{"pageNumber":"326","pageRowStart":"8125","pageSize":"25","recordCount":10452,"records":[{"id":70019830,"text":"70019830 - 1997 - Jonah field, Sublette County, Wyoming: Gas production from overpressured Upper Cretaceous Lance sandstones of the Green River basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-20T18:01:16.054629","indexId":"70019830","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Jonah field, Sublette County, Wyoming: Gas production from overpressured Upper Cretaceous Lance sandstones of the Green River basin","docAbstract":"<p>Jonah field, located in the northwestern Green River basin, Wyoming, produces gas from overpressured fluvial channel sandstones of the Upper Cretaceous Lance Formation. Reservoirs exist in isolated and amalgamated channel facies 10-100 ft (3-30 m) thick and 150-4000 ft (45-1210 m) wide, deposited by meandering and braided streams. Compositional and paleocurrent studies indicate these streams flowed eastward and had their source area in highlands associated with the Wyoming-Idaho thrust belt to the west. Productive sandstones at Jonah have been divided into five pay intervals, only one of which (Jonah interval) displays continuity across most of the field. Porosities in clean, productive sandstones range from 8 to 12%, with core permeabilities of .01-0.9 md (millidarcys) and in-situ permeabilities as low as 3-20 <span>µ</span>d (microdarcys), as determined by pressure buildup analyses. Structurally, the field is bounded by faults that have partly controlled the level of overpressuring. This level is 2500 ft (758 m) higher at Jonah field than in surrounding parts of the basin, extending to the top part of the Lance Formation. The field was discovered in 1975, but only in the 1990s did the area become fully commercial, due to improvements in fracture stimulation techniques. Recent advances in this area have further increased recoverable reserves and serve as a potential example for future development of tight gas sands elsewhere in the Rocky Mountain region.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/522B49D3-1727-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Montgomery, S.L., and Robinson, J.W., 1997, Jonah field, Sublette County, Wyoming: Gas production from overpressured Upper Cretaceous Lance sandstones of the Green River basin: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 81, no. 7, p. 1049-1062, https://doi.org/10.1306/522B49D3-1727-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1049","endPage":"1062","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228214,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","county":"Sublette County","otherGeospatial":"Jonah field","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -110.90916441832,\n              43\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.90916441832,\n              41\n            ],\n            [\n              -109,\n              41\n            ],\n            [\n              -109,\n              43\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.90916441832,\n              43\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"81","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a400ce4b0c8380cd64a15","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Montgomery, Scott L.","contributorId":43513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Montgomery","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robinson, J. W.","contributorId":54179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019765,"text":"70019765 - 1997 - Comparison of three qualitative habitat indices and their applicability to prairie streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-03T13:51:56","indexId":"70019765","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of three qualitative habitat indices and their applicability to prairie streams","docAbstract":"Qualitative stream habitat indices are important tools in classifying, interpreting, and assessing the conditions of stream ecosystems. Habitat indices are numerical values produced from scoring various features of a stream. Three commonly used habitat indices are the qualitative habitat evaluation index (QHEI), the rapid bioassessment protocols (RBP), and the riparian, channel, and environmental inventory (RCE). All three indices were used to assess the habitat conditions of 18 prairie streams of different sizes and environmental settings in the Red River of the North basin. Correlations suggest that these three indices provide similar results (r ranged from 0.83 to 0.85, P ≤ 0.003); however, the indices emphasize different aspects of the stream environment. Metrics from each index were classified as one of the following: channel geomorphology, riparian zone, substrate related, and instream cover and biota. The QHEI and RBP indices emphasize channel geomorphology metrics (41% of total score for the QHEI and 42% of the total score for the RBP). The RCE had a more balanced emphasis among the four classes but emphasized riparianzone metrics (32% of total score). There is redundancy within indices. Several metrics showed high correlations (e.g., r = 0.74 for land use and riparian-zone width in QHEI; r = 0.86 for bank vegetative protection and bank condition in RBP; r = 0.83 for macrobenthos and fish in RCE). To evaluate biological applicability, index scores were correlated to scores of the index of biotic integrity and fish community statistics of species richness, evenness, diversity, and percent of individuals in four trophic groups. No significant correlations were identified. We concluded that the metrics making up the habitat indices were either not applicable or not weighted appropriately for northern prairie streams.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(1997)017<0348:COTQHI>2.3.CO;2","issn":"02755947","usgsCitation":"Stauffer, J.C., and Goldstein, R.M., 1997, Comparison of three qualitative habitat indices and their applicability to prairie streams: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 17, no. 2, p. 348-361, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1997)017<0348:COTQHI>2.3.CO;2.","startPage":"348","endPage":"361","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227807,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280157,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1997)017<0348:COTQHI>2.3.CO;2"}],"volume":"17","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f8b4e4b0c8380cd4d23c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stauffer, J. C.","contributorId":25597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stauffer","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goldstein, R. M.","contributorId":98305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldstein","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019763,"text":"70019763 - 1997 - Potential effects of translatory waves on estimation of peak flows","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-12T16:39:57.95524","indexId":"70019763","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2338,"text":"Journal of Hydraulic Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Potential effects of translatory waves on estimation of peak flows","docAbstract":"<p><span>During the afternoon of August 19, 1971, an intense thunderstorm a few miles southwest of Wikieup, Arizona, produced one of the largest known flood peaks for a 49.2-square-km drainage basin. Initial computations of the peak discharge assumed stable flow conditions and a four-section slope area measurement indicated that discharge was 2,082 m</span><sup>3</sup><span>/s. Recent findings based on free-surface instability characteristics at the site suggest that gravitational forces exceeded boundary retarding forces, and flow in the wide sand channel was unstable. Computations for roll or translatory waves indicate that waves crashed into the highway bridge at velocities of as much as 12.5 m/s. The close agreement of free surface instability results, translatory wave computations, estimates of the steady flow on which the translatory waves traveled, and an eyewitness account of the translatory waves suggest the total peak discharge could have been 2,742 m</span><sup>3</sup><span>/s or 32% greater than the published discharge. The occurrence of translatory waves in natural channels may be more common than previously thought, and instability criteria should be considered for hydraulic analysis of flow in steep smooth channels.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1997)123:6(571)","issn":"07339429","usgsCitation":"Hjalmarson, H., and Phillips, J.V., 1997, Potential effects of translatory waves on estimation of peak flows: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, v. 123, no. 6, p. 571-575, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1997)123:6(571).","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"571","endPage":"575","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227767,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"123","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7ef1e4b0c8380cd7a81f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hjalmarson, H. W.","contributorId":95872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hjalmarson","given":"H. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Phillips, J. V.","contributorId":40244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019718,"text":"70019718 - 1997 - Radar and photoclinometric studies of wrinkle ridges on Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-31T15:40:56.319655","indexId":"70019718","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Radar and photoclinometric studies of wrinkle ridges on Mars","docAbstract":"<p><span>Earth-based radar altimetry and image derived photoclinometric profiles were analyzed to examine both the long- and short-wavelength topography associated with wrinkle ridges on Mars. Photoclinometrically derived elevation data across wrinkle ridges were evaluated to determine the sensitivity of profiles to two empirical photoclinometric parameters, the horizontal digital number (HDN) and the scattered light value (SLV). The photoclinometric profiles are extremely sensitive to small variations in HDN. The sense of slope of a profile can be completely reversed over a range in HDN of as little as ±1. Comparably small variations in the SLV have relatively minor effects on the photoclinometrically derived elevations. The existence of elevation offsets from one side of the ridge to the other, reported in previous photoclinometric studies of martian wrinkles, were not confirmed through photoclinometry. In addition, no evidence of elevation offsets were found in Earth-based radar altimetry profiles across wrinkle ridges. In order to more accurately model wrinkle ridge topography, we controlled photoclinometrically derived elevations with long-wavelength topography obtained from the radar altimetry. The results of this study do not support kinematic models for the origin of planetary wrinkle ridges that involve deeply rooted thrust faults which separate crustal blocks at different elevations. A kinematic model involving buckling of shallow crustal layers into concentric folds that close, leading to the development of thrust faults, is consistent with wrinkle ridge morphology and terrestrial analogs. Recent geophysical studies of terrestrial analogs and the influence of shallow subsurface structures, particularly buried craters, on the localization of many wrinkle ridges on Mars suggest that thrust faults associated with the ridges are confined to the ridged plains material and do not extend into the lithosphere.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97JE00411","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Watters, T.R., and Robinson, M., 1997, Radar and photoclinometric studies of wrinkle ridges on Mars: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 102, no. E5, p. 10889-10903, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JE00411.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"10889","endPage":"10903","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479968,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/97je00411","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":227682,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"102","issue":"E5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a937de4b0c8380cd80e57","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Watters, T. R.","contributorId":83590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watters","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robinson, M.S.","contributorId":34934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019717,"text":"70019717 - 1997 - The Bishop Tuff: New insights from eruptive stratigraphy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-13T11:27:11.698425","indexId":"70019717","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2309,"text":"Journal of Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Bishop Tuff: New insights from eruptive stratigraphy","docAbstract":"<p><span>The 0.76 Ma Bishop Tuff, from Long Valley caldera in eastern California, consists of a widespread fall deposit and voluminous partly welded ignimbrite. The fall deposit (F), exposed over an easterly sector below and adjacent to the ignimbrite, is divided into nine units (F1‐F9), with no significant time breaks, except possibly between F8 and F9. Maximum clast sizes are compared with other deposits where accumulation rates are known or inferred to estimate an accumulation time for F1‐F8 as ca. 90 hrs. The ignimbrite (Ig) is divided into chronologically and/or geographically distinct packages of material. Earlier packages (Ig1) were emplaced mostly eastward, are wholly intraplinian (coeval with fall units F2‐F8), Lack phenocrystic pyroxenes, and contain few or no Glass Mountain‐derived rhyolite lithic fragments. Earlier packages (Ig2) were erupted mostly to the north and east, are at least partly intraplinian (interbedded with fall unit F9 to the east), contain pyroxenes, and have lithic fractions rich in Glass Mountain‐derived rhyolite or other lithologies exposed on the northern caldera rim. Recognition of the intraplinian nature of Ig1 east of the caldera and use of the fall deposit chronometry yields accumulation estimates of ca. 25 hrs for an earlier, less‐welded subpackage and ca. 36 hrs for a later, mostly welded subpackage. Average accumulation rates range up to ≥1 mm/s of dense‐welded massive ignimbrite, equivalent to ≥2.5 mm/s of non‐welded material. Comparisons of internal stratification in Ig1 and northern Ig2 lobes suggest the thickest northern ignimbrite accumulated in ≥35 hrs. Identifiable vent positions migrated from an initial site previously proposed in the south‐central part of the caldera (F1‐8, Ig1) in complex fashion; one vent set (for eastern Ig2) migrated east and north toward Glass Mountain, while another set (for northern Ig2) opened from west to east across the northern caldera margin. Vent locations for Ig1 and Ig2 southwest of the caldera have not been identified. The new stratigraphic framework shows that much of the Bishop ignimbrite is intraplinian in nature, and that fall deposits and ignimbrite units previously inferred to be sequential are largely or wholly coeval. Fundamental reassessment is therefore required of all existing models for the eruption dynamics and the nature and causes of pre‐eruptive zonations in trace elements, volatiles, and isotopes in the parental magma chamber.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.1086/515937","issn":"00221376","usgsCitation":"Wilson, C.J., and Hildreth, W., 1997, The Bishop Tuff: New insights from eruptive stratigraphy: Journal of Geology, v. 105, no. 4, p. 407-439, https://doi.org/10.1086/515937.","productDescription":"33 p.","startPage":"407","endPage":"439","numberOfPages":"33","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228289,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Bishop Tuff, Long Valley Caldera","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -118.9812469482422,\n              37.541855135522226\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.63586425781249,\n              37.541855135522226\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.63586425781249,\n              37.76474401178003\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.9812469482422,\n              37.76474401178003\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.9812469482422,\n              37.541855135522226\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"105","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba9eee4b08c986b3225f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilson, C. J. N.","contributorId":22096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hildreth, W. 0000-0002-7925-4251","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7925-4251","contributorId":100487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildreth","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019670,"text":"70019670 - 1997 - GSLIB-style programs for discriminant analysis and regionalized classification","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-21T13:14:07","indexId":"70019670","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1315,"text":"Computers & Geosciences","printIssn":"0098-3004","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"GSLIB-style programs for discriminant analysis and regionalized classification","docAbstract":"Discriminant analysis is a statistical technique used to predict the group membership of a set of multivariate observations, each of which is assumed to arise from one of a set of distinct classes or groups. Each group is characterized by a certain distribution in multivariate space, and group allocations are based on the similarity of each sample to each group. Assuming multivariate normality, generalized distance measures based on the squared Mahalanobis distance from each sample to each group centroid arise as the natural measure of similarity. One can allocate samples to groups either on the basis of minimum generalized distance or, equivalently, maximum posterior probability of group membership. In earth science applications samples are often associated with geographic locations. In this situation regionalized classification can be used to produce a map representing group membership throughout the sampled domain. This can be accomplished by interpolating either generalized distances or membership probabilities from sample locations to regularly spaced grid nodes and comparing resulting grids to produce a classification map. This paper presents a set of GSLIB-style FORTRAN programs for performing discriminant analysis and regionalized classification. The program disco performs discriminant analysis and the programs xmd2cls and prb2cls combine interpolated distances and probabilities, respectively, to create a grid of predicted classifications. In addition, the utility program colbind allows the user to combine selected columns from different GSLIB-style data files into one file. ?? 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Computers and Geosciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/S0098-3004(97)00050-2","issn":"00983004","usgsCitation":"Bohling, G.C., 1997, GSLIB-style programs for discriminant analysis and regionalized classification: Computers & Geosciences, v. 23, no. 7, p. 739-761, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(97)00050-2.","startPage":"739","endPage":"761","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228168,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266156,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(97)00050-2"}],"volume":"23","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a148fe4b0c8380cd54aa5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bohling, Geoffrey C.","contributorId":43109,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bohling","given":"Geoffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70019669,"text":"70019669 - 1997 - Soil-water movement under natural-site and waste-site conditions: A multiple-year field study in the Mojave Desert, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-04T10:43:39","indexId":"70019669","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Soil-water movement under natural-site and waste-site conditions: A multiple-year field study in the Mojave Desert, Nevada","docAbstract":"<p><span>Soil-water movement under natural-site and simulated waste-site conditions were compared by monitoring four experimental sites in the Mojave Desert, Nevada, during a 5-year period: one vegetated soil profile, one soil profile where vegetation was removed, and two nonvegetated test trenches. Precipitation ranged from 14 to 162 mm/yr. Temporal changes in water content measured by neutron probe were limited to the upper 0.5–1 m; values ranged from 0.01 to 0.19 m</span><sup>3</sup><span>/m</span><sup>3</sup><span>. Water potential and temperature were measured by thermocouple psychrometers; 77% remained operable for ≥4.5 years. For vegetated soil, precipitation that accumulated in the upper 0.75 m of soil was removed by evapotranspiration: water potentials decreased seasonally by 4 to &gt;8 MPa. During 2 years with below-average precipitation, water potentials below the app arent root zone decreased by 2.3 (1.2-m depth) to 0.4 MPa (5-m depth), and the gradients became predominantly upward. Water potentials then rebounded during 2 years with near- and above-average precipitation, and seasonally variant water potential gradients were reestablished above the 4.2-m depth. Under nonvegetated waste-site conditions, data indicated the long-term accumulation and shallow, but continued, penetration of precipitation: water potentials showed moisture penetration to depths of 0.75−1.85 m. The method of simulated-waste drum placement (stacked versus random) and the associated differences in subsidence showed no measurable influence on the water balance of the trenches: subsidence totaled ≤13 mm during the study. Water potentials below the trenches and below the 2-m depth for the nonvegetated soil remained low (≈−5.5 to −7.5 MPa) and indicated the persistence of typically upward driving forces for isothermal water flow. Water fluxes estimated from water potential and temperature data suggested that isothermal liquid, isothermal vapor, and nonisothermal vapor flow need to be considered in the conceptualization of unsaturated flow at the field sites. Below the depth of temporal water content change, the estimated liquid fluxes ranged from 10</span><sup>−10</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>to 10</span><sup>−15</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>cm/s, isothermal vapor fluxes ranged from 10</span><sup>−10</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>to 10</span><sup>−13</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>cm/s, and the nonisothermal vapor fluxes ranged from 10</span><sup>−8</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>to 10</span><sup>−10</sup><span>cm/s.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97WR01502","usgsCitation":"Andraski, B.J., 1997, Soil-water movement under natural-site and waste-site conditions: A multiple-year field study in the Mojave Desert, Nevada: Water Resources Research, v. 33, no. 8, p. 1901-1916, https://doi.org/10.1029/97WR01502.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1901","endPage":"1916","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480058,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/97wr01502","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":228130,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Mojave Desert","volume":"33","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b922ce4b08c986b319d44","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andraski, Brian J. 0000-0002-2086-0417 andraski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2086-0417","contributorId":168800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andraski","given":"Brian","email":"andraski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":38175,"text":"Toxics Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":383508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70019497,"text":"70019497 - 1997 - Bulk-friction modeling of afterslip and the modified Omori law","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-16T10:15:47","indexId":"70019497","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bulk-friction modeling of afterslip and the modified Omori law","docAbstract":"<p><span>Afterslip data from the Superstition Hills fault in southern California, a creep event on the same fault, the modified Omori law, and cumulative moments from aftershocks of the 1957 Aleutian Islands earthquake all indicate that the original formulation by Dieterich (1981) [Constitutive properties of faults with simulated gouge. AGU, Geophys. Monogr. 24, 103–120] for friction evolution is more appropriate for systems far from instability than the commonly used approximation developed by Ruina (1983) [Slip instability and state variable friction laws. J. Geophys. Res. 88, 10359–10370] to study instability. The mathematical framework we use to test the friction models is a one-dimensional, massless spring-slider under the simplifying assumption, proposed by Scholz (1990) [The Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting. Cambridge University Press] and used by Marone et al. (1991) [On the mechanics of earthquake afterslip. J. Geophys. Res., 96: 8441–8452], that the state variable takes on its velocity-dependent steady-state value throughout motion in response to a step in stress. This assumption removes explicit state-variable dependence from the model, obviating the need to consider state-variable evolution equations. Anti-derivatives of the modified Omori law fit our data very well and are very good approximate solutions to our model equations. A plausible friction model with Omori-law solutions used by Wesson (1988) [Dynamics of fault creep. J. Geophys. Res. 93, 8929–8951] to model fault creep and generalized by Rice (1983) [Constitutive relations for fault slip and earthquake instabilities. Pure Appl. Geophys. 121, 443–475] to a rate-and-state variable friction model yields exactly Omori's law with exponents greater than 1, but yields unstable solutions for Omori exponents less than 1. We estimate from the Dieterich formulation the dimensionless parameter a∗ which is equal to the product of the nominal coefficient of friction and the more commonly reported friction parameter </span><i>a</i><span>. We find that a∗ is typically positive, qualitatively consistent with laboratory observations, although our observations are considerably larger than laboratory values. However, we also find good model fits for a∗ &lt; 0 when data correspond to Omori exponents less than 1. A modification of the stability analysis by Rice and Ruina (1983) [Stability of steady frictional slipping. J. Appl. Mech. 50, 343–349] indicates that a∗ &lt; 0 is not a consequence of our assumption regarding state-variable evolution. A consistent interpretation of a∗ &lt; 0 in terms of laboratory models appears to be that the data are from later portions of processes better characterized by two-state-variable friction models. a∗ &lt; 0 is explained by assuming that our data cannot resolve the co-seismic evolution of a short-length-scale state variable to a velocity-weakening state; our parameterization leads to an apparent negative instantaneous viscosity. We estimate the largest critical slip distance associated with afterslip to be ∼1–10 cm, consistent with other estimates for near-surface materials. We assume that our observed large values for a∗ reflect the fact that our model ignores the geometrical complexities of three-dimensional stresses in fractured crustal materials around a fault zone with frictional stresses that vary on a fault surface. Our one-dimensional model parameters reflect spatially averaged, </span><i>bulk</i><span>, stress and frictional properties of a fault zone, where we clearly cannot specify the details of the averaging process. Our analysis of Omori's law suggests that bulk-frictional properties of a fault zone are well described by our simple laboratory-based models, but they would need to change during the seismic cycle for a mainshock instability to recur, unless a mainshock-aftershock sequence were characterized by a process similar to the arrested instabilities possible in two-state-variable systems.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0040-1951(97)00081-4","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Wennerberg, L., and Sharp, R.V., 1997, Bulk-friction modeling of afterslip and the modified Omori law: Tectonophysics, v. 277, no. 1-3, p. 109-136, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(97)00081-4.","startPage":"109","endPage":"136","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226381,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"277","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f2afe4b0c8380cd4b2cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wennerberg, Leif","contributorId":96008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wennerberg","given":"Leif","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sharp, Robert V.","contributorId":89857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sharp","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019470,"text":"70019470 - 1997 - Large-scale variability of wind erosion mass flux rates at Owens Lake 1. Vertical profiles of horizontal mass fluxes of wind-eroded particles with diameter greater than 50 μm","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-20T16:14:36","indexId":"70019470","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2316,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Large-scale variability of wind erosion mass flux rates at Owens Lake 1. Vertical profiles of horizontal mass fluxes of wind-eroded particles with diameter greater than 50 μm","docAbstract":"<p>A field experiment at Owens (dry) Lake, California, tested whether and how the relative profiles of airborne horizontal mass fluxes for &gt;50-&mu;m wind-eroded particles changed with friction velocity. The horizontal mass flux at almost all measured heights increased proportionally to the cube of friction velocity above an apparent threshold friction velocity for all sediment tested and increased with height except at one coarse-sand site where the relative horizontal mass flux profile did not change with friction velocity. Size distributions for long-time-averaged horizontal mass flux samples showed a saltation layer from the surface to a height between 30 and 50 cm, above which suspended particles dominate. Measurements from a large dust source area on a line parallel to the wind showed that even though the saltation flux reached equilibrium &sim;650 m downwind of the starting point of erosion, weakly suspended particles were still input into the atmosphere 1567 m downwind of the starting point; thus the saltating fraction of the total mass flux decreased after 650 m. The scale length difference and ratio of 70/30 suspended mass flux to saltation mass flux at the farthest down wind sampling site confirm that suspended particles are very important for mass budgets in large source areas and that saltation mass flux can be a variable fraction of total horizontal mass flux for soils with a substantial fraction of &lt;100-&mu;m particles.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/97JD00961","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Gillette, D.A., Fryrear, D., Xiao, J.B., Stockton, P., Ono, D., Helm, P.J., Gill, T., and Ley, T., 1997, Large-scale variability of wind erosion mass flux rates at Owens Lake 1. Vertical profiles of horizontal mass fluxes of wind-eroded particles with diameter greater than 50 μm: Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres, v. 102, no. 22, p. 25977-25987, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD00961.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"25977","endPage":"25987","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226844,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"102","issue":"22","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a44a0e4b0c8380cd66c77","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gillette, Dale A.","contributorId":14126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gillette","given":"Dale","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fryrear, D.W.","contributorId":61181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fryrear","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Xiao, Jing Bing","contributorId":49937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xiao","given":"Jing","email":"","middleInitial":"Bing","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stockton, Paul","contributorId":90478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stockton","given":"Paul","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ono, Duane","contributorId":43119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ono","given":"Duane","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Helm, Paula J.","contributorId":75984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helm","given":"Paula","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Gill, Thomas E","contributorId":119945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gill","given":"Thomas E","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Ley, Trevor","contributorId":15353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ley","given":"Trevor","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70019449,"text":"70019449 - 1997 - Geologic hazards in the region of the Hurricane fault","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-10T01:14:33.429465","indexId":"70019449","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1077,"text":"Brigham Young University Geology Studies","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geologic hazards in the region of the Hurricane fault","docAbstract":"Complex geology and variable topography along the 250-kilometer-long Hurricane fault in northwestern Arizona and southwestern Utah combine to create natural conditions that can present a potential danger to life and property. Geologic hazards are of particular concern in southwestern Utah, where the St. George Basin and Interstate-15 corridor north to Cedar City are one of Utah's fastest growing areas. Lying directly west of the Hurricane fault and within the Basin and Range - Colorado Plateau transition zone, this region exhibits geologic characteristics of both physiographic provinces. Long, potentially active, normal-slip faults displace a generally continuous stratigraphic section of mostly east-dipping late Paleozoic to Cretaceous sedimentary rocks unconformably overlain by Tertiary to Holocene sedimentary and igneous rocks and unconsolidated basin-fill deposits. Geologic hazards (exclusive of earthquake hazards) of principal concern in the region include problem soil and rock, landslides, shallow ground water, and flooding. Geologic materials susceptible to volumetric change, collapse, and subsidence in southwestern Utah include; expansive soil and rock, collapse-prone soil, gypsum and gypsiferous soil, soluble carbonate rocks, and soil and rock subject to piping and other ground collapse. Expansive soil and rock are widespread throughout the region. The Petrified Forest Member of the Chinle Formation is especially prone to large volume changes with variations in moisture content. Collapse-prone soils are common in areas of Cedar City underlain by alluvial-fan material derived from the Moenkopi and Chinle Formations in the nearby Hurricane Cliffs. Gypsiferous soil and rock are subject to dissolution which can damage foundations and create sinkholes. The principal formations in the region affected by dissolution of carbonate are the Kaibab and Toroweap Formations; both formations have developed sinkholes where crossed by perennial streams. Soil piping is common in southwestern Utah where it has damaged roads, canal embankments, and water-retention structures. Several unexplained sinkholes near the town of Hurricane possibly are the result of collapse of subsurface volcanic features. Geologic formations associated with slope failures along or near the Hurricane fault include rocks of both Mesozoic and Tertiary age. Numerous landslides are present in these materials along the Hurricane Cliffs, and the Petrified Forest Member of the Chinle Formation is commonly associated with slope failures where it crops out in the St. George Basin. Steep slopes and numerous areas of exposed bedrock make rock fall a hazard in the St. George Basin. Debris flows and debris floods in narrow canyons and on alluvial fans often accompany intense summer cloudburst thunderstorms. Flooded basements and foundation problems associated with shallow ground water are common on benches north of the Santa Clara River in the city of Santa Clara. Stream flooding is the most frequently occurring and destructive geologic hazard in southwestern Utah. Since the 1850s, there have been three major riverine (regional) floods and more than 300 damaging flash floods. Although a variety of flood control measures have been implemented, continued rapid growth in the region is again increasing vulnerability to flood hazards. Site-specific studies to evaluate geologic hazards and identify hazard-reduction measures are recommended prior to construction to reduce the need for costly repair, maintenance, or replacement of improperly placed or protected facilities.","language":"English","publisher":"Brigham Young University","issn":"00681016","usgsCitation":"Lund, W., 1997, Geologic hazards in the region of the Hurricane fault: Brigham Young University Geology Studies, v. 42, no. 2, p. 235-277.","productDescription":"43 p.","startPage":"235","endPage":"277","numberOfPages":"43","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226748,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1978e4b0c8380cd559cf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lund, W.R.","contributorId":58781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lund","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70019505,"text":"70019505 - 1997 - Recovery strategies for the California clapper rail (Rallus longirostris obsoletus) in the heavily-urbanized San Francisco estuarine ecosystem","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-20T11:50:44","indexId":"70019505","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2603,"text":"Landscape and Urban Planning","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Recovery strategies for the California clapper rail (<i>Rallus longirostris obsoletus</i>) in the heavily-urbanized San Francisco estuarine ecosystem","title":"Recovery strategies for the California clapper rail (Rallus longirostris obsoletus) in the heavily-urbanized San Francisco estuarine ecosystem","docAbstract":"<p>The California clapper rail (<i>Rallus longirostris obsoletus</i>), a Federal- and State-listed endangered marsh bird, has a geographic range restricted to one of the most heavily-urbanized estuaries in the world. The rail population has long been in a state of decline, although the exact contribution of each of the many contributing causes remains unclear. The rail is one of the key targets of emerging plans to conserve and restore tidal marshlands. Reduction of tidal marsh habitat, estimated at 85–95%, has been the major historical cause of rail decline. Increased predation intensity may be the more important present problem, because habitat fragmentation and alteration coupled with the invasion of the red fox have made the remaining populations more vulnerable to predators. Population viability analysis shows that adult survivorship is the key demographic variable; reversals in population fate occur over a narrow range of ecologically realistic values. Analysis of habitat requirements and population dynamics of the clapper rail in the San Francisco Estuary shows that decreased within-marsh habitat quality, particularly reduction of tidal flows and alteration of drainage, is an important barrier to population recovery. Management and restoration activities should emphasize the development of well-channelized high tidal marsh, because this is the key requirement of rail habitat. Developing effective restoration programs depends upon having information that field research will not provide. The effect of spatial pattern of reserves requires accurate estimation of the effects of prédation and inter-marsh movement, both of which are practically impossible to measure adequately. It will be necessary to develop and use simulation models that can be applied to geographic data to accomplish this task.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0169-2046(97)00036-4","usgsCitation":"Foin, T.C., Garcia, E.J., Gill, R., Culberson, S.D., and Collins, J.N., 1997, Recovery strategies for the California clapper rail (Rallus longirostris obsoletus) in the heavily-urbanized San Francisco estuarine ecosystem: Landscape and Urban Planning, v. 38, no. 3-4, p. 229-243, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(97)00036-4.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"229","endPage":"243","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226433,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a349e4b0e8fec6cdb7ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foin, Theodore C.","contributorId":174646,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Foin","given":"Theodore","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":13461,"text":"U.C. Davis","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":382997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garcia, E. Jacqueline","contributorId":174039,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Garcia","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"Jacqueline","affiliations":[{"id":12711,"text":"UC Davis","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":382993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gill, Robert E. Jr. 0000-0002-6385-4500 rgill@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6385-4500","contributorId":171747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gill","given":"Robert E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"rgill@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":382994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Culberson, Steven D.","contributorId":82166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Culberson","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Collins, Joshua N.","contributorId":150531,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Collins","given":"Joshua","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":12703,"text":"San Francisco Estuary Institute","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":382995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70019549,"text":"70019549 - 1997 - Use of chemical and isotopic tracers to characterize the interactions between ground water and surface water in mantled karst","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-08T06:23:47","indexId":"70019549","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of chemical and isotopic tracers to characterize the interactions between ground water and surface water in mantled karst","docAbstract":"<p>In the mantled karst terrane of northern Florida, the water quality of the Upper Floridan aquifer is influenced by the degree of connectivity between the aquifer and the surface. Chemical and isotopic analyses [<sup>18</sup>O/<sup>16</sup>O (δ<sup>18</sup>O),<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>2</sup>H/<sup>1</sup>H (δD),<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>13</sup>C/<sup>12</sup>C (δ<sup>13</sup>C), tritium (<sup>3</sup>H), and strontium‐87/strontium‐86 (<sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr)] along with geochemical mass‐balance modeling were used to identify the dominant hydrochemical processes that control the composition of ground water as it evolves downgradient in two systems. In one system, surface water enters the Upper Floridan aquifer through a sinkhole located in the Northern Highlands physiographic unit. In the other system, surface water enters the aquifer through a sinkhole lake (Lake Bradford) in the Woodville Karst Plain. Differences in the composition of water isotopes (δ<sup>18</sup>O and &lt;δD) in rainfall, ground water, and surface water were used to develop mixing models of surface water (leakage of water to the Upper Floridan aquifer from a sinkhole lake and a sinkhole) and ground water. Using mass‐balance calculations, based on differences in δ<sup>18</sup>O and δD, the proportion of lake water that mixed with meteoric water ranged from 7 to 86% in water from wells located in close proximity to Lake Bradford. In deeper parts of the Upper Floridan aquifer, water enriched in<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>18</sup>O and D from five of 12 sampled municipal wells indicated that recharge from a sinkhole (1 to 24%) and surface water with an evaporated isotopic signature (2 to 32%) was mixing with ground water.</p><p>The solute isotopes, δ<sup>13</sup>C and<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr, were used to test the sensitivity of binary and ternary mixing models, and to estimate the amount of mass transfer of carbon and other dissolved species in geochemical reactions. In ground water downgradient from Lake Bradford, the dominant processes controlling carbon cycling in ground water were dissolution of carbonate minerals, aerobic degradation of organic matter, and hydrolysis of silicate minerals. In the deeper parts of the Upper Floridan aquifer, the major processes controlling the concentrations of major dissolved species included dissolution of calcite and dolomite, and degradation of organic matter under oxic conditions. The Upper Floridan aquifer is highly susceptible to contamination from activities at the land surface in the Tallahassee area. The presence of post‐ 1950s concentrations of<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>3</sup>H in ground water from depths greater than 100 m below land surface indicates that water throughout much of the Upper Floridan aquifer has been recharged during the last 40 years. Even though mixing is likely between ground water and surface water in many parts of the study area, the Upper Floridan aquifer produces good quality water, which due to dilution effects shows little if any impact from trace elements or nutrients that are present in surface waters.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00174.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Katz, B., Coplen, T., Bullen, T., and Hal Davis, J., 1997, Use of chemical and isotopic tracers to characterize the interactions between ground water and surface water in mantled karst: Ground Water, v. 35, no. 6, p. 1014-1028, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00174.x.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1014","endPage":"1028","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228236,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbed3e4b08c986b3297da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Katz, B. G.","contributorId":82702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Katz","given":"B. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coplen, T.B.","contributorId":34147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coplen","given":"T.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bullen, T.D.","contributorId":79911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bullen","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hal Davis, J.","contributorId":70947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hal Davis","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70019409,"text":"70019409 - 1997 - Wrinkle-like slip pulse on a fault between different materials","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-30T14:11:03.893684","indexId":"70019409","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wrinkle-like slip pulse on a fault between different materials","docAbstract":"<p><span>Pulses of slip velocity can propagate on a planar interface governed by a constant coefficient of friction, where the interface separates different elastic materials. Such pulses have been found in two-dimensional plane strain finite difference calculations of slip on a fault between elastic media with wave speeds differing by 20%. The self-sustaining propagation of the slip pulse arises from interaction between normal and tangential deformation that exists only with a material contrast. These calculations confirm the prediction of&nbsp;</span><i>Weertman</i><span>&nbsp;[1980] that a dislocation propagating steadily along a material interface has a tensile change of normal traction with the same pulse shape as slip velocity. The self-sustaining pulse is associated with a rapid transition from a head wave traveling along the interface with the&nbsp;</span><i>S</i><span>&nbsp;wave speed of the faster material, to an opposite polarity body wave traveling with the slower&nbsp;</span><i>S</i><span>&nbsp;speed. Slip occurs during the reversal of normal particle velocity. The pulse can propagate in a region with constant coefficient of friction and an initial stress state below the frictional criterion. Propagation occurs in only one direction, the direction of slip in the more compliant medium, with rupture velocity near the slower&nbsp;</span><i>S</i><span>&nbsp;wave speed. Displacement is larger in the softer medium, which is displaced away from the fault during the passage of the slip pulse. Motion is analogous to a propagating wrinkle in a carpet. The amplitude of slip remains approximately constant during propagation, but the pulse width decreases and the amplitudes of slip velocity and stress change increase. The tensile change of normal traction increases until absolute normal traction reaches zero. The pulse can be generated as a secondary effect of a drop of shear stress in an asperity. The pulse shape is unstable, and the initial slip pulse can change during propagation into a collection of sharper pulses. Such a pulse enables slip to occur with little loss of energy to friction, while at the same time increasing irregularity of stress and slip at the source.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96JB02856","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Andrews, D., and Ben-Zion, Y., 1997, Wrinkle-like slip pulse on a fault between different materials: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 102, no. B1, p. 553-571, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JB02856.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"553","endPage":"571","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480061,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/96jb02856","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":226518,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"102","issue":"B1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-01-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd1e0e4b08c986b32f5c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andrews, D.J.","contributorId":7416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ben-Zion, Y.","contributorId":22918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ben-Zion","given":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019635,"text":"70019635 - 1997 - Ambient UV-B radiation causes deformities in amphibian embryos","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:18","indexId":"70019635","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3165,"text":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ambient UV-B radiation causes deformities in amphibian embryos","docAbstract":"There has been a great deal of recent attention on the suspected increase in amphibian deformities. However, most reports of amphibian deformities have been anecdotal, and no experiments in the field under natural conditions have been performed to investigate this phenomenon. Under laboratory conditions, a variety of agents can induce deformities in amphibians. We investigated one of these agents, UV-B radiation, in field experiments, as a cause for amphibian deformities. We monitored hatching success and development in long-toed salamanders under UV-B shields and in regimes that allowed UV-B radiation. Embryos under UV-B shields had a significantly higher hatching rate and fewer deformities, and developed more quickly than those exposed to UV-B. Deformities may contribute directly to embryo mortality, and they may affect an individual's subsequent survival after hatching.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1073/pnas.94.25.13735","issn":"00278424","usgsCitation":"Blaustein, A., Kiesecker, J., Chivers, D., and Anthony, R., 1997, Ambient UV-B radiation causes deformities in amphibian embryos: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, v. 94, no. 25, p. 13735-13737, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.25.13735.","startPage":"13735","endPage":"13737","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480112,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/28375","text":"External Repository"},{"id":206083,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.25.13735"},{"id":228243,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"94","issue":"25","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-12-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e99fe4b0c8380cd4839e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blaustein, A.R.","contributorId":40325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blaustein","given":"A.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kiesecker, J.M.","contributorId":101829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kiesecker","given":"J.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chivers, D.P.","contributorId":51037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chivers","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Anthony, R.G.","contributorId":107641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anthony","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70019545,"text":"70019545 - 1997 - Ordovidan K-bentonites in the Precordillera of San Juan and its tectomasmatic significance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-30T19:32:59.376153","indexId":"70019545","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3293,"text":"Revista de la Asociacion Geologica Argentina","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ordovidan K-bentonites in the Precordillera of San Juan and its tectomasmatic significance","docAbstract":"<p>A succession of approximately 35 early Middle Ordovician K-bentonite beds are exposed in the Precordillera region near the town of Jachal, in San Juan Province (at Cerro Viejo and La Chilca sections). They occur in argillaceous limestone in the upper part of the San Juan Limestone and in the interbedded shales and mudstones at the base of the overlying Los Azules Formation. Total thickness of the K-bentonite-bearing interval is 23 m and individual beds range from 1 to 65 cm thick. An essentially Arenig-Llanvirn age for the K-bentonite succession is indicated by the presence of graptolites diagnostic of the Paraglossograptus tentaculatus Zone and conodonts indicating the Eoplacognathus suecicus Zone. The bentonites consist mainly of Rl ordered illite/smectite, characteristic of most of the lower Paleozoic K-bentonites, plus volcanogenic crystals. Similar to other K-bentonites, these probably represent the distal, glass-rich portion of fall-out ash beds derived from collision zone explosive volcanism. The geochemical data and preliminary plots on the magmatic discrimination diagram indicate the parental magma was of rhyolite to trachyandesite composition. Tectonic discrimination diagrams show the setting of Cerro Viejo ash layers as falling on the boundary between volcanic arc and within plate rocks, typical of collision margin felsic volcanic rocks. U-Pb isotope dating for two zircon fractions from one sample show a lower concordia intercept of 461, +7-10 Ma coincident with the biostratigraphic age. Thus, they have important implications for the origin and early history of the allochtonous Precordillera terrane and the Pacific margin of South America. Furthermore, they are potentially important in interpretations of the paleogeographic relations of Laurentia and Gondwana during Ordovician time. ?? 1997 Asociacio??n Geolo??gica Argentina.</p>","language":"English, Spanish","issn":"00044822","usgsCitation":"Cingolani, C., Huff, W., Bergstrom, S., and Kolata, D., 1997, Ordovidan K-bentonites in the Precordillera of San Juan and its tectomasmatic significance: Revista de la Asociacion Geologica Argentina, v. 52, no. 1, p. 47-55.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"47","endPage":"55","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228161,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6f64e4b0c8380cd75a82","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cingolani, C.A.","contributorId":52345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cingolani","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Huff, W.","contributorId":84096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huff","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bergstrom, S.","contributorId":10179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergstrom","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kolata, D.","contributorId":76895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolata","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70019900,"text":"70019900 - 1997 - The use of multifrequency and polarimetric SIR-C/X-SAR data in geologic studies of Bir Safsaf, Egypt","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:18","indexId":"70019900","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The use of multifrequency and polarimetric SIR-C/X-SAR data in geologic studies of Bir Safsaf, Egypt","docAbstract":"Bir Safsaf, within the hyperarid 'core' of the Sahara in the Western Desert of Egypt, was recognized following the SIR-A and SIR-B missions in the 1980s as one of the key localities in northeast Africa, where penetration of dry sand by radar signals delineates previously unknown, sand-buried paleodrainage valleys ('radar-rivers') of middle Tertiary to Quaternary age. The Bir Safsaf area was targeted as a focal point for further research in sand penetration and geologic mapping using the multifrequency and polarimetric SIR-C/X-SAR sensors. Analysis of the SIR-C/X-SAR data from Bir Safsaf provides important new information on the roles of multiple SAR frequency and polarimetry in portraying specific types of geologic units, materials, and structures mostly hidden from view on the ground and on Landsat TM images by a relatively thin, but extensive blanket of blow sand. Basement rock units (granitoids and gneisses) and the fractures associated with them at Bir Safsaf are shown here for the first time to be clearly delineated using C- and L-band SAR images. The detectability of most geologic features is dependent primarily on radar frequency, as shown for wind erosion patterns in bedrock at X-band (3 cm wavelength), and for geologic units and sand and clay-filled fractures in weathered crystal-line basement rocks at C-band (6 cm) and L-band (24 cm). By contrast, Quaternary paleodrainage channels are detectable at all three radar frequencies owing, among other things, to an usually thin cover of blow sand. The SIR-C/X-SAR data investigated to date enable us to make specific recommendations about the utility of certain radar sensor configurations for geologic and paleoenvironmental reconnaissance in desert regions.Analysis of the shuttle imaging radar-C/X-synthetic aperture radar (SIR-C/X-SAR) data from Bir Safsaf provides important new information on the roles of multiple SAR frequency and polarimetry in portraying specific types of geologic units, materials, and structures mostly hidden from view on the ground and on Landsat images by a relatively thin, but extensive blanket of blow sand. Basement rock units and associated fractures at the Bir Safsaf are clearly delineated using C- and L-band SAR images. The detectability of most geologic features depend primarily on radar frequency. The SIR-C/X-SAR data also provide recommendations about the utility of certain radar configurations for geologic and paleoenvironmental reconnaissance in deserts.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Remote Sensing of Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science Inc","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","doi":"10.1016/S0034-4257(96)00143-5","issn":"00344257","usgsCitation":"Schaber, G.G., McCauley, J., and Breed, C.S., 1997, The use of multifrequency and polarimetric SIR-C/X-SAR data in geologic studies of Bir Safsaf, Egypt: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 59, no. 2, p. 337-363, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(96)00143-5.","startPage":"337","endPage":"363","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206025,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(96)00143-5"},{"id":227942,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"59","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb190e4b08c986b32533f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schaber, G. G.","contributorId":68300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaber","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCauley, J.F.","contributorId":26310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCauley","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Breed, C. S.","contributorId":39809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Breed","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70019903,"text":"70019903 - 1997 - Application of the LI-COR CO<sub>2</sub> analyzer to volcanic plumes: a case study, volcán Popocatépetl, Mexico, June 7 and 10, 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-19T15:12:42","indexId":"70019903","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of the LI-COR CO<sub>2</sub> analyzer to volcanic plumes: a case study, volcán Popocatépetl, Mexico, June 7 and 10, 1995","docAbstract":"<p>Volcanic CO<sub>2</sub> emission rate data are sparse despite their potential importance for constraining the role of magma degassing in the biogeochemical cycle of carbon and for assessing volcanic hazards. We used a LI-COR CO<sub>2</sub> analyzer to determine volcanic CO<sub>2</sub> emission rates by airborne measurements in volcanic plumes at Popocat&eacute;petl volcano on June 7 and 10, 1995. LI-COR sample paths of &sim;72 m, compared with &sim;1 km for the analyzer customarily used, together with fast Fourier transforms to remove instrument noise from raw data greatly improve resolution of volcanic CO<sub>2</sub> anomalies. Parametric models fit to background CO<sub>2</sub> provide a statistical tool for distinguishing volcanic from ambient CO<sub>2</sub>. Global Positioning System referenced flight traverses provide vastly improved data on the shape, coherence, and spatial distribution of volcanic CO<sub>2</sub> in plume cross sections and contrast markedly with previous results based on traverse stacking. The continuous escape of CO<sub>2</sub> and SO<sub>2</sub> from Popocat&eacute;petl was fundamentally noneruptive and represented quiescent magma degassing from the top of a magma chamber &sim;5 km deep. The average CO<sub>2</sub> emission rate for January-June 1995 is estimated to be at least 6400 t d<sup>&minus;1</sup>, one of the highest determined for a quiescently degassing volcano, although correction for downwind dispersion effects on volcanic CO<sub>2</sub> indicates a higher rate of &sim;9000 t d<sup>&minus;1</sup>. Analysis of random errors indicates emission rates have 95% confidence intervals of &sim;&plusmn;20%, with uncertainty contributed mostly by wind speed variance, although the variance of plume cross-sectional areas during traversing is poorly constrained and possibly significant.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"AGU Publications","doi":"10.1029/96JB03887","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Gerlach, T., Delgado, H., McGee, K., Doukas, M., Venegas, J., and Cardenas, L., 1997, Application of the LI-COR CO<sub>2</sub> analyzer to volcanic plumes: a case study, volcán Popocatépetl, Mexico, June 7 and 10, 1995: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 102, no. B4, p. 8005-8019, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JB03887.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"8005","endPage":"8019","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479995,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/96jb03887","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":227986,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"102","issue":"B4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-04-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ecb4e4b0c8380cd49438","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gerlach, T.M.","contributorId":38713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerlach","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Delgado, H.","contributorId":22103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delgado","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McGee, K.A.","contributorId":6059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGee","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Doukas, M.P.","contributorId":28615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doukas","given":"M.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Venegas, J.J.","contributorId":88893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Venegas","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Cardenas, L.","contributorId":94054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cardenas","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70019947,"text":"70019947 - 1997 - Physical stratigraphy and hydrostratigraphy of Upper Cretaceous and Paleocene sediments, Burke and Screven Counties, Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:17","indexId":"70019947","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3443,"text":"Southeastern Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Physical stratigraphy and hydrostratigraphy of Upper Cretaceous and Paleocene sediments, Burke and Screven Counties, Georgia","docAbstract":"Six geologic units are recognized in the Cretaceous and the Paleocene sediments of eastern Burke and Screven Counties in Georgia on the basis of lithologic, geophysical, and paleontologic data collected from three continuously cored testholes in Georgia and one testhole in South Carolina. The six geologic units are separated by regional unconformities and are designated from oldest to youngest as the Cape Fear Formation, the Middendorf Formation, the Black Creek Group (undivided), and the Steel Creek Formation in the Upper Cretaceous section, and the Ellenton and the Snapp Formations in the Paleocene section. The geologic units provide a spatial and temporal framework for the identification and correlation of a basal confining unit beneath the Midville aquifer system and five aquifers and five confining units in the Dublin and the Midville aquifer systems. The Dublin aquifer system is divided hydrostratigraphically into the Millers Pond, the upper Dublin, and the lower Dublin aquifers. The Midville aquifer system is divided hydrostratigraphically into the upper and the lower Midville aquifers. The fine-grained sediments of the Millers Pond, the lower Dublin, and the lower Midville confining units are nonmarine deposits and are present in the upper part of the Snapp Formation, the Black Creek Group (undivided), and the Middendorf Formation, respectively. Hydrologic data for specific sets of monitoring wells at the Savannah River Site in South Carolina and the Millers Pond site in Georgia confirm that these three units are leaky confining units and locally impede vertical ground-water flow between adjacent aquifers. The fine-grained sediments of the upper Dublin and the upper Midville confining units are marine-deltaic deposits of the Ellenton Formation and the Black Creek Group (undivided), respectively. Hydrologic data confirm that the upper Dublin confining unit regionally impedes vertical ground-water flow on both sides of the Savannah River. The upper Midville confining unit impedes vertical ground-water flow in the middle and downdip parts of the study area and is a leaky confining unit in the updip part of the study area. Recognition of the upper Dublin confining unit as a regional confining unit between the Millers Pond and the upper Dublin aquifers also confirms that the Millers Pond aquifer is a separate hydrologic unit from the rest of the Dublin aquifer system. This multi-aquifer framework increases the vertical hydrostratigraphic resolution of hydraulic properties and gradients in the Dublin and Midville aquifer systems for the investigation of ground-water flow beneath the Savannah River in the vicinity of the U.S. Department of Energy Savannah River Site.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Southeastern Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00383678","usgsCitation":"Falls, W.F., Baum, J.S., and Prowell, D., 1997, Physical stratigraphy and hydrostratigraphy of Upper Cretaceous and Paleocene sediments, Burke and Screven Counties, Georgia: Southeastern Geology, v. 36, no. 4, p. 153-176.","startPage":"153","endPage":"176","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228068,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7acbe4b0c8380cd790d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Falls, W. F. 0000-0003-2928-9795 wffalls@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2928-9795","contributorId":60251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Falls","given":"W.","email":"wffalls@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baum, J. S.","contributorId":80716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baum","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Prowell, D.C.","contributorId":95475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prowell","given":"D.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70020017,"text":"70020017 - 1997 - Nest materials as a source of genetic data for avian ecological studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-14T14:28:58","indexId":"70020017","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2284,"text":"Journal of Field Ornithology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nest materials as a source of genetic data for avian ecological studies","docAbstract":"We examined the utility of feathers and egg shell membranes, deposited in the nests of Spectacled Eiders (Somateria fischeri), as a source of DNA for genetic studies at both the population and individual level. The potential for feather DNA contamination as a result of female behavioral interactions (e.g. nest parasitism), reuse of nest sites from previous years, or other unknown occurrences was acknowledged and specifically tested. DNA was successfully extracted from both feathers and egg shell membranes and waterfowl microsatellite loci were used to construct individual genotypes. We found no difference in the genotypes obtained from nest feathers or blood of the incubating female. Detection of nest feather contamination was possible with as little as one feather when samples from multiple females were intentionally mixed. Triplicate DNA extractions from 33 nests provided a means of detecting contamination in 3 nests. Egg membranes proved a viable source of offspring DNA and can contribute valuable data to investigations of parentage when assayed jointly with maternal feather DNA. Nest materials provide an efficient, non-invasive method of genetic sampling that can be readily incorporated into field research. However, the natural history traits and mating strategies of a species must be considered during sample collection to identify the possible sources of nest materials (e.g., paternal, maternal, parasite, etc.). Specific experiments should also be designed to test sampling assumptions.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Field Ornithology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"02738570","usgsCitation":"Pearce, J.M., Fields, R., and Scribner, K.T., 1997, Nest materials as a source of genetic data for avian ecological studies: Journal of Field Ornithology, v. 68, no. 3, p. 471-481.","startPage":"471","endPage":"481","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227993,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"68","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a647be4b0c8380cd729d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pearce, John M. 0000-0002-8503-5485 jpearce@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8503-5485","contributorId":181766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearce","given":"John","email":"jpearce@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":384716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fields, R.L.","contributorId":19978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fields","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Scribner, Kim T.","contributorId":95434,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Scribner","given":"Kim","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":6601,"text":"Michigan State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":384715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70020024,"text":"70020024 - 1997 - Correcting for diffusion in carbon-14 dating of ground water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-08T01:04:51.907416","indexId":"70020024","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Correcting for diffusion in carbon-14 dating of ground water","docAbstract":"<div class=\"abstract-group \"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>It has generally been recognized that molecular diffusion can be a significant process affecting the transport of carbon-14 in the subsurface when occurring either from a permeable aquifer into a confining layer or from a fracture into a rock matrix. An analytical solution that is valid for steady-state radionuclide transport through fractured rock is shown to be applicable to many multilayered aquifer systems. By plotting the ratio of the rate of diffusion to the rate of decay of carbon-14 over the length scales representative of several common hydrogeologic settings, it is demonstrated that diffusion of carbon-14 should often be not only a significant process, but a dominant one relative to decay. An age-correction formula is developed and applied to the Bangkok Basin of Thailand, where a mean carbon-14-based age of 21,000 years was adjusted to 11,000 years to account for diffusion. This formula and its graphical representation should prove useful for many studies, for they can be used first to estimate the potential role of diffusion and then to make a simple first-order age correction if necessary.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00093.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Sanford, W., 1997, Correcting for diffusion in carbon-14 dating of ground water: Groundwater, v. 35, no. 2, p. 357-361, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00093.x.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"357","endPage":"361","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228110,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fc1ee4b0c8380cd4e123","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sanford, W. E. 0000-0002-6624-0280","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6624-0280","contributorId":102112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanford","given":"W. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70020150,"text":"70020150 - 1997 - Assessing hydrogeochemical heterogeneity in natural and constructed wetlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-13T06:49:06","indexId":"70020150","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1007,"text":"Biogeochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessing hydrogeochemical heterogeneity in natural and constructed wetlands","docAbstract":"While 'water quality function' is cited as an important wetland function to design for and preserve, we demonstrate that the scale at which hydrochemical samples are collected can significantly influence interpretations of biogeochemical processes in wetlands. Subsurface, chemical profiles for both nutrients and major ions were determined at a site in southwestern Wisconsin that contained areas of both natural and constructed wetlands. Sampling was conducted on three different scales: (1) a large scale (3 m between sampling points), (2) an intermediate scale (0.15 m between sampling points), and (3) a small scale (1.5 cm between sampling points). In most cases, significant vertical heterogeneity was observed at the 0.15 m scale, which was much larger than previously reported for freshwater wetlands and not detected by sampling water table wells screened over the same interval. However, profiles of ammonia and total phosphorus showed tenfold changes in the upper 0.2 meters of the saturated zone when sampled at the small (1.5 cm) scale, that was not depicted by sampling at the intermediate scale. At the intermediate scale of observation, one constructed wetland site differed geochemically from the natural wetlands and the other constructed wetland site due to application of off-site salvaged marsh surface and downward infiltration of rain. While important differences in dissolved inorganic phosphorus and dissolved inorganic carbon concentrations existed between the constructed wetland and the natural wetlands, we also observed substantial differences between the natural wetland sites for these constituents. A median-polishing analysis of our data showed that temporal variations in constituent concentrations within profiles, although extensively recognized in the literature, were not as important as spatial variability.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/A:1005889319205","issn":"01682563","usgsCitation":"Hunt, R.J., Krabbenhoft, D., and Anderson, M.P., 1997, Assessing hydrogeochemical heterogeneity in natural and constructed wetlands: Biogeochemistry, v. 39, no. 3, p. 271-293, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005889319205.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"271","endPage":"293","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":206074,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005889319205"},{"id":228194,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059edd8e4b0c8380cd49a47","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hunt, R. J.","contributorId":40164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krabbenhoft, D. P. 0000-0003-1964-5020","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1964-5020","contributorId":90765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krabbenhoft","given":"D. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, Marilyn P.","contributorId":102970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Marilyn","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70020303,"text":"70020303 - 1997 - Geochemical characteristics and K-Ar ages of rare-metal bearing pegmatites from the Birimian of southeastern Ghana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-26T13:03:37.058547","indexId":"70020303","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2147,"text":"Journal of African Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical characteristics and K-Ar ages of rare-metal bearing pegmatites from the Birimian of southeastern Ghana","docAbstract":"<div id=\"aep-abstract-id4\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id5\"><p>The pegmatite-aplite rocks at Mankwadzi (Ejisimanku Hills) in southeastern Ghana are part of the pegmatite district that extends from Cape Coast to Winneba along the Atlantic coastline. The pegmatites are associated with the Cape Coast granite complex and were intruded during the waning phase of the Eburnian Orogeny (∼2.0 Ga). Three muscovite separates from pegmatite give KAr retention ages of 1909 ± 13<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Ma</i>, 1965 ± 13 Ma and 2019 ± 14 Ma. A biotite separate from granite yields a KAr age of 1907 ± 13 Ma. These ages are similar to KAr dates previously reported for the Cape Coast granites, indicating that the granites and pegmatites are coeval and probably genetically linked.</p><p>The pegmatites are enriched in Li, Be, Nb and Sn and considerably impoverished in Rb, Th, Y and REEs. Microscopic examination of quartz from the pegmatites shows a large number of low salinity fluid inclusions that can be divided into two types: (1) one-phase liquid or gas-filled inclusions; and (2) two-phase liquid-vapour inclusions, with the vapour occupying 2–5% of the volume. The homogenisation temperature of the fluid inclusions clusters between 129 and 144°C. These homogenisation temperatures lead to an inferred entrapment temperature of ∼300°C at a pressure of ∼2.5 kbar, which is estimated for the metamorphism of host hornblende schists. The pegmatite fluid inclusions are interpreted as being secondary to the quartz hosts.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00022-5","issn":"08995362","usgsCitation":"Chalokwu, C., Ghazi, M., and Foord, E., 1997, Geochemical characteristics and K-Ar ages of rare-metal bearing pegmatites from the Birimian of southeastern Ghana: Journal of African Earth Sciences, v. 24, no. 1-2, p. 1-9, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00022-5.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"9","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231129,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a15ece4b0c8380cd54fb3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chalokwu, C.I.","contributorId":80979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chalokwu","given":"C.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ghazi, M.A.","contributorId":89420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ghazi","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Foord, E.E.","contributorId":86835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foord","given":"E.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1002530,"text":"1002530 - 1997 - Reforestation of bottomland hardwoods and the issue of woody species diversity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:48","indexId":"1002530","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3271,"text":"Restoration Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reforestation of bottomland hardwoods and the issue of woody species diversity","docAbstract":"Bottomland hardwood forests in the southcentral United States have been cleared extensively for agriculture, and many of the remaining forests are fragmented and degraded. During the last decade, however, approximately 75,000 ha of land-mainly agricultural fields-have been replanted or contracted for replanting, with many more acres likely to be reforested in the near future. The approach used in most reforestation projects to date has been to plant one to three overstory tree species, usually Quercus spp. (oaks), and to rely on natural dispersal for the establishment of other woody species. I critique this practice by two means. First, a brief literature review demonstrates that moderately high woody species diversity occurs in natural bottomland hardwood forests in the region. This review, which relates diversity to site characteristics, serves as a basis for comparison with stands established by means of current reforestation practices. Second, I reevaluate data on the invasion of woody species from an earlier study of 10 reforestation projects in Mississippi,with the goal of assessing the likelihood that stands with high woody species diversity will develop. I show that natural invasion cannot always be counted on to produce a diverse stand, particularly on sites more than about 60 m from an existing forest edge. I then make several recommendations for altering current reforestation pactices in order to establish stands with greater woody species diversity, a more natural appearance,and a more positive environmental impact at scales larger than individual sites.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Restoration Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1046/j.1526-100X.1997.09715.x","usgsCitation":"Allen, J.A., 1997, Reforestation of bottomland hardwoods and the issue of woody species diversity: Restoration Ecology, v. 5, no. 2, p. 125-134, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100X.1997.09715.x.","startPage":"125","endPage":"134","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133941,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":15629,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100X.1997.09715.x","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"6850.000000000000000"}],"volume":"5","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-06-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db63514b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Allen, J. A.","contributorId":82644,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Allen","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1008599,"text":"1008599 - 1997 - Source-sink dynamics and the coexistence of species on a single resource","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-06T11:21:23","indexId":"1008599","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3593,"text":"Theoretical Population Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Source-sink dynamics and the coexistence of species on a single resource","docAbstract":"<p><span>We investigate the potential for coexistence of species that compete for a shared resource when the resource occurs in both a source area acting as a refuge and a sink area where it is used by the competing species. Our model shows that the mixing rate between the source and sink resource populations has a dramatic influence on the outcome of competition. When there is a strict sink&ndash;source dependence, so that resource renewal in the sink is entirely dependent on the source, only exploitation competition decides which species can survive at a very small mixing rate. Increasing the flow rate basically amounts to increasing the role played by interference competition. If interspecific interference is very small, compared with intraspecific interference, increasing the mixing rate allows coexistence of many species, indeed, unlimited coexistence if the species' resource exploitation efficiencies are similar enough. If interspecific interference is significant and there is a trade-off between the exploitation and interference competitive abilities of two species, it is possible to have one species replacing the other along a gradient of increasing mixing rate, with either coexistence or alternative single-species equilibria at intermediate values of the mixing rate. It is also possible to have one species always outcompeting the other, or alternative single-species stable equilibria at large mixing rates. When the strict sink&ndash;source dependence is relaxed by allowing the resource to have a partly independent renewal&ndash;loss dynamics in the sink area, the variety of possible outcomes along a gradient of mixing rate is further increased. These outcomes are often strongly sensitive to the parameters of resource dynamics and interspecific interference competition. The implications of these results for biological conservation can be profound; detailed knowledge of interspecific interactions appears to be necessary to determine the effect of any land management that alters dispersal opportunities.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1006/tpbi.1997.1298","usgsCitation":"Loreau, M., and DeAngelis, D., 1997, Source-sink dynamics and the coexistence of species on a single resource: Theoretical Population Biology, v. 51, p. 79-93, https://doi.org/10.1006/tpbi.1997.1298.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"79","endPage":"93","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132484,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e76d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Loreau, M.","contributorId":103625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loreau","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeAngelis, D.L. 0000-0002-1570-4057","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1570-4057","contributorId":32470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeAngelis","given":"D.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1015874,"text":"1015874 - 1997 - Productivity of golden eagles wearing backpack radiotransmitters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-18T15:40:14","indexId":"1015874","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2442,"text":"Journal of Raptor Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Productivity of golden eagles wearing backpack radiotransmitters","docAbstract":"<p>We examined the association between the presence of backpack radiotransmitters and Golden Eagle (<i>Aquila chrysaetos</i>) reproduction (percentage of occupied territories producing young, and number of nestlings produced) over three years. The association between radio-tagging and nesting success and the number of nestlings produced varied significantly among years. A negative association with tagging was observed in one of three years, which coincided with low prey (jackrabbit) populations and a cold spring. However, small sample size and breeding by subadults may confound this result.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Raptor Research Foundation","usgsCitation":"Marzluff, J., Vekasy, M., Kochert, M.N., and Steenhof, K., 1997, Productivity of golden eagles wearing backpack radiotransmitters: Journal of Raptor Research, v. 31, no. 3, p. 223-227.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"223","endPage":"227","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133346,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65e3fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marzluff, J.M.","contributorId":15152,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marzluff","given":"J.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vekasy, M.S.","contributorId":70345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vekasy","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kochert, Michael N. 0000-0002-4380-3298 mkochert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4380-3298","contributorId":3037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kochert","given":"Michael","email":"mkochert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":323268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Steenhof, Karen karen_steenhof@usgs.gov","contributorId":30585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steenhof","given":"Karen","email":"karen_steenhof@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":323270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
]}