{"pageNumber":"3258","pageRowStart":"81425","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184904,"records":[{"id":1015942,"text":"1015942 - 2000 - Contaminants in ospreys from the Pacific Northwest: II. Organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury, 1991-1997","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-21T12:28:53","indexId":"1015942","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Contaminants in ospreys from the Pacific Northwest: II. Organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury, 1991-1997","docAbstract":"<p>Eggs of ospreys (<i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Pandion haliaetus</i>) were collected over the period 1991 to 1997 at 111 nests in the Fraser and Columbia River drainage systems of British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon. Contents were analyzed for organochlorine (OC) pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and total mercury. Blood samples were taken from nestling ospreys at two time points during the 1992 breeding season on the Thompson River and analyzed for non-ortho PCBs. Concentrations of DDE and related compounds showed high variability among individual eggs within study areas and no significant differences in mean concentrations among study areas. Some eggs contained high concentrations of DDE, up to 20 mg/kg (wet weight), for which there were no evident local sources, suggesting that exposure occurred outside of the breeding grounds. Most other OC pesticides measured in osprey eggs showed a similar distribution, although mean concentrations of chlordane-related compounds were generally, and in some cases significantly, higher in samples collected from the Columbia River sites compared to elsewhere. Significantly greater concentrations of PCBs were found in eggs from the Columbia River basin compared to the Fraser. This was attributed to extensive development of hydroelectric generation and related industries on the Columbia system. Significant differences among sites were also found in the pattern of PCB congeners, <i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">e.g.,</i> eggs from the lower Columbia River site had proportionally greater concentrations of less chlorinated, Aroclor 1242–type PCBs compared to other sites. In contrast, eggs from upper reaches of the Columbia River had relatively greater amounts of Aroclor 1254 and 1260 congeners. Mercury concentrations in osprey eggs tended to be uniform among sites and comparable to those reported in the literature for ospreys nesting on naturally formed lakes and rivers. There were no significant temporal changes in mean concentrations of any of the measured compounds at sites monitored from 1991 to 1997.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s002449910012","usgsCitation":"Elliott, J.E., Macmer, M., Wilson, L.K., and Henny, C.J., 2000, Contaminants in ospreys from the Pacific Northwest: II. Organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury, 1991-1997: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 38, no. 1, p. 93-106, https://doi.org/10.1007/s002449910012.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"93","endPage":"106","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131841,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afde4b07f02db696e8b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elliott, J. E.","contributorId":19914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Macmer, M.M.","contributorId":65811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Macmer","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilson, L. K.","contributorId":99511,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wilson","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Henny, Charles J. 0000-0001-7474-350X hennyc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7474-350X","contributorId":3461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henny","given":"Charles","email":"hennyc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":323334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1015943,"text":"1015943 - 2000 - Viability of piping plover Charadrius melodus metapopulations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-30T15:29:40.251357","indexId":"1015943","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1015,"text":"Biological Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Viability of piping plover Charadrius melodus metapopulations","docAbstract":"<p><span>The metapopulation viability analysis package,&nbsp;</span><span class=\"small-caps\">VORTEX</span><span>, was used to examine viability and recovery objectives for piping plovers&nbsp;</span><i>Charadrius melodus</i><span>, an endangered shorebird that breeds in three distinct regions of North America. Baseline models indicate that while Atlantic Coast populations, under current management practices, are at little risk of near-term extinction, Great Plains and Great Lakes populations require 36% higher mean fecundity for a significant probability of persisting for the next 100 years. Metapopulation structure (i.e. the delineation of populations within the metapopulation) and interpopulation dispersal rates had varying effects on model results; however, spatially-structured metapopulations exhibited lower viability than that reported for single-population models. The models were most sensitive to variation in survivorship; hence, additional mortality data will improve their accuracy. With this information, such models become useful tools in identifying successful management objectives; and sensitivity analyses, even in the absence of some data, may indicate which options are likely to be most effective. Metapopulation viability models are best suited for developing conservation strategies for achieving recovery objectives based on maintaining an externally derived, target population size and structure.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0006-3207(99)00050-6","usgsCitation":"Plissner, J.H., and Haig, S.M., 2000, Viability of piping plover Charadrius melodus metapopulations: Biological Conservation, v. 92, no. 2, p. 163-173, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(99)00050-6.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"163","endPage":"173","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131667,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -114.78515624999999,\n              37.16031654673677\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.990234375,\n              37.16031654673677\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.990234375,\n              53.12040528310657\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.78515624999999,\n              53.12040528310657\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.78515624999999,\n              37.16031654673677\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"92","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a13e4b07f02db601fb9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plissner, Jonathan H.","contributorId":44880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plissner","given":"Jonathan","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haig, Susan M. 0000-0002-6616-7589 susan_haig@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6616-7589","contributorId":719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haig","given":"Susan","email":"susan_haig@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":323338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1015948,"text":"1015948 - 2000 - Analytical group decision making in natural resources: Methodology and application","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:50","indexId":"1015948","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1688,"text":"Forest Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analytical group decision making in natural resources: Methodology and application","docAbstract":"Group decision making is becoming increasingly important in natural resource management and associated scientific applications, because multiple values are treated coincidentally in time and space, multiple resource specialists are needed, and multiple stakeholders must be included in the decision process. Decades of social science research on decision making in groups have provided insights into the impediments to effective group processes and on techniques that can be applied in a group context. Nevertheless, little integration and few applications of these results have occurred in resource management decision processes, where formal groups are integral, either directly or indirectly. A group decision-making methodology is introduced as an effective approach for temporary, formal groups (e.g., workshops). It combines the following three components: (1) brainstorming to generate ideas; (2) the analytic hierarchy process to produce judgments, manage conflict, enable consensus, and plan for implementation; and (3) a discussion template (straw document). Resulting numerical assessments of alternative decision priorities can be analyzed statistically to indicate where group member agreement occurs and where priority values are significantly different. An application of this group process to fire research program development in a workshop setting indicates that the process helps focus group deliberations; mitigates groupthink, nondecision, and social loafing pitfalls; encourages individual interaction; identifies irrational judgments; and provides a large amount of useful quantitative information about group preferences. This approach can help facilitate scientific assessments and other decision-making processes in resource management.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Forest Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Schmoldt, D.L., and Peterson, D.L., 2000, Analytical group decision making in natural resources: Methodology and application: Forest Science, v. 46, no. 1, p. 62-75.","productDescription":"p. 62-75","startPage":"62","endPage":"75","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134467,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"46","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e525","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schmoldt, D. L.","contributorId":79077,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schmoldt","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterson, D. L.","contributorId":36484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1015608,"text":"1015608 - 2000 - [Book review] The western range revisited, by D. L. Donahue","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-24T14:28:27.957551","indexId":"1015608","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"[Book review] The western range revisited, by D. L. Donahue","docAbstract":"Review of: The Western Range Revisited by D. L. Donahue. 1999. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. 388 pp. ISBN: 0-8061-3176-4 (Cloth).","language":"English","publisher":"The Wildlife Society","doi":"10.2307/3803223","usgsCitation":"Knopf, F., 2000, [Book review] The western range revisited, by D. L. Donahue: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 64, no. 4, p. 1095-1097, https://doi.org/10.2307/3803223.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"1095","endPage":"1097","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132603,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"64","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a16e4b07f02db603dce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knopf, F.L.","contributorId":26998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knopf","given":"F.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1015954,"text":"1015954 - 2000 - Space use of killdeer at a Great Basin breeding area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-24T14:16:19.724546","indexId":"1015954","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Space use of killdeer at a Great Basin breeding area","docAbstract":"<p>Wetland conservation efforts require knowledge of space use by a diversity of waterbirds. However, determining space use of animals requires intensive monitoring of individual organisms. Often, activity patterns during much of the annual cycle are neglected in analyses of home range and habitat use. From 1995-97, we monitored space use in a population of individually marked killdeer (<i>Charadrius vociferus</i>) that breed, and reside for a number of additional months each year, in the western Great Basin. We used linear distance measures and home range-area estimates, derived by fixed-kernel methods, to examine patterns of space use of adults prior to, during, and following nesting. Overall, killdeer used a local area of approximately 6 ha. Birds remained closer to nests while tending eggs than either before or after nesting, although extensive movements away from the nest were observed during all time periods. Females tended to move farther from nests than did males. Birds nesting farther from water bodies were generally observed at greater distances from nests than those nesting closer to shorelines during all time periods. Twenty-seven percent of individuals were observed greater than 1 km from nest locations, particularly during postnesting periods. During nesting periods, males were less likely to be observed at longer distances from nests than were females. There were no differences in home range size based upon sex, time period, or distance from water. We suggest that home range size may not always accurately measure differences in space use and that multiple measures, including distance from nests, should be considered. Understanding the sedentary nature of killdeer during much of the annual cycle and their intense use of local areas is important for making management decisions. Coupled with data on other shorebird species, this information also has broader implications for management of wetland systems by indicating large scale spatial and habitat requirements and the connectivity of geographically distinct habitat patches.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"The Wildlife Society","doi":"10.2307/3803240","usgsCitation":"Plissner, J.H., Oring, L., and Haig, S.M., 2000, Space use of killdeer at a Great Basin breeding area: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 64, no. 2, p. 421-429, https://doi.org/10.2307/3803240.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"421","endPage":"429","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":135668,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Great Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": 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          36.03133177633187\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.0380859375,\n              36.24427318493909\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"64","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e3e4b07f02db5e59c6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plissner, Jonathan H.","contributorId":44880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plissner","given":"Jonathan","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Oring, L.W.","contributorId":46451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oring","given":"L.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Haig, Susan M. 0000-0002-6616-7589 susan_haig@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6616-7589","contributorId":719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haig","given":"Susan","email":"susan_haig@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":323356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70006880,"text":"70006880 - 2000 - ARD remediation with limestone in a CO2 pressurized reactor","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-15T15:05:23","indexId":"70006880","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"seriesNumber":"ARD remediation with limestone in a CO2 pressurized reactor","displayTitle":"ARD remediation with limestone in a CO<sub>2</sub> pressurized reactor","title":"ARD remediation with limestone in a CO2 pressurized reactor","docAbstract":"<p>We evaluated a new process for remediation of acid rock drainage (ARD). The process treats ARD with intermittently fluidized beds of granular limestone maintained within a continuous flow reactor pressurized with CO<sub>2</sub>. Tests were performed over a thirty day period at the Toby Creek mine drainage treatment plant, Elk County, Pennsylvania in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection. Equipment performance was established at operating pressures of 0, 34, 82, and 117 kPa using an ARD flow of 227 L/min. The ARD had the following characteristics: pH, 3.1; temperature, 10 &deg;C; dissolved oxygen, 6.4 mg/L; acidity, 260 mg/L; total iron, 21 mg/L; aluminum, 22 mg/L; manganese, 7.5 mg/L; and conductivity, 1400 &mu;S/cm. In all cases tested, processed ARD was net alkaline with mean pH and alkalinities of 6.7 and 59 mg/L at a CO<sub>2</sub> pressure of 0 kPa, 6.6 and 158 mg/L at 34 kPa, 7.4 and 240 mg/L at 82 kPa, and 7.4 and 290 mg/L at 117 kPa. Processed ARD alkalinities were correlated to the settled bed depth (p&lt;0.001) and CO<sub>2</sub> pressure (p&lt;0.001). Iron, aluminum, and manganese removal efficiencies of 96%, 99%, and 5%, respectively, were achieved with filtration following treatment. No indications of metal hydroxide precipitation or armoring of the limestone were observed. The surplus alkalinity established at 82 kPa was successful in treating an equivalent of 1136 L/min (five-fold dilution) of the combined three ARD streams entering the Toby Creek Plant. This side-stream capability provides savings in treatment unit scale as well as flexibility in treatment effect. The capability of the system to handle higher influent acidity was tested by elevating the acidity to 5000 mg/L with sulfuric acid. Net alkaline effluent was produced, indicating applicability of the process to highly acidic ARD.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings from the Fifth International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Fifth International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage","conferenceDate":"May 21-24, 2000","conferenceLocation":"Denver, CO","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration","publisherLocation":"Littleton, CO","usgsCitation":"Sibrell, P.L., Watten, B.J., Friedrich, A.E., and Vinci, B.J., 2000, ARD remediation with limestone in a CO2 pressurized reactor, <i>in</i> Proceedings from the Fifth International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage, v. 2, Denver, CO, May 21-24, 2000, p. 1017-1026.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1017","endPage":"1026","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288104,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5391915fe4b06f80638265b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sibrell, Philip L. psibrell@usgs.gov","contributorId":2006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sibrell","given":"Philip","email":"psibrell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":355394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Watten, Barnaby J. 0000-0002-2227-8623 bwatten@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2227-8623","contributorId":2002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watten","given":"Barnaby","email":"bwatten@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":355393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Friedrich, Andrew E.","contributorId":60958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedrich","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Vinci, Brian J.","contributorId":71890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vinci","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1000918,"text":"1000918 - 2000 - Effects of long-term changes in the benthic community on yellow perch in Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-30T18:36:27.356529","indexId":"1000918","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of long-term changes in the benthic community on yellow perch in Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron","docAbstract":"<p>Abundance, mortality, age and growth, food habits, and energetics of a yellow perch Perca flavescens population were investigated in eutrophic Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron during May to October, 1986 to 1988, and compared population characteristics with historical data from times when eutrophic conditions were less severe. During 1986 to 1988, yellow perch were abundant, but grew slowly and experienced high natural mortality. A size threshold was present at 150 to 180 mm beyond which few individuals survived, and sex ratios became biased toward males. An energetic model suggested that yellow perch were food limited; as they increased in size they spent a greater proportion of the growing season near maintenance ration. Low feeding rates were a consequence of subsistence on small chironomid larvae. Piscivory provided little energetic relief. Historical data suggested that availability of large benthic prey such as nymphs of the burrowing mayfly Hexagenia was important to yellow perch. Yellow perch formerly consumed Hexagenia, but mayflies were extirpated from Saginaw Bay during 1953 to 1965, and never recovered. When Hexagenia was present, yellow perch growth was moderate to fast depending on population size, size thresholds were not present, and yellow perch reached large size and older age despite moderate to high fishing mortality. Decreases in yellow perch growth rates during 1952 to 1955 coincided with extirpation of Hexagenia. Fast growth of yellow perch did occur after Hexagenia became extirpated, but only when fishing mortality was high, population size was small, and some large benthic invertebrates remained. Eutrophication of Saginaw Bay appeared to affect yellow perch by changing species composition and reducing size structure of the benthic community.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(00)70697-6","usgsCitation":"Schaeffer, J.S., Diana, J., and Haas, R.C., 2000, Effects of long-term changes in the benthic community on yellow perch in Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 26, no. 3, p. 340-351, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(00)70697-6.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"340","endPage":"351","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133358,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Lake Huron, Saginaw Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      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C.","contributorId":97450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haas","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1000929,"text":"1000929 - 2000 - Shifts in depth distributions of alewives, rainbow smelt, and age-2 lake trout in southern Lake Ontario following establishment of Dreissenids","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-23T13:21:26","indexId":"1000929","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Shifts in depth distributions of alewives, rainbow smelt, and age-2 lake trout in southern Lake Ontario following establishment of Dreissenids","docAbstract":"<p><span>In the mid-1990s, biologists conducting assessments of fish stocks in Lake Ontario reported finding alewives&nbsp;</span><i>Alosa pseudoharengus</i><span>, rainbow smelt&nbsp;</span><i>Osmerus mordax</i><span>, and juvenile lake trout&nbsp;</span><i>Salvelinus namaycush</i><span>&nbsp;at greater depths than in the mid-1980s. To determine if depth distributions shifted coincident with the early 1990s colonization of Lake Ontario by exotic&nbsp;</span><i>Dreissena</i><span>&nbsp;mussels, we calculated mean depth of capture for each of the three species during trawl surveys conducted annually during 1978&ndash;1997 and examined the means for significant deviations from established patterns. We found that mean capture depth of alewives, rainbow smelt, and age-2 lake trout shifted deeper during the build up of the dreissenid population in Lake Ontario but that timing of the shift varied among seasons and species. Depth shifts occurred first for rainbow smelt and age-2 lake trout in June 1991. In 1992, alewives shifted deeper in June followed by age-2 lake trout in July&ndash;August. Finally, in 1993 and 1994, the distribution of lake trout and alewives shifted in April&ndash;May. Reasons why the three fishes moved to deeper water are not clear, but changes in distribution were not linked to temperature. Mean temperature of capture after the depth shift was significantly lower than before the depth shift except for alewives in April&ndash;May. Movement of alewives, rainbow smelt, and age-2 lake trout to colder, deeper water has the potential to alter growth and reproduction schedules by exposing the fish to different temperature regimes and to alter the food chain, increasing predation on&nbsp;</span><i>Mysis relicta</i><span>&nbsp;in deep water and decreasing alewife predation on lake trout fry over nearshore spawning grounds in spring.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(2000)129<1096:SIDDOA>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"O’Gorman, R., Elrod, J.H., Owens, R.W., Schneider, C.P., Eckert, T.H., and Lantry, B.F., 2000, Shifts in depth distributions of alewives, rainbow smelt, and age-2 lake trout in southern Lake Ontario following establishment of Dreissenids: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 129, no. 5, p. 1096-1106, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(2000)129<1096:SIDDOA>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1096","endPage":"1106","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133626,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"129","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fae4b07f02db5f3fe6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O’Gorman, Robert rogorman@usgs.gov","contributorId":3451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Gorman","given":"Robert","email":"rogorman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":309856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Elrod, Joseph H.","contributorId":72737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elrod","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Owens, Randall W.","contributorId":23871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Owens","given":"Randall","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schneider, Clifford P.","contributorId":45251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schneider","given":"Clifford","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Eckert, Thomas H.","contributorId":58585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eckert","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lantry, Brian F. 0000-0001-8797-3910 bflantry@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8797-3910","contributorId":3435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lantry","given":"Brian","email":"bflantry@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":309855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70022709,"text":"70022709 - 2000 - Testing assumptions for unbiased estimation of survival of radiomarked harlequin ducks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-13T12:01:11","indexId":"70022709","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Testing assumptions for unbiased estimation of survival of radiomarked harlequin ducks","docAbstract":"<p><span>Unbiased estimates of survival based on individuals outfitted with radiotransmitters require meeting the assumptions that radios do not affect survival, and animals for which the radio signal is lost have the same survival probability as those for which fate is known. In most survival studies, researchers have made these assumptions without testing their validity. We tested these assumptions by comparing interannual recapture rates (and, by inference, survival) between radioed and unradioed adult female harlequin ducks (<i>Histrionicus histrionicus</i>), and for radioed females, between right-censored birds (i.e., those for which the radio signal was lost during the telemetry monitoring period) and birds with known fates. We found that recapture rates of birds equipped with implanted radiotransmitters (21.6 ± 3.0%; x̄ ± SE) were similar to unradioed birds (21.7 ± 8.6%), suggesting that radios did not affect survival. Recapture rates also were similar between right-censored (20.6 ± 5.1%) and known-fate individuals (22.1 ± 3.8%), suggesting that missing birds were not subject to differential mortality. We also determined that capture and handling resulted in short-term loss of body mass for both radioed and unradioed females and that this effect was more pronounced for radioed birds (the difference between groups was 15.4 ± 7.1 g). However, no difference existed in body mass after recapture 1 year later. Our study suggests that implanted radios are an unbiased method for estimating survival of harlequin ducks and likely other species under similar circumstances.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3803257","issn":"0022541X","usgsCitation":"Esler, D., Mulcahy, D.M., and Jarvis, R.L., 2000, Testing assumptions for unbiased estimation of survival of radiomarked harlequin ducks: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 64, no. 2, p. 591-598, https://doi.org/10.2307/3803257.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"591","endPage":"598","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233747,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Prince William Sound","volume":"64","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba5bfe4b08c986b320c4f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Esler, Daniel 0000-0001-5501-4555 desler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5501-4555","contributorId":5465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esler","given":"Daniel","email":"desler@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":12437,"text":"Simon Fraser University, Centre for Wildlife Ecology","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":394615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mulcahy, Daniel M. dmulcahy@usgs.gov","contributorId":3102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mulcahy","given":"Daniel","email":"dmulcahy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":394617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jarvis, Robert L.","contributorId":112518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jarvis","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1000917,"text":"1000917 - 2000 - First record of <i>Daphnia lumholtzi</i> Sars in the Great Lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-23T13:08:12","indexId":"1000917","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"First record of <i>Daphnia lumholtzi</i> Sars in the Great Lakes","docAbstract":"<p><span>Adults of the cladoceran&nbsp;</span><i>Daphnia lumholtzi</i><span>, native to Australia, Africa, and parts of Asia, were first collected in August 1999 in Lake Erie. Individuals were collected near East Harbor State Park, Lakeside, Ohio from vertical plankton net tows. The average number of&nbsp;</span><i>D. lumholtzi</i><span>&nbsp;that were found (0.03/L) indicate that&nbsp;</span><i>D. lumholtzi</i><span>&nbsp;is beginning to establish itself in Lake Erie. The morphology of this&nbsp;</span><i>Daphnia</i><span>&nbsp;differs greatly from native species because of its elongated head and tail spine. This sighting is important because it acknowledges yet another exotic invader into the Great Lakes basin and it also shows that this, normally, warm water species continues to expand its range northward.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(00)70698-8","usgsCitation":"Muzinic, C.J., 2000, First record of <i>Daphnia lumholtzi</i> Sars in the Great Lakes: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 26, no. 3, p. 352-354, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(00)70698-8.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"352","endPage":"354","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132715,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fae4b07f02db5f3ea3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Muzinic, Christopher J.","contributorId":80628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muzinic","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70022379,"text":"70022379 - 2000 - Conditions for generation of fire-related debris flows, Capulin Canyon, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:42","indexId":"70022379","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1425,"text":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Conditions for generation of fire-related debris flows, Capulin Canyon, New Mexico","docAbstract":"Comparison of the responses of three drainage basins burned by the Dome fire of 1996 in New Mexico is used to identify the hillslope, channel and fire characteristics that indicate a susceptibility specifically to wildfire-related debris flow. Summer thunderstorms generated three distinct erosive responses from each of three basins. The Capulin Canyon basin showed widespread erosive sheetwash and rilling from hillslopes, and severe flooding occurred in the channel; the North Tributary basin exhibited extensive erosion of the mineral soil to a depth of 5 cm and downslope movement of up to boulder-sized material, and at least one debris flow occurred in the channel; negligible surface runoff was observed in the South Tributary basin. The negligible surface runoff observed in the South Tributary basin is attributed to the limited extent and severity of the fire in that basin. The factors that best distinguish between debris-flow producing and flood-producing drainages are drainage basin morphology and lithology. A rugged drainage basin morphology, an average 12 per cent channel gradient, and steep, rough hillslopes coupled with colluvium and soil weathered from volcaniclastic and volcanic rocks promoted the generation of debris flows. A less rugged basin morphology, an average gradient of 5 per cent, and long, smooth slopes mantled with pumice promoted flooding. Flood and debris-flow responses were produced without the presence of water-repellent soils. The continuity and severity of the burn mosaic, the condition of the riparian vegetation, the condition of the fibrous root mat, accumulations of dry ravel and colluvial material in the channel and on hillslopes, and past debris-flow activity, appeared to have little bearing on the distinctive responses of the basins. Published in 2000 by John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/1096-9837(200009)25:10<1103::AID-ESP120>3.0.CO;2-H","issn":"01979337","usgsCitation":"Cannon, S., and Reneau, S.L., 2000, Conditions for generation of fire-related debris flows, Capulin Canyon, New Mexico: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, v. 25, no. 10, p. 1103-1121, https://doi.org/10.1002/1096-9837(200009)25:10<1103::AID-ESP120>3.0.CO;2-H.","startPage":"1103","endPage":"1121","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206807,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1096-9837(200009)25:10<1103::AID-ESP120>3.0.CO;2-H"},{"id":230830,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f9b5e4b0c8380cd4d742","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cannon, S.H.","contributorId":38154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannon","given":"S.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reneau, Steven L.","contributorId":99639,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reneau","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1001094,"text":"1001094 - 2000 - Factors limiting mallard brood survival in prairie pothole landscapes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-12T12:17:55","indexId":"1001094","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Factors limiting mallard brood survival in prairie pothole landscapes","docAbstract":"In order to estimate mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) production from managed and unmanaged lands, waterfowl biologists need measurable predictors of brood survival. We evaluated effects of percent of seasonal basins holding water (WETSEAS), percent of upland landscape in perennial cover (PERNCOVER), rainfall (RAIN), daily minimum ambient temperature (TMIN), hatch date (HATCHDATE), brood age (BA; 0-7 or 8-30 days), age of brood females, and brood size on mallard brood survival in prairie pothole landscapes, and developed a predictive model using factors found to have significant effects. Sixteen of 56 radiomarked broods experienced total loss during 1,250 exposure days. Our final fitted model of brood survival contained only main effects of WETSEAS, HATCHDATE, and RAIN. Total brood loss during the first 30 days of exposure was 11.2 times more likely for broods hatched on areas with <17% WETSEAS than those on areas with >59% WETSEAS. Total brood loss was 5.2 times more likely during rainy conditions than during dry periods, and the hazard of total brood loss increased by 5% for each 1-day delay in hatching between 17 May and 12 August. High survival of mallard broods in landscapes where most seasonal basins contain water underscores the importance of maintaining seasonal wetlands as a major component of wetland complexes managed for mallard production. Because early hatched broods have higher survival, we also suggest that waterfowl managers focus their efforts on enhancing nest success of early laid clutches, especially in wet years.","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","doi":"10.2307/3803253","usgsCitation":"Krapu, G.L., Pietz, P., Brandt, D.A., and Cox, R.R., 2000, Factors limiting mallard brood survival in prairie pothole landscapes: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 64, no. 2, p. 553-561, https://doi.org/10.2307/3803253.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"553","endPage":"561","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133784,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"64","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a01e4b07f02db5f7f23","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krapu, Gary L. 0000-0001-8482-6130 gkrapu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8482-6130","contributorId":3074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krapu","given":"Gary","email":"gkrapu@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":310481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pietz, Pamela J. ppietz@usgs.gov","contributorId":2382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pietz","given":"Pamela J.","email":"ppietz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":310480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brandt, David A. dbrandt@usgs.gov","contributorId":147142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brandt","given":"David","email":"dbrandt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":310483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cox, Robert R. Jr.","contributorId":6575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"Robert","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1000916,"text":"1000916 - 2000 - Seasonal changes in ruffe abundance in two Lake Superior tributaries: Implications for control","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-23T13:23:18","indexId":"1000916","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seasonal changes in ruffe abundance in two Lake Superior tributaries: Implications for control","docAbstract":"<p><span>Since the discovery of ruffe&nbsp;</span><i>Gymnocephalus cernuus</i><span>&nbsp;in the St. Louis River in 1987, state, federal, and tribal management agencies have sought to slow its spread to areas outside the western end of Lake Superior. A debate over control strategies highlighted uncertainties about seasonal movements of this species between Lake Superior and its western tributaries. One strategy called for eliminating reproducing populations in tributaries on the periphery of the range using chemical piscicides. That strategy rested on the assumption that ruffe congregate in tributaries during a predictable time of year. This study was designed to explore that assumption. Ruffe collections from the Iron and Sand rivers during 1995 indicated that ruffe were present in those tributaries throughout the summer but that abundance was not highest at the predicted time: June 19&ndash;22. Maximum abundance in the Iron River did not coincide with that in the Sand River and did not occur during June 19&ndash;22 in either river. The timing of peak abundance was not clearly related to changes in water temperature. Ruffe were present in substantial numbers in Lake Superior during June 19&ndash;22 when aggregations in the tributaries had been predicted. These findings do not support the assumption of the chemical control strategy.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(2000)020<0822:SCIRAI>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Horns, W.H., Brown, W.P., Hulse, S.R., and Bronte, C.R., 2000, Seasonal changes in ruffe abundance in two Lake Superior tributaries: Implications for control: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 20, no. 3, p. 822-826, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(2000)020<0822:SCIRAI>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"822","endPage":"826","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133407,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc3da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Horns, William H.","contributorId":40946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horns","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, William P.","contributorId":16357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hulse, Scott R.","contributorId":64205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hulse","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bronte, Charles R.","contributorId":83050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bronte","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1000915,"text":"1000915 - 2000 - Optimum temperature for growth and preferred temperatures of age-0 lake trout","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-23T13:42:59","indexId":"1000915","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Optimum temperature for growth and preferred temperatures of age-0 lake trout","docAbstract":"<p><span>This study was performed to determine the thermal preferences and optimum temperature for growth of age-0 lake trout&nbsp;</span><i>Salvelinus namaycush</i><span>&nbsp;to help predict the thermal habitat they select when they leave the spawning grounds and to assess the risk posed to them in the Great Lakes by piscivorus, nonnative fishes whose thermal habitat preferences are known. The test fish were hatched in the laboratory from eggs taken from wild fish, acclimated to 5, 10, 15, and 18&deg;C, and fed to excess with commercial trout food for 47 d. The test fish grew at all of the temperatures, and the specific growth rate was highest at about 12.5&deg;C (3.8% wet body weight/d). Fish used in the growth study were also tested in a vertical thermal gradient tank and had a final thermal preferendum between 10.1&deg;C and 10.2&deg;C. These results, which generally agreed with those of an earlier laboratory study of the temperature preference of age-1 lake trout and the limited information on thermal habitat use by age-0 lake trout in the Great Lakes, indicated age-0 lake trout would tend to seek temperatures near 10&deg;C, or as high as 12.5&deg;C, during summer if food was abundant. Published information on thermal habitat use of age-1 and adult alewives&nbsp;</span><i>Alosa pseudoharengus</i><span>&nbsp;and rainbow smelt&nbsp;</span><i>Osmerus mordax</i><span>&nbsp;indicated they would be expected to co-occur with age-0 lake trout during much of the time when the lake trout were small enough to be eaten by these two introduced piscivores.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(2000)020<0804:OTFGAP>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Edsall, T.A., and Cleland, J., 2000, Optimum temperature for growth and preferred temperatures of age-0 lake trout: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 20, no. 3, p. 804-809, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(2000)020<0804:OTFGAP>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"804","endPage":"809","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130516,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0fe4b07f02db5fea66","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edsall, Thomas A.","contributorId":84302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edsall","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":309834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cleland, Joshua","contributorId":68254,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cleland","given":"Joshua","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70022372,"text":"70022372 - 2000 - Characterization methods for fractured glacial tills","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-17T16:19:30","indexId":"70022372","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2938,"text":"Ohio Journal of Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characterization methods for fractured glacial tills","docAbstract":"This paper provides a literature review of methods successfully employed to characterize finegrained and fractured or unfractured glacial deposits. Descriptions and examples are given for four major categories of characterization methods: physical, hydraulic, chemical, and indirect. Characterization methods have evolved significantly within the past ten years; however, there still exists uncertainty about the reliability of individual characterization methods applied to till deposits. Therefore, a combination of methods is best, the choice of which depends on the objectives of the work. Sampling methods, sampling scales, and reporting methods are extremely important and should be considered when interpreting and comparing results between sites. Recognition of these issues is necessary to ensure that decisions regarding the transport of fluids in fractured tills are not based on the assumption that poorly permeable tills are always an inhibitor of subsurface flow.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ohio Journal of Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00300950","usgsCitation":"Haefner, R., 2000, Characterization methods for fractured glacial tills: Ohio Journal of Science, v. 100, no. 3-4, p. 73-87.","startPage":"73","endPage":"87","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230715,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269506,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/handle/1811/23858"}],"volume":"100","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f4b2e4b0c8380cd4be7f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haefner, R.J.","contributorId":72393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haefner","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70022371,"text":"70022371 - 2000 - 206Pb-230Th-234U-238U and 207Pb-235U geochronology of Quaternary opal, Yucca Mountain, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-03T12:59:15","indexId":"70022371","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"206Pb-230Th-234U-238U and 207Pb-235U geochronology of Quaternary opal, Yucca Mountain, Nevada","docAbstract":"<p>U–Th–Pb isotopic systems have been studied in submillimeter-thick outermost layers of Quaternary opal occurring in calcite–silica fracture and cavity coatings within Tertiary tuffs at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, USA. These coatings preserve a record of paleohydrologic conditions at this site, which is being evaluated as a potential high-level nuclear waste repository. The opal precipitated from groundwater is variably enriched in <sup>234</sup>U (measured <sup>234</sup>U/<sup>238</sup>U activity ratio 1.124–6.179) and has high U (30–313 ppm), low Th (0.008–3.7 ppm), and low common Pb concentrations (measured <sup>206</sup>Pb/<sup>204</sup>Pb up to 11,370). It has been demonstrated that the laboratory acid treatment used in this study to clean sample surfaces and to remove adherent calcite, did not disturb U–Th–Pb isotopic systems in opal.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The opal ages calculated from <sup>206</sup>Pb∗/<sup>238</sup>U and <sup>207</sup>Pb∗/<sup>235</sup>U ratios display strong reverse discordance because of excess radiogenic <sup>206</sup>Pb∗ derived from the elevated initial <sup>234</sup>U. The data are best interpreted using projections of a new four-dimensional concordia diagram defined by <sup>206</sup>Pb∗/<sup>238</sup>U, <sup>207</sup>Pb∗/<sup>235</sup>U, <sup>234</sup>U/<sup>238</sup>U<sub>activity</sub>, and <sup>230</sup>Th/<sup>238</sup>U<sub>activity</sub>. Ages and initial <sup>234</sup>U/<sup>238</sup>U activity ratios have been calculated using different projections of this diagram and tested for concordance. The data are discordant, that is observed <sup>207</sup>Pb∗/<sup>235</sup>U ages of 170 ± 32 (2σ) to 1772 ± 40 ka are systematically older than <sup>230</sup>Th/U ages of 34.1 ± 0.6 to 452 ± 32 ka.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The age discordance is not a result of migration of uranium and its decay products under the open system conditions, but a consequence of noninstantaneous growth of opal. Combined U–Pb and <sup>230</sup>Th/U ages support the model of slow mineral deposition at the rates of millimeters per million years resulting in layering on a scale too fine for mechanical sampling. In this case, U–Pb ages provide more accurate estimates of the average age for mixed multiage samples than <sup>230</sup>Th/U ages, because ages based on shorter-lived isotopes are nonlinearly biased by younger mineral additions.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Use of the combined U–Th–Pb technique to date Yucca Mountain Quaternary opals significantly extends the age range beyond that of the <sup>230</sup>Th/U dating method and shows that selected fracture pathways in the unsaturated zone felsic tuffs of Yucca Mountain have been active throughout the Quaternary.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00408-7","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Neymark, L.A., Amelin, Y.V., and Paces, J.B., 2000, 206Pb-230Th-234U-238U and 207Pb-235U geochronology of Quaternary opal, Yucca Mountain, Nevada: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 64, no. 17, p. 2913-2928, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00408-7.","startPage":"2913","endPage":"2928","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206750,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00408-7"},{"id":230714,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"64","issue":"17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e24fe4b0c8380cd45a9d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Neymark, Leonid A. lneymark@usgs.gov","contributorId":532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neymark","given":"Leonid","email":"lneymark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":393410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Amelin, Yuri V.","contributorId":96863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Amelin","given":"Yuri","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Paces, James B. 0000-0002-9809-8493 jbpaces@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9809-8493","contributorId":2514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paces","given":"James","email":"jbpaces@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":393411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1000955,"text":"1000955 - 2000 - Sustainability of the Lake Superior fish community: Interactions in a food web context","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-23T13:02:12","indexId":"1000955","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1478,"text":"Ecosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sustainability of the Lake Superior fish community: Interactions in a food web context","docAbstract":"<p><span>The restoration and rehabilitation of the native fish communities is a long-term goal for the Laurentian Great Lakes. In Lake Superior, the ongoing restoration of the native lake trout populations is now regarded as one of the major success stories in fisheries management. However, populations of the deepwater morphotype (siscowet lake trout) have increased much more substantially than those of the nearshore morphotype (lean lake trout), and the ecosystem now contains an assemblage of exotic species such as sea lamprey, rainbow smelt, and Pacific salmon (chinook, coho, and steelhead). Those species play an important role in defining the constraints and opportunities for ecosystem management. We combined an equilibrium mass balance model (Ecopath) with a dynamic food web model (Ecosim) to evaluate the ecological consequences of future alternative management strategies and the interaction of two different sets of life history characteristics for fishes at the top of the food web. Relatively rapid turnover rates occur among the exotic forage fish, rainbow smelt, and its primary predators, exotic Pacific salmonids. Slower turnover rates occur among the native lake trout and burbot and their primary prey&mdash;lake herring, smelt, deepwater cisco, and sculpins. The abundance of forage fish is a key constraint for all salmonids in Lake Superior. Smelt and&nbsp;</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Mysis</i><span>&nbsp;play a prominent role in sustaining the current trophic structure. Competition between the native lake trout and the exotic salmonids is asymmetric. Reductions in the salmon population yield only a modest benefit for the stocks of lake trout, whereas increased fishing of lake trout produces substantial potential increases in the yields of Pacific salmon to recreational fisheries. The deepwater or siscowet morphotype of lake trout has become very abundant. Although it plays a major role in the structure of the food web it offers little potential for the restoration of a valuable commercial or recreational fishery. Even if a combination of strong management actions is implemented, the populations of lean (nearshore) lake trout cannot be restored to pre-fishery and pre-lamprey levels. Thus, management strategy must accept the ecological constraints due in part to the presence of exotics and choose alternatives that sustain public interest in the resources while continuing the gradual progress toward restoration.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s100210000048","usgsCitation":"Kitchell, J.F., Cox, S.P., Harvey, C.J., Johnson, T.B., Mason, D.M., Schoen, K.K., Aydin, K., Bronte, C., Ebener, M., Hansen, M., Hoff, M., Schram, S., Schreiner, D., and Walters, C.J., 2000, Sustainability of the Lake Superior fish community: Interactions in a food web context: Ecosystems, v. 3, no. 6, p. 545-560, https://doi.org/10.1007/s100210000048.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"545","endPage":"560","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133575,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-03-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db687f1c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kitchell, James F.","contributorId":18324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kitchell","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cox, Sean P.","contributorId":73970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"Sean","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harvey, Chris J.","contributorId":42931,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"Chris","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson, Timothy B.","contributorId":49753,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mason, Doran M.","contributorId":75114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mason","given":"Doran","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Schoen, Kurt K.","contributorId":103634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoen","given":"Kurt","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Aydin, Kerim","contributorId":81460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aydin","given":"Kerim","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Bronte, Charles","contributorId":83073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bronte","given":"Charles","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Ebener, Mark","contributorId":97060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ebener","given":"Mark","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Hansen, Michael","contributorId":80231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Hoff, Michael","contributorId":80232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoff","given":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Schram, Steve","contributorId":69519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schram","given":"Steve","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Schreiner, Don","contributorId":20702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schreiner","given":"Don","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Walters, Carl J.","contributorId":25122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walters","given":"Carl","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14}]}}
,{"id":1017426,"text":"1017426 - 2000 - Pepperweed: a growing threat to western wildlife habitat","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-07-06T01:01:41","indexId":"1017426","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3030,"text":"People, Land, and Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pepperweed: a growing threat to western wildlife habitat","docAbstract":"Counts on photographs and visual estimates of the numbers of territorial gulls are usually reliable indicators of the number of gull nests, but single visual estimates are not adequate to measure the number of nests in individual colonies. To properly interpret gull counts requires that several islands with known numbers of nests be photographed to establish the ratio of gulls to nests applicable for a given local census. Visual estimates are adequate to determine total breeding gull numbers by regions. Neither visual estimates nor photography will reliably detect annual changes of less than about 2.5 percent.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"People, Land, and Water","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Gilmer, D., 2000, Pepperweed: a growing threat to western wildlife habitat: People, Land, and Water, no. July/August.","productDescription":"p. 27","startPage":"27","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131815,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"July/August","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db6887d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gilmer, D.S.","contributorId":22270,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilmer","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70022359,"text":"70022359 - 2000 - Fracture process zone in granite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-07T14:44:18.421499","indexId":"70022359","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fracture process zone in granite","docAbstract":"<p>In uniaxial compression tests performed on Aue granite cores (diameter 50 mm, length 100 mm), a steel loading plate was used to induce the formation of a discrete shear fracture. A zone of distributed microcracks surrounds the tip of the propagating fracture. This process zone is imaged by locating acoustic emission events using 12 piezoceramic sensors attached to the samples. Propagation velocity of the process zone is varied by using the rate of acoustic emissions to control the applied axial force. The resulting velocities range from 2 mm/s in displacement-controlled tests to 2 μm/s in tests controlled by acoustic emission rate. Wave velocities and amplitudes are monitored during fault formation. <i>P</i> waves transmitted through the approaching process zone show a drop in amplitude of 26 dB, and ultrasonic velocities are reduced by 10%. The width of the process zone is ∼9 times the grain diameter inferred from acoustic data but is only 2 times the grain size from optical crack inspection. The process zone of fast propagating fractures is wider than for slow ones. The density of microcracks and acoustic emissions increases approaching the main fracture. Shear displacement scales linearly with fracture length. Fault plane solutions from acoustic events show similar orientation of nodal planes on both sides of the shear fracture. The ratio of the process zone width to the fault length in Aue granite ranges from 0.01 to 0.1 inferred from crack data and acoustic emissions, respectively. The fracture surface energy is estimated from microstructure analysis to be ∼2 J. A lower bound estimate for the energy dissipated by acoustic events is 0.1 J.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000JB900239","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Zang, A., Wagner, F., Stanchits, S., Janssen, C., and Dresen, G., 2000, Fracture process zone in granite: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 105, no. B10, p. 23651-23661, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JB900239.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"23651","endPage":"23661","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230421,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"105","issue":"B10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-10-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a13b3e4b0c8380cd5474f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zang, A.","contributorId":31144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zang","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wagner, F.C.","contributorId":68490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wagner","given":"F.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stanchits, S.","contributorId":108276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanchits","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Janssen, C.","contributorId":52359,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Janssen","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dresen, G.","contributorId":80847,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dresen","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":2002044,"text":"2002044 - 2000 - Genetic analysis of hatchery and wild fall-run Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawystcha) in the Central Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:58","indexId":"2002044","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":138,"text":"Technical Report","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"FG8002-IF","title":"Genetic analysis of hatchery and wild fall-run Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawystcha) in the Central Valley, California","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Grant # FG 8002 IF Technical Report submitted to California Department of Fish and Game, Inland Fisheries Division, Sacramento, CA, pp. 76","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"California Department of Fish and Game","collaboration":"Grant # FG 8002 IF Technical Report","usgsCitation":"Avelino, O., and Nielsen, L., 2000, Genetic analysis of hatchery and wild fall-run Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawystcha) in the Central Valley, California: Technical Report FG8002-IF, 76.","productDescription":"76","startPage":"0","endPage":"76","numberOfPages":"76","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198965,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6aeb92","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Avelino, O.J.","contributorId":82024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Avelino","given":"O.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nielsen, L.","contributorId":12953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nielsen","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70022355,"text":"70022355 - 2000 - Earthquake stress triggers, stress shadows, and seismic hazard","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:48","indexId":"70022355","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1359,"text":"Current Science","onlineIssn":"0011-3891","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquake stress triggers, stress shadows, and seismic hazard","docAbstract":"Many aspects of earthquake mechanics remain an enigma at the beginning of the twenty-first century. One potential bright spot is the realization that simple calculations of stress changes may explain some earthquake interactions, just as previous and ongoing studies of stress changes have begun to explain human- induced seismicity. This paper, which is an update of Harris1, reviews many published works and presents a compilation of quantitative earthquake-interaction studies from a stress change perspective. This synthesis supplies some clues about certain aspects of earthquake mechanics. It also demonstrates that much work remains to be done before we have a complete story of how earthquakes work.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Current Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00113891","usgsCitation":"Harris, R., 2000, Earthquake stress triggers, stress shadows, and seismic hazard: Current Science, v. 79, no. 9, p. 1215-1225.","startPage":"1215","endPage":"1225","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230377,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"79","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0505e4b0c8380cd50c0a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harris, R.A. 0000-0002-9247-0768","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9247-0768","contributorId":41849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"R.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":7000035,"text":"7000035 - 2000 - The severity of an earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:06","indexId":"7000035","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":363,"text":"General Interest Publication","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"The severity of an earthquake","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/7000035","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2000, The severity of an earthquake: General Interest Publication, 15 p. : ill., map ; 23 x 11 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/7000035.","productDescription":"15 p. : ill., map ; 23 x 11 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":197857,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":18604,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/earthq4/severitygip.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a62e4b07f02db6363d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70022562,"text":"70022562 - 2000 - Laboratory measurements of compressional and shear wave speeds through methane hydrate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-16T10:29:06","indexId":"70022562","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Laboratory measurements of compressional and shear wave speeds through methane hydrate","docAbstract":"Simultaneous measurements of compressional and shear wave speeds through polycrystalline methane hydrate have been made. Methane hydrate, grown directly in a wave speed measurement chamber, was uniaxially compacted to a final porosity below 2%. At 277 K, the compacted material had a compressional wave speed of 3650 ?? 50 m/s. The shear wave speed, measured simultaneously, was 1890 ?? 30 m/s. From these wave speed measurements, we derive V(p)/V(s), Poisson's ratio, bulk, shear, and Young's moduli.","largerWorkTitle":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06855.x","issn":"00778923","usgsCitation":"Waite, W., Helgerud, M., Nur, A., Pinkston, J., Stern, L., Kirby, S.H., and Durham, W., 2000, Laboratory measurements of compressional and shear wave speeds through methane hydrate, <i>in</i> Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, v. 912, p. 1003-1010, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06855.x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1003","endPage":"1010","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":493793,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc624669/","text":"External Repository"},{"id":230728,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"912","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-01-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4110e4b0c8380cd6527f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waite, W.F.","contributorId":40329,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waite","given":"W.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Helgerud, M.B.","contributorId":10946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helgerud","given":"M.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nur, A.","contributorId":31114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nur","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pinkston, J.C.","contributorId":68063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pinkston","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Stern, L.A.","contributorId":38293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stern","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kirby, S. H.","contributorId":51721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirby","given":"S.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Durham, W.B.","contributorId":72135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Durham","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70182266,"text":"70182266 - 2000 - Thermal exposure of wild juvenile fall Chinook salmon in Little Goose Reservoir, Snake River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-22T12:08:43","indexId":"70182266","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Thermal exposure of wild juvenile fall Chinook salmon in Little Goose Reservoir, Snake River","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available&nbsp;</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 15th international symposium on biotelemetry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"15th international symposium on biotelemetry","language":"English","publisher":"International Society of Biotelemetry","usgsCitation":"Venditti, D., Kraut, J., and Rondorf, D., 2000, Thermal exposure of wild juvenile fall Chinook salmon in Little Goose Reservoir, Snake River, <i>in</i> Proceedings of the 15th international symposium on biotelemetry, p. 313-332.","productDescription":"20 p. ","startPage":"313","endPage":"332","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335949,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Little Goose Reservoir ","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -118.01651000976562,\n              46.599449464868584\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.05290222167969,\n              46.592843997427416\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.04534912109376,\n              46.57019056757178\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.83729553222655,\n              46.5782147398224\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.75489807128906,\n              46.64755071082884\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.79266357421874,\n              46.65226421890328\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.87918090820312,\n              46.630107159317205\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.91007995605469,\n              46.596146831795764\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.00346374511719,\n              46.59897767246807\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.01651000976562,\n              46.599449464868584\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58aeb13fe4b01ccd54f9ee3a","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Eiler, J.H.","contributorId":182031,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Eiler","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":670300,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alcorn, D.J.","contributorId":182030,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Alcorn","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":670301,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Neuman, M.R.","contributorId":113681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neuman","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":670302,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Venditti, D.A.","contributorId":74536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Venditti","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":670297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kraut, J.M.","contributorId":46252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kraut","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":670298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rondorf, D.W.","contributorId":80789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rondorf","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":670299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70022615,"text":"70022615 - 2000 - Change in field turbidity and trace element concentrations during well purging","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-20T16:33:43.228146","indexId":"70022615","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Change in field turbidity and trace element concentrations during well purging","docAbstract":"<p>Various physical and chemical properties were monitored sequentially in the field during well purging as indicators of stabilization of the composition of the water in the well. Turbidity was monitored on site during purging of oxic water from three wells with screened intervals open to an unconfined aquifer system in the Coastal Plain of southern New Jersey to determine if stabilization of turbidity is a reliable indicator of the optimum purge time required to collect unbiased trace element samples. Concurrent split (one filtered, one unfiltered) samples collected during purging of the wells were analyzed for concentrations of trace elements so that the relationships between trace element concentrations and turbidity could be compared.</p><p>Turbidity correlated with the whole water recoverable (WWR) concentration of trace element species, such as iron (Fe), aluminum (Al), and manganese (Mn) in the oxic ground water. Turbidity appeared to be independent of other field-measured characteristics of water such as conductivity, pH, temperature, and dissolved oxygen. The WWR concentration of lead and copper, considered to be hydrophobic, correlated significantly with the sum of the WWR concentration of Fe, Al, and Mn. High values of field-measured turbidity were a key indicator of an overestimate of ambient hydrophobic trace element WWR concentrations. Stabilization of turbidity was a better indicator of stable, unfiltered trace element concentrations than were the other commonly measured field characteristics. At one well, turbidity was a better indicator of stable, filtered trace element concentrations than the other commonly measured field characteristics. As analytical methods for trace elements improve resulting in smaller MRLs (method reporting levels) and better precision, turbidity of ground water at values of less than 10 NTU (nepheiometric turbidity units) will become important in interpreting the significance of both unfiltered and filtered sample results.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"National Ground Water Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb00250.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Gibs, J., Szabo, Z., Ivahnenko, T., and Wilde, F., 2000, Change in field turbidity and trace element concentrations during well purging: Ground Water, v. 38, no. 4, p. 577-588, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb00250.x.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"577","endPage":"588","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230318,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -75.2783203125,\n              39.01918369029134\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.828125,\n              39.01918369029134\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.828125,\n              41.02964338716638\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.2783203125,\n              41.02964338716638\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.2783203125,\n              39.01918369029134\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"38","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f401e4b0c8380cd4baa5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gibs, J.","contributorId":91632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gibs","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Szabo, Zoltan 0000-0002-0760-9607 zszabo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0760-9607","contributorId":2240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szabo","given":"Zoltan","email":"zszabo@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":394262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ivahnenko, T.","contributorId":20495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ivahnenko","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wilde, F.D.","contributorId":50933,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilde","given":"F.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
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