This study evaluates the biogeochemical changes that occur when recharge water comes in contact with a reduced aquifer. It specifically addresses (1) which reactions occur in situ, (2) the order in which these reactions will occur if terminal electron acceptors (TEAs) are introduced simultaneously, (3) the rates of these reactions, and (4) the roles of the aqueous and solid-phase portions of the aquifer. Recharge events of waters containing various combinations of O2, NO3, and SO4 were simulated at a shallow sandy aquifer contaminated with waste fuels and chlorinated solvents using modified push−pull tests to quantify rates. In situ rate constants for aerobic respiration (14.4 day -1), denitrification (5.04−7.44 day-1), and sulfate reduction (4.32−6.48 day-1) were estimated. Results show that when introduced together, NO3 and SO4can be consumed simultaneously at similar rates. To distinguish the role of aqueous phase from that of the solid phase of the aquifer, groundwater was extracted, amended with NO3 and SO4, and monitored over time. Results indicate that neither NO3 nor SO4 was reduced during the course of the aqueous-phase study, suggesting that NO3 and SO4 can behave conservatively in highly reduced water. It is clear that sediments and their associated microbial communities are important in driving redox reactions.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es015615q","usgsCitation":"McGuire, J., Long, D.T., Klug, M.J., Haack, S.K., and Hyndman, D.W., 2002, Evaluating behavior of oxygen, nitrate, and sulfate during recharge and quantifying reduction rates in a contaminated aquifer: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 36, no. 12, p. 2993-2700, https://doi.org/10.1021/es015615q.","productDescription":"8 p. ","startPage":"2993","endPage":"2700","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337676,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-04-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ca52d4e4b0849ce97c86f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGuire, Jennifer T.","contributorId":53979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"Jennifer T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Long, David T.","contributorId":20364,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Long","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Klug, Michael J.","contributorId":20930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klug","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Haack, Sheridan K. skhaack@usgs.gov","contributorId":1982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haack","given":"Sheridan","email":"skhaack@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":684601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hyndman, David W.","contributorId":7868,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hyndman","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":31567,"text":"ofr2001445 - 2002 - Determination of methyl mercury by aqueous phase ethylation, followed by gas chromatographic separation with cold vapor atomic fluorescence detection","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-18T19:30:42","indexId":"ofr2001445","displayToPublicDate":"2002-04-01T02:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-445","title":"Determination of methyl mercury by aqueous phase ethylation, followed by gas chromatographic separation with cold vapor atomic fluorescence detection","docAbstract":"A recent national sampling of streams in the United States revealed low methyl mercury concentrations in surface waters. The resulting median and mean concentrations, calculated from 104 samples, were 0.06 nanograms per liter (ng/L) and 0.15 ng/L, respectively. This level of methyl mercury in surface water in the United States has created a need for analytical techniques capable of detecting sub-nanogram per liter concentrations. In an attempt to create a U.S. Geological Survey approved method, the Wisconsin District Mercury Laboratory has adapted a distillation/ethylation/ gas-phase separation method with cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectroscopy detection for the determination of methyl mercury in filtered and unfiltered waters. This method is described in this report. Based on multiple analyses of surface water and ground-water samples, a method detection limit of 0.04 ng/L was established. Precision and accuracy were evaluated for the method using both spiked and unspiked ground-water and surface-water samples. The percent relative standard deviations ranged from 10.2 to 15.6 for all analyses at all concentrations. Average recoveries obtained for the spiked matrices ranged from 88.8 to 117 percent. The precision and accuracy ranges are within the acceptable method-performance limits. Considering the demonstrated detection limit, precision, and accuracy, the method is an effective means to quantify methyl mercury in waters at or below environmentally relevant concentrations
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr2001445","usgsCitation":"De Wild, J.F., Olsen, M.L., and Olund, S.D., 2002, Determination of methyl mercury by aqueous phase ethylation, followed by gas chromatographic separation with cold vapor atomic fluorescence detection (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-445, iv, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr2001445.","productDescription":"iv, 14 p.","numberOfPages":"19","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":161074,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":309893,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/ofr-01-445/pdf/ofr01445v1.pdf"},{"id":11809,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/ofr-01-445/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db66797c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"De Wild, John F.","contributorId":31800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"De Wild","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olsen, Mark L.","contributorId":63852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olsen","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Olund, Shane D.","contributorId":94352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olund","given":"Shane","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":31597,"text":"ofr0290 - 2002 - Trace, minor and major element data for ground water near Fairbanks, Alaska, 1999-2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-19T19:40:47","indexId":"ofr0290","displayToPublicDate":"2002-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-90","title":"Trace, minor and major element data for ground water near Fairbanks, Alaska, 1999-2000","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr0290","usgsCitation":"Mueller, S.H., Goldfarb, R., Farmer, G.L., Sanzolone, R., Adams, M., Theodorakos, P.M., Richmond, S., and McCleskey, R.B., 2002, Trace, minor and major element data for ground water near Fairbanks, Alaska, 1999-2000 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-90, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0290.","productDescription":"12 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":160913,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":2864,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/ofr-02-0090/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","city":"Fairbanks","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -148.018798828125,\n 64.77880714659877\n ],\n [\n -147.54638671875,\n 64.77880714659877\n ],\n [\n -147.54638671875,\n 64.88626540914477\n ],\n [\n -148.018798828125,\n 64.88626540914477\n ],\n [\n -148.018798828125,\n 64.77880714659877\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4de4b07f02db62732f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mueller, S. H.","contributorId":10487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goldfarb, R.J.","contributorId":38143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldfarb","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Farmer, G. L.","contributorId":97251,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Farmer","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sanzolone, R.","contributorId":77602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanzolone","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Adams, M.","contributorId":81176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Theodorakos, P. M.","contributorId":12500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Theodorakos","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Richmond, S.A.","contributorId":59678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richmond","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"McCleskey, R. Blaine 0000-0002-2521-8052 rbmccles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2521-8052","contributorId":147399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCleskey","given":"R.","email":"rbmccles@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Blaine","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":206503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":31007,"text":"wri014211 - 2002 - Pesticides in surface water of the Yakima River basin, Washington, 1999–2000 — Their occurrence and an assessment of factors affecting concentrations and loads","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-20T22:16:44.447233","indexId":"wri014211","displayToPublicDate":"2002-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4211","title":"Pesticides in surface water of the Yakima River basin, Washington, 1999–2000 — Their occurrence and an assessment of factors affecting concentrations and loads","docAbstract":"The occurrence, distribution, and transport of pesticides in surface water of the Yakima River Basin were assessed using data collected during 19992000 as part of the U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program. Samples were collected at 34 sites located throughout the basin in August 1999 using a Lagrangian sampling design. Samples also were collected weekly and monthly from May 1999 through January 2000 at three of the sites. This report includes data for 47 pesticide compounds from the analysis of filtered water using ocadecyl (C-18) solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.
\nTwenty-five pesticide compounds were detected in samples collected during the study. Detection frequencies ranged from about 1 percent for ethalfluralin, ethoprophos, and lindane to 82 percent for atrazine. Maximum concentrations of azinphos-methyl, carbaryl, diazinon, para,para'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE), and lindane exceeded chronic-toxicity guidelines for the protection of freshwater aquatic life. Twenty pesticide compounds were detected during sampling in August 1999. Atrazine was the most widely detected herbicide, and azinphos-methyl was the most widely detected insecticide. The median number of sites at which a particular pesticide compound was detected was six. Pesticide compounds detected at more than six sites include atrazine, simazine, terbacil, trifluralin, deethylatrazine, azinphos-methyl, carbaryl, diazinon, malathion, and p,p'-DDE.
\nBecause many factors affect the transport of pesticides from areas of application to surface water, there was not a simple correspondence between pesticide occurrence and use in the Yakima River Basin. For example, the high detection rates of atrazine, simazine, deethylatrazine, and p,p'-DDE are probably related more to their mobility and wide distribution in the hydrologic system than to their usage. Likewise, higher detection frequencies of the insecticides azinphos-methyl and carbaryl compared with chlorpyrifos appear to be related more to differences in their physical and chemical properties than to usage.
\nThe highest detection frequencies and concentrations of pesticides generally occurred during irrigation season, which is from mid-March to mid-October. Pesticides are applied during irrigation season, and runoff of excess irrigation water from fields transports them to surface water.
\nGround-water discharges also transport some pesticides to surface water. Atrazine, deethylatrazine, and simazine were frequently detected in samples collected after the irrigation season when there was little or no surface runoff and most of the flow in irrigation drains was derived from ground water.
\nDaily loads of atrazine, terbacil, azinphos-methyl, and carbaryl discharged to the Yakima River from inflows between river mile 103.7 and river mile 72 varied widely between sites. For example, East Toppenish Drain discharged over 50 percent of the total load of terbacil to this reach of the Yakima River, but none of the total load of carbaryl and only about 4 percent of the total load of atrazine. Pesticide loads from the wastewater treatment plants were relatively small compared with loads from other inflows because their discharges were small.
\nPesticide losses, defined as the ratio of the amount discharged from a basin from May 1999 through January 2000 divided by the amount applied during 1999, were estimated for Moxee and Granger Drains and the Yakima River at Kiona. Losses ranged from less than 0.01 to 1.5 percent of pesticides applied and are comparable to those observed (0.01 to 2.2 percent) in irrigated agricultural basins in the Central Columbia Plateau of Washington State.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri014211","usgsCitation":"Ebbert, J.C., Embrey, S.S.,2002,Pesticides in surface water of the Yakima River basin, Washington, 1999–2000 — Their occurrence and an assessment of factors affecting concentrations and loads: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 01–4211, 49 p.","productDescription":"49 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159877,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":394631,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_51424.htm"},{"id":3008,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4211/wri01-4211.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"PDF of report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Yakima River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.5,\n 46\n ],\n [\n -119.25,\n 46\n ],\n [\n -119.25,\n 47.5\n ],\n [\n -121.5,\n 47.5\n ],\n [\n -121.5,\n 46\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Oregon Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2130 SW 5th Avenue
Portland, Oregon 97201
http://or.water.usgs.gov
This report describes the history of roads through the Lower Glades of Everglades National Park, Florida and their influence on salinity intrusion. The chronology that lead to this work is interesting. The U.S. Geological Survey flew a series of helicopter electromagnetic surveys over portions of Everglades National Park to map saltwater intrusion starting in 1994 (Fitterman et al., 1995; Fitterman, 1996; Fitterman and Deszcz-Pan, 1998, 2002). These surveys identified variations in the electrical resistivity that were associated with changes in ground-water quality. The patterns of ground-water quality have been traced to natural saltwater intrusion, such as the effect of tidal rivers on lowering hydrologic heads far inland, and the influence of man-made structures, such as canals and roadways on surface water flow. These latter effects are of interest as they represent variations from the natural state of affairs in the park.
Previous investigations had been done by Everglades National Park staff on the influence of some roads and canals on the near surface hydrology. This information was scattered through a number of National Park Service publications. In an effort to bring these materials together in an easily located reference, along with new data on flows through culverts beneath the main park road, this report was written.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr0259","usgsCitation":"The road to flamingo: An evaluation of flow pattern alterations and salinity intrusion in the lower glades, Everglades National Park; 2002; OFR; 2002-59; Stewart, M. A.; Bhatt, T. N.; Fennema, R. J.; Fitterman, D. V.","productDescription":"36 p.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":400064,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/ofr-02-0059/ofr-02-0059.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.34 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2002-0059"},{"id":160590,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/ofr-02-0059/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Everglades National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.19255002268427,\n 26.455912977980674\n ],\n [\n -81.54181740018961,\n 26.455912977980674\n ],\n [\n -81.54181740018961,\n 25.021398805919503\n ],\n [\n -80.19255002268427,\n 25.021398805919503\n ],\n [\n -80.19255002268427,\n 26.455912977980674\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
From 1993 to 2001, Devils Lake rose more than 25 feet, flooding farmland, roads, and structures around the lake and causing more than $400 million in damages in the Devils Lake Basin. In July 2001, the level of Devils Lake was at 1,448.0 feet above sea level1, which was the highest lake level in more than 160 years. The lake could continue to rise to several feet above its natural spill elevation to the Sheyenne River (1,459 feet above sea level) in future years, causing extensive additional flooding in the basin and, in the event of an uncontrolled natural spill, downstream in the Red River of the North Basin as well. The outlet simulation model described in this report was developed to determine the potential effects of various outlet alternatives on the future lake levels and water quality of Devils Lake.
Lake levels of Devils Lake are controlled largely by precipitation on the lake surface, evaporation from the lake surface, and surface inflow. For this study, a monthly water-balance model was developed to compute the change in total volume of Devils Lake, and a regression model was used to estimate monthly water-balance data on the basis of limited recorded data. Estimated coefficients for the regression model indicated fitted precipitation on the lake surface was greater than measured precipitation in most months, fitted evaporation from the lake surface was less than estimated evaporation in most months, and ungaged inflow was about 2 percent of gaged inflow in most months.
Dissolved sulfate was considered to be the key water-quality constituent for evaluating the effects of a proposed outlet on downstream water quality. Because large differences in sulfate concentrations existed among the various bays of Devils Lake, monthly water-balance data were used to develop detailed water and sulfate mass-balance models to compute changes in sulfate load for each of six major storage compartments in response to precipitation, evaporation, inflow, and outflow from each compartment. The storage compartments--five for Devils Lake and one for Stump Lake--were connected by bridge openings, culverts, or natural channels that restricted mixing between compartments. A numerical algorithm was developed to calculate inflow and outflow from each compartment.
Sulfate loads for the storage compartments first were calculated using the assumptions that no interaction occurred between the bottom sediments and the water column and no wind- or buoyancy-induced mixing occurred between compartments. However, because the fitted sulfate loads did not agree with the estimated sulfate loads, which were obtained from recorded sulfate concentrations, components were added to the sulfate mass-balance model to account for the flux of sulfate between bottom sediments and the lake and for mixing between storage compartments. Mixing between compartments can occur during periods of open water because of wind and during periods of ice cover because of water-density differences between compartments. Sulfate loads calculated using the sulfate mass-balance model with sediment interaction and mixing between compartments closely matched sulfate loads computed from historical concentrations.
The water and sulfate mass-balance models were used to calculate potential future lake levels and sulfate concentrations for Devils Lake and Stump Lake given potential future values of monthly precipitation, evaporation, and inflow. Potential future inputs were generated using a scenario approach and a stochastic approach. In the scenario approach, historical values of precipitation, evaporation, and inflow were repeated in the future for a particular sequence of historical years. In the stochastic approach, a statistical time-series model was developed to randomly generate potential future inputs. The scenario approach was used to evaluate the effectiveness of various outlet alternatives, and the stochastic approach was used to evaluate the hydrologic and water-quality effects of the potential outlet alternatives that were selected on the basis of the scenario analysis.
Given potential future lake levels and sulfate concentrations generated using either the scenario or stochastic approach and potential future ambient flows and sulfate concentrations for the Sheyenne River receiving waters, daily outlet discharges could be calculated for virtually any outlet alternative. For the scenario approach, future ambient flows and sulfate concentrations for the Sheyenne River were generated using the same sequence of years used for generating water-balance data for Devils Lake. For the stochastic approach, a procedure was developed for generating daily Sheyenne River flows and sulfate concentrations that were \"in-phase\" with the generated water-balance data for Devils Lake.
Simulation results for the scenario approach indicated that neither of the West Bay outlet alternatives provided effective flood-damage reduction without exceeding downstream water-quality constraints. However, both Pelican Lake outlet alternatives provided significant flood-damage reduction with only minor downstream water-quality changes. The most effective alternative for controlling rising lake levels was a Pelican Lake outlet with a 480-cubic-foot-per-second pump capacity and a 250-milligram-per-liter downstream sulfate constraint. However, this plan is costly because of the high pump capacity and the requirement of a control structure on Highway 19 to control the level of Pelican Lake. A less costly, though less effective for flood-damage reduction, plan is a Pelican Lake outlet with a 300-cubic-foot-per-second pump capacity and a 250-milligram-per-liter downstream sulfate constraint. The plan is less costly because the pump capacity is smaller and because the control structure on Highway 19 is not required. The less costly Pelican Lake alternative with a 450-milligramper- liter downstream sulfate constraint rather than a 250-milligram-per-liter downstream sulfate constraint was identified by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers as the preferred alternative for detailed design and engineering analysis.
Simulation results for the stochastic approach indicated that the geologic history of lake-level fluctuations of Devils Lake for the past 2,500 years was consistent with a climatic history that consisted of two climate states--a wet state, similar to conditions during 1980-99, and a normal state, similar to conditions during 1950-78. The transition times between the wet and normal climatic periods occurred randomly. The average duration of the wet climatic periods was 20 years, and the average duration of the normal climatic periods was 120 years.
The stochastic approach was used to generate 10,000 independent sequences of lake levels and sulfate concentrations for Devils Lake for water years 2001-50. Each trace began with the same starting conditions, and the duration of the current wet cycle was generated randomly for each trace. Each trace was generated for the baseline (natural) condition and for the Pelican Lake outlet with a 300-cubic-foot-per-second pump capacity and a 450-milligram-per-liter downstream sulfate constraint. The outlet significantly lowered the probabilities of future lake-level increases within the next 50 years and did not substantially increase the probabilities of reaching low lake levels or poor water-quality conditions during the same period.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri024042","usgsCitation":"Vecchia, A.V., 2002, Simulation of a proposed emergency outlet from Devils Lake, North Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4042, 129 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024042.","productDescription":"129 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":160873,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3011,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://nd.water.usgs.gov/pubs/wri/wri024042/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49a1e4b07f02db5be14f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vecchia, Aldo V. 0000-0002-2661-4401","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2661-4401","contributorId":41810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vecchia","given":"Aldo","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":31570,"text":"ofr01483 - 2002 - Effects of water-management alternatives on streamflow in the Ipswich River basin, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-22T15:11:25.976761","indexId":"ofr01483","displayToPublicDate":"2002-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-483","title":"Effects of water-management alternatives on streamflow in the Ipswich River basin, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"Management alternatives that could help mitigate the effects of water withdrawals on streamflow in the Ipswich River Basin were evaluated by simulation with a calibrated Hydrologic Simulation Program--Fortran (HSPF) model. The effects of management alternatives on streamflow were simulated for a 35-year period (1961-95). Most alternatives examined increased low flows compared to the base simulation of average 1989-93 withdrawals. Only the simulation of no septic-effluent inflow, and the simulation of a 20-percent increase in withdrawals, further lowered flows or caused the river to stop flowing for longer periods of time than the simulation of average 1989-93 withdrawals. Simulations of reduced seasonal withdrawals by 20 percent, and by 50 percent, resulted in a modest increase in low flow in a critical habitat reach (model reach 8 near the Reading town well field); log-Pearson Type III analysis of simulated daily-mean flow indicated that under these reduced withdrawals, model reach 8 would stop flowing for a period of seven consecutive days about every other year, whereas under average 1989-93 withdrawals this reach would stop flowing for a seven consecutive day period almost every year. Simulations of no seasonal withdrawals, and simulations that stopped streamflow depletion when flow in model reach 19 was below 22 cubic feet per second, indicated flow would be maintained in model reach 8 at all times. Simulations indicated wastewater-return flows would augment low flow in proportion to the rate of return flow. Simulations of a 1.5 million gallons per day return flow rate indicated model reach 8 would stop flowing for a period of seven consecutive days about once every 5 years; simulated return flow rates of 1.1 million gallons per day indicated that model reach 8 would stop flowing for a period of seven consecutive days about every other year. Simulation of reduced seasonal withdrawals, combined with no septic effluent return flow, indicated only a slight increase in low flow compared to low flows simulated under average 1989-93 withdrawals. Simulation of reduced seasonal withdrawal, combined with 2.6 million gallons per day wastewater-return flows, provided more flow in model reach 8 than that simulated under no withdrawals.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr01483","usgsCitation":"Zarriello, P.J., 2002, Effects of water-management alternatives on streamflow in the Ipswich River basin, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-483, 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01483.","productDescription":"30 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2810,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/ofr01483/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":390452,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_51402.htm"},{"id":161109,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Ipswich River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.2167,\n 42.5\n ],\n [\n -71.0203,\n 42.5\n ],\n [\n -71.0203,\n 42.6667\n ],\n [\n -71.2167,\n 42.6667\n ],\n [\n -71.2167,\n 42.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db683450","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zarriello, Philip J.","contributorId":21588,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zarriello","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70185662,"text":"70185662 - 2002 - Chemical evolution of the Salton Sea, California: Nutrient and selenium dynamics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-16T19:32:21.489929","indexId":"70185662","displayToPublicDate":"2002-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical evolution of the Salton Sea, California: Nutrient and selenium dynamics","docAbstract":"The Salton Sea is a 1000-km2 terminal lake located in the desert area of southeastern California. This saline (∼44 000 mg l−1 dissolved solids) lake started as fresh water in 1905–07 by accidental flooding of the Colorado River, and it is maintained by agricultural runoff of irrigation water diverted from the Colorado River. The Salton Sea and surrounding wetlands have recently acquired substantial ecological importance because of the death of large numbers of birds and fish, and the establishment of a program to restore the health of the Sea. In this report, we present new data on the salinity and concentration of selected chemicals in the Salton Sea water, porewater and sediments, emphasizing the constituents of concern: nutrients (N and P), Se and salinity. Chemical profiles from a Salton Sea core estimated to have a sedimentation rate of 2.3 mm yr−1 show increasing concentrations of OC, N, and P in younger sediment that are believed to reflect increasing eutrophication of the lake. Porewater profiles from two locations in the Sea show that diffusion from bottom sediment is only a minor source of nutrients to the overlying water as compared to irrigation water inputs. Although loss of N and Se by microbial-mediated volatilization is possible, comparison of selected element concentrations in river inputs and water and sediments from the Salton Sea indicates that most of the N (from fertilizer) and virtually all of the Se (delivered in irrigation water from the Colorado River) discharged to the Sea still reside within its bottom sediment. Laboratory simulation on mixtures of sediment and water from the Salton Sea suggest that sediment is a potential source of N and Se to the water column under aerobic conditions. Hence, it is important that any engineered changes made to the Salton Sea for remediation or for transfer of water out of the basin do not result in remobilization of nutrients and Se from the bottom sediment into the overlying water.
","language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1023/A:1016557012305","usgsCitation":"Schroeder, R.A., Orem, W.H., and Kharaka, Y.K., 2002, Chemical evolution of the Salton Sea, California: Nutrient and selenium dynamics: Hydrobiologia, v. 473, no. 1, p. 23-45, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016557012305.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"23","endPage":"45","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338367,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Salton Sea","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.03897094726562,\n 33.5608510182527\n ],\n [\n -116.12136840820312,\n 33.52536850360117\n ],\n [\n -115.99777221679686,\n 33.31331547642762\n ],\n [\n -115.74371337890625,\n 33.05701850585396\n ],\n [\n -115.57754516601561,\n 33.19388015067254\n ],\n [\n -115.55145263671876,\n 33.28347195224924\n ],\n [\n -115.77392578125,\n 33.42571077612917\n ],\n [\n -115.95108032226561,\n 33.55398457177033\n ],\n [\n -115.99639892578125,\n 33.55627344791359\n ],\n [\n -116.03897094726562,\n 33.5608510182527\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"473","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58da2539e4b0543bf7fda847","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schroeder, Roy A. raschroe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schroeder","given":"Roy","email":"raschroe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":686270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Orem, William H. 0000-0003-4990-0539 borem@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4990-0539","contributorId":577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orem","given":"William","email":"borem@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":686271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kharaka, Yousif K. 0000-0001-9861-8260 ykharaka@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9861-8260","contributorId":1928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kharaka","given":"Yousif","email":"ykharaka@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":686272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":61475,"text":"mf2372 - 2002 - Hydrostructural maps of the Death Valley regional flow system, Nevada and California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-07T09:09:37","indexId":"mf2372","displayToPublicDate":"2002-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2372","title":"Hydrostructural maps of the Death Valley regional flow system, Nevada and California","docAbstract":"The locations of principal faults and structural zones that may influence ground-water flow were compiled in support of a three-dimensional ground-water model for the Death Valley regional flow system (DVRFS), which covers 80,000 square km in southwestern Nevada and southeastern California. Faults include Neogene extensional and strike-slip faults and pre-Tertiary thrust faults. Emphasis was given to characteristics of faults and deformed zones that may have a high potential for influencing hydraulic conductivity. These include: (1) faulting that results in the juxtaposition of stratigraphic units with contrasting hydrologic properties, which may cause ground-water discharge and other perturbations in the flow system; (2) special physical characteristics of the fault zones, such as brecciation and fracturing, that may cause specific parts of the zone to act either as conduits or as barriers to fluid flow; (3) the presence of a variety of lithologies whose physical and deformational characteristics may serve to impede or enhance flow in fault zones; (4) orientation of a fault with respect to the present-day stress field, possibly influencing hydraulic conductivity along the fault zone; and (5) faults that have been active in late Pleistocene or Holocene time and areas of contemporary seismicity, which may be associated with enhanced permeabilities.\n The faults shown on maps A and B are largely from Workman and others (in press), and fit one or more of the following criteria: (1) faults that are more than 10 km in map length; (2) faults with more than 500 m of displacement; and (3) faults in sets that define a significant structural fabric that characterizes a particular domain of the DVRFS. The following fault types are shown: Neogene normal, Neogene strike-slip, Neogene low-angle normal, pre-Tertiary thrust, and structural boundaries of Miocene calderas. We have highlighted faults that have late Pleistocene to Holocene displacement (Piety, 1996). Areas of thick Neogene basin-fill deposits (thicknesses 1-2 km, 2-3 km, and >3 km) are shown on map A, based on gravity anomalies and depth-to-basement modeling by Blakely and others (1999). We have interpreted the positions of faults in the subsurface, generally following the interpretations of Blakely and others (1999). Where geophysical constraints are not present, the faults beneath late Tertiary and Quaternary cover have been extended based on geologic reasoning. Nearly all of these concealed faults are shown with continuous solid lines on maps A and B, in order to provide continuous structures for incorporation into the hydrogeologic framework model (HFM). Map A also shows the potentiometric surface, regional springs (25-35 degrees Celsius, D'Agnese and others, 1997), and cold springs (Turner and others, 1996).","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/mf2372","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy National Nuclear Security Administration Nevada Operations Office","usgsCitation":"Potter, C., Sweetkind, D.S., Dickerson, R., and Killgore, M., 2002, Hydrostructural maps of the Death Valley regional flow system, Nevada and California: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2372, 2 maps Sheets: 34 x 50 inches; Readme; Metadata; ArcInfo Files, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2372.","productDescription":"2 maps Sheets: 34 x 50 inches; Readme; Metadata; ArcInfo Files","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":180436,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/mf2372.png"},{"id":6045,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2002/mf-2372/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":110287,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_50573.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"50573"}],"scale":"350000","country":"United States","state":"Nevada;California","otherGeospatial":"Death Valley","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -118.0,35.0 ], [ -118.0,38.0 ], [ -115.0,38.0 ], [ -115.0,35.0 ], [ -118.0,35.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc693","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Potter, C. J. 0000-0002-2300-6670","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2300-6670","contributorId":89925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Potter","given":"C. J.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":265746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sweetkind, D. S.","contributorId":61507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sweetkind","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dickerson, R. P.","contributorId":23968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickerson","given":"R. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Killgore, M.L.","contributorId":60316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Killgore","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70185143,"text":"70185143 - 2002 - Chromium isotopes and the fate of hexavalent chromium in the environment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-15T12:33:06","indexId":"70185143","displayToPublicDate":"2002-03-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chromium isotopes and the fate of hexavalent chromium in the environment","docAbstract":"Measurements of chromium (Cr) stable-isotope fractionation in laboratory experiments and natural waters show that lighter isotopes reacted preferentially during Cr(VI) reduction by magnetite and sediments. The 53Cr/52Cr ratio of the product was 3.4 ± 0.1 per mil less than that of the reactant.53Cr/52Cr shifts in water samples indicate the extent of reduction, a critical process that renders toxic Cr(VI) in the environment immobile and less toxic.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.1068368","usgsCitation":"Ellis, A.S., Johnson, T.M., and Bullen, T.D., 2002, Chromium isotopes and the fate of hexavalent chromium in the environment: Science, v. 295, no. 5562, p. 2060-2062, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1068368.","productDescription":"3 p. ","startPage":"2060","endPage":"2062","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337627,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"295","issue":"5562","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ca52d4e4b0849ce97c86f8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ellis, Andre S.","contributorId":189333,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ellis","given":"Andre","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Thomas M.","contributorId":174200,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":16984,"text":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":684517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bullen, Thomas D. 0000-0003-2281-1691 tdbullen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2281-1691","contributorId":1969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bullen","given":"Thomas","email":"tdbullen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":684518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70179841,"text":"70179841 - 2002 - Chemistry of selected high-elevation lakes in seven national parks in the western United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-26T08:29:39","indexId":"70179841","displayToPublicDate":"2002-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3729,"text":"Water, Air, and Soil Pollution: Focus","onlineIssn":"1573-2940","printIssn":"1567-7230","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemistry of selected high-elevation lakes in seven national parks in the western United States","docAbstract":"A chemical survey of 69 high-altitude lakes in seven national parks in the western United States was conducted during the fallof 1999; the lakes were previously sampled during the fall of 1985, as part of the Western Lake Survey. Lakes in parks in the Sierra/southern Cascades (Lassen Volcanic, Yosemite, Sequoia/Kings Canyon National Parks) and in the southern RockyMountains (Rocky Mountain National Park) were very dilute; medianspecific conductance ranged from 4.4 to 12.2 μS cm-1 andmedian alkalinity concentrations ranged from 32.2 to 72.9 μeqL-1. Specific conductances and alkalinity concentrations were substantially higher in lakes in the central and northernRocky Mountains parks (Grand Teton, Yellowstone, and GlacierNational Parks), probably due to the prevalence of more reactivebedrock types. Regional patterns in lake concentrations of NO3 and SO4 were similar to regional patterns in NO3 and SO4 concentrations in precipitation, suggestingthat the lakes are showing a response to atmospheric deposition.Concentrations of NO3 were particularly high in Rocky Mountain National Park, where some ecosystems appear to be undergoing nitrogen saturation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/A:1020102608378","usgsCitation":"Clow, D.W., Striegl, R.G., Nanus, L., Mast, M.A., Campbell, D.H., and Krabbenhoft, D.P., 2002, Chemistry of selected high-elevation lakes in seven national parks in the western United States: Water, Air, and Soil Pollution: Focus, v. 2, no. 2, p. 139-164, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020102608378.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"139","endPage":"164","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":333402,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58808d9be4b01dfadfff15bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clow, David W. 0000-0001-6183-4824 dwclow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6183-4824","contributorId":1671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clow","given":"David","email":"dwclow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":658903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Striegl, Robert G. 0000-0002-8251-4659 rstriegl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8251-4659","contributorId":1630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Striegl","given":"Robert","email":"rstriegl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":658904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nanus, Leora","contributorId":27930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nanus","given":"Leora","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mast, M. Alisa 0000-0001-6253-8162 mamast@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6253-8162","contributorId":827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mast","given":"M.","email":"mamast@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Alisa","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":658906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Campbell, Donald H. dhcampbe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"Donald","email":"dhcampbe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":658907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Krabbenhoft, David P. 0000-0003-1964-5020 dpkrabbe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1964-5020","contributorId":1658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krabbenhoft","given":"David","email":"dpkrabbe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":658908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":31469,"text":"ofr01277 - 2002 - Geologic, hydrologic, and water-quality data from multiple-well monitoring sites in the Central and West Coast basins, Los Angeles County, California, 1995-2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-15T16:07:04.814149","indexId":"ofr01277","displayToPublicDate":"2002-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-277","title":"Geologic, hydrologic, and water-quality data from multiple-well monitoring sites in the Central and West Coast basins, Los Angeles County, California, 1995-2000","docAbstract":"In 1995, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Water Replenishment District of Southern California (WRDSC), began a study to examine ground-water resources in the Central and West Coast Basins in Los Angeles County, California. The study characterizes the geohydrology and geochemistry of the regional ground-water flow system and provides extensive data for evaluating ground-water management issues. This report is a compilation of geologic, hydrologic, and water-quality data collected from 24 recently constructed multiple-well monitoring sites for the period 1995–2000.
Descriptions of the collected drill cuttings were compiled into lithologic logs, which are summarized along with geophysical logs—including gamma-ray, spontaneous potential, resistivity, electromagnetic induction, and temperature tool logs—for each monitoring site. At selected sites, cores were analyzed for magnetic orientation, physical and thermal properties, and mineralogy. Field and laboratory estimates of hydraulic conductivity are presented for most multiple-well monitoring sites. Periodic water-level measurements are also reported. Water-quality information for major ions, nutrients, trace elements, deuterium and oxygen-18, and tritium is presented for the multiple-well monitoring locations, and for selected existing production and observation wells. In addition, boron-11, carbon-13, carbon-14, sulfur-34, and strontium-87/86 data are presented for selected wells.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr01277","usgsCitation":"Land, M., Everett, R., and Crawford, S., 2002, Geologic, hydrologic, and water-quality data from multiple-well monitoring sites in the Central and West Coast basins, Los Angeles County, California, 1995-2000: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-277, 178 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01277.","productDescription":"178 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2625,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/ofr01277/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":160378,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db68809b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Land, Michael 0000-0001-5141-0307","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5141-0307","contributorId":56613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Land","given":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Everett, R.R.","contributorId":81954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Everett","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Crawford, S.M.","contributorId":39418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crawford","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":31458,"text":"ofr011 - 2002 - Discharge measurements using a broad-band acoustic Doppler current profiler","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:03","indexId":"ofr011","displayToPublicDate":"2002-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-1","title":"Discharge measurements using a broad-band acoustic Doppler current profiler","docAbstract":"The measurement of unsteady or tidally affected flow has been a problem faced by hydrologists for many years. Dynamic discharge conditions impose an unreasonably short time constraint on conventional current-meter discharge-measurement methods, which typically last a minimum of 1 hour. Tidally affected discharge can change more than 100 percent during a 10-minute period. Over the years, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has developed moving-boat discharge-measurement techniques that are much faster but less accurate than conventional methods. For a bibliography of conventional moving-boat publications, see Simpson and Oltmann (1993, page 17). The advent of the acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) made possible the development of a discharge-measurement system capable of more accurately measuring unsteady or tidally affected flow. In most cases, an ADCP discharge-measurement system is dramatically faster than conventional discharge-measurement systems, and has comparable or better accuracy. In many cases, an ADCP discharge-measurement system is the only choice for use at a particular measurement site. ADCP systems are not yet ?turnkey;? they are still under development, and for proper operation, require a significant amount of operator training. Not only must the operator have a rudimentary knowledge of acoustic physics, but also a working knowledge of ADCP operation, the manufacturer's discharge-measurement software, and boating techniques and safety.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr011","usgsCitation":"Simpson, M.R., 2002, Discharge measurements using a broad-band acoustic Doppler current profiler: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-1, 123 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr011.","productDescription":"123 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":160354,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":2619,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr0101 ","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64aa40","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Simpson, Michael R.","contributorId":90704,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simpson","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":31529,"text":"ofr0252 - 2002 - Simulating solute transport across horizontal-flow barriers using the MODFLOW ground-water transport process","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-18T19:21:17","indexId":"ofr0252","displayToPublicDate":"2002-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-52","displayTitle":"Simulating Solute Transport Across Horizontal-Flow Barriers Using the MODFLOW Ground-Water Transport Process","title":"Simulating solute transport across horizontal-flow barriers using the MODFLOW ground-water transport process","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr0252","usgsCitation":"Hornberger, G., Konikow, L.F., and Harte, P., 2002, Simulating solute transport across horizontal-flow barriers using the MODFLOW ground-water transport process: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-52, 28 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0252.","productDescription":"28 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":160756,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0052/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59798,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0052/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f9e4b07f02db5f312c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hornberger, G.Z.","contributorId":71582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hornberger","given":"G.Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Konikow, Leonard F. 0000-0002-0940-3856 lkonikow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0940-3856","contributorId":158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konikow","given":"Leonard","email":"lkonikow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":206318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harte, P. T. 0000-0002-7718-1204","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7718-1204","contributorId":36143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harte","given":"P. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":31528,"text":"ofr0244 - 2002 - Magnetotelluric data in the middle Rio Grande basin, Albuquerque volcanoes, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-07T13:12:23","indexId":"ofr0244","displayToPublicDate":"2002-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-44","title":"Magnetotelluric data in the middle Rio Grande basin, Albuquerque volcanoes, New Mexico","docAbstract":"The population in the Albuquerque-Santa Fe region of New Mexico is rapidly growing. The Santa Fe Group aquifer in the Middle Rio Grande Basin is the main source of municipal water for the greater Albuquerque metropolitan area. The capacity of this aquifer is more limited than previously thought (Thorn et al., 1993). The Middle Rio Grande Basin, as defined hydrologically and used here, is the area within the Rio Grande Valley extending from Cochiti Dam downstream to the community of San Acacia (Figure 1). Because approximately 600,000 people (40 percent of the population of New Mexico) live in the study area (Bartolino, 1999), water shortfalls could have serious consequences. Future growth and land management in the region depends on accurate assessment and protection of the region’s groundwater resources. An important issue in defining the ground water resources is a better understanding of the hydrogeology of the Santa Fe Group and the other sedimentary deposits that fill the Rio Grande rift.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","doi":"10.3133/ofr0244","usgsCitation":"Williams, J.M., and Rodriguez, B.D., 2002, Magnetotelluric data in the middle Rio Grande basin, Albuquerque volcanoes, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-44, 90 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0244.","productDescription":"90 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2718,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/ofr-02-0044/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":160755,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0044/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59797,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0044/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db64944e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, Jackie M.","contributorId":11217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Jackie","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rodriguez, Brian D. 0000-0002-2263-611X brod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2263-611X","contributorId":836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodriguez","given":"Brian","email":"brod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":206315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70161973,"text":"70161973 - 2002 - Exploring the effect of drought extent and interval on the Florida snail kite: Interplay between spatial and temporal scales","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-11T12:40:06","indexId":"70161973","displayToPublicDate":"2002-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1458,"text":"Ecological Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Exploring the effect of drought extent and interval on the Florida snail kite: Interplay between spatial and temporal scales","docAbstract":"The paper aims at exploring the viability of the Florida snail kite population under various drought regimes in its wetland habitat. The population dynamics of snail kites are strongly linked with the hydrology of the system due to the dependence of this bird species on one exclusive prey species, the apple snail, which is negatively affected by a drying out of habitat. Based on empirical evidence, it has been hypothesised that the viability of the snail kite population critically depends not only on the time interval between droughts, but also on the spatial extent of these droughts. A system wide drought is likely to result in reduced reproduction and increased mortality, whereas the birds can respond to local droughts by moving to sites where conditions are still favourable. This paper explores the implications of this hypothesis by means of a spatially-explicit individual-based model. The specific aim of the model is to study in a factorial design the dynamics of the kite population in relation to two scale parameters, the temporal interval between droughts and the spatial correlation between droughts. In the model high drought frequencies led to reduced numbers of kites. Also, habitat degradation due to prolonged periods of inundation led to lower predicted numbers of kites. Another main result was that when the spatial correlation between droughts was low, the model showed little variability in the predicted numbers of kites. But when droughts occurred mostly on a system wide level, environmental stochasticity strongly increased the stochasticity in kite numbers and in the worst case the viability of the kite population was seriously threatened.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0304-3800(01)00512-9","usgsCitation":"Mooij, W.M., Bennetts, R.E., Kitchens, W.M., and DeAngelis, D., 2002, Exploring the effect of drought extent and interval on the Florida snail kite: Interplay between spatial and temporal scales: Ecological Modelling, v. 149, no. 1-2, p. 25-39, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3800(01)00512-9.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"25","endPage":"39","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314135,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"149","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5694e043e4b039675d005e1f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mooij, Wolf M.","contributorId":94169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooij","given":"Wolf","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bennetts, Robert E.","contributorId":62508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennetts","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kitchens, Wiley M. kitchensw@usgs.gov","contributorId":2851,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kitchens","given":"Wiley","email":"kitchensw@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":588236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"DeAngelis, Donald L. 0000-0002-1570-4057 don_deangelis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1570-4057","contributorId":147289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeAngelis","given":"Donald L.","email":"don_deangelis@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":588237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70185183,"text":"70185183 - 2002 - In-situ evidence for uranium immobilization and remobilization","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-26T09:43:40","indexId":"70185183","displayToPublicDate":"2002-02-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"In-situ evidence for uranium immobilization and remobilization","docAbstract":"The in-situ microbial reduction and immobilization of uranium was assessed as a means of preventing the migration of this element in the terrestrial subsurface. Uranium immobilization (putatively identified as reduction) and microbial respiratory activities were evaluated in the presence of exogenous electron donors and acceptors with field push−pull tests using wells installed in an anoxic aquifer contaminated with landfill leachate. Uranium(VI) amended at 1.5 μM was reduced to less than 1 nM in groundwater in less than 8 d during all field experiments. Amendments of 0.5 mM sulfate or 5 mM nitrate slowed U(VI) immobilization and allowed for the recovery of 10% and 54% of the injected element, respectively, as compared to 4% in the unamended treatment. Laboratory incubations confirmed the field tests and showed that the majority of the U(VI) immobilized was due to microbial reduction. In these tests, nitrate treatment (7.5 mM) inhibited U(VI) reduction, and nitrite was transiently produced. Further push−pull tests were performed in which either 1 or 5 mM nitrate was added with 1.0 μM U(VI) to sediments that already contained immobilized uranium. After an initial loss of the amendments, the concentration of soluble U(VI) increased and eventually exceeded the injected concentration, indicating that previously immobilized uranium was remobilized as nitrate was reduced. Laboratory experiments using heat-inactivated sediment slurries suggested that the intermediates of dissimilatory nitrate reduction (denitrification or dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonia), nitrite, nitrous oxide, and nitric oxide were all capable of oxidizing and mobilizing U(IV). These findings indicate that in-situ subsurface U(VI) immobilization can be expected to take place under anaerobic conditions, but the permanence of the approach can be impaired by disimilatory nitrate reduction intermediates that can mobilize previously reduced uranium.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es011240x","usgsCitation":"Senko, J.M., Istok, J.D., Suflita, J.M., and Krumholz, L.R., 2002, In-situ evidence for uranium immobilization and remobilization: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 36, no. 7, p. 1491-1496, https://doi.org/10.1021/es011240x.","productDescription":"6 p. ","startPage":"1491","endPage":"1496","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337688,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-02-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ca52d4e4b0849ce97c86fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Senko, John M.","contributorId":187692,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Senko","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Istok, Jonathan D.","contributorId":35468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Istok","given":"Jonathan","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Suflita, Joseph M.","contributorId":187604,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Suflita","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Krumholz, Lee R.","contributorId":187679,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Krumholz","given":"Lee","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":30978,"text":"wri014239 - 2002 - Ground-water discharge determined from measurements of evapotranspiration, other available hydrologic components, and shallow water-level changes, Oasis Valley, Nye County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-12-03T14:02:59.629214","indexId":"wri014239","displayToPublicDate":"2002-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4239","title":"Ground-water discharge determined from measurements of evapotranspiration, other available hydrologic components, and shallow water-level changes, Oasis Valley, Nye County, Nevada","docAbstract":"Oasis Valley is an area of natural ground-water discharge within the Death Valley regional ground-water flow system of southern Nevada and adjacent California. Ground water discharging at Oasis Valley is replenished from inflow derived from an extensive recharge area that includes the northwestern part of the Nevada Test Site (NTS). Because nuclear testing has introduced radionuclides into the subsurface of the NTS, the U.S. Department of Energy currently is investigating the potential transport of these radionuclides by ground water flow. To better evaluate any potential risk associated with these test-generated contaminants, a number of studies were undertaken to accurately quantify discharge from areas downgradient in the regional ground-water flow system from the NTS. This report refines the estimate of ground-water discharge from Oasis Valley.
Ground-water discharge from Oasis Valley was estimated by quantifying evapotranspiration (ET), estimating subsurface outflow, and compiling ground-water withdrawal data. ET was quantified by identifying areas of ongoing ground-water ET, delineating areas of ET defined on the basis of similarities in vegetation and soil-moisture conditions, and computing ET rates for each of the delineated areas. A classification technique using spectral-reflectance characteristics determined from satellite imagery acquired in 1992 identified eight unique areas of ground-water ET. These areas encompass about 3,426 acres of sparsely to densely vegetated grassland, shrubland, wetland, and open water. Annual ET rates in Oasis Valley were computed with energy-budget methods using micrometeorological data collected at five sites. ET rates range from 0.6 foot per year in a sparse, dry saltgrass environment to 3.1 feet per year in dense meadow vegetation.
Mean annual ET from Oasis Valley is estimated to be about 7,800 acre-feet. Mean annual ground-water discharge by ET from Oasis Valley, determined by removing the annual local precipitation component of 0.5 foot, is estimated to be about 6,000 acre-feet. Annual subsurface outflow from Oasis Valley into the Amargosa Desert is estimated to be between 30 and 130 acre-feet. Estimates of total annual ground-water withdrawal from Oasis Valley by municipal and non-municipal users in 1996 and 1999 are 440 acre-feet and 210 acre-feet, respectively. Based on these values, natural annual ground-water discharge from Oasis Valley is about 6,100 acre-feet. Total annual discharge was 6,500 acre-ft in 1996 and 6,300 acre-ft in 1999. This quantity of natural ground-water discharge from Oasis Valley exceeds the previous estimate made in 1962 by a factor of about 2.5.
Water levels were measured in Oasis Valley to gain additional insight into the ET process. In shallow wells, water levels showed annual fluctuations as large as 7 feet and daily fluctuations as large as 0.2 foot. These fluctuations may be attributed to water loss associated with evapotranspiration. In shallow wells affected by ET, annual minimum depths to water generally occurred in winter or early spring shortly after daily ET reached minimum rates. Annual maximum depths to water generally occurred in late summer or fall shortly after daily ET reached maximum rates. The magnitude of daily water-level fluctuations generally increased as ET increased and decreased as depth to water increased.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri014239","usgsCitation":"Reiner, S.R., Laczniak, R.J., DeMeo, G.A., Smith, J.L., Elliott, P.E., Nylund, W., and Fridrich, C.J., 2002, Ground-water discharge determined from measurements of evapotranspiration, other available hydrologic components, and shallow water-level changes, Oasis Valley, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4239, Report: vi, 65 p., 2 Plates: 25.50 x 32.00 inches and 25.43 x 33.25 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014239.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 65 p., 2 Plates: 25.50 x 32.00 inches and 25.43 x 33.25 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2955,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri014239/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":415598,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_46527.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":159987,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Nye County","otherGeospatial":"Oasis Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.8239,\n 37.0833\n ],\n [\n -116.8239,\n 36.875\n ],\n [\n -116.6667,\n 36.875\n ],\n [\n -116.6667,\n 37.0833\n ],\n [\n -116.8239,\n 37.0833\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66d286","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reiner, S. R.","contributorId":9299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reiner","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Laczniak, R. J.","contributorId":46104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laczniak","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"DeMeo, G. A.","contributorId":96290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeMeo","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, J. LaRue jlsmith@usgs.gov","contributorId":1863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"J.","email":"jlsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"LaRue","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":204508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Elliott, P. E.","contributorId":90351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Nylund, W. E.","contributorId":36966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nylund","given":"W. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Fridrich, C. J.","contributorId":15652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fridrich","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70182138,"text":"70182138 - 2002 - Assessing five national priorities in water resources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-16T14:54:03","indexId":"70182138","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3720,"text":"Water Resources Impact","printIssn":"1522-3175","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessing five national priorities in water resources","docAbstract":"In 2001, the National Water-QualityAssessment (NAWQA) Program of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) began its second decade of studies. A total of 42 study units (major river basins and aquifers across the nation) will be reassessed in three groups of 14 on a rotating schedule. Each group of study units will be studied intensively for three years, followed by six years of low-intensity assessment. One of the primary goals in the second decade is to improve understanding of the key processes that control water-quality conditions in order to establish the links among the sources of contaminants, their transport through the hydrologic system, and the effects of contaminants and physical alterations on stream biota and ecosystems and on the quality of drinking water. An improved understanding of these links will provide the basis for predicting water-quality conditions in unmonitored areas and for predicting the likely effects of contemplated changes in land- and water-management practices.
","language":"English","publisher":"ProQuest","issn":"1522-3175 ","usgsCitation":"Wilber, W., and Couch, C.A., 2002, Assessing five national priorities in water resources: Water Resources Impact, v. 4, no. 4, p. 17-21.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"17","endPage":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":335775,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a6c83de4b025c4642862ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilber, William","contributorId":48439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilber","given":"William","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":669767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Couch, C. A.","contributorId":36972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Couch","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":669768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70074371,"text":"70074371 - 2002 - Stormflow-hydrograph separation based on isotopes: the thrill is gone--what's next?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-05T10:48:15","indexId":"70074371","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T13:12:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stormflow-hydrograph separation based on isotopes: the thrill is gone--what's next?","docAbstract":"As a part of a multidisciplinary study of the impact of oil wells and oil production on the environment, we are investigating the hydrology of the OSPER B site, which is located at Skiatook Lake in Osage County, Oklahoma. Salt and crude oil from oil well brine pits and accidental releases from oil tank batteries have contaminated soil, ground water, and surface water at this site. Preliminary coring near a brine pit at the site showed that beneath 0.5-2 meters of surficial deposits (fill, soil, colluvium, and alluvium), a layer of tight shale that is at least 6 meters thick underlies the site. The land slopes down from the pit at about a 1:10 slope to the lake, which is located about 20 meters from the pit.
We found no evidence to date that the brine has penetrated into the shale. Field cores and water level measurements in boreholes indicated that the surficial deposits were often saturated above the shale, which was powder dry. We hypothesize that water from precipitation infiltrates into the permeable surficial deposits, ponds above the low-permeability shale, and moves laterally toward the lake in the surface layer. Dissolved salt from prior spills present in the surface layer is transported down slope to the lake during and following precipitation events. Chemical analyses of water samples collected from boreholes indicate that salt water that collects in the brine pit also moves into the surface layer and flows to the lake. Overland flow and transport of brine also occurs in response to intense rainfall events. Evapotranspiration concentrates the subsurface brine in dry periods. Our field work indicates that the surfacial deposits are very heterogeneous, and as a result there are preferential pathways for subsurface transport of water and contaminants from the pit to the lake. Our results indicate that near-surface, transient processes dominate the contaminant hydrology at this site.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"9th International Petroleum Environmental Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"9th International Petroleum Environmental Conference","conferenceDate":"October 22-25, 2002","conferenceLocation":"Albuquerque, New Mexico","language":"English","publisher":"Integrated Petroleum Environmental Consortium","usgsCitation":"Herkelrath, W.N., and Kharaka, Y.K., 2002, Hydrologic controls on the subsurface transport of oil-field brine at the Osage-Skiatook Petroleum Environmental Research (OSPER) B Site, Oklahoma, in 9th International Petroleum Environmental Conference, Albuquerque, New Mexico, October 22-25, 2002.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":380752,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","county":"Osage 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William N. 0000-0002-6149-5524 wnherkel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6149-5524","contributorId":2612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herkelrath","given":"William","email":"wnherkel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":805526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kharaka, Yousif K. 0000-0001-9861-8260 ykharaka@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9861-8260","contributorId":1928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kharaka","given":"Yousif","email":"ykharaka@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":805527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70216509,"text":"70216509 - 2002 - Preliminary geophysical characterization of two oil production sites, Osage County, Oklahoma - Osage Skiatook Petroleum Environmental Research Project","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-25T13:29:20.90626","indexId":"70216509","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T12:15:41","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Preliminary geophysical characterization of two oil production sites, Osage County, Oklahoma - Osage Skiatook Petroleum Environmental Research Project","docAbstract":"Ground electromagnetic and dc resistivity geophysical surveys were used to interpret the subsurface distribution of salinized soil, water, and bedrock at two sites (A and B) and to characterize the larger scale hydrologic setting. Measurements were made on grids of about 1000 square meters using a very shallow penetrating (less than 10 m) electromagnetic (EM) geophysical system (EM31). At site A, high subsurface conductivities (more than 100 millisiemens per meter) found below disposal ponds extended down the local hydrologic gradient to below the normal level of near by Lake Skiatook. At site B, areas of highest subsurface electrical conductivity were offset about 10 m from the center of salt scars. The area of high subsurface electrical conductivity extends in the subsurface below the normal level of Skiatook Lake. DC resistivity soundings were made in and around the two sites in order to characterize deeper (30-60 m) electrical properties of the subsurface lithology and ground water. These soundings indicate that the tight shale that dominates the local lithology is moderately electrically conductive (5 milliseimems per meter). DC soundings done in several areas at the Skiatook Lake shoreline indicate an electrically conductive (less than 10 millisiemens per meter) zone exists below the shore even away from the oil production sites. This conductive zone may indicate a mixing between fresh lake water and local ground water that has high dissolved solids. Borehole geophysical logs at site B and laboratory rock property measurements are currently being used to refine interpretation of ground geophysical measurements.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"9th International Petroleum Environmental Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"9th International Petroleum Environmental Conference","conferenceDate":"October 22-25, 2002","conferenceLocation":"Albuquerque, New Mexico","language":"English","publisher":"Integrated Petroleum Environmental Consortium","usgsCitation":"Smith, B.D., Bisdorf, R.J., Horton, R., Otton, J.K., and Hutton, R.S., 2002, Preliminary geophysical characterization of two oil production sites, Osage County, Oklahoma - Osage Skiatook Petroleum Environmental Research Project, in 9th International Petroleum Environmental Conference, Albuquerque, New Mexico, October 22-25, 2002.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":380749,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","county":"Osage 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