{"pageNumber":"3253","pageRowStart":"81300","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184904,"records":[{"id":70022671,"text":"70022671 - 2000 - Factors associated with plant species richness in a coastal tall-grass prairie","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-13T15:05:22","indexId":"70022671","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2490,"text":"Journal of Vegetation Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Factors associated with plant species richness in a coastal tall-grass prairie","docAbstract":"In this study we examine the factors associated with variations in species richness within a remnant tall-grass prairie in order to gain insight into the relative importance of controlling variables. The study area was a small, isolated prairie surrounded by wetlands and located within the coastal prairie region, which occurs along the northwestern Gulf of Mexico coastal plain. Samples were taken along three transects that spanned the prairie. Parameters measured included micro-elevation, soil characteristics, indications of recent disturbance, above-ground biomass (including litter), light penetration through the plant canopy, and species richness. Species richness was found to correlate with micro-elevation, certain soil parameters, and light penetration through the canopy, but not with above-ground biomass. Structural equation analysis was used to assess the direct and indirect effects of micro-elevation, soil properties, disturbance, and indicators of plant abundance on species richness. The results of this analysis showed that observed variations in species richness were primarily associated with variations in environmental effects (from soil and microtopography) and were largely unrelated to variations in measures of plant abundance (biomass and light penetration). These findings suggest that observed variations in species richness in this system primarily resulted from environmental effects on the species pool. These results fit with a growing body of information that suggests that environmental effects on species richness are of widespread importance.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3236637","usgsCitation":"Grace, J.B., Allain, L.K., and Allen, C., 2000, Factors associated with plant species richness in a coastal tall-grass prairie: Journal of Vegetation Science, v. 11, no. 3, p. 443-452, https://doi.org/10.2307/3236637.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"443","endPage":"452","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233744,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-02-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0eb3e4b0c8380cd5359d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grace, James B. 0000-0001-6374-4726 gracej@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6374-4726","contributorId":884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grace","given":"James","email":"gracej@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":394491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Allain, Larry K. 0000-0002-7717-9761 allainl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7717-9761","contributorId":2414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allain","given":"Larry","email":"allainl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":394492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Allen, Charles","contributorId":119821,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Allen","given":"Charles","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1008209,"text":"1008209 - 2000 - Predation on Corynorhinus townsendii by Rattus rattus","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-30T11:44:50","indexId":"1008209","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3451,"text":"Southwestern Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predation on Corynorhinus townsendii by Rattus rattus","docAbstract":"

Corynorhinus townsendii (Townsend's big- eared bat) is a rare and declining species. Ex- tensive surveys for the coastal subspecies, C. t. townsendii, in California indicate that only 50% of historic maternity colonies are occu- pied currently (Pierson and Rainey, 1996). Three of the largest maternity colonies occur in Marin Co. Two of these have been moni- tored with evening exit counts on a regular basis since their discovery (1987-Randall House; 1990-Jerrys) through 1996. From 1987 through 1993, the Randall House colony slowly increased from 123 to 215 bats as the colony was afforded greater protection from disturbance once the bats were discovered. Since 1990, both colonies have been com- posed of ca. 200 adult bats in the spring, and ca. 300 adults and young through the summer and early fall.

","language":"English","publisher":"Southwestern Association of Naturalists","doi":"10.2307/3672603","usgsCitation":"Fellers, G.M., 2000, Predation on Corynorhinus townsendii by Rattus rattus: Southwestern Naturalist, v. 45, no. 4, p. 524-527, https://doi.org/10.2307/3672603.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"524","endPage":"527","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130998,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acfe4b07f02db6806f0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fellers, Gary M. 0000-0003-4092-0285 gary_fellers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4092-0285","contributorId":3150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fellers","given":"Gary","email":"gary_fellers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":317035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70022693,"text":"70022693 - 2000 - Formation of natural gas hydrates in marine sediments. Gas hydrate growth and stability conditioned by host sediment properties","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-31T10:44:28","indexId":"70022693","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Formation of natural gas hydrates in marine sediments. Gas hydrate growth and stability conditioned by host sediment properties","docAbstract":"The stability conditions of submarine gas hydrates (methane clathrates) are largely dictated by pressure, temperature, gas composition, and pore water salinity. However, the physical properties and surface chemistry of the host sediments also affect the thermodynamic state, growth kinetics, spatial distributions, and growth forms of clathrates. Our model presumes that gas hydrate behaves in a way analogous to ice in the pores of a freezing soil, where capillary forces influence the energy balance. Hydrate growth is inhibited within fine-grained sediments because of the excess internal phase pressure of small crystals with high surface curvature that coexist with liquid water in small pores. Therefore, the base of gas hydrate stability in a sequence of fine sediments is predicted by our model to occur at a lower temperature, and so nearer to the seabed than would be calculated from bulk thermodynamic equilibrium. The growth forms commonly observed in hydrate samples recovered from marine sediments (nodules, sheets, and lenses in muds; cements in sand and ash layers) can be explained by a requirement to minimize the excess of mechanical and surface energy in the system.","largerWorkTitle":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","language":"English","issn":"00778923","usgsCitation":"Clennell, M.B., Henry, P., Hovland, M., Booth, J., Winters, W., and Thomas, M., 2000, Formation of natural gas hydrates in marine sediments. Gas hydrate growth and stability conditioned by host sediment properties, in Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, v. 912, p. 887-896.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"887","endPage":"896","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233526,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"912","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1355e4b0c8380cd5460c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clennell, M. B.","contributorId":95221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clennell","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Henry, P.","contributorId":91599,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henry","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hovland, M.","contributorId":51487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hovland","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Booth, J.S.","contributorId":13619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Booth","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Winters, W.J.","contributorId":49796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winters","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Thomas, M.","contributorId":71343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70022714,"text":"70022714 - 2000 - Colorado River sediment transport: 2. Systematic bed‐elevation and grain‐size effects of sand supply limitation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-21T14:46:41","indexId":"70022714","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Colorado River sediment transport: 2. Systematic bed‐elevation and grain‐size effects of sand supply limitation","docAbstract":"

The Colorado River in Marble and Grand Canyons displays evidence of annual supply limitation with respect to sand both prior to [Topping et al, this issue] and after the closure of Glen Canyon Dam in 1963. Systematic changes in bed elevation and systematic coupled changes in suspended‐sand concentration and grain size result from this supply limitation. During floods, sand supply limitation either causes or modifies a lag between the time of maximum discharge and the time of either maximum or minimum (depending on reach geometry) bed elevation. If, at a cross section where the bed aggrades with increasing flow, the maximum bed elevation is observed to lead the peak or the receding limb of a flood, then this observed response of the bed is due to sand supply limitation. Sand supply limitation also leads to the systematic evolution of sand grain size (both on the bed and in suspension) in the Colorado River. Sand input during a tributary flood travels down the Colorado River as an elongating sediment wave, with the finest sizes (because of their lower settling velocities) traveling the fastest. As the fine front of a sediment wave arrives at a given location, the bed fines and suspended‐sand concentrations increase in response to the enhanced upstream supply of finer sand. Then, as the front of the sediment wave passes that location, the bed is winnowed and suspended‐sand concentrations decrease in response to the depletion of the upstream supply of finer sand. The grain‐size effects of depletion of the upstream sand supply are most obvious during periods of higher dam releases (e.g., the 1996 flood experiment and the 1997 test flow). Because of substantial changes in the grain‐size distribution of the bed, stable relationships between the discharge of water and sand‐transport rates (i.e., stable sand rating curves) are precluded. Sand budgets in a supply‐limited river like the Colorado River can only be constructed through inclusion of the physical processes that couple changes in bed‐sediment grain size to changes in sand‐transport rates.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1999WR900286","usgsCitation":"Topping, D.J., Rubin, D.M., Nelson, J.M., Kinzel, P.J., and Corson, I.C., 2000, Colorado River sediment transport: 2. Systematic bed‐elevation and grain‐size effects of sand supply limitation: Water Resources Research, v. 36, no. 2, p. 543-570, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999WR900286.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"543","endPage":"570","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479221,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1999wr900286","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":233822,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River, Grand Canyon","volume":"36","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f7c1e4b0c8380cd4ccb9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Topping, David J. 0000-0002-2104-4577 dtopping@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2104-4577","contributorId":715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Topping","given":"David","email":"dtopping@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":394636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rubin, David M. 0000-0003-1169-1452 drubin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1169-1452","contributorId":3159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"David","email":"drubin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":394639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nelson, Jonathan M. 0000-0002-7632-8526 jmn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7632-8526","contributorId":2812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Jonathan","email":"jmn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":394637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kinzel, Paul J. III 0000-0002-6076-9730","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6076-9730","contributorId":100586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kinzel","given":"Paul","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Corson, Ingrid C.","contributorId":124571,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Corson","given":"Ingrid","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70022669,"text":"70022669 - 2000 - A genetic evaluation of morphology used to identify harvested Canada geese","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-20T18:24:36","indexId":"70022669","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A genetic evaluation of morphology used to identify harvested Canada geese","docAbstract":"Using maximum likelihood estimators (in genetic stock identification), we used genetic markers to evaluate the utility of 2 morphological measures (culmen length and plumage color) to correctly identify groups of hunter-harvested dusky (Branta canadensis occidentalis) and dusky-like Canada geese on the wintering grounds within the Pacific Flyway. Significant levels of genetic differentiation were observed across all sampled breeding sites for both nuclear microsatellite loci and mtDNA when analyzed at the sequence level. The ability to discriminate among geese from these sites using genetic markers was further demonstrated using computer simulations. We estimated contributions from the Copper River Delta, the primary breeding area of dusky Canada geese, to groups of hunter-harvested geese classified as dusky Canada geese on the basis of morphology as 50.6 ?? 10.1(SE)% for females and 50.3 ?? 13.0% for males. We also estimated that 16 ?? 8.1% of females classified as dusky Canada geese on the basis of morphology originated from Middleton Island, Alaska; a locale currently managed as a subpopulation of dusky Canada geese, even though the majority of geese from this area possess a unique mtdna haplotype not found on the Copper River Delta. The use of culmen length and plumage color to identify the origin of breeding populations in the harvest provides conservative criteria for management of dusky Canada geese as individuals of other breeding populations are misassigned as dusky Canada geese and birds of the lighter-plumaged dusky-like group did not appear to originate from, breeding sites of the dusky Canada goose. Our analyses demonstrate that genetic markers can accurately estimate the proportion of genetically differentiated areas that comprise an admixed group, but they also raise questions about the management scale of Pacific Flyway Canada geese (e.g., at the subspecies or breeding population level) and the use of morphological and genetic characteristics to monitor the harvest of different populations within admixed wintering flocks.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Wildlife Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2307/3802757","issn":"0022541X","usgsCitation":"Pearce, J.M., Pierson, B.J., Talbot, S.L., Derksen, D.V., Kraege, D.K., and Scribner, K.T., 2000, A genetic evaluation of morphology used to identify harvested Canada geese: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 64, no. 3, p. 863-875, https://doi.org/10.2307/3802757.","startPage":"863","endPage":"875","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":486682,"rank":1,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P1DGVE68","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Genetic Data for Evaluating Morphology Use to Identify Hunter-Harvested Geese"},{"id":233707,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"64","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e3f1e4b0c8380cd462f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pearce, John M. 0000-0002-8503-5485 jpearce@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8503-5485","contributorId":181766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearce","given":"John","email":"jpearce@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":394487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pierson, Barbara J. 0000-0001-8233-874X bpierson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8233-874X","contributorId":194939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierson","given":"Barbara","email":"bpierson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":394482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Talbot, Sandra L. 0000-0002-3312-7214 stalbot@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3312-7214","contributorId":140512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Talbot","given":"Sandra","email":"stalbot@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":394485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Derksen, Dirk V. dderksen@usgs.gov","contributorId":2269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Derksen","given":"Dirk","email":"dderksen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":394484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kraege, Donald K.","contributorId":19738,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kraege","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Scribner, Kim T.","contributorId":95434,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Scribner","given":"Kim","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":6601,"text":"Michigan State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":394486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70022771,"text":"70022771 - 2000 - A comparison of delta change and downscaled GCM scenarios for three mountainous basins in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-25T16:26:35.337864","indexId":"70022771","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comparison of delta change and downscaled GCM scenarios for three mountainous basins in the United States","docAbstract":"Simulated daily precipitation, temperature, and runoff time series were compared in three mountainous basins in the United States: (1) the Animas River basin in Colorado, (2) the East Fork of the Carson River basin in Nevada and California, and (3) the Cle Elum River basin in Washington State. Two methods of climate scenario generation were compared: delta change and statistical downscaling. The delta change method uses differences between simulated current and future climate conditions from the Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research (HadCM2) General Circulation Model (GCM) added to observed time series of climate variables. A statistical downscaling (SDS) model was developed for each basin using station data and output from the National Center for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis regridded to the scale of HadCM2. The SDS model was then used to simulate local climate variables using HadCM2 output for current and future conditions. Surface climate variables from each scenario were used in a precipitation-runoff model. Results from this study show that, in the basins tested, a precipitation-runoff model can simulate realistic runoff series for current conditions using statistically downscaled NCEP output. But, use of downscaled HadCM2 output for current or future climate assessments are questionable because the GCM does not produce accurate estimates of the surface variables needed for runoff in these regions. Given the uncertainties in the GCMs ability to simulate current conditions based on either the delta change or downscaling approaches, future climate assessments based on either of these approaches must be treated with caution.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04276.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Hay, L., Wilby, R., and Leavesley, G., 2000, A comparison of delta change and downscaled GCM scenarios for three mountainous basins in the United States: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 36, no. 2, p. 387-397, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04276.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"387","endPage":"397","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233639,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Colorado, Nevada, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Animas River, Carson River, Cle Elum River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.874755859375,\n 37.21064411993447\n ],\n [\n -107.85690307617188,\n 37.200253129999126\n ],\n [\n -107.83355712890625,\n 37.210097261395795\n ],\n [\n -107.85415649414062,\n 37.2456348218214\n ],\n [\n -107.84591674804688,\n 37.290442925478196\n ],\n [\n -107.80677795410156,\n 37.40725549559874\n ],\n [\n -107.84934997558594,\n 37.40998258803303\n ],\n [\n -107.90290832519531,\n 37.27241360211579\n ],\n [\n -107.874755859375,\n 37.21064411993447\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.78619384765624,\n 47.455951443369926\n ],\n [\n -121.05560302734376,\n 47.16170753357782\n ],\n [\n -120.99517822265625,\n 47.2549998709802\n ],\n [\n -121.124267578125,\n 47.3704545156932\n ],\n [\n -121.25885009765625,\n 47.42622912485741\n ],\n [\n -121.74224853515625,\n 47.48565697095909\n ],\n [\n -121.78619384765624,\n 47.455951443369926\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.35797119140625,\n 38.477244528955595\n ],\n [\n -119.62738037109375,\n 38.477244528955595\n ],\n [\n -119.62738037109375,\n 39.35553794109382\n ],\n [\n -120.35797119140625,\n 39.35553794109382\n ],\n [\n -120.35797119140625,\n 38.477244528955595\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"36","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e359e4b0c8380cd45faf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hay, L.E.","contributorId":54253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hay","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilby, R.L.","contributorId":96043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilby","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Leavesley, G.H.","contributorId":93895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leavesley","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022877,"text":"70022877 - 2000 - Volcanic lake systematics II. Chemical constraints","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-03T14:43:17","indexId":"70022877","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Volcanic lake systematics II. Chemical constraints","docAbstract":"

A database of 373 lake water analyses from the published literature was compiled and used to explore the geochemical systematics of volcanic lakes. Binary correlations and principal component analysis indicate strong internal coherence among most chemical parameters. Compositional variations are influenced by the flux of magmatic volatiles and/or deep hydrothermal fluids. The chemistry of the fluid entering a lake may be dominated by a high-temperature volcanic gas component or by a lower-temperature fluid that has interacted extensively with volcanic rocks. Precipitation of minerals like gypsum and silica can strongly affect the concentrations of Ca and Si in some lakes. A much less concentrated geothermal input fluid provides the mineralized components of some more dilute lakes. Temporal variations in dilution and evaporation rates ultimately control absolute concentrations of dissolved constituents, but not conservative element ratios.

\n
\n

Most volcanic lake waters, and presumably their deep hydrothermal fluid inputs, classify as immature acid fluids that have not equilibrated with common secondary silicates such as clays or zeolites. Many such fluids may have equilibrated with secondary minerals earlier in their history but were re-acidified by mixing with fresh volcanic fluids. We use the concept of 'degree of neutralization' as a new parameter to characterize these acid fluids. This leads to a classification of gas-dominated versus rock-dominated lake waters. A further classification is based on a cluster analysis and a hydrothermal speedometer concept which uses the degree of silica equilibration of a fluid during cooling and dilution to evaluate the rate of fluid equilibration in volcano-hydrothermal systems.

","largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0377-0273(99)00182-1","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Varekamp, J., Pasternack, G., and Rowe, G., 2000, Volcanic lake systematics II. Chemical constraints, v. 97, no. 1-4, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(99)00182-1.","startPage":"161","endPage":"179","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208100,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(99)00182-1"},{"id":233540,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"97","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc2fae4b08c986b32aeb3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Varekamp, J.C.","contributorId":56006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Varekamp","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pasternack, G.B.","contributorId":70566,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pasternack","given":"G.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rowe, G.L. Jr.","contributorId":54242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowe","given":"G.L.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022622,"text":"70022622 - 2000 - The fate of haloacetic acids and trihalomethanes in an aquifer storage and recovery program, Las Vegas, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-10T09:54:27","indexId":"70022622","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The fate of haloacetic acids and trihalomethanes in an aquifer storage and recovery program, Las Vegas, Nevada","docAbstract":"The fate of disinfection byproducts during aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) is evaluated for aquifers in Southern Nevada. Rapid declines of haloacetic acid (HAA) concentrations during ASR, with associated little change in Cl concentration, indicate that HAAs decline primarily by in situ microbial oxidation. Dilution is only a minor contributor to HAA concentration declines during ASR. Trihalomethane (THM) concentrations generally increased during storage of artificial recharge (AR) water and then declined during recovery. The decline of THM concentrations during recovery was primarily from dilution of current season AR water with residual AR water remaining in the aquifer from previous ASR seasons and native ground water. In more recent ASR seasons, for wells with the longest history of ASR, brominated THMs declined during storage and recovery by processes in addition to dilution. These conclusions about THMs are indicated by THM/Cl values and supported by a comparison of measured and model predicted THM concentrations. Geochemical mixing models were constructed using major-ion chemistry of the three end-member waters to calculate predicted THM concentrations. The decline in brominated THM concentrations in addition to that from dilution may result from biotransformation processes.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb00252.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Thomas, J.M., McKay, W., Colec, E., Landmeyer, J., and Bradley, P., 2000, The fate of haloacetic acids and trihalomethanes in an aquifer storage and recovery program, Las Vegas, Nevada: Ground Water, v. 38, no. 4, p. 605-614, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb00252.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"605","endPage":"614","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230472,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","city":"Las Vegas","volume":"38","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505babf9e4b08c986b3231b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, J. M.","contributorId":62217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKay, W.A.","contributorId":63561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKay","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Colec, E.","contributorId":101410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colec","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Landmeyer, J. E.","contributorId":91140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landmeyer","given":"J. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bradley, P. M. 0000-0001-7522-8606","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7522-8606","contributorId":29465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"P. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70022623,"text":"70022623 - 2000 - A field technique for estimating aquifer parameters using flow log data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-10T07:27:11","indexId":"70022623","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A field technique for estimating aquifer parameters using flow log data","docAbstract":"A numerical model is used to predict flow along intervals between producing zones in open boreholes for comparison with measurements of borehole flow. The model gives flow under quasi-steady conditions as a function of the transmissivity and hydraulic head in an arbitrary number of zones communicating with each other along open boreholes. The theory shows that the amount of inflow to or outflow from the borehole under any one flow condition may not indicate relative zone transmissivity. A unique inversion for both hydraulic-head and transmissivity values is possible if flow is measured under two different conditions such as ambient and quasi-steady pumping, and if the difference in open-borehole water level between the two flow conditions is measured. The technique is shown to give useful estimates of water levels and transmissivities of two or more water-producing zones intersecting a single interval of open borehole under typical field conditions. Although the modeling technique involves some approximation, the principle limit on the accuracy of the method under field conditions is the measurement error in the flow log data. Flow measurements and pumping conditions are usually adjusted so that transmissivity estimates are most accurate for the most transmissive zones, and relative measurement error is proportionately larger for less transmissive zones. The most effective general application of the borehole-flow model results when the data are fit to models that systematically include more production zones of progressively smaller transmissivity values until model results show that all accuracy in the data set is exhausted.A numerical model is used to predict flow along intervals between producing zones in open boreholes for comparison with measurements of borehole flow. The model gives flow under quasi-steady conditions as a function of the transmissivity and hydraulic head in an arbitrary number of zones communicating with each other along open boreholes. The theory shows that the amount of inflow to or outflow from the borehole under any one flow condition may not indicate relative zone transmissivity. A unique inversion for both hydraulic-head and transmissivity values is possible if flow is measured under two different conditions such as ambient and quasi-steady pumping, and if the difference in open-borehole water level between the two flow conditions is measured. The technique is shown to give useful estimates of water levels and transmissivities of two or more water-producing zones intersecting a single interval of open borehole under typical field conditions. Although the modeling technique involves some approximation, the principle limit on the accuracy of the method under field conditions is the measurement error in the flow log data. Flow measurements and pumping conditions are usually adjusted so that transmissivity estimates are most accurate for the most transmissive zones, and relative measurement error is proportionately larger for less transmissive zones. The most effective general application of the borehole-flow model results when the data are fit to models that symmetrically include more production zones of progressively smaller transmissivity values until model results show that all accuracy in the data set is exhausted.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb00243.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Paillet, F.L., 2000, A field technique for estimating aquifer parameters using flow log data: Ground Water, v. 38, no. 4, p. 510-521, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb00243.x.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"510","endPage":"521","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230473,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e3d6e4b0c8380cd4624d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paillet, Frederick L.","contributorId":63820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paillet","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70022668,"text":"70022668 - 2000 - Historical eruptions of Merapi Volcano, Central Java, Indonesia, 1768-1998","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-19T15:39:08.710125","indexId":"70022668","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Historical eruptions of Merapi Volcano, Central Java, Indonesia, 1768-1998","docAbstract":"

Information on Merapi eruptive activity is scattered and much is remotely located. A concise and well-documented summary of this activity has been long needed to assist researchers and hazard-mitigation efforts, and the aim of this paper is to synthesize information from the mid-1700s to the present. A descriptive chronology is given, with an abbreviated chronology in a table that summarizes events by year, assigns preliminary Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) ratings and Hartmann classifications, and provides key references. The history of volcano monitoring is also outlined. The study reveals that a major difference in eruption style exists between the twentieth and nineteenth centuries, although the periodicity between larger events seems about the same. During the twentieth century, activity has comprised mainly the effusive growth of viscous lava domes and lava tongues, with occasional gravitational collapses of parts of oversteepened domes to produce the nue??es ardentes - commonly defined as \"Merapi-type\". In the 1800s, however, explosive eruptions of relatively large size occurred (to VEI 4), and some associated \"fountain-collapse\" nue??es ardentes were larger and farther reaching than any produced in the twentieth century. These events may also be regarded as typical eruptions for Merapi. The nineteenth century activity is consistent with the long-term pattern of one relatively large event every one or two centuries, based on the long-term eruptive record deduced by others from volcanic stratigraphy. It is uncertain whether or not a \"recurrence-time\" model continues to apply to Merapi, but if so, Merapi could soon be due for another large event and its occurrence with only modest (or inadequately appreciated) precursors could lead to a disaster unprecedented in Merapi's history because the area around the volcano is now much more densely populated.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00134-7","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Voight, B., Constantine, E., Siswowidjoyo, S., and Torley, R., 2000, Historical eruptions of Merapi Volcano, Central Java, Indonesia, 1768-1998: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 100, no. 1-4, p. 69-138, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00134-7.","productDescription":"70 p.","startPage":"69","endPage":"138","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233706,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Indonesia","otherGeospatial":"Java, Merapi Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 110.42324066162108,\n -7.592919536598735\n ],\n [\n 110.43800354003906,\n -7.599385424645164\n ],\n [\n 110.4850387573242,\n -7.577264878665082\n ],\n [\n 110.49293518066405,\n -7.553781825248017\n ],\n [\n 110.49190521240234,\n -7.539487167568601\n ],\n [\n 110.48709869384766,\n -7.514980942395872\n ],\n [\n 110.46203613281249,\n -7.501365775065815\n ],\n [\n 110.41053771972656,\n -7.498302303676608\n ],\n [\n 110.39268493652344,\n -7.520426889868663\n ],\n [\n 110.3916549682617,\n -7.536083608037703\n ],\n [\n 110.42324066162108,\n -7.592919536598735\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"100","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a318ce4b0c8380cd5dffb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Voight, B.","contributorId":16575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voight","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Constantine, E.K.","contributorId":94176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Constantine","given":"E.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Siswowidjoyo, S.","contributorId":29278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Siswowidjoyo","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Torley, R.","contributorId":37106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torley","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70022624,"text":"70022624 - 2000 - Rice pesticide concentrations in the Colusa Basin Drain and the Sacramento River, California, 1990-1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-13T15:53:31","indexId":"70022624","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Rice pesticide concentrations in the Colusa Basin Drain and the Sacramento River, California, 1990-1993","docAbstract":"The pesticides molinate, thiobencarb, and carbofuran are applied to rice (Oryza sativa L.) fields in the Sacramento Valley, California, each year during April through June. These pesticides are of concern because of their adverse effects on water quality and their potential adverse effects on aquatic life. Therefore, the California Regional Water Quality Control Board (CRWQCB) mandated the holding of irrigation-return water in rice fields to increase pesticide degradation and dissipation before the water is released to the Sacramento River. The CRWQCB also established performance goals to maintain drinking Water quality for the city of Sacramento and to protect the habitat for aquatic life. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of increased irrigation-return water holding times on rice pesticide concentrations and loads in the Colusa Basin Drain and the Sacramento River. Dissolved pesticide concentrations were measured in water samples collected in May through July during 1990-1993 at the Colusa Basin Drain at Road 99E near Knights Landing (Colusa Basin Drain) and at the Sacramento River at Sacramento. Pesticide concentrations and loads at both sites showed a decrease from 1990-1992 and an increase in 1993. This trend cannot be explained by the yearly holding time regulations but can be explained by the amount of yearly emergency releases. The yearly changes in pesticide concentration detected demonstrate that continued monitoring and management of pesticides is necessary to maintain water quality.","largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Environmental Quality","language":"English","publisher":"American Soc of Agronomy Inc","publisherLocation":"Madison, WI, United States","issn":"00472425","usgsCitation":"Crepeau, K., and Kuivila, K., 2000, Rice pesticide concentrations in the Colusa Basin Drain and the Sacramento River, California, 1990-1993, in Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 29, no. 3, p. 926-935.","startPage":"926","endPage":"935","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233559,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aad53e4b0c8380cd86ea3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crepeau, K.L.","contributorId":9018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crepeau","given":"K.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kuivila, K.M.","contributorId":34529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuivila","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022666,"text":"70022666 - 2000 - Quantifying precambrian crustal extraction: The root is the answer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-04T19:37:21.477271","indexId":"70022666","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quantifying precambrian crustal extraction: The root is the answer","docAbstract":"

We use two different methods to estimate the total amount of continental crust that was extracted by the end of the Archean and the Proterozoic. The first method uses the sum of the seismic thickness of the crust, the eroded thickness of the crust, and the trapped melt within the lithospheric root to estimate the total crustal volume. This summation method yields an average equivalent thickness of Archean crust of 49±6 km and an average equivalent thickness of Proterozoic crust of 48± 9 km. Between 7 and 9% of this crust never reached the surface, but remained within the continental root as congealed, iron-rich komatiitic melt. The second method uses experimental models of melting, mantle xenolith compositions, and corrected lithospheric thickness to estimate the amount of crust extracted through time. This melt column method reveals that the average equivalent thickness of Archean crust was 65±6 km, and the average equivalent thickness of Early Proterozoic crust was 60±7 km. It is likely that some of this crust remained trapped within the lithospheric root. The discrepancy between the two estimates is attributed to uncertainties in estimates of the amount of trapped, congealed melt, overall crustal erosion, and crustal recycling. Overall, we find that between 29 and 45% of continental crust was extracted by the end of the Archean, most likely by 2.7 Ga. Between 51 and 79% of continental crust was extracted by the end of the Early Proterozoic, most likely by 1.8–2.0 Ga. Our results are most consistent with geochemical models that call upon moderate amounts of recycling of early extracted continental crust coupled with continuing crustal growth (e.g. McLennan, S.M., Taylor, S.R., 1982. Geochemical constraints on the growth of the continental crust. Journal of Geology, 90, 347–361; Veizer, J., Jansen, S.L., 1985. Basement and sedimentary recycling — 2: time dimension to global tectonics. Journal of Geology 93(6), 625–643). Trapped, congealed, iron-rich melt within the lithospheric root may represent some of the iron that is ‘missing’ from the lower crust. The lower crust within Archean cratons may also have an unexpectedly low iron content because it was extracted from more primitive, undepleted mantle.

","largerWorkTitle":"","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0040-1951(00)00062-7","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Abbott, D., Sparks, D., Herzberg, C., Mooney, W.D., Nikishin, A., and Zhang, Y., 2000, Quantifying precambrian crustal extraction: The root is the answer: Tectonophysics, v. 322, no. 1-2, p. 163-190, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(00)00062-7.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"163","endPage":"190","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233633,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"322","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a91d7e4b0c8380cd804c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Abbott, D.","contributorId":96031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abbott","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sparks, D.","contributorId":68076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sparks","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Herzberg, C.","contributorId":61990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herzberg","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":394456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nikishin, A.","contributorId":98507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nikishin","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Zhang, Y.-S.","contributorId":94057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"Y.-S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70022762,"text":"70022762 - 2000 - Use of radioimmunoassay as a screen for antibiotics in confined animal feeding operations and confirmation by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-12T09:06:48","indexId":"70022762","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5331,"text":"Science of Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of radioimmunoassay as a screen for antibiotics in confined animal feeding operations and confirmation by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry","docAbstract":"

Approximately one-half of the 50 000000 lb of antibiotics produced in the USA are used in agriculture. Because of the intensive use of antibiotics in the management of confined livestock operations, the potential exists for the transport of these compounds and their metabolites into our nation's water resources. A commercially available radioimmunoassay method, developed as a screen for tetracycline antibiotics in serum, urine, milk, and tissue, was adapted to analyze water samples at a detection level of approximately 1.0 ppb and a semiquantitative analytical range of 1-20 ppb. Liquid waste samples were obtained from 13 hog lagoons in three states and 52 surface- and ground-water samples were obtained primarily from areas associated with intensive swine and poultry production in seven states. These samples were screened for the tetracycline antibiotics by using the modified radioimmunoassay screening method. The radioimmunoassay tests yielded positive results for tetracycline antibiotics in samples from all 13 of the hog lagoons. Dilutions of 10-100-fold of the hog lagoon samples indicated that tetracycline antibiotic concentrations ranged from approximately 5 to several hundred parts per billion in liquid hog lagoon waste. Of the 52 surface- and ground-water samples collected all but two tested negative and these two samples contained tetracycline antibiotic concentrations less than 1 ppb. A new liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry method was used to confirm the radioimmunoassay results in 9 samples and also to identify the tetracycline antibiotics to which the radioimmunoassay test was responding. The new liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry method with online solid-phase extraction and a detection level of 0.5 ??g/l confirmed the presence of chlorotetracycline in the hog lagoon samples and in one of the surface-water samples. The concentrations calculated from the radioimmunoassay were a factor of 1-5 times less than those calculated by the liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry concentrations for chlorotetracycline. 

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00541-0","issn":"00489697","usgsCitation":"Meyer, M.T., Bumgarner, J., Varns, J., Daughtridge, J., Thurman, E., and Hostetler, K., 2000, Use of radioimmunoassay as a screen for antibiotics in confined animal feeding operations and confirmation by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry: Science of Total Environment, v. 248, no. 2-3, p. 181-187, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00541-0.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"181","endPage":"187","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":208079,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00541-0"},{"id":233491,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"248","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbf64e4b08c986b329b25","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meyer, M. T.","contributorId":92279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bumgarner, J.E.","contributorId":82410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bumgarner","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Varns, J.L.","contributorId":85369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Varns","given":"J.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Daughtridge, J.V.","contributorId":69335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Daughtridge","given":"J.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hostetler, K.A.","contributorId":29855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostetler","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70022625,"text":"70022625 - 2000 - Selenium concentrations in the Colorado pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus lucius): Relationship with flows in the upper Colorado River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:08","indexId":"70022625","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Selenium concentrations in the Colorado pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus lucius): Relationship with flows in the upper Colorado River","docAbstract":"A Department of the Interior (DOI) irrigation drainwater study of the Uncompahgre Project area and the Grand Valley in western Colorado revealed high selenium concentrations in water, sediment, and biota samples. The lower Gunnison River and the Colorado River in the study area are designated critical habitat for the endangered Colorado pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus lucius) and razorback sucker (Xyrauchen texanus). Because of the endangered status of these fish, sacrificing individuals for tissue residue analysis has been avoided; consequently, little information existed regarding selenium tissue residues. In 1994, muscle plugs were collected from a total of 39 Colorado pikeminnow captured at various Colorado River sites in the Grand Valley for selenium residue analysis. The muscle plugs collected from 16 Colorado pikeminnow captured at Walter Walker State Wildlife Area (WWSWA) contained a mean selenium concentration of 17 ??g/g dry weight, which was over twice the recommended toxic threshold guideline concentration of 8 ??g/g dry weight in muscle tissue for freshwater fish. Because of elevated selenium concentrations in muscle plugs in 1994, a total of 52 muscle plugs were taken during 1995 from Colorado pikeminnow staging at WWSWA. Eleven of these plugs were from fish previously sampled in 1994. Selenium concentrations in 9 of the 11 recaptured fish were significantly lower in 1995 than in 1994. Reduced selenium in fish may in part be attributed to higher instream flows in 1995 and lower water selenium concentrations in the Colorado River in the Grand Valley. In 1996, muscle plugs were taken from 35 Colorado squawfish captured at WWSWA, and no difference in mean selenium concentrations were detected from those sampled in 1995. Colorado River flows during 1996 were intermediate to those measured in 1994 and 1995.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s002449910063","issn":"00904341","usgsCitation":"Osmundson, B.C., May, T., and Osmundson, D., 2000, Selenium concentrations in the Colorado pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus lucius): Relationship with flows in the upper Colorado River: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 38, no. 4, p. 479-485, https://doi.org/10.1007/s002449910063.","startPage":"479","endPage":"485","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208110,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002449910063"},{"id":233560,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8cf0e4b08c986b3181c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Osmundson, B. C.","contributorId":15655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Osmundson","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"May, T.W.","contributorId":75878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"May","given":"T.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Osmundson, D.B.","contributorId":50328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Osmundson","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022665,"text":"70022665 - 2000 - Summary of the MAIA Working Conference","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:39","indexId":"70022665","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Summary of the MAIA Working Conference","docAbstract":"From November 30 to December 2, 1998, the Mid-Atlantic Integrated Assessment (MAIA) held a Working Conference in Baltimore, Maryland (USA). The Conference presented the results from several of its activities and programs to scientists, environmental managers, and the general public. The attendees provided feedback on the usefulness of the MAIA program's activities, and suggested additional needs and recommended changes for the future.","largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","conferenceTitle":"1st Symposium on the Mid-Atlantic Integrated Assessment Program (MAIA)","conferenceDate":"30 November 1998 through 2 December 1998","conferenceLocation":"Baltimore, MD, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","publisherLocation":"Dordrecht, Netherlands","doi":"10.1023/A:1006440930373","issn":"01676369","usgsCitation":"Bradley, M., Brown, B., Hale, S., Kutz, F., Landy, R., Shedlock, R., Mangold, R., Morris, A., Galloway, W., Rosen, J., Pepino, R., and Wiersma, B., 2000, Summary of the MAIA Working Conference, in Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 63, no. 1, Baltimore, MD, USA, 30 November 1998 through 2 December 1998, p. 15-29, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006440930373.","startPage":"15","endPage":"29","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233632,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208144,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006440930373"}],"volume":"63","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9eeee4b08c986b31e21d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bradley, M.P.","contributorId":20122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"M.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, B.S.","contributorId":68613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"B.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hale, S.S.","contributorId":64001,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hale","given":"S.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kutz, F.W.","contributorId":107992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kutz","given":"F.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Landy, R.B.","contributorId":101360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landy","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Shedlock, R.","contributorId":95767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shedlock","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Mangold, R.","contributorId":81376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mangold","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Morris, A.","contributorId":30520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morris","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Galloway, W.","contributorId":59699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galloway","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Rosen, J.S.","contributorId":58159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosen","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Pepino, R.","contributorId":48457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pepino","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Wiersma, B.","contributorId":71071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiersma","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":70162307,"text":"70162307 - 2000 - Determining the size of American alligators using hind-foot track length","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-21T10:42:06","indexId":"70162307","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3139,"text":"Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determining the size of American alligators using hind-foot track length","docAbstract":"

Size distribution information is useful for crocodilian management, but can be hard to obtain. Indirect and less costly demographic inferences made from track measurements may be valuable for management decisions. We related hind-foot lengths (HF) with total length (TL) to determine if we could indirectly assess alligator size using track length. Regression showed that HF was an excellent predictor (F1,246= 15722.9, R2=0.98, P<0.01) of TL and track length was an exceptional predictor of HF (F1,14=7520.3, R2= 1.00, P<0.01). The correlation between track length and HF length also was significant (N= 15, r=0.99, P <0.01). Thus, alligator size can be accurately estimated from measures of track length at sites where capture and direct measurement is impractical.

","language":"English","publisher":"Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies","usgsCitation":"Wilkinson, P.M., and Rice, K.G., 2000, Determining the size of American alligators using hind-foot track length: Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, v. 54, p. 337-340.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"337","endPage":"340","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314578,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.seafwa.org/html/proceedings/index.php?article=11523&key=2000&page=6#details"},{"id":314579,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56a20f46e4b0961cf2811bd4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilkinson, Philip M.","contributorId":86001,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilkinson","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rice, Kenneth G. 0000-0001-8282-1088 krice@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8282-1088","contributorId":117,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"Kenneth","email":"krice@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":589185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70178135,"text":"70178135 - 2000 - Bird use of stock ponds along the Rio Grande northwest of Laredo, Webb County, Texas, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-03T13:02:41","indexId":"70178135","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Bird use of stock ponds along the Rio Grande northwest of Laredo, Webb County, Texas, USA","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Limnology and aquatic birds: Monitoring, modelling and management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán","publisherLocation":"Mérida, Mexico","usgsCitation":"Woodin, M., Skoruppa, M., and Hickman, G., 2000, Bird use of stock ponds along the Rio Grande northwest of Laredo, Webb County, Texas, USA, chap. of Limnology and aquatic birds: Monitoring, modelling and management, p. 24-27.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"24","endPage":"27","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330701,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"581c4cc5e4b09688d6e91001","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Comlin, F. A.","contributorId":176636,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Comlin","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":652931,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Herrera, J. 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The intervening liquefaction was achieved by controlled blasting. A geotechnical borehole radar technique was used to acquire high-resolution 2-D radar velocity data. This method of non-destructive site characterization uses radar trans-illumination surveys through the soil column and tomographic data manipulation techniques to construct radar velocity tomograms, from which averaged void ratios can be derived at 0.25 - 0.5m pixel footprints. Tomograms of void ratio were constructed through the relation between soil porosity and dielectric constant. Both pre- and post-blast tomograms were collected and indicate that liquefaction related densification occurred at the site. Volumetric strains estimated from the tomograms correlate well with the observed settlement at the site. 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No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"NHBS","usgsCitation":"Cleveland, L., Fairchild, J., and Little, E.E., 2000, Biomonitoring and ecotoxicology: Fish as indicators of pollution-induced stress in aquatic systems, p. 195-232.","productDescription":"38 p.","startPage":"195","endPage":"232","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330696,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":330695,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.nhbs.com/title/view?tefno=97958"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"581c4cc5e4b09688d6e91006","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Gerhardt, A.","contributorId":113379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerhardt","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":652912,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Cleveland, L.","contributorId":82084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cleveland","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":652909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fairchild, J.F.","contributorId":88891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fairchild","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":652910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Little, E. E.","contributorId":13187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Little","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":652911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70162303,"text":"70162303 - 2000 - Estimating sighting proportions of American alligator nests during helicopter survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-19T18:19:38","indexId":"70162303","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3139,"text":"Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating sighting proportions of American alligator nests during helicopter survey","docAbstract":"

Proportions of American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) nests sighted during aerial survey in Florida were estimated based upon multiple surveys by different observers. We compared sighting proportions across habitats, nesting seasons, and observer experience levels. The mean sighting proportion across all habitats and years was 0.736 (SE=0.024). Survey counts corrected by the mean sighting proportion reliably predicted total nest counts (7?2=0.933). Sighting proportions did not differ by habitat type (P=0.668) or year P=0.328). Experienced observers detected a greater proportion of nests (P<0.0001) than did either less experienced or inexperienced observers. Reliable estimates of nest abundance can be derived from aerial counts of alligator nests when corrected by the appropriate sighting proportion.

","language":"English","publisher":"Southeaster Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies","usgsCitation":"Rice, K.G., Percival, H.F., and Woodward, A., 2000, Estimating sighting proportions of American alligator nests during helicopter survey: Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, v. 54, p. 314-321.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"314","endPage":"321","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314573,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":314572,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.seafwa.org/html/proceedings/index.php?article=11472&key=2000&page=5#details"}],"volume":"54","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56a20f47e4b0961cf2811be3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rice, Kenneth G. 0000-0001-8282-1088 krice@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8282-1088","contributorId":117,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"Kenneth","email":"krice@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":589167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Percival, H. Franklin percivalf@usgs.gov","contributorId":2424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Percival","given":"H.","email":"percivalf@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Franklin","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":589168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Woodward, Allan R.","contributorId":12751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodward","given":"Allan R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70180100,"text":"70180100 - 2000 - Monitoring of Lost River and shortnose suckers in the Lower Williamson River, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-24T12:19:58","indexId":"70180100","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"title":"Monitoring of Lost River and shortnose suckers in the Lower Williamson River, Oregon","docAbstract":"

Abstract not available

","language":"English","publisher":"Bureau of Reclamation","publisherLocation":"Klamath Falls, OR","usgsCitation":"Cunningham, M., and Shively, R., 2000, Monitoring of Lost River and shortnose suckers in the Lower Williamson River, Oregon.","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":333807,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"588876dee4b05ccb964bab25","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cunningham, M.E.","contributorId":178600,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cunningham","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":660333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shively, R.S.","contributorId":79642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shively","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":660334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70180105,"text":"70180105 - 2000 - California halibut","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-24T12:37:01","indexId":"70180105","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"California halibut","docAbstract":"

Abstract not available 

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Abstract not available 

","language":"English","publisher":"Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Coen, M., and Shively, R., 2000, Monitoring of Lost River and shortnose suckers in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon to identify shoreline spawning sites.","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":333811,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"588876dee4b05ccb964bab21","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coen, M.A.","contributorId":178599,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Coen","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":660339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shively, R.S.","contributorId":79642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shively","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":660340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70180279,"text":"70180279 - 2000 - Atmosphere-water interaction of chloroform, toluene, and MTBE in small perennial urban streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-26T14:07:38","indexId":"70180279","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Atmosphere-water interaction of chloroform, toluene, and MTBE in small perennial urban streams","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

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No abstract available.

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