, 7.4 and 240 mg/L at 82 kPa, and 7.4 and 290 mg/L at 117 kPa. Processed ARD alkalinities were correlated to the settled bed depth (p<0.001) and CO2 pressure (p<0.001). Iron, aluminum, and manganese removal efficiencies of 96%, 99%, and 5%, respectively, were achieved with filtration following treatment. No indications of metal hydroxide precipitation or armoring of the limestone were observed. The surplus alkalinity established at 82 kPa was successful in treating an equivalent of 1136 L/min (five-fold dilution) of the combined three ARD streams entering the Toby Creek Plant. This side-stream capability provides savings in treatment unit scale as well as flexibility in treatment effect. The capability of the system to handle higher influent acidity was tested by elevating the acidity to 5000 mg/L with sulfuric acid. Net alkaline effluent was produced, indicating applicability of the process to highly acidic ARD.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings from the Fifth International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Fifth International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage","conferenceDate":"May 21-24, 2000","conferenceLocation":"Denver, CO","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration","publisherLocation":"Littleton, CO","usgsCitation":"Sibrell, P.L., Watten, B.J., Friedrich, A.E., and Vinci, B.J., 2000, ARD remediation with limestone in a CO2 pressurized reactor, in Proceedings from the Fifth International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage, v. 2, Denver, CO, May 21-24, 2000, p. 1017-1026.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1017","endPage":"1026","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288104,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5391915fe4b06f80638265b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sibrell, Philip L. psibrell@usgs.gov","contributorId":2006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sibrell","given":"Philip","email":"psibrell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":355394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Watten, Barnaby J. 0000-0002-2227-8623 bwatten@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2227-8623","contributorId":2002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watten","given":"Barnaby","email":"bwatten@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":355393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Friedrich, Andrew E.","contributorId":60958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedrich","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Vinci, Brian J.","contributorId":71890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vinci","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1000918,"text":"1000918 - 2000 - Effects of long-term changes in the benthic community on yellow perch in Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-30T18:36:27.356529","indexId":"1000918","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of long-term changes in the benthic community on yellow perch in Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron","docAbstract":"Abundance, mortality, age and growth, food habits, and energetics of a yellow perch Perca flavescens population were investigated in eutrophic Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron during May to October, 1986 to 1988, and compared population characteristics with historical data from times when eutrophic conditions were less severe. During 1986 to 1988, yellow perch were abundant, but grew slowly and experienced high natural mortality. A size threshold was present at 150 to 180 mm beyond which few individuals survived, and sex ratios became biased toward males. An energetic model suggested that yellow perch were food limited; as they increased in size they spent a greater proportion of the growing season near maintenance ration. Low feeding rates were a consequence of subsistence on small chironomid larvae. Piscivory provided little energetic relief. Historical data suggested that availability of large benthic prey such as nymphs of the burrowing mayfly Hexagenia was important to yellow perch. Yellow perch formerly consumed Hexagenia, but mayflies were extirpated from Saginaw Bay during 1953 to 1965, and never recovered. When Hexagenia was present, yellow perch growth was moderate to fast depending on population size, size thresholds were not present, and yellow perch reached large size and older age despite moderate to high fishing mortality. Decreases in yellow perch growth rates during 1952 to 1955 coincided with extirpation of Hexagenia. Fast growth of yellow perch did occur after Hexagenia became extirpated, but only when fishing mortality was high, population size was small, and some large benthic invertebrates remained. Eutrophication of Saginaw Bay appeared to affect yellow perch by changing species composition and reducing size structure of the benthic community.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(00)70697-6","usgsCitation":"Schaeffer, J.S., Diana, J., and Haas, R.C., 2000, Effects of long-term changes in the benthic community on yellow perch in Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 26, no. 3, p. 340-351, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(00)70697-6.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"340","endPage":"351","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133358,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Lake Huron, Saginaw Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.69110107421875,\n 43.57840117718351\n ],\n [\n -83.66638183593749,\n 43.58238046828168\n ],\n [\n -83.57162475585938,\n 43.66985832954972\n ],\n [\n -83.5235595703125,\n 43.712556891207\n ],\n [\n -83.49197387695312,\n 43.69766549666678\n ],\n [\n -83.40408325195312,\n 43.8028187190472\n ],\n [\n -83.38211059570312,\n 43.84047016946789\n ],\n [\n -83.33129882812499,\n 43.86819814895608\n ],\n [\n -83.3148193359375,\n 43.91174463910793\n ],\n [\n -83.27499389648438,\n 43.93845058564535\n ],\n [\n -83.23654174804688,\n 43.974039863926414\n ],\n [\n -83.15826416015625,\n 43.97502815071961\n ],\n [\n -83.1060791015625,\n 43.99577837402021\n ],\n [\n -83.05801391601561,\n 43.98787438231982\n ],\n [\n -83.01956176757811,\n 44.03824429423549\n ],\n [\n -82.96463012695311,\n 44.05206384489493\n ],\n [\n -82.92205810546875,\n 44.05897241123968\n ],\n [\n -83.3477783203125,\n 44.34152959888481\n ],\n [\n -83.3807373046875,\n 44.342511749598444\n ],\n [\n -83.43154907226562,\n 44.29436701558004\n ],\n [\n -83.507080078125,\n 44.28748597164118\n ],\n [\n -83.56338500976562,\n 44.23929609118664\n ],\n [\n -83.57025146484375,\n 44.19894359225986\n ],\n [\n -83.58535766601562,\n 44.14772503380982\n ],\n [\n -83.57711791992188,\n 44.110267956688524\n ],\n [\n -83.60733032226562,\n 44.07969327425713\n ],\n [\n -83.60595703125,\n 44.062919801560156\n ],\n [\n -83.64578247070312,\n 44.06588017158586\n ],\n [\n -83.70620727539062,\n 44.02837121279199\n ],\n [\n -83.69522094726562,\n 44.00170567699191\n ],\n [\n -83.74465942382811,\n 44.010595521219145\n ],\n [\n -83.77212524414062,\n 44.000717834282774\n ],\n [\n -83.83804321289061,\n 44.01158319944901\n ],\n [\n -83.89022827148438,\n 43.9641560913977\n ],\n [\n -83.90121459960938,\n 43.93251696697599\n ],\n [\n -83.92593383789062,\n 43.9186695542589\n ],\n [\n -83.94790649414062,\n 43.77902662160831\n ],\n [\n -83.97537231445312,\n 43.76216815555818\n ],\n [\n -83.92318725585936,\n 43.66290452383666\n ],\n [\n -83.8861083984375,\n 43.63806292753483\n ],\n [\n -83.78036499023438,\n 43.62215891380659\n ],\n [\n -83.69110107421875,\n 43.57840117718351\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"26","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67ecce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schaeffer, Jeffrey S.","contributorId":89083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaeffer","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Diana, James S.","contributorId":52137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diana","given":"James S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Haas, Robert C.","contributorId":97450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haas","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1000955,"text":"1000955 - 2000 - Sustainability of the Lake Superior fish community: Interactions in a food web context","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-23T13:02:12","indexId":"1000955","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1478,"text":"Ecosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sustainability of the Lake Superior fish community: Interactions in a food web context","docAbstract":"The restoration and rehabilitation of the native fish communities is a long-term goal for the Laurentian Great Lakes. In Lake Superior, the ongoing restoration of the native lake trout populations is now regarded as one of the major success stories in fisheries management. However, populations of the deepwater morphotype (siscowet lake trout) have increased much more substantially than those of the nearshore morphotype (lean lake trout), and the ecosystem now contains an assemblage of exotic species such as sea lamprey, rainbow smelt, and Pacific salmon (chinook, coho, and steelhead). Those species play an important role in defining the constraints and opportunities for ecosystem management. We combined an equilibrium mass balance model (Ecopath) with a dynamic food web model (Ecosim) to evaluate the ecological consequences of future alternative management strategies and the interaction of two different sets of life history characteristics for fishes at the top of the food web. Relatively rapid turnover rates occur among the exotic forage fish, rainbow smelt, and its primary predators, exotic Pacific salmonids. Slower turnover rates occur among the native lake trout and burbot and their primary prey—lake herring, smelt, deepwater cisco, and sculpins. The abundance of forage fish is a key constraint for all salmonids in Lake Superior. Smelt and Mysis play a prominent role in sustaining the current trophic structure. Competition between the native lake trout and the exotic salmonids is asymmetric. Reductions in the salmon population yield only a modest benefit for the stocks of lake trout, whereas increased fishing of lake trout produces substantial potential increases in the yields of Pacific salmon to recreational fisheries. The deepwater or siscowet morphotype of lake trout has become very abundant. Although it plays a major role in the structure of the food web it offers little potential for the restoration of a valuable commercial or recreational fishery. Even if a combination of strong management actions is implemented, the populations of lean (nearshore) lake trout cannot be restored to pre-fishery and pre-lamprey levels. Thus, management strategy must accept the ecological constraints due in part to the presence of exotics and choose alternatives that sustain public interest in the resources while continuing the gradual progress toward restoration.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s100210000048","usgsCitation":"Kitchell, J.F., Cox, S.P., Harvey, C.J., Johnson, T.B., Mason, D.M., Schoen, K.K., Aydin, K., Bronte, C., Ebener, M., Hansen, M., Hoff, M., Schram, S., Schreiner, D., and Walters, C.J., 2000, Sustainability of the Lake Superior fish community: Interactions in a food web context: Ecosystems, v. 3, no. 6, p. 545-560, https://doi.org/10.1007/s100210000048.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"545","endPage":"560","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133575,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-03-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db687f1c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kitchell, James F.","contributorId":18324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kitchell","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cox, Sean P.","contributorId":73970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"Sean","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harvey, Chris J.","contributorId":42931,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"Chris","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson, Timothy B.","contributorId":49753,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mason, Doran M.","contributorId":75114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mason","given":"Doran","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Schoen, Kurt K.","contributorId":103634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoen","given":"Kurt","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Aydin, Kerim","contributorId":81460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aydin","given":"Kerim","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Bronte, Charles","contributorId":83073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bronte","given":"Charles","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Ebener, Mark","contributorId":97060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ebener","given":"Mark","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Hansen, Michael","contributorId":80231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Hoff, Michael","contributorId":80232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoff","given":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Schram, Steve","contributorId":69519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schram","given":"Steve","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Schreiner, Don","contributorId":20702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schreiner","given":"Don","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Walters, Carl J.","contributorId":25122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walters","given":"Carl","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14}]}} ,{"id":1000917,"text":"1000917 - 2000 - First record of Daphnia lumholtzi Sars in the Great Lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-23T13:08:12","indexId":"1000917","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"First record of Daphnia lumholtzi Sars in the Great Lakes","docAbstract":"Adults of the cladoceran Daphnia lumholtzi, native to Australia, Africa, and parts of Asia, were first collected in August 1999 in Lake Erie. Individuals were collected near East Harbor State Park, Lakeside, Ohio from vertical plankton net tows. The average number of D. lumholtzi that were found (0.03/L) indicate that D. lumholtzi is beginning to establish itself in Lake Erie. The morphology of this Daphnia differs greatly from native species because of its elongated head and tail spine. This sighting is important because it acknowledges yet another exotic invader into the Great Lakes basin and it also shows that this, normally, warm water species continues to expand its range northward.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(00)70698-8","usgsCitation":"Muzinic, C.J., 2000, First record of Daphnia lumholtzi Sars in the Great Lakes: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 26, no. 3, p. 352-354, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(00)70698-8.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"352","endPage":"354","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132715,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fae4b07f02db5f3ea3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Muzinic, Christopher J.","contributorId":80628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muzinic","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70022371,"text":"70022371 - 2000 - 206Pb-230Th-234U-238U and 207Pb-235U geochronology of Quaternary opal, Yucca Mountain, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-03T12:59:15","indexId":"70022371","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"206Pb-230Th-234U-238U and 207Pb-235U geochronology of Quaternary opal, Yucca Mountain, Nevada","docAbstract":"U–Th–Pb isotopic systems have been studied in submillimeter-thick outermost layers of Quaternary opal occurring in calcite–silica fracture and cavity coatings within Tertiary tuffs at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, USA. These coatings preserve a record of paleohydrologic conditions at this site, which is being evaluated as a potential high-level nuclear waste repository. The opal precipitated from groundwater is variably enriched in 234U (measured 234U/238U activity ratio 1.124–6.179) and has high U (30–313 ppm), low Th (0.008–3.7 ppm), and low common Pb concentrations (measured 206Pb/204Pb up to 11,370). It has been demonstrated that the laboratory acid treatment used in this study to clean sample surfaces and to remove adherent calcite, did not disturb U–Th–Pb isotopic systems in opal.
\nThe opal ages calculated from 206Pb∗/238U and 207Pb∗/235U ratios display strong reverse discordance because of excess radiogenic 206Pb∗ derived from the elevated initial 234U. The data are best interpreted using projections of a new four-dimensional concordia diagram defined by 206Pb∗/238U, 207Pb∗/235U, 234U/238Uactivity, and 230Th/238Uactivity. Ages and initial 234U/238U activity ratios have been calculated using different projections of this diagram and tested for concordance. The data are discordant, that is observed 207Pb∗/235U ages of 170 ± 32 (2σ) to 1772 ± 40 ka are systematically older than 230Th/U ages of 34.1 ± 0.6 to 452 ± 32 ka.
\nThe age discordance is not a result of migration of uranium and its decay products under the open system conditions, but a consequence of noninstantaneous growth of opal. Combined U–Pb and 230Th/U ages support the model of slow mineral deposition at the rates of millimeters per million years resulting in layering on a scale too fine for mechanical sampling. In this case, U–Pb ages provide more accurate estimates of the average age for mixed multiage samples than 230Th/U ages, because ages based on shorter-lived isotopes are nonlinearly biased by younger mineral additions.
\nUse of the combined U–Th–Pb technique to date Yucca Mountain Quaternary opals significantly extends the age range beyond that of the 230Th/U dating method and shows that selected fracture pathways in the unsaturated zone felsic tuffs of Yucca Mountain have been active throughout the Quaternary.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00408-7","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Neymark, L.A., Amelin, Y.V., and Paces, J.B., 2000, 206Pb-230Th-234U-238U and 207Pb-235U geochronology of Quaternary opal, Yucca Mountain, Nevada: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 64, no. 17, p. 2913-2928, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00408-7.","startPage":"2913","endPage":"2928","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206750,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00408-7"},{"id":230714,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"64","issue":"17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e24fe4b0c8380cd45a9d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Neymark, Leonid A. lneymark@usgs.gov","contributorId":532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neymark","given":"Leonid","email":"lneymark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":393410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Amelin, Yuri V.","contributorId":96863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Amelin","given":"Yuri","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Paces, James B. 0000-0002-9809-8493 jbpaces@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9809-8493","contributorId":2514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paces","given":"James","email":"jbpaces@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":393411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022337,"text":"70022337 - 2000 - Forest soil chemistry and terrain attributes in a Catskills watershed","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-10T17:50:31.633066","indexId":"70022337","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3420,"text":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Forest soil chemistry and terrain attributes in a Catskills watershed","docAbstract":"Knowledge of soil chemistry is useful in assessing the sensitivity of forested areas to natural and anthropogenic disturbances, but characterizing large areas is expensive because of the large sample numbers required and the cost of soil chemical analyses. We collected and chemically analyzed soil samples from 72 sites within a 214-ha watershed in the Catskill Mountains of New York to evaluate factors that influence soil chemistry and whether terrain features could be used to predict soil chemical properties. Using geographic information system (GIS) techniques, we determined five terrain attributes at each sampling location: (i) slope, (ii) aspect, (iii) elevation, (iv) topographic index, and (v) flow accumulation. These attributes were ineffective in predicting the chemical properties of organic and mineral soil samples; together they explained only 4 to 25% of the variance in pH(w), effective cation-exchange capacity (CEC(e)), exchangeable bases, exchangeable acidity, total C, total N, and C/N ratio. Regressions among soil properties were much better; total C and pH(w) together explained 33 to 66% of the variation in exchangeable bases and CEC(e). Total C was positively correlated with N (r = 0.91 and 0.96 in Oa horizons and mineral soil, respectively), exchangeable bases (r = 0.65, 0.76), and CEC(e) (r = 0.54, 0.44), indicating the importance of organic matter to the chemistry of these acidic soils. The fraction of CEC(e) occupied by H explained 44% of the variation in pH(w). Soil chemical properties at this site vary on spatial scales finer than typical GIS analyses, resulting in relationships with poor predictive power. Thus, interrelationships among soil properties are more reliable for prediction.Knowledge of soil chemistry is useful in assessing the sensitivity of forested areas to natural and anthropogenic disturbances, but characterizing large areas is expensive because of the large sample numbers required and the cost of soil chemical analyses. We collected and chemically analyzed soil samples from 72 sites within a 214-ha watershed in the Catskill Mountains of New York to evaluate factors that influence soil chemistry and whether terrain features could be used to predict soil chemical properties. Using geographic information system (GIS) techniques, we determined five terrain attributes at each sampling location: (i) slope, (ii) aspect, (iii) elevation, (iv) topographic index, and (v) flow accumulation. These attributes were ineffective in predicting the chemical properties of organic and mineral soil samples; together they explained only 4 to 25% of the variance in pHw, effective cation-exchange capacity (CECe), exchangeable bases, exchangeable acidity, total C, total N, and C/N ratio. Regressions among soil properties were much better; total C and pHw together explained 33 to 66% of the variation in exchangeable bases and CECe. Total C was positively correlated with N (r = 0.91 and 0.96 in Oa horizons and mineral soil, respectively), exchangeable bases (r = 0.65, 0.76), and CECe (r = 0.54, 0.44), indicating the importance of organic matter to the chemistry of these acidic soils. The fraction of CECe occupied by H explained 44% of the variation in pHw. Soil chemical properties at this site vary on spatial scales finer than typical GIS analyses, resulting in relationships with poor predictive power. Thus, interrelationships among soil properties are more reliable for prediction.","language":"English","publisher":"Soil Science Society of America","publisherLocation":"Madison, WI, United States","doi":"10.2136/sssaj2000.6451804x","issn":"03615995","usgsCitation":"Johnson, C., Ruiz-Mendez, J.J., and Lawrence, G., 2000, Forest soil chemistry and terrain attributes in a Catskills watershed: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 64, no. 5, p. 1804-1814, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2000.6451804x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1804","endPage":"1814","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230712,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Catskills Mountains, Winnisook watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.4107437133789,\n 41.98603585974727\n ],\n [\n -74.34928894042967,\n 41.98603585974727\n ],\n [\n -74.34928894042967,\n 42.03093424950211\n ],\n [\n -74.4107437133789,\n 42.03093424950211\n ],\n [\n -74.4107437133789,\n 41.98603585974727\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"64","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1338e4b0c8380cd5457e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, C.E.","contributorId":31741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ruiz-Mendez, J. J.","contributorId":19731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruiz-Mendez","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lawrence, G.B. 0000-0002-8035-2350","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8035-2350","contributorId":76347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawrence","given":"G.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022355,"text":"70022355 - 2000 - Earthquake stress triggers, stress shadows, and seismic hazard","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:48","indexId":"70022355","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1359,"text":"Current Science","onlineIssn":"0011-3891","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquake stress triggers, stress shadows, and seismic hazard","docAbstract":"Many aspects of earthquake mechanics remain an enigma at the beginning of the twenty-first century. One potential bright spot is the realization that simple calculations of stress changes may explain some earthquake interactions, just as previous and ongoing studies of stress changes have begun to explain human- induced seismicity. This paper, which is an update of Harris1, reviews many published works and presents a compilation of quantitative earthquake-interaction studies from a stress change perspective. This synthesis supplies some clues about certain aspects of earthquake mechanics. It also demonstrates that much work remains to be done before we have a complete story of how earthquakes work.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Current Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00113891","usgsCitation":"Harris, R., 2000, Earthquake stress triggers, stress shadows, and seismic hazard: Current Science, v. 79, no. 9, p. 1215-1225.","startPage":"1215","endPage":"1225","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230377,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"79","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0505e4b0c8380cd50c0a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harris, R.A. 0000-0002-9247-0768","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9247-0768","contributorId":41849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"R.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}