No abstract available.
No abstract available.
Following the Exxon-Valdez oil spill, hepatic rates of EROD activity and thus, P450 1A expression, were significantly higher in harlequin ducks (Histrionicus histrionicus) and Barrow’s goldeneyes (Bucephala islandica) from oiled areas of Prince William Sound, Alaska when compared to birds from unoiled sites. Polychlorinated biphenyl exposure did not account for areal differences in P450 1A induction in harlequin ducks. Background hydrocarbon levels in Prince William Sound were negligible prior to the 1989 oil spill, but remnant Exxon-Valdez oil was still present in nearshore habitats of the spill zone coincident with our study. We conclude that P450 1A induction in sea ducks from areas oiled during the Exxon-Valdez oil spill was likely due to exposure to residual oil. We speculate that biochemical and physiological changes in individuals chronically exposed to oil may be constraining population recovery of some sea duck species affected by the spill.
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By late summer and early fall of 1996, malformed frogs and toads were reported on U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) lands in Vermont (Northeast, Region 5) and Minnesota (Midwest, Region 3). In response to these reports, biologists in USFWS Regions 3 and 5 conducted a survey, during the summer of 1997 to determine the distribution and type of malformations in frogs and toads on selected federal lands. Region 3 personnel surveyed 38 field stations at National Wildlife Refuges (NWR's) and Wetland Management Districts. Malformed frogs and toads were collected at 23 (61%) of the Region 3 sites. External malformations were detected in 110 of 6632 individuals representing seven of 13 frog species and one of three toad species examined for an overall of 1.7% affected (percentages for affected species ranged from 0.4-5.2%). In Region 5, 17 NWR's and one National Park were surveyed. Malformed frogs were collected at 10 (56%) of the Region 5 sites. External malformations were detected in 58 of 2267 individuals representing six of 11 frog species and one of two toad species examined for an overall total of 2.6% affected (percentages for affected species ranged from 1.8-15.6%). The majority of malformations observed in frogs and toads collected in Regions 3 and 5 were partially or completely missing hind limbs and digits (50%)or malformed hind limbs and digits (14%). A few individuals had an extra limb or toe, missing or malformed front limb, missing eye, or malformation of the mandible. Despite small sample sizes at some sites, malformations were confirmed to be present in eight species of frogs and two species of toads on Federal lands in USFWS Regions 3 and 5. Further study is needed to determine the extent and distribution of amphibian malformations in these Regions. Data from this study were provided to the national database on distribution of malformed amphibians.
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57.06463027327855\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -169.82666015624997,\n 56.668302075770036\n ],\n [\n -169.25537109375,\n 56.65622649350222\n ],\n [\n -169.65087890625,\n 56.41390137600676\n ],\n [\n -169.91455078125,\n 56.6199765284502\n ],\n [\n -169.82666015624997,\n 56.668302075770036\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"107","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e499ee4b07f02db5bcba7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Converse, K. A.","contributorId":81436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Converse","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mattsson, J.","contributorId":21514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mattsson","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eaton-Poole, L.","contributorId":69521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eaton-Poole","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70023113,"text":"70023113 - 2000 - First-year movements by juvenile Mexican spotted owls in the Canyonlands of Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-25T14:01:35","indexId":"70023113","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2442,"text":"Journal of Raptor Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"First-year movements by juvenile Mexican spotted owls in the Canyonlands of Utah","docAbstract":"We studied first-year movements of Mexican Spotted Owls (Strix occidentalis lucida) during natal dispersal in canyonlands of southern Utah. Thirty-one juvenile Mexican Spotted Owls were captured and radiotracked during 1992-95 to examine behavior and conduct experiments related to the onset of natal dispersal. Juvenile Spotted Owls dispersed from their nest areas during September to October each year, with 85% leaving in September. The onset of movements was sudden and juveniles dispersed in varied directions. The median distance from nest area to last observed location was 25.7 km (range = 1.7-92.3 km). Three of 26 juveniles tracked (11%) were alive after one year, although none were observed with mates. We conducted a feeding experiment, using Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguicuculatus), to test the influence of increased food supply on dispersal onset. The mean dispersal date of five owls that received supplemental food (Julian day no. 255 ?? 2.6 SD) was significantly different than a control group (day no. 273 ?? 12.3).
","language":"English","publisher":"Raptor Research Foundation","issn":"08921016","usgsCitation":"Willey, D., and van Riper, C., 2000, First-year movements by juvenile Mexican spotted owls in the Canyonlands of Utah: Journal of Raptor Research, v. 34, no. 1, p. 1-7.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"7","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233770,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a106fe4b0c8380cd53c81","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Willey, D.W.","contributorId":19739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willey","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"van Riper, Charles III 0000-0003-1084-5843 charles_van_riper@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1084-5843","contributorId":169488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Riper","given":"Charles","suffix":"III","email":"charles_van_riper@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":396209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023224,"text":"70023224 - 2000 - Preliminary report on the 16 October 1999 M 7.1 Hector mine, California, earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-12T17:22:05.36156","indexId":"70023224","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Preliminary report on the 16 October 1999 M 7.1 Hector mine, California, earthquake","docAbstract":"The Mw 7.1 Hector Mine, California, earthquake occurred at 9:46 GMT on 16 October 1999. The event caused minimal damage because it was located in a remote, sparsely populated part of the Mojave Desert, approximately 47 miles east-southeast of Barstow, with epicentral coordinates 34.59°N 116.27°W and a hypocentral depth of 5 ± 3 km. Twelve foreshocks, M 1.9-3.8, preceded the mainshock during the previous twelve hours. All of these events were located close to the hypocenter of the mainshock.
The Hector Mine earthquake occurred within the Eastern California Shear Zone (ECSZ). By virtue of its remote location, the societal impact of the Hector Mine earthquake was, fortunately, minimal in spite of the event's appreciable size. The ECSZ is characterized by high seismicity, a high tectonic strain rate, and a broad, distributed zone of north-northwest-trending faults (ECSZ; Figure 1; Dokka and Travis, 1990; Sauber et al., 1986; Sauber et al., 1994; Sieh et al., 1993). Data regarding the slip rates of faults within the ECSZ suggest that on the order of 15% of the Pacific-North American plate motion occurs along this zone (Sauber et al., 1986; Wesnousky, 1986). Most of the faults in the ECSZ have low slip rates and long repeat times for major earthquakes, on the order of several thousands to tens of thousands of years. The occurrence of the Hector Mine earthquake within seven years and only about 30 km east of the 1992 Mw 7.3 Landers earthquake suggests that the closely spaced surface faults in the ECSZ are mechanically related.
The Hector Mine event involved rupture on two previously mapped fault zones—the Bullion Fault and an unnamed, more northerly-trending fault that is informally referred to in this paper as the Lavic Lake Fault (Dibblee, 1966, 1967a,b). Traces of the Bullion Fault exhibit evidence of Holocene displacement and were zoned as active in 1988 under California's Mquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zoning Act (Hart and Bryant, 1997). The pattern of rupture along more than one named fault was also observed from the 1992 Landers earthquake (Hauksson et al., 1993; Sieh et al., 1994).
Much of the fault zone that produced the Hector Mine earthquake had been buried by relatively young stream deposits, and the fault scarps in bedrock have a subdued morphology. It appears that these faults have not experienced significant offset for perhaps 10,000 years or more (Hart, 1987). Planned future investigations will refine the age of the last event on these faults. The portion of the Lavic Lake Fault that ruptured between the northern end of the Bullion Mountains and Lavic Lake had not previously been mapped. However, our field investigations have identified ancient, subdued fault scarps along portions of the 1999 rupture zone in this area. It thus appears that the entire segment of the Lavic Lake Fault that was involved in the 1999 event had ruptured in the past. As is typical for most faults within the Eastern California Shear Zone, the rate of movement along the Lavic Lake Fault may be quite slow (<1 mm/yr) and should produce earthquakes only infrequently. This event is a reminder that faults that have ruptured in late Quaternary time, but that lack evidence of Holocene displacement, can still produce earthquakes in this low-slip-rate tectonic setting.
Additionally, the Hector Mine earthquake is noteworthy for a couple of other reasons. First, it clearly produced triggered seismicity over much of southern California, from the rupture zone toward the south-southwest in particular. Second, as we will discuss, the event may provide new data and insight into recently developed paradigms concerning earthquake interactions and the role of static stress changes.
Questions such as these will, of course, be the subject of extensive detailed analyses in years to come. Fortunately, the Hector Mine sequence will provide one of the best data sets obtained to date for a significant earthquake in the United States. Because it occurred when major upgrades to both the regional seismic network (TriNet) and the regional geodetic network (SCIGN) were well underway, the Earth science community will have abundant high-quality data with which to explore the important and interesting questions that have been raised. In this paper, we present and discuss the basic data and preliminary results from the Hector Mine earthquake.
An epiphytic lichen and a soil lichen in two very closely related genera (Parmelia sulcata and Xanthoparmelia chlorochroa, respectively) were sampled 16 years apart at Theodore Roosevelt National Park in North Dakota and measured for their elemental content. Mercury and cadmium decreased approximately 30% over the time period in both species. Sulfur decreased 8% in the epiphytic species, but increased 20% in the soil lichen. Factor analysis revealed that soil elements were higher in the soil lichen, indicating there was some soil contamination in that species. A relationship between iron and titanium was found only in the soil lichen. Sulfur and mercury were highly enriched in both species relative to the soil, which suggests that the atmosphere is a contributing source of these elements. New baseline values were calculated, 22 elements for both species, although it is not recommended that the soil lichen be sampled in the future.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00711-7","usgsCitation":"Bennett, J.P., and Wetmore, C.M., 2000, 16-year trends in elements of lichens at Theodore Roosevelt National Park, ND: Science of the Total Environment, v. 263, no. 1-3, p. 231-241, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00711-7.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"231","endPage":"241","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134469,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Theodore Roosevelt National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -103.568115234375,\n 47.02801434856074\n ],\n [\n -103.52554321289062,\n 47.02614213366051\n ],\n [\n -103.4967041015625,\n 47.01958886438214\n ],\n [\n -103.47885131835938,\n 47.01490746524705\n ],\n [\n -103.46649169921875,\n 47.00179736417431\n ],\n [\n -103.41156005859375,\n 46.9980510299792\n ],\n [\n -103.4033203125,\n 46.98493679163584\n ],\n [\n -103.33740234375,\n 46.95776134668866\n ],\n [\n -103.3154296875,\n 46.94088688378103\n ],\n [\n -103.304443359375,\n 46.916503267244835\n ],\n [\n -103.30581665039062,\n 46.89210855010365\n ],\n [\n -103.36074829101562,\n 46.882723010671945\n ],\n [\n -103.392333984375,\n 46.87615215594502\n ],\n [\n -103.42254638671874,\n 46.889293060706166\n ],\n [\n -103.46923828124999,\n 46.90149244734082\n ],\n [\n -103.52005004882812,\n 46.91181283760963\n ],\n [\n -103.56399536132812,\n 46.92119328635469\n ],\n [\n -103.57635498046875,\n 46.939949257630815\n ],\n [\n -103.57772827148436,\n 46.97181933529799\n ],\n [\n -103.60794067382812,\n 46.98587362966408\n ],\n [\n -103.60931396484374,\n 47.00741637293773\n ],\n [\n -103.568115234375,\n 47.02801434856074\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -103.42117309570312,\n 47.638559656739545\n ],\n [\n -103.32366943359375,\n 47.63670896254457\n ],\n [\n -103.30307006835938,\n 47.62467785241324\n ],\n [\n -103.25225830078125,\n 47.616346999837226\n ],\n [\n -103.23577880859375,\n 47.611718174784954\n ],\n [\n -103.238525390625,\n 47.59690318115471\n ],\n [\n -103.2440185546875,\n 47.58393661978137\n ],\n [\n -103.27835083007812,\n 47.58856790334661\n ],\n [\n -103.27423095703124,\n 47.5774521343697\n ],\n [\n -103.29208374023438,\n 47.568187190520135\n ],\n [\n -103.3154296875,\n 47.568187190520135\n ],\n [\n -103.36624145507812,\n 47.56911375866714\n ],\n [\n -103.36761474609374,\n 47.54872547286774\n ],\n [\n -103.370361328125,\n 47.53852835471765\n ],\n [\n -103.4307861328125,\n 47.53945544742392\n ],\n [\n -103.4637451171875,\n 47.55057928124212\n ],\n [\n -103.47335815429688,\n 47.57004031042246\n ],\n [\n -103.46786499023438,\n 47.60338525714934\n ],\n [\n -103.46237182617188,\n 47.615421267605434\n ],\n [\n -103.42117309570312,\n 47.638559656739545\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"263","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5507feb0e4b02e76d757c12f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bennett, J. P.","contributorId":52103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wetmore, C. M.","contributorId":65036,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wetmore","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023112,"text":"70023112 - 2000 - Late Holocene hydrous mafic magmatism at the Paint Pot Crater and Callahan flows, Medicine Lake Volcano, N. California and the influence of H2O in the generation of silicic magmas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-03T16:47:32.940409","indexId":"70023112","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Late Holocene hydrous mafic magmatism at the Paint Pot Crater and Callahan flows, Medicine Lake Volcano, N. California and the influence of H2O in the generation of silicic magmas","title":"Late Holocene hydrous mafic magmatism at the Paint Pot Crater and Callahan flows, Medicine Lake Volcano, N. California and the influence of H2O in the generation of silicic magmas","docAbstract":"This paper characterizes late Holocene basalts and basaltic andesites at Medicine Lake volcano that contain high pre-eruptive H2O contents inherited from a subduction related hydrous component in the mantle. The basaltic andesite of Paint Pot Crater and the compositionally zoned basaltic to andesitic lavas of the Callahan flow erupted approximately 1000 14C years Before Present (14C years B.P.). Petrologic, geochemical and isotopic evidence indicates that this late Holocene mafic magmatism was characterized by H2O contents of 3 to 6 wt% H2O and elevated abundances of large ion lithophile elements (LILE). These hydrous mafic inputs contrast with the preceding episodes of mafic magmatism (from 10,600 to ∼3000 14C years B.P.) that was characterized by the eruption of primitive high alumina olivine tholeiite (HAOT) with low H2O (<0.2 wt%), lower LILE abundance and different isotopic characteristics. Thus, the mantle-derived inputs into the Medicine Lake system have not always been low H2O, primitive HAOT, but have alternated between HAOT and hydrous subduction related, calc-alkaline basalt. This influx of hydrous mafic magma coincides temporally and spatially with rhyolite eruption at Glass Mountain and Little Glass Mountain. The rhyolites contain quenched magmatic inclusions similar in character to the mafic lavas at Callahan and Paint Pot Crater. The influence of H2O on fractional crystallization of hydrous mafic magma and melting of pre-existing granite crust beneath the volcano combined to produce the rhyolite. Fractionation under hydrous conditions at upper crustal pressures leads to the early crystallization of Fe-Mg silicates and the suppression of plagioclase as an early crystallizing phase. In addition, H2O lowers the saturation temperature of Fe and Mg silicates, and brings the temperature of oxide crystallization closer to the liquidus. These combined effects generate SiO2-enrichment that leads to rhyodacitic differentiated lavas. In contrast, low H2O HAOT magmas at Medicine Lake differentiate to iron-rich basaltic liquids. When these Fe-enriched basalts mix with melted granitic crust, the result is an andesitic magma. Since mid-Holocene time, mafic volcanism has been dominated primarily by hydrous basaltic andesite and andesite at Medicine Lake Volcano. However, during the late Holocene, H2O-poor mafic magmas continued to be erupted along with hydrous mafic magmas, although in significantly smaller volumes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/PL00007657","issn":"00107999","usgsCitation":"Kinzler, R., Donnelly-Nolan, J., and Grove, T., 2000, Late Holocene hydrous mafic magmatism at the Paint Pot Crater and Callahan flows, Medicine Lake Volcano, N. California and the influence of H2O in the generation of silicic magmas: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 138, no. 1, p. 1-16, https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00007657.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233769,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Callahan flows, Medicine Lake Volcano, Paint Pot Crater","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.58655166625977,\n 41.55471020512347\n ],\n [\n -121.57934188842773,\n 41.554067911440036\n ],\n [\n -121.56457901000975,\n 41.56395852647527\n ],\n [\n -121.55170440673828,\n 41.572049721970586\n ],\n [\n -121.55187606811522,\n 41.58989814031685\n ],\n [\n -121.55324935913085,\n 41.5969591019372\n ],\n [\n -121.56063079833983,\n 41.5969591019372\n ],\n [\n -121.56354904174805,\n 41.59541859437006\n ],\n [\n -121.57041549682616,\n 41.597600969238194\n ],\n [\n -121.57264709472656,\n 41.60170876880125\n ],\n [\n -121.57539367675781,\n 41.601323673699724\n ],\n [\n -121.57796859741211,\n 41.60491780527577\n ],\n [\n -121.57693862915038,\n 41.60941018822229\n ],\n [\n -121.58020019531249,\n 41.61069366875248\n ],\n [\n -121.59101486206055,\n 41.61069366875248\n ],\n [\n -121.5937614440918,\n 41.60953853742442\n ],\n [\n -121.60079956054689,\n 41.61351723603341\n ],\n [\n -121.60921096801756,\n 41.611463744813506\n ],\n [\n -121.61951065063477,\n 41.614158938633295\n ],\n [\n -121.62586212158203,\n 41.60748491954806\n ],\n [\n -121.62620544433592,\n 41.601837133324395\n ],\n [\n -121.62534713745117,\n 41.59644560350027\n ],\n [\n -121.6377067565918,\n 41.59451994797579\n ],\n [\n -121.6464614868164,\n 41.58925619641459\n ],\n [\n -121.65298461914062,\n 41.57872740565638\n ],\n [\n -121.65813446044922,\n 41.57410446740546\n ],\n [\n -121.6567611694336,\n 41.57038019317787\n ],\n [\n -121.64680480957033,\n 41.5670410061491\n ],\n [\n -121.63667678833008,\n 41.561775014398656\n ],\n [\n -121.62380218505861,\n 41.55304022827121\n ],\n [\n -121.611270904541,\n 41.551627137235805\n ],\n [\n -121.58655166625977,\n 41.55471020512347\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"138","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a44e6e4b0c8380cd66eab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kinzler, R.J.","contributorId":47909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kinzler","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Donnelly-Nolan, J.M.","contributorId":104936,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Donnelly-Nolan","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grove, T.L.","contributorId":22088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grove","given":"T.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1003663,"text":"1003663 - 2000 - Toxicity of Anacostia River, Washington, D.C., USA, sediment fed to mute swans (Cygnus olor)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-28T18:26:57.416798","indexId":"1003663","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Toxicity of Anacostia River, Washington, D.C., USA, sediment fed to mute swans (Cygnus olor)","title":"Toxicity of Anacostia River, Washington, D.C., USA, sediment fed to mute swans (Cygnus olor)","docAbstract":"Sediment ingestion is sometimes the principal route by which waterfowl are exposed to environmental contaminants, and at severely contaminated sites waterfowl have been killed by ingesting sediment. Mute swans (Cygnus olor) were fed a diet for 6 weeks with a high but environmentally realistic concentration (24%) of sediment from the moderately polluted Anacostia River in the District of Columbia, USA, to estimate the sediment's toxicity. Control swans were fed the same diet without the sediment. Five organochlorine compounds were detected in the treated diets, but none of 22 organochlorine compounds included in the analyses was detected in livers of the treated swans. The concentrations of 24 polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons measured in the treated diet were as high as 0.80 mg/kg, and they were thought to have been responsible for the observed induction of hepatic microsomal monooxygenase activity in livers. A concentration of 85 mg/kg of lead in the diet was enough to decrease red blood cell ALAD activity but was not high enough to cause more serious effects of lead poisoning. The dietary concentrations of Al, Fe, V, and Ba were high compared to the concentrations of these elements known to be toxic in laboratory feeding studies. However, the lack of accumulation in the livers of the treated swans suggested that these elements were not readily available from the ingested sediment. We did not study all potential toxic effects, but, on the basis of those that we did consider, we concluded that the treated swans were basically healthy after a chronic exposure to the sediment.
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Unstained oocysts and those stained with fluorescein-conjugated monoclonal antibody were added to suspensions of viable rotifers and were examined by phase-contrast, differential interference contrast, and fluorescence microscopy. Rotifers of all six genera were observed ingesting oocysts. A maximum of 25 oocysts was observed in the stomachs of Euchlanis and Brachionus. Euchlanis and Epiphanes were observed excreting boluses containing up to eight oocysts. It was not determined whether rotifers digested or otherwise rendered oocysts nonviable.","language":"English","publisher":"International Society of Protistologists","doi":"10.1111/j.1550-7408.2000.tb00026.x","usgsCitation":"Fayer, R., Trout, J., Walsh, E., and Cole, R.A., 2000, Rotifers ingest oocysts of Cryptosporidium parvum: Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, v. 47, no. 2, p. 161-163, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2000.tb00026.x.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"161","endPage":"163","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134288,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-07-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fe20d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fayer, R.","contributorId":98684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fayer","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Trout, J.M.","contributorId":81855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trout","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Walsh, E.","contributorId":87511,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walsh","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cole, Rebecca A. 0000-0003-2923-1622","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2923-1622","contributorId":39719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"Rebecca","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70023111,"text":"70023111 - 2000 - Characterizing multiple timescales of stream and storage zone interaction that affect solute fate and transport in streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-10T08:53:37","indexId":"70023111","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characterizing multiple timescales of stream and storage zone interaction that affect solute fate and transport in streams","docAbstract":"The fate of contaminants in streams and rivers is affected by exchange and biogeochemical transformation in slowly moving or stagnant flow zones that interact with rapid flow in the main channel. In a typical stream, there are multiple types of slowly moving flow zones in which exchange and transformation occur, such as stagnant or recirculating surface water as well as subsurface hyporheic zones. However, most investigators use transport models with just a single storage zone in their modeling studies, which assumes that the effects of multiple storage zones can be lumped together. Our study addressed the following question: Can a single‐storage zone model reliably characterize the effects of physical retention and biogeochemical reactions in multiple storage zones? We extended an existing stream transport model with a single storage zone to include a second storage zone. With the extended model we generated 500 data sets representing transport of nonreactive and reactive solutes in stream systems that have two different types of storage zones with variable hydrologic conditions. The one storage zone model was tested by optimizing the lumped storage parameters to achieve a best fit for each of the generated data sets. Multiple storage processes were categorized as possessing I, additive; II, competitive; or III, dominant storage zone characteristics. The classification was based on the goodness of fit of generated data sets, the degree of similarity in mean retention time of the two storage zones, and the relative distributions of exchange flux and storage capacity between the two storage zones. For most cases (>90%) the one storage zone model described either the effect of the sum of multiple storage processes (category I) or the dominant storage process (category III). Failure of the one storage zone model occurred mainly for category II, that is, when one of the storage zones had a much longer mean retention time (ts ratio > 5.0) and when the dominance of storage capacity and exchange flux occurred in different storage zones. We also used the one storage zone model to estimate a “single” lumped rate constant representing the net removal of a solute by biogeochemical reactions in multiple storage zones. For most cases the lumped rate constant that was optimized by one storage zone modeling estimated the flux‐weighted rate constant for multiple storage zones. Our results explain how the relative hydrologic properties of multiple storage zones (retention time, storage capacity, exchange flux, and biogeochemical reaction rate constant) affect the reliability of lumped parameters determined by a one storage zone transport model. We conclude that stream transport models with a single storage compartment will in most cases reliably characterize the dominant physical processes of solute retention and biogeochemical reactions in streams with multiple storage zones.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000WR900051","usgsCitation":"Choi, J., Harvey, J.W., and Conklin, M.H., 2000, Characterizing multiple timescales of stream and storage zone interaction that affect solute fate and transport in streams: Water Resources Research, v. 36, no. 6, p. 1511-1518, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000WR900051.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1511","endPage":"1518","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479285,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2000wr900051","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":233735,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f500e4b0c8380cd4c02a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Choi, Jungyill","contributorId":70792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Choi","given":"Jungyill","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harvey, Judson W. 0000-0002-2654-9873 jwharvey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2654-9873","contributorId":1796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"Judson","email":"jwharvey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":396202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Conklin, Martha H.","contributorId":189395,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Conklin","given":"Martha","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1003650,"text":"1003650 - 2000 - Heavy metals in wild rice from northern Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-12T17:53:07.931355","indexId":"1003650","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Heavy metals in wild rice from northern Wisconsin","docAbstract":"Wild rice grain samples from various parts of the world have been found to have elevated concentrations of heavy metals, raising concern for potential effects on human health. It was hypothesized that wild rice from north-central Wisconsin could potentially have elevated concentrations of some heavy metals because of possible exposure to these elements from the atmosphere or from water and sediments. In addition, no studies of heavy metals in wild rice from Wisconsin had been performed, and a baseline study was needed for future comparisons. Wild rice plants were collected from four areas in Bayfield, Forest, Langlade, Oneida, Sawyer and Wood Counties in September, 1997 and 1998 and divided into four plant parts for elemental analyses: roots, stems, leaves and seeds. A total of 194 samples from 51 plants were analyzed across the localities, with an average of 49 samples per part depending on the element. Samples were cleaned of soil, wet digested, and analyzed by ICP for Ag, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mg, Pb, Se and Zn. Roots contained the highest concentrations of Ag, As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb, and Se. Copper was highest in both roots and seeds, while Zn was highest just in seeds. Magnesium was highest in leaves. Seed baseline ranges for the 10 elements were established using the 95% confidence intervals of the medians. Wild rice plants from northern Wisconsin had normal levels of the nutritional elements Cu, Mg and Zn in the seeds. Silver, Cd, Hg, Cr, and Se were very low in concentration or within normal limits for food plants. Arsenic and Pb, however, were elevated and could pose a problem for human health. The pathway for As, Hg and Pb to the plants could be atmospheric.
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A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for the determination of NIC residues in muscle fillet tissues of fish exposed to NIC and TFM during sea lamprey control treatments. NIC was extracted from fortified channel catfish and rainbow trout fillet tissue with a series of acetone extractions and cleaned up on C18 solid-phase extraction cartridges. NIC concentrations were determined by HPLC with detection at 360 and 335 nm for rainbow trout and catfish, respectively. Recovery of NIC from rainbow trout (n = 7) fortified at 0.04 μg/g was 77 ± 6.5% and from channel catfish (n = 7) fortified at 0.02 μg/g was 113 ± 11%. NIC detection limit was 0.0107 μg/g for rainbow trout and 0.0063 μg/g for catfish. Percent recovery of incurred radioactive residues by this method from catfish exposed to [14C]NIC was 89.3 ± 4.1%. Percent recoveries of NIC from fortified storage stability tissue samples for rainbow trout (n = 3) analyzed at 5 and 7.5 month periods were 78 ± 5.1 and 68 ± 2.4%, respectively. Percent recoveries of NIC from fortified storage stability tissue samples for channel catfish (n = 3) analyzed at 5 and 7.5 month periods were 88 ± 13 and 76 ± 21%, respectively.
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K.","contributorId":48900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cho, Yirang","contributorId":44112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cho","given":"Yirang","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Spanjers, N.J.","contributorId":11733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spanjers","given":"N.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Boogaard, M.A.","contributorId":92994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boogaard","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1003546,"text":"1003546 - 2000 - Regulation of nitrification in aquatic sediments by organic carbon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:20","indexId":"1003546","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Regulation of nitrification in aquatic sediments by organic carbon","docAbstract":"Abstract has not been submitted","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Limnology and Oceanography","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Strauss, E., and Lamberti, G.A., 2000, Regulation of nitrification in aquatic sediments by organic carbon: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 45, no. 8, p. 1854-1859.","productDescription":"pp. 1854-1859","startPage":"1854","endPage":"1859","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":178346,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c3a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Strauss, E.A.","contributorId":26010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strauss","given":"E.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lamberti, G. A.","contributorId":44229,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lamberti","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023219,"text":"70023219 - 2000 - Distribution of metals during digestion by cutthroat trout fed benthic invertebrates contaminated in the Clark Fork River, Montana and the Coeur d'Alene River, Idaho, U.S.A., and fed artificially contaminated Artemia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-17T16:03:34","indexId":"70023219","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2285,"text":"Journal of Fish Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution of metals during digestion by cutthroat trout fed benthic invertebrates contaminated in the Clark Fork River, Montana and the Coeur d'Alene River, Idaho, U.S.A., and fed artificially contaminated Artemia","docAbstract":"The concentrations of essential amino acids in three, undigested invertebrate diets collected from the Clark Fork River (CFR) for cutthroat trout were similar to each other, but were c. 25–75% less than Artemia that were exposed to a mixture of arsenic, copper, cadmium, lead and zinc in the laboratory. The Artemia diet appeared less palatable and the texture, quantity and appearance of the intestinal contents differed between fish fed the Artemia and CFR diets. The Pb% in the fluid fraction of the intestinal contents was greater for the Artemia (29%) than for the CFR diets (10–17%), and the Cu% in the amino acid plus metal fraction of the intestinal contents was greater for the Artemia (78%) than for two of the three CFR diets (67% and 70%). Intestinal contents of fish fed invertebrate diets collected from various sites on the Coeur d'Alene River (CDA), Idaho, were similar in texture, quantity, and appearance. For fish fed the CDA diets, differences in the distribution of metals among fractions of the digestive fluids appeared to be related to concentrations of metals in the invertebrate diets. Pb% was lowest of all metals in the fluid portion of the intestinal contents. However, >80% of all metals in the hind gut were associated with the particulate fraction where they may still be available for uptake through pinocytosis.
","language":"English","publisher":"FSBI","doi":"10.1006/jfbi.1999.1150","issn":"00221112","usgsCitation":"Farag, A., Suedkamp, M., Meyer, J., Barrows, R., and Woodward, D.F., 2000, Distribution of metals during digestion by cutthroat trout fed benthic invertebrates contaminated in the Clark Fork River, Montana and the Coeur d'Alene River, Idaho, U.S.A., and fed artificially contaminated Artemia: Journal of Fish Biology, v. 56, no. 1, p. 173-190, https://doi.org/10.1006/jfbi.1999.1150.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"173","endPage":"190","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232473,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207483,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jfbi.1999.1150"}],"volume":"56","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a02e1e4b0c8380cd5023e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Farag, A.M.","contributorId":106273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farag","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Suedkamp, M.J.","contributorId":70593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Suedkamp","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Meyer, J.S.","contributorId":85741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Barrows, R.","contributorId":35271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barrows","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Woodward, D. F.","contributorId":85645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodward","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70023229,"text":"70023229 - 2000 - Identifying fracture‐zone geometry using simulated annealing and hydraulic‐connection data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-15T11:18:18","indexId":"70023229","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Identifying fracture‐zone geometry using simulated annealing and hydraulic‐connection data","docAbstract":"A new approach is presented to condition geostatistical simulation of high‐permeability zones in fractured rock to hydraulic‐connection data. A simulated‐annealing algorithm generates three‐dimensional (3‐D) realizations conditioned to borehole data, inferred hydraulic connections between packer‐isolated borehole intervals, and an indicator (fracture zone or background‐K bedrock) variogram model of spatial variability. We apply the method to data from the U.S. Geological Survey Mirror Lake Site in New Hampshire, where connected high‐permeability fracture zones exert a strong control on fluid flow at the hundred‐meter scale. Single‐well hydraulic‐packer tests indicate where permeable fracture zones intersect boreholes, and multiple‐well pumping tests indicate the degree of hydraulic connection between boreholes. Borehole intervals connected by a fracture zone exhibit similar hydraulic responses, whereas intervals not connected by a fracture zone exhibit different responses. Our approach yields valuable insights into the 3‐D geometry of fracture zones at Mirror Lake. Statistical analysis of the realizations yields maps of the probabilities of intersecting specific fracture zones with additional wells. Inverse flow modeling based on the assumption of equivalent porous media is used to estimate hydraulic conductivity and specific storage and to identify those fracture‐zone geometries that are consistent with hydraulic test data.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000WR900073","usgsCitation":"Day-Lewis, F.D., Hsieh, P.A., and Gorelick, S.M., 2000, Identifying fracture‐zone geometry using simulated annealing and hydraulic‐connection data: Water Resources Research, v. 36, no. 7, p. 1707-1721, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000WR900073.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1707","endPage":"1721","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487460,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2000wr900073","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":232631,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a384de4b0c8380cd61508","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Day-Lewis, Frederick D. 0000-0003-3526-886X daylewis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3526-886X","contributorId":1672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Day-Lewis","given":"Frederick","email":"daylewis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":396929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hsieh, Paul A. 0000-0003-4873-4874 pahsieh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4873-4874","contributorId":1634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hsieh","given":"Paul","email":"pahsieh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":39113,"text":"WMA - Office of Quality Assurance","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":396930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gorelick, Steven M.","contributorId":69295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gorelick","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}