This report and accompanying maps summarize the results of geochemical exploration studies in the Mount Hayes quadrangle, Alaska. This is one of a series of maps and reports on the geological, geochemical, and geophysical studies of the quadrangle prepared as part of the Alaskan Mineral Resource Assessment Program (AMRAP) of the U.S. Geological Survey. These maps are part of the Mount Hayes l:250,000-scale folio.
The geochemical studies were made in order to identify and define mineralized areas in the quadrangle and to aid in characterizing the nature of the mineral occurrences within these areas. The studies included the collection of composite samples of stream sediment or glacial debris and preparation of these samples, as described by O'Leary and others (1982), to yield a minus-80-mesh (0.2-mm) fraction and nonmagnetic heavy-mineral-concentrate fraction consisting of mineral grains having a specific gravity greater than 2.85. Samples were collected at 911 sites either from tributary streams or tributary glaciers with drainage basins ranging from 1 to 5 sq mi in area. The samples were analyzed for 30 elements by semiquantitative emission spectrography (O'Leary and others, 1982). The stream-sediment and glacial-debris samples also were analyzed for zinc by an atomic absorption method (Ward and others, 1969), and those results were used in preparing map A.
The maps in this report show drainage basins in which the stream sediment or glacial debris contained anomalously high amounts of selected metals. The geologic base map aids in showing the geologic terranes of the quadrangle. The accompanying tables give frequencies and cumulative percents of the selected metals for all major geologic terranes within the quadrangle.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/mf1996B","usgsCitation":"Curtin, G.C., Tripp, R.B., and Nokleberg, W.J., 1989, Summary and interpretation of geochemical maps for stream sediment and heavy mineral concentrate samples, Mount Hayes Quadrangle, eastern Alaska Range, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 1996, Pamphlet: 11 p.; 3 Plates: 57.66 x 42.29 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf1996B.","productDescription":"Pamphlet: 11 p.; 3 Plates: 57.66 x 42.29 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":88622,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1989/1996b/report.pdf","text":"Pamphlet","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":358742,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1996-B/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":184885,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1996-B/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":358743,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1996-B/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":358744,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1996-B/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"0","country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Mount Hayes Quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -147,63 ], [ -147,64 ], [ -144,64 ], [ -144,63 ], [ -147,63 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db6996d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Curtin, Gary C.","contributorId":89109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curtin","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":261798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tripp, Richard B.","contributorId":25997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tripp","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":261797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nokleberg, Warren J. 0000-0002-1574-8869 wnokleberg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1574-8869","contributorId":2077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nokleberg","given":"Warren","email":"wnokleberg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":261796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70157145,"text":"70157145 - 1989 - The influence of north Pacific atmospheric circulation on streamflow in the west","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-27T10:34:41","indexId":"70157145","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"The influence of north Pacific atmospheric circulation on streamflow in the west","docAbstract":"The annual cycle and nonseasonal variability of streamflow over western North America and Hawaii is studied in terms of atmospheric forcing elements. This study uses several decades of monthly average streamflow beginning as early as the late 1800's over a network of 38 stations. In addition to a strong annual cycle in mean streamflow and its variance at most of the stations, there is also a distinct annual cycle in the autocorrelation of anomalies that is related to the interplay between the annual cycles of temperature and precipitation. Of particular importance to these lag effects is the well-known role of water stored as snow pack, which controls the delay between peak precipitation and peak flow and also introduces persistence into the nonseasonal streamflow anomalies, with time scales from 1 month to over 1 year.
\nThe degree to which streamflow is related to winter atmospheric circulation over the North Pacific and western North America is tested using correlations with time averaged, gridded sea level pressure (SLP), which begins in 1899. Streamflow fluctuations show significant large-scale correlations for the winter (December through February) mean SLP anomaly patterns over the North Pacific with maximum correlations ranging from 0.3 to about 0.6. For streams along the west coast corridor the circulation pattern associated with positive streamflow anomalies is low pressure centered off the coast to the west or northwest, indicative of increased winter storms and an anomalous westerly-to-southwesterly wind component. For streams in the interior positive streamflow anomalies are associated with a positive SLP anomaly stationed remotely over the central North Pacific, and with negative but generally weaker SLP anomalies locally.
\nOne important influence on streamflow variability is the strength of the Aleutian Low in winter. This is represented by the familiar Pacific-North America (PNA) index and also by an index defined herein the “CNP” (Central North Pacific). This index, beginning in 1899, is taken to be the average of the SLP anomaly south of the Aleutians and the western Gulf of Alaska. Correlations between PNA or CNP and regional anomalies reflect streamflow the alternations in strength and position of the mean North Pacific storm track entering North America as well as shifts in the trade winds over the subtropical North Pacific. Regions whose streamflow is best tuned to the PNA or CNP include coastal Alaska, the northwestern United States, and Hawaii; the latter two regions have the opposite sign anomaly as the former. The pattern of streamflow variations associated with El Niño is similar, but the El Niño signal also includes a tendency for greater than normal streamflow in the southwestern United States. These indices are significantly correlated with streamflow at one to two seasons in advance of the December–August period, which may allow modestly skillful forecasts. It is important to note that streamflow variability in some areas, such as British Columbia and California, does not respond consistently to these broad scale Pacific atmospheric circulation indices, but is related to regional atmospheric anomaly features over the eastern North Pacific.
\nSpatially, streamflow anomalies are fairly well correlated over scales of several hundred kilometers. Inspection of the spatial anomalies of stream-flow in this study suggest an asymmetry in the spatial pattern of positive versus negative streamflow anomalies in the western United States: dry patterns have tended to be larger and more spatially coherent than wet patterns.
\nNo abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"New York State Geological Association; 61st annual meeting; field trip guidebook","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"New York State Geological Association; 61st Annual Meeting","conferenceDate":"Oct 13-15, 1989","conferenceLocation":"Middletown, NY","language":"English","publisher":"New York State Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Prave, A., Alcala, M., and Epstein, J.B., 1989, Stratigraphy and sedimentology of Middle and Upper Silurian rocks and an enigmatic diamictite, southeastern New York, in New York State Geological Association; 61st annual meeting; field trip guidebook, v. 61, Middletown, NY, Oct 13-15, 1989, p. 121-140.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"121","endPage":"140","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":400156,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":400154,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.nysga-online.org/guidebooks/by-year/"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.86083984375,\n 41.41183573100123\n ],\n [\n -74.65896606445312,\n 41.265420628926684\n ],\n [\n -73.95858764648438,\n 41.68111756290652\n ],\n [\n -74.11514282226562,\n 41.84705871212191\n ],\n [\n -74.86083984375,\n 41.41183573100123\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"61","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prave, Anthony","contributorId":291372,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Prave","given":"Anthony","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":842176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alcala, Moses","contributorId":291373,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Alcala","given":"Moses","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":842177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Epstein, Jack B. jepstein@usgs.gov","contributorId":1412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Epstein","given":"Jack","email":"jepstein@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":842178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70209310,"text":"70209310 - 1989 - Tectonostratigraphic terranes and their Paleozoic boundaries in the central and southern Appalachians","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-31T10:07:58","indexId":"70209310","displayToPublicDate":"1989-12-31T10:00:13","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5198,"text":"Geological Society of America Special Papers ","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tectonostratigraphic terranes and their Paleozoic boundaries in the central and southern Appalachians","docAbstract":"Parts of the central and southern Appalachian orogen appear to have evolved away from Proterozoic North America (Laurentia) and to have been accreted to it during the Paleozoic orogenies that collectively formed the orogen. Identifying each tectonostratigraphic terrane is a necessary step in understanding the evolution of the orogen. The terranes in the central and southern Appalachians are delineated, interpreted, and classified with varying degrees of confidence as: (1) Laurentian native terranes, (2) internal continental terranes of the Appalachian orogen, (3) disrupted terranes, (4) possible oceanic crustal remnants, (5) volcanic-arc terranes, (6) a continental terrane of Gondwanaland affinity, and (7) metamorphic complexes of undetermined affinity. The Laurentian native terranes consist of external massifs of Laurentian basement (Grenvillian and older), their rift- and shelf-facies cover rocks, and slope-rise prism deposits. External massifs are present in the Blue Ridge tectonic province, Reading Prong, and Honey Brook Upland. Rocks of the Talladega block are stratigraphically tied to Laurentia and, with the possible exception of the Hillabee greenstone, are also considered native. Offshore, deep-water, post-rift deposits of the Hamburg and Westminster terranes have no direct stratigraphic ties to Laurentia and are considered discrete native (not suspect) terranes. The internal continental terranes of the Appalachian orogen are isolated massifs of Middle Proterozoic (Grenvillian) continental basement and their cover sequences that occur within the metamorphic core of the orogen. These terranes, the Baltimore, Sauratown, and Pine Mountain terranes, could be either structurally isolated outliers of Laurentia or microcontinental fragments of Laurentian crust displaced by rifting or transcurrent faulting and later reassembled. Disrupted terranes in the central and southern Appalachians contain mélange complexes as well as more coherent terrane fragments (volcanic, ophiolitic, or continental) intermingled with the mélange complexes. Those identified include the Jefferson, Potomac, Smith River, Inner Piedmont, Falls Lake, Juliette, and Sussex terranes. The Bel Air-Rising Sun terrane (Baltimore Complex) in Maryland and Pennsylvania is the only terrane named separately as a possible oceanic crustal remnant. Similar mafic and ultramafic complexes are present in all of the disrupted terranes, but are too small to consider as separate terranes. Volcanic-arc terranes include the Chopawamsic, Carolina, Spring Hope, Roanoke Rapids, and Charleston terranes. The only terrane recognized as a continental terrane of Gondwanaland affinity is the Suwannee terrane, which contains rocks believed to correlate with those now exposed in west Africa. Metamorphic complexes of undetermined affinity are terranes that could not be clearly classified on the basis of available data. These include the Milton, Gaffney, Uchee, Crabtree, Goochland, Wilmington, and Hatteras terranes. The Penobscottian, Taconian, Acadian, and Alleghanian Paleozoic compressional events collectively assembled the various terranes into what is now the Appalachian orogen. Only the central and southern parts of the U.S. Appalachians are considered here. The Penobscottian orogeny, about 550 to 490 Ma, amalgamated the Potomac, the Chopawamsic, probably the Bel Air-Rising Sun, and possibly other exotic terranes at some unknown distance from Laurentia. This was followed by the Taconian orogeny, about 470 to 440 Ma, which accreted the previously amalgamated terranes and probably other terranes such as the Carolina terrane to Laurentia. The younger age limit for the Taconian event is partly constrained by Middle and Late Ordovician faunal assemblages in successor basin deposits of the Arvonia Slate and Quantico Formation. The significance of the Acadian orogeny, dated about 400 to 380 Ma in New England, is unclear in the central and southern Appalachians. In the Talladega block of Alabama and Georgia, an Early to Middle Devonian dynamothermal event is firmly bracketed between Early Devonian fossils and K-Ar ages that indicate a thermal peak no later than Middle Devonian time. A regional tectonothermal event and faulting of approximately this age are also suggested by isotopic studies in terranes to the east. The late Paleozoic (Alleghanian) continental collision between Laurentia and Gondwanaland, which formed the supercontinent Pangea, marks the final stage of accretionary history in the Appalachian-Caledonide orogen. Effects evident in the central and southern Appalachian region include: (1) the accretion of the Suwannee terrane and perhaps the Charleston terrane to what is now North America, (2) slicing and shifting of terranes along dextral strike-slip faults, particularly in the eastern Piedmont, (3) westward transport of native and previously accreted terranes in the western Piedmont and Blue Ridge as part of a composite crystalline thrust sheet, (4) deposition of clastic wedges in the Appalachian foreland, and (5) imbricate thrusting and folding of the resultant strata in the Valley and Ridge Province.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/SPE230-p213","issn":"00721077","usgsCitation":"Horton,, J., Drake, A., and Rankin, D., 1989, Tectonostratigraphic terranes and their Paleozoic boundaries in the central and southern Appalachians: Geological Society of America Special Papers , v. 230, p. 213-245, https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE230-p213.","productDescription":"33 p. ","startPage":"213","endPage":"245","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":373632,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States ","otherGeospatial":"Appalachians","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.9814453125,\n 44.02442151965934\n ],\n [\n -77.431640625,\n 43.26120612479979\n ],\n [\n -78.837890625,\n 43.229195113965005\n ],\n [\n -82.96875,\n 41.47566020027821\n ],\n [\n -83.75976562499999,\n 38.92522904714054\n ],\n [\n -86.8359375,\n 36.84446074079564\n ],\n [\n -87.8466796875,\n 35.782170703266075\n ],\n [\n -78.7060546875,\n 37.89219554724437\n ],\n [\n -75.6298828125,\n 40.64730356252251\n ],\n [\n -74.4873046875,\n 42.22851735620852\n ],\n [\n -75.9814453125,\n 44.02442151965934\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"230","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1989-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Horton,, J. Wright Jr. 0000-0001-6756-6365","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6756-6365","contributorId":219824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horton,","given":"J. Wright","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":785997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Drake, A.A.","contributorId":33786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drake","given":"A.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":785998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rankin, D.W.","contributorId":32579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rankin","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":785999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70193873,"text":"70193873 - 1989 - Sensitivity of endemic Snake River cutthroat trout to acidity and elevated aluminum","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-07T10:11:25","indexId":"70193873","displayToPublicDate":"1989-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sensitivity of endemic Snake River cutthroat trout to acidity and elevated aluminum","docAbstract":"Acidic episodes in waters of the western USA, do not last as long and are not as intense as those in the eastern USA, but we found that the native western cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki is sensitive to even brief reductions in pH. In laboratory studies, fish were exposed to acidity (pH 4.5–6.5) alone or in the presence of aluminum during the first 7 d of the freshly fertilized egg, eyed embryo, alevin, or swim-up larva stages of development. Following exposure to acidity and aluminum, eggs and fish were held under control water quality conditions to 40 d posthatch to assess effects of the exposure on subsequent development. Reductions in pH from 6.5 to 6.0 in low-calcium water (1.4 mg/L) did not affect survival, but reduced growth offish in the early life stages. The presence of as little as 50 μg A1/L at low pH further decreased growth and reduced survival. The most sensitive indicators of stress were loss of ions (determined from whole-body sampling) and reduced swimming in alevins, reduction in the ratio of RNA:DNA, feeding inhibition, and pathology of gill tissue in swim-up larvae. A pH of 6.0 and 50 μg Al/L reduced whole-body sodium by 72% and potassium by 50% in alevins. Reductions in the RNA: DNA ratio, correlated with lower growth rates, were observed in swim-up larvae exposed to pH 5.5 and 50 μg Al/L. Exposure to 50 μg Al/L at pH 6.0 reduced swimming activity of alevins by 68% and feeding rates of swim-up larvae by 67%. In the presence of 50 μg A1/L, pathological changes in gill tissue were observed in swim-up larvae exposed to pH 6.0 or less. Although acidification is not widespread in the western USA, cutthroat trout have a narrow margin of safety between conditions that currently exist and those at which pH and aluminum reduce survival and growth.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1989)118<0630:SOESRC>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Woodward, D.F., Farag, A.M., Mueller, M., Little, E.E., and Vertucci, F., 1989, Sensitivity of endemic Snake River cutthroat trout to acidity and elevated aluminum: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 118, no. 6, p. 630-643, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1989)118<0630:SOESRC>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"630","endPage":"643","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":348340,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"118","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a082349e4b09af898c8d0ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woodward, D. F.","contributorId":85645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodward","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":720839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farag, Aida M. 0000-0003-4247-6763 aida_farag@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4247-6763","contributorId":1139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farag","given":"Aida","email":"aida_farag@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":720840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mueller, M.E.","contributorId":84715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":720841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Little, E. E.","contributorId":13187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Little","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":720842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Vertucci, F. A.","contributorId":27381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vertucci","given":"F. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":720843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70194889,"text":"70194889 - 1989 - Structure of the lower crust beneath the Carolina Trough, U.S. Atlantic continental margin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-05T15:15:29","indexId":"70194889","displayToPublicDate":"1989-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Structure of the lower crust beneath the Carolina Trough, U.S. Atlantic continental margin","docAbstract":"Data from three large-offset seismic profiles provide information on the crustal structure beneath the Carolina trough. The profiles, obtained by the U.S. Geological Survey, the Naval Oceanographic Research Development Agency, and the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in 1985, were oriented parallel to the trough and were located (1) seaward of the East Coast Magnetic Anomaly (ECMA), which is generally thought to represent the boundary between oceanic and continental crust; (2) along the axis of the trough between the ECMA and the hinge zone, which is thought to reflect the landward limit of highly stretched and altered transitional crust; and (3) along the Carolina platform landward of the basement hinge zone on crust thought to have been thinned only slightly during rifting. These data constrain the velocity structure of the lower crust and provide evidence for a thick lens of high-velocity (>7.1 km/s) lower crustal material that extends beneath the Carolina trough and the adjacent ocean basin. This lens reaches a maximum thickness of about 13 km beneath the deepest part of the trough, thins to about 5 km seaward of the ECMA, and is either very thin or absent landward of the hinge zone. It is interpreted to represent material that was underplated beneath and/or intruded into the crust during the late stage of continental rifting and that led to an anomalously thick plutonic layer during the early seafloor spreading phase. These data thus support the recent conclusions of White et al. (1987b) and Mutter et al. (1988) that the initiation of seafloor spreading is attended in many, if not most, cases by the generation of an anomalously large volume of melt.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB094iB08p10585","usgsCitation":"Trehu, A.M., Ballard, A., Dorman, L., Gettrust, J., Klitgord, K.D., and Schreiner, A., 1989, Structure of the lower crust beneath the Carolina Trough, U.S. Atlantic continental margin: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 94, no. 8, p. 10585-10600, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB094iB08p10585.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"10585","endPage":"10600","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":350683,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Carolina Trough","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82,\n 28\n ],\n [\n -70,\n 28\n ],\n [\n -70,\n 38\n ],\n [\n -82,\n 38\n ],\n [\n -82,\n 28\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"94","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a6c4c9fe4b06e28e9cabb42","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Trehu, Anne M.","contributorId":49884,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Trehu","given":"Anne","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":6680,"text":"Oregon State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":725928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ballard, A.","contributorId":201494,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ballard","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dorman, L.M.","contributorId":201495,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dorman","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gettrust, J.F.","contributorId":80080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gettrust","given":"J.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Klitgord, Kim D.","contributorId":82307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klitgord","given":"Kim","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":725932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Schreiner, A.","contributorId":201496,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schreiner","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70197840,"text":"70197840 - 1989 - Extensional faulting in the southern Klamath Mountains, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-21T11:40:19","indexId":"70197840","displayToPublicDate":"1989-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3524,"text":"Tectonics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Extensional faulting in the southern Klamath Mountains, California","docAbstract":"Large northeast striking normal faults in the southern Klamath Mountains may indicate that substantial crustal extension occurred during Tertiary time. Some of these faults form grabens in the Jurassic and older bedrock of the province. The grabens contain continental Oligocene or Miocene deposits (Weaverville Formation), and in two of them the Oligocene or Miocene is underlain by Lower Cretaceous marine formations (Great Valley sequence). At the La Grange gold placer mine the Oligocene or Miocene strata dip northwest into the gently southeast dipping mylonitic footwall surface of the La Grange fault. The large normal displacement required by the relations at the La Grange mine is also suggested by omission of several kilometers of structural thickness of bedrock units across the northeast continuation of the La Grange fault, as well as by significant changes in bedrock across some northeast striking faults elsewhere in the Central Metamorphic and Eastern Klamath belts. The Trinity ultramafic sheet crops out in the Eastern Klamath terrane as part of a broad northeast trending arch that may be structurally analogous to the domed lower plate of metamorphic core complexes found in eastern parts of the Cordillera. The northeast continuation of the La Grange fault bounds the southeastern side of the Trinity arch in the Eastern Klamath terrane and locally cuts out substantial lower parts of adjacent Paleozoic strata of the Redding section. Faults bounding the northwestem side of the Trinity arch generally trend northeast and juxtapose stacked thrust sheets of lower Paleozoic strata of the Yreka terrane against the Trinity ultramafic sheet. Geometric relations suggest that the Tertiary extension of the southern Klamath Mountains was in NW-SE directions and that the Redding section and the southern part of the Central Metamorphic terrane may be a large Tertiary allochthon detached from the Trinity ultramafic sheet. Paleomagnetic data indicate a lack of rotation about a vertical axis during the extension. We propose that the Trinity ultramafic sheet is structurally analogous to a metamorphic core complex; if so, it is the first core complex to be described that involves ultramafic rocks. We infer that Mesozoic terrane accretion produced a large gravitational instability in the crust that spread laterally during Tertiary extension
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TC008i001p00135","usgsCitation":"Schweickert, R., and Irwin, W., 1989, Extensional faulting in the southern Klamath Mountains, California: Tectonics, v. 8, no. 1, p. 135-149, https://doi.org/10.1029/TC008i001p00135.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"135","endPage":"149","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":355265,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Klamath Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -125.12329101562499,\n 38.79690830348427\n ],\n [\n -120.33325195312499,\n 38.79690830348427\n ],\n [\n -120.33325195312499,\n 42.58544425738491\n ],\n [\n -125.12329101562499,\n 42.58544425738491\n ],\n [\n -125.12329101562499,\n 38.79690830348427\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"8","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c112c42e4b034bf6a8225ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schweickert, R.A.","contributorId":69577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schweickert","given":"R.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":738716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Irwin, W. P.","contributorId":82347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Irwin","given":"W. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":738717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70194849,"text":"70194849 - 1989 - Velocities of antarctic outlet glaciers determined from sequential Landsat images","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-07T16:21:12","indexId":"70194849","displayToPublicDate":"1989-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":812,"text":"Antarctic Journal of the United States","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Velocities of antarctic outlet glaciers determined from sequential Landsat images","docAbstract":"Approximately 91.0 percent of the volume of present-day glacier ice on Earth is in Antarctica; Greenland contains about another 8.3 percent of the volume. Thus, together, these two great ice sheets account for an estimated 99.3 percent of the total. Long-term changes in the volume of glacier ice on our planet are the result of global climate change. Because of the relationship of global ice volume to sea level (± 330 cubic kilometers of glacier ice equals ± 1 millimeter sea level), changes in the mass balance of the antarctic ice sheet are of particular importance.
Whether the mass balance of the east and west antarctic ice sheets is positive or negative is not known. Estimates of mass input by total annual precipitation for the continent have been made from scattered meteorological observations (Swithinbank 1985). The magnitude of annual ablation of the ice sheet from calving of outlet glaciers and ice shelves is also not well known. Although the velocities of outlet glaciers can be determined from field measurements during the austral summer,the technique is costly, does not cover a complete annual cycle,and has been applied to just a few glaciers. To increase the number of outlet glaciers in Antarctica for which velocities have been determined and to provide additional data for under-standing the dynamics of the antarctic ice sheets and their response to global climate change, sequential Landsat image of several outlet glaciers were measured.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Science Foundation","usgsCitation":"MacDonald, T.R., Ferrigno, J.G., Williams, R., and Lucchitta, B.K., 1989, Velocities of antarctic outlet glaciers determined from sequential Landsat images: Antarctic Journal of the United States, v. 24, no. 5, p. 105-106.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"105","endPage":"106","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":350546,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":352314,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.coldregions.org/vufind/ajus/ajus"}],"otherGeospatial":"Antarctica","volume":"24","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a6857f5e4b06e28e9c65f4f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"MacDonald, Thomas R.","contributorId":201469,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"MacDonald","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ferrigno, Jane G. jferrign@usgs.gov","contributorId":39825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferrigno","given":"Jane","email":"jferrign@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":725646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Williams, Richard S. Jr.","contributorId":17355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Richard S.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lucchitta, Baerbel K. blucchitta@usgs.gov","contributorId":3649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lucchitta","given":"Baerbel","email":"blucchitta@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":725648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70170443,"text":"70170443 - 1989 - Hydrologic and water-quality characteristics of a Wetland receiving wastewater effluent in St. Joseph, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-05T12:13:22","indexId":"70170443","displayToPublicDate":"1989-11-01T15:15:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrologic and water-quality characteristics of a Wetland receiving wastewater effluent in St. Joseph, Minnesota","docAbstract":"Hydrologic and water-quality characteristics were determined for a wetland being used for tertiary treatment of wastewater in St. Joseph, Minnesota. The wetland consists of spruce-tamarack fen and a cattail marsh, with the wastewater being discharged into the fen, and the fen draining into the marsh. The wetland is underlain by flat-lying glacial outwash that ranges from 0 to greater than 20 m in thickness. Horizontal ground-water movement in the outwash aquifer is toward the wetland from the south, east, and west. There is a strong upward vertical hydraulic gradient (about 0.1) in the ground-water flow system beneath and around the wetland. Regionally, the glacial-outwash aquifer is unconfined, but it is confined or partly confined locally by peat deposits under the wetland. Analysis of the hydrologic balance of the fen from October 1985 through September 1986 indicates that the inflow was 44 percent ground water, 38 percent wastewater, 11 percent runoff (storm sewer), and 7 percent precipitation. The fen outflow was 93 percent surface water and 7 percent evapotranspiration. Inflow to the marsh was 74 percent surface water, 21 percent ground water, and 5 percent precipitation. Outflow from the marsh was 94 percent surface water and 6 percent evapotranspiration. Wastewater contributed 74,996, and 81 percent of the total suspended solids, total phosphorus, and total ammonia plus organic nitrogen in the fen, respectively. Other chemical inputs were from the storm sewer, ground water, and atmospheric deposition. The fen was found to retain 34, 14, and 14 percent of the suspended solids, total phosphorus, and total ammonia plus organic nitrogen, respectively. The marsh retained 44, 18, and 22 percent of these three constituents, respectively.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Wetland Scientists","publisherLocation":"McClean, VA","doi":"10.1007/BF03160744","usgsCitation":"Brown, R.G., and Stark, J.R., 1989, Hydrologic and water-quality characteristics of a Wetland receiving wastewater effluent in St. Joseph, Minnesota: Wetlands, v. 9, no. 2, p. 191-206, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03160744.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"191","endPage":"206","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320317,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","city":"St. Joseph","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.36946868896484,\n 45.51909783811403\n ],\n [\n -94.36946868896484,\n 45.600347177025895\n ],\n [\n -94.24278259277344,\n 45.600347177025895\n ],\n [\n -94.24278259277344,\n 45.51909783811403\n ],\n [\n -94.36946868896484,\n 45.51909783811403\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"9","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5718a843e4b0ef3b7caba59c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, Rob G.","contributorId":68888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Rob","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stark, James R. stark@usgs.gov","contributorId":289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stark","given":"James","email":"stark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":627223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016064,"text":"70016064 - 1989 - Planktonic benthonic foraminiferal ratios: Modern patterns and Tertiary applicability","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-02T16:39:48.961322","indexId":"70016064","displayToPublicDate":"1989-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2673,"text":"Marine Micropaleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Planktonic benthonic foraminiferal ratios: Modern patterns and Tertiary applicability","docAbstract":"In 1965 a cooperative investigation with the U.S. Geological Survey produced Water Atlas No. 1 (Twenter and Coble, 1965). It presented information on the occurrence, availability, use, quality, and future demand of water in 10 counties in the central part of the state. Subsequent investigations produced Water Atlases No. 4 (Coble and Roberts, 1971) for southeast Iowa, No. 5 (Cagle and Heinitz, 1978) for south-central Iowa, No. 6 (Wahl et al., 1978) for east-central Iowa, and No. 7 (Buchmiller et al., 1985) for north-central Iowa. The present study, Water Atlas No. 8 (1989), describes the surface-water and groundwater resources of 11 counties in extreme northeast Iowa. With the publication of this report, water atlases are now available for the eastern two-thirds of the state.
","language":"English","publisher":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources","publisherLocation":"Iowa City","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Horick, P.J., and Soenksen, P.J., 1989, Water resources of northeast Iowa, xi, 133 p.","productDescription":"xi, 133 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":318593,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":318592,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://s-iihr34.iihr.uiowa.edu/publications/uploads/WA-08.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United 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J.","contributorId":167109,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Horick","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Soenksen, P. J.","contributorId":71575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soenksen","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015354,"text":"70015354 - 1989 - Accumulation and diagenesis of chlorinated hydrocarbons in lacustrine sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-27T11:01:14.413921","indexId":"70015354","displayToPublicDate":"1989-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5925,"text":"Environmental Science and Technology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Accumulation and diagenesis of chlorinated hydrocarbons in lacustrine sediments","docAbstract":"Two sediment cores were taken from the Rochester Basin of eastern Lake Ontario and analyzed for the radionuclides 210Pb and 137Cs and several high molecular weight chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHs). The two sites are geographically proximate but differ in sedimentation rate, permitting sedimentation-dependent processes to be factored out. The 210Pb chronology showed a mixed depth of 3-5 cm and an intrinsic time resolution of 11-14 years. Vertically integrated numbers of deposit-feeding oligochaete worms and burrowing organisms are insufficient to homogenize the sediment on the time scale of CH inputs, which are non steady state. U.S. production and sales of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), DDT, Mirex, and hexachlorobenzene (HCB), as determinants of the shape of the input function, adequately predict the overall shape and, in many cases, details in the sedimentary profile. Sediment focusing factors (FF) inferred from 137Cs and 210Pb inventories averaged 1.17 and 1.74 for cores E-30 and G-32, respectively. This permitted CH accumulation rates to be corrected for focusing. Apparent molecular diffusion coefficients modeled for many of the CHs were about (1-3) ?? 10-9 cm2/s.","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es00067a009","usgsCitation":"Eisenreich, S.J., Capel, P.D., Robbins, J.A., and Bourbonniere, R., 1989, Accumulation and diagenesis of chlorinated hydrocarbons in lacustrine sediments: Environmental Science and Technology, v. 23, no. 9, p. 1116-1126, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00067a009.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1116","endPage":"1126","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224304,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e672e4b0c8380cd47434","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eisenreich, Steven J.","contributorId":66001,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Eisenreich","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":6626,"text":"University of Minnesota","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":370722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Capel, Paul D. 0000-0003-1620-5185 capel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1620-5185","contributorId":1002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Capel","given":"Paul","email":"capel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":370723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Robbins, John A.","contributorId":97583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bourbonniere, R.","contributorId":61572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bourbonniere","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70198925,"text":"70198925 - 1989 - Vegetation alteration along trails in Shenandoah National Park, Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-24T16:39:11","indexId":"70198925","displayToPublicDate":"1989-08-07T16:31:52","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1015,"text":"Biological Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vegetation alteration along trails in Shenandoah National Park, Virginia","docAbstract":"Most studies in the USA of vegetation alteration and human impact along trails have been located in large western wilderness areas. The objective of this study was to determine vegetation changes occurring along trails in an eastern ecosystem supporting second-growth deciduous forest. The location of this study was Shenandoah National Park in Virginia, which has a long history of trail use by humans. Located in different sections of the park, ten trails were chosen as study areas. In each, transects were established to measure ground flora in trailside, transition, and undisturbed areas perpendicular to the trail. Field data were collected on frequency, life-form, and percent cover for ground flora of 25 cm or less in height. Cover and species diversity increased toward the trail in eight out often cases. Competition for light and resistance to trampling were thought to influence the occurrence of plants along the transect. Plants found along the trail border were represented by low growthforms, early blooming, or graminoid characteristics, and hemicryptophyte, therophyte, or chamaephyte life-forms. Plants found in the undisturbed zone were represented by scattered cover and frequency, woody growth forms or delicate herbaceous forms, and phanerophyte or geophyte life-forms.
","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0006-3207(89)90119-5","usgsCitation":"Hall, C.N., and Kuss, F.R., 1989, Vegetation alteration along trails in Shenandoah National Park, Virginia: Biological Conservation, v. 48, no. 3, p. 211-227, https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(89)90119-5.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"211","endPage":"227","costCenters":[{"id":37280,"text":"Virginia and West Virginia Water Science Center ","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":356755,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Shenandoah National Park","volume":"48","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c112c44e4b034bf6a822607","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hall, Christine N.","contributorId":207287,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hall","given":"Christine","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":743448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kuss, Fred R.","contributorId":207288,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kuss","given":"Fred","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":743449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70210577,"text":"70210577 - 1989 - The crustal structure of the Wrangellia Terrane along the East Glenn Highway, eastern‐southern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-10T16:51:12.301168","indexId":"70210577","displayToPublicDate":"1989-06-10T11:42:19","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The crustal structure of the Wrangellia Terrane along the East Glenn Highway, eastern‐southern Alaska","docAbstract":"Recently acquired seismic refraction data from eastern‐southern Alaska provide new information on the structure and composition of the Wrangellia and adjacent terranes. The data comprise a 160‐km‐long refraction profile along the East Glenn (Tok‐Cutoff) Highway that was collected as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's multidisciplinary Trans‐Alaska Crustal Transect program. The upper 3 km of the Wrangellia terrane and associated rocks is characterized by low compressional wave velocities (Vp = 1.9, 3.3, 4.6, 5.6 km s−1) and high‐velocity gradients common to most onshore seismic refraction profiles. There is also clear seismic expression of the West Fork fault system as a steep, down‐to‐the‐southwest fault that separates the Peninsular terrane to the southwest and the metamorphic complex of Gulkana River to the northeast. In contrast, no seismic expression occurs for the Paxson Lake fault, which separates the Wrangellia terrane from the metamorphic complex of Gulkana River. Adjacent to the Denali fault, within the Wrangellia terrane, two high‐velocity bodies (Vp = 6.6 km s−1) occur in the upper crust. One of these extends to ∼10‐km depth and correlates with a late Paleozoic dioritic complex, suggesting that the Wrangellia terrane is at least 10 km thick in this part of Alaska. From 5 to 23 km depth, the crust appears seismically homogeneous, with velocity increasing from Vp = 6.2 to Vp = 6.6 km s−1. Beneath this level, the crust is less well resolved, although evidence exists for a low‐velocity zone between 23 and 26 km and a possible southwest dipping interface at 35 km. No identifiable mantle refraction or reflection is observed, possibly indicating a crust as thick as 55 km. The relatively low seismic velocities in the upper 23 km of the crust compare favorably with laboratory‐measured velocities on pelitic schists and intermediate‐composition plutonic rocks (granites and granodiorites), both of which are recognized in Wrangellia. We interpret the seismic velocities to indicate that silicic‐to‐intermediate‐composition rocks are important constituents of the basement of this part of Wrangellia. Geologic evidence indicates that the Alaskan part of the Wrangellia terrane is a Paleozoic and Mesozoic island arc: our seismic evidence indicates it may have been built mostly on continental crust as opposed to the fragment of Wrangellia from Vancouver Island which was probably built on oceanic crust.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/JB094iB11p16037","usgsCitation":"Goodwin, E., Fuis, G.S., Nokleberg, W.J., and Ambos, E.L., 1989, The crustal structure of the Wrangellia Terrane along the East Glenn Highway, eastern‐southern Alaska: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 94, no. B11, p. 16037-16057, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB094iB11p16037.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"16037","endPage":"16057","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":375494,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Eastern- Southern Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -153.28125,\n 57.51582286553883\n ],\n [\n -132.1875,\n 57.51582286553883\n ],\n [\n -132.1875,\n 64.51064316846676\n ],\n [\n -153.28125,\n 64.51064316846676\n ],\n [\n -153.28125,\n 57.51582286553883\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"94","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goodwin, E.B.","contributorId":225177,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Goodwin","given":"E.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":790653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fuis, Gary S. 0000-0002-3078-1544 fuis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3078-1544","contributorId":2639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuis","given":"Gary","email":"fuis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":790654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nokleberg, Warren J. 0000-0002-1574-8869 wnokleberg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1574-8869","contributorId":2077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nokleberg","given":"Warren","email":"wnokleberg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":790655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ambos, E. L.","contributorId":23957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ambos","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":790656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70209350,"text":"70209350 - 1989 - Evolution of the western part of the Coast plutonic–metamorphic complex, South-Eastern Alaska, USA: A summary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-30T17:12:11.527112","indexId":"70209350","displayToPublicDate":"1989-04-01T13:37:36","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1785,"text":"Geological Society Special Publication","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evolution of the western part of the Coast plutonic–metamorphic complex, South-Eastern Alaska, USA: A summary","docAbstract":"The western Cordillera of North America extends for over 6000 km from the tip of Baja California to the Alaska Range. It includes a wide variety of metamorphic and plutonic terrains, but none is more spectacular scenically or geologically than the Coast plutonic-metamorphic complex (Brew & Ford 1984) of western Canada and south-eastern Alaska. This report briefly describes the evolution of the western part of the complex, integrating information from the deformational, plutonic and metamorphic events. Most of the original studies are reported by the authors in U.S. Geological Survey Circular numbers 733, 751, 823-B, 868, 939, 945, 967 and 978, and are not cited specifically here. This summary does not contain either a comprehensive bibliography or a comparison of the metamorphic histories of south-eastern Alaska with the adjacent parts of British Columbia.
The Coast plutonic-metamorphic complex is here divided into three major elements: the western metamorphic, the central granitic and the eastern metamorphic zones (Fig. 1). The western metamorphic belt is extremely long (900 km), and narrow (7–25 km). It consists of regional dynamothermally and regional thermally metamorphosed rocks with mineral assemblages ranging from prehnite-pumpellyite to upper amphibolite facies, scattered mesozonal to epizonal granitic bodies, and a few concentrically zoned mafic-ultramafic masses. The metamorphic grade and the amount of deformation increase from south-west to north-east, culminating at, or slightly to the north-east of, the ‘great tonalite sill’: a remarkable 700-km-long, 3- to 25-km-wide vertical to northeast-dipping belt of mostly syntectonic plutons of approximately the same age, composition and structural
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of London","doi":"10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.40","usgsCitation":"Brew, D.A., Ford, A.B., and Himmelberg, G.R., 1989, Evolution of the western part of the Coast plutonic–metamorphic complex, South-Eastern Alaska, USA: A summary: Geological Society Special Publication, v. 43, p. 447-452, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.40.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"447","endPage":"452","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":373717,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Southeastern Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -135.087890625,\n 59.5343180010956\n ],\n [\n -138.076171875,\n 58.53959476664049\n ],\n [\n -133.2421875,\n 54.16243396806779\n ],\n [\n -129.814453125,\n 55.27911529201561\n ],\n [\n -135.087890625,\n 59.5343180010956\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"43","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brew, David A. dbrew@usgs.gov","contributorId":3244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brew","given":"David","email":"dbrew@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":786246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ford, A. B.","contributorId":44924,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ford","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":786247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Himmelberg, G. R.","contributorId":27106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Himmelberg","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":786248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016050,"text":"70016050 - 1989 - Supplemented graphic correlation; a powerful tool for paleontologists and nonpaleontologists","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-12T15:49:52.512957","indexId":"70016050","displayToPublicDate":"1989-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3000,"text":"Palaios","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Supplemented graphic correlation; a powerful tool for paleontologists and nonpaleontologists","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.2307/3514601","usgsCitation":"Edwards, L.E., 1989, Supplemented graphic correlation; a powerful tool for paleontologists and nonpaleontologists: Palaios, v. 4, no. 2, p. 127-143, https://doi.org/10.2307/3514601.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"127","endPage":"143","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223191,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland, Virginia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.98696044223345,\n 39.13405514877141\n ],\n [\n -76.98696044223345,\n 37.45010665886508\n ],\n [\n -75.80993512276036,\n 37.45010665886508\n ],\n [\n -75.80993512276036,\n 39.13405514877141\n ],\n [\n -76.98696044223345,\n 39.13405514877141\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9f77e4b08c986b31e5d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edwards, Lucy E. 0000-0003-4075-3317 leedward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4075-3317","contributorId":2647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Lucy","email":"leedward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":372427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70209721,"text":"70209721 - 1989 - Source of anomalous magnetization in an area of hydrocarbon potential: Petrologic evidence from the Jurassic Preuss Sandstone, Wyoming-Idaho thrust belt","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-25T14:32:13.986839","indexId":"70209721","displayToPublicDate":"1989-02-28T11:07:40","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Source of anomalous magnetization in an area of hydrocarbon potential: Petrologic evidence from the Jurassic Preuss Sandstone, Wyoming-Idaho thrust belt","docAbstract":"The Jurassic Preuss Sandstone, which crops out in the central part of the Wyoming-Idaho thrust belt on trend with a hydrocarbon-producing region to the south, has been previously identified as the source of anomalous magnetization in the area. Elsewhere, anomalous magnetization in sedimentary rocks near hydrocarbon accumulations has been attributed to hydrocarbon-engendered magnetic minerals, but magnetization of the Preuss is controlled by detrital magnetite. Evidence of a detrital origin for magnetite includes (1) concentration of magnetite grains along laminations containing other heavy minerals, (2) the presence of exsolved ilmenite, hematite, and spinel in the magnetite grains, and (3) titanium contents typical of igneous-derived magnetite. That detrital magnetite is responsible for the anomalous magnetization in the Preuss is further indicated by the systematic eastward decrease in magnetite abundance corresponding to a similar eastward decrease in magnetic susceptibility and remanent magnetization of the unit.
Petrologic and vitrinite reflectance studies indicate a complex low-temperature (<150°C or 302°F) diagenetic history for the Preuss. Nevertheless, preservation of detrital magnetite, the presence of diagenetically early ferric oxide minerals, and the absence of sulfide minerals all indicate that the Preuss has not experienced sulfidic-reducing conditions common in areas of hydrocarbon seepage. The marine carbon isotopic composition of calcite that cements most Preuss sandstones (^dgr13C values ranging from -2.47 to 1.48^pmil is evidence that carbonate diagenesis also was not influenced by hydrocarbons.
The results of this multidisciplinary study of the Preuss underscore the importance of similar studies when evaluating the sources of aeromagnetic anomalies in areas of hydrocarbon potential.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/703C9B09-1707-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Fishman, N.S., Reynolds, R.L., Hudson, M., and Nuccio, V.F., 1989, Source of anomalous magnetization in an area of hydrocarbon potential: Petrologic evidence from the Jurassic Preuss Sandstone, Wyoming-Idaho thrust belt: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 73, no. 2, p. 182-194, https://doi.org/10.1306/703C9B09-1707-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"182","endPage":"194","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374201,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Utah, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Wyoming-Idaho thrust belt","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.5,\n 40.51379915504413\n ],\n [\n -110.32470703125,\n 40.51379915504413\n ],\n [\n -110.32470703125,\n 44.33956524809713\n ],\n [\n -112.5,\n 44.33956524809713\n ],\n [\n -112.5,\n 40.51379915504413\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"73","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fishman, Neil S.","contributorId":106464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fishman","given":"Neil","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":787673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reynolds, Richard L. 0000-0002-4572-2942 rreynolds@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4572-2942","contributorId":139068,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"Richard","email":"rreynolds@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":787674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hudson, Mark R. 0000-0003-0338-6079 mhudson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0338-6079","contributorId":1236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudson","given":"Mark R.","email":"mhudson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":787675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nuccio, Vito F. vnuccio@usgs.gov","contributorId":853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nuccio","given":"Vito","email":"vnuccio@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":787676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70206059,"text":"70206059 - 1989 - The Macon Complex; An ancient accretionary complex in the southern Appalachians","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70206059,"text":"70206059 - 1989 - The Macon Complex; An ancient accretionary complex in the southern Appalachians","indexId":"70206059","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"title":"The Macon Complex; An ancient accretionary complex in the southern Appalachians"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70206054,"text":"70206054 - 1989 - Melanges Olistostromes of the U.S. Appalachians","indexId":"70206054","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"title":"Melanges Olistostromes of the U.S. Appalachians"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70206054,"text":"70206054 - 1989 - Melanges Olistostromes of the U.S. Appalachians","indexId":"70206054","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"title":"Melanges Olistostromes of the U.S. Appalachians"},"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-18T15:48:27","indexId":"70206059","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T15:39:37","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"The Macon Complex; An ancient accretionary complex in the southern Appalachians","docAbstract":"The Macon Complex, which extends from eastern Alabama to northern North Carolina, is a late Precambrian–Middle Cambrian accretionary complex comparable in size to the Franciscan Complex of California and Oregon. Much of the complex is tectonic, sedimentary, and metamorphic chaos, properly termed mélange, where well-rounded to angular fragments, blocks, and slabs of contrasting metamorphic grades, different igneous parentages, drastically different sedimentary facies, and different degrees of deformation “float” in highly imbricated and tectonized matrices, the whole having been intruded by Devonian mafic plutons and associated syenites, and by Carboniferous granitic plutons. We have divided the complex into three mélanges that probably reflect different structural regimes within the accretionary wedge: (1) the Juliette mélange, with two tectonostratigraphic lithofacies, the clastic-rich, partly olistostromal Potato Creek facies and the Gladesville facies, rich in mafic and ultramaflc fragments, blocks, and slabs; (2) the Po Biddy mélange, characterized by metamorphosed manganiferous sediments, metavolcaniclastic rocks, graphitic schists, and locally by metamorphosed thinly bedded pyritiferous limestones, and a wide variety of mineral deposits; and (3) the Falls Lake mélange, which is quite similar to the Juliette mélange and probably represents the same tectonostratigraphic horizon in the accretionary prism. The matrices of the mélanges contain a wide variety of metaigneous and metasedimentary exotic clasts, including mafic and ultramaflc rocks. The Macon Complex is structurally overlain by the late Precambrian–Middle Cambrian Little River Complex, made up of thick piles of mostly felsic calc-alkaline metavolcanic rocks, and lesser amounts of metaplutonic rocks, that originated in a continental-margin volcanic arc (Little River arc). Trilobites from near the top of one of the youngest sections are restricted to the upper two-thirds of the Middle Cambrian and are characteristic of the Atlantic faunal province. The Little River Complex is overlain, beneath the Atlantic Coastal Plain, by the African cratonic Northern Florida platform sequence; the Macon and Little River complexes and the Northern Florida platform sequence make up the Little River thrust stack. The magmas of the Devonian plutons that have intruded the Macon Complex probably formed when the Little River stack was thrust upon the underlying Georgiabama thrust stack, which was itself still being thrust toward the North American craton. The Macon Complex is interpreted to have formed between a trench and the Little River island arc at the oceanward edge of what was either a microcontinent off the African continent or the core of the present African continent. Many mafic and all ultramaflc bodies in the mélange are probably pieces of Iapetus Ocean crust and mantle offscraped from the downgoing slab and imbricated into the accretionary wedge. Rocks of the Macon Complex have previously been assigned to the “Charlotte,” “Kiokee,” “Kings Mountain,” and “Lowndesville” belts and to parts of the “Uchee,” “Raleigh,” “Pine Mountain,” and “Inner Piedmont” “belts.”
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mélanges Olistostromes of the U.S. Appalachians","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/SPE228-p229","usgsCitation":"Higgins, M.W., Crawford, R., Atkins, R.L., and Crawford, T.J., 1989, The Macon Complex; An ancient accretionary complex in the southern Appalachians, chap. of Mélanges Olistostromes of the U.S. Appalachians, p. 229-246, https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE228-p229.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"229","endPage":"246","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":368428,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Macon Complex","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -85.40771484375,\n 31.3348710339506\n ],\n [\n -79.332275390625,\n 34.867904962568716\n ],\n [\n -78.01391601562499,\n 36.465471886798134\n ],\n [\n -80.57373046875,\n 36.518465989675875\n ],\n [\n -84.92431640625,\n 33.22030778968541\n ],\n [\n -85.40771484375,\n 32.13840869677249\n ],\n [\n -85.40771484375,\n 31.3348710339506\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1989-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Higgins, Michael W.","contributorId":12459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Higgins","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":773441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crawford, Ralph","contributorId":219872,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Crawford","given":"Ralph","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":773442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Atkins, R. L.","contributorId":77540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Atkins","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":773443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Crawford, Thomas J.","contributorId":73640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crawford","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":773444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70209581,"text":"70209581 - 1989 - Zircon geochronology of Precambrian rocks in southeastern Wyoming and northern Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-14T15:58:00.929285","indexId":"70209581","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T10:50:33","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Zircon geochronology of Precambrian rocks in southeastern Wyoming and northern Colorado","docAbstract":"Archean gneisses and Early Proterozoic metasedimentary rocks of the Wyoming Province are separated from Proterozoic eugeoclinal metamorphic rocks by a major east-west–trending shear zone called the Cheyenne belt. U-Pb zircon ages of Archean tonalites north of the Cheyenne belt denote an intrusive event at 2,700 Ma. Detrital zircons from Proterozoic metasedimentary rocks north of the Cheyenne belt define an apparent age of 2,450 Ma for the source rock, similar to an age of 2,430 Ma obtained for a local granite. A metagabbro plug, which intruded the metasedimentary rocks about 2,100 Ma, constrains their deposition within this 350 m.y. period. Ages for key units just south of the Cheyenne belt in Wyoming delineate at least three magmatic events at 1,780; 1,750; and 1,625 Ma. Ages for large plutons in the northern Colorado area define pulses of granodioritic to granitic intrusions at approximately 1,720 and 1,670 Ma.
A U-Pb zircon age of 1,792 ± 15 Ma for a Proterozoic metavolcanic rock in the Sierra Madre is greater than ages reported for other Proterozoic metavolcanic rocks in the U.S. Rockies. However, ages for Proterozoic plutons in southeastern Wyoming are similar to other ages for plutonism and volcanism for rocks exposed in the central Colorado Rockies and are coeval with suturing of Proterozoic crust with the Archean Wyoming Province along the Cheyenne belt. Although at present the accretionary history for these Early Proterozoic rocks is not well understood, it is evident that there exists a progressive decrease in age for volcanism as well as plutonism from north to south.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proterozoic geology of the Southern Rocky Mountains","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/SPE235-p13","usgsCitation":"Premo, W.R., and Van Schmus, W.R., 1989, Zircon geochronology of Precambrian rocks in southeastern Wyoming and northern Colorado, chap. of Proterozoic geology of the Southern Rocky Mountains, v. 235, p. 13-32, https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE235-p13.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"13","endPage":"32","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":373967,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.358642578125,\n 40.18307014852534\n ],\n [\n -104.3865966796875,\n 40.18307014852534\n ],\n [\n -104.3865966796875,\n 41.705728515237524\n ],\n [\n -106.358642578125,\n 41.705728515237524\n ],\n [\n -106.358642578125,\n 40.18307014852534\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"235","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1989-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Premo, Wayne R. 0000-0001-9904-4801 wpremo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9904-4801","contributorId":1697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Premo","given":"Wayne","email":"wpremo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":787006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Van Schmus, W. R.","contributorId":83114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Schmus","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":787007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70210208,"text":"70210208 - 1989 - Regional crustal structure and tectonics of the Pacific Coastal States: California, Oregon, and Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-20T14:58:55.848594","indexId":"70210208","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T09:53:53","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1726,"text":"GSA Memoirs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Regional crustal structure and tectonics of the Pacific Coastal States: California, Oregon, and Washington","docAbstract":"The Pacific Coastal States form a complex geologic environment in which the crust and lithosphere have been continuously reworked. We divide the region tectonically into the southern transform regime of the San Andreas fault and the northern subduction regime, and summarize the geophysical framework with contour maps of crustal thickness, lithospheric and seismicity cross sections, and results from site-specific geophysical studies. The uniformity of crustal thickness (30 ± 2 km) in southern California is remarkable, and appears to be primarily the result of crustal extension in the Mojave Desert and ductile shear of the lower crust along the plate transform boundary. Southern California seismicity defines a broad zone of deformation that extends from the Borderland to the Mojave Desert (about 300 km). The geophysical framework of central and northern California records magmatism and accretion associated with the Mesozoic and Cenozoic subduction, late Cenozoic transform faulting, and in the Basin and Range to the east, extension. The crust thickens from about 20 km at the coast to as much as 55 km in the Sierra Nevada, and thins to about 30 km in the Basin and Range. Cross sections of the crust show that seismic velocities and densities vary significantly over short distances perpendicular to the coast, reflecting processes that include the accretion of oceanic sediments and igneous crust, and significant lateral motion of crustal blocks. Maximum hypocentral depths in central California become deeper as the crust thickens to the west, but seismicity is low beneath the Great Valley and Sierra Nevada, which together appear to form a relatively undeforming block. The lower crust of the Pacific Coastal States has a high average seismic velocity (6.7 km/sec or greater), which probably is the product of tectonic underplating of oceanic crust and/or magmatic underplating by a basaltic melt.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/MEM172-p129","usgsCitation":"Mooney, W.D., and Weaver, C.S., 1989, Regional crustal structure and tectonics of the Pacific Coastal States: California, Oregon, and Washington: GSA Memoirs, v. 172, p. 129-161, https://doi.org/10.1130/MEM172-p129.","productDescription":"33 p.","startPage":"129","endPage":"161","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374963,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Oregon, 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\"}}]}","volume":"172","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1989-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":789535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weaver, Craig S. craig@usgs.gov","contributorId":2690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weaver","given":"Craig","email":"craig@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":789536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70168715,"text":"70168715 - 1989 - Earthquakes, September-October 1988","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-25T16:33:44","indexId":"70168715","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1437,"text":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquakes, September-October 1988","docAbstract":"There were no major earthquakes (7.0-7.9) during this reporting period. Earthquake-related deaths were reported from Czechoslovakia and injuries were reported from Algeria and Greece.
\nIn the United States a sharp earthquake occurred in eastern Kentucky, causing some minro damage.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Person, W., 1989, Earthquakes, September-October 1988: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 21, no. 2, p. 85-88.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"85","endPage":"88","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":318388,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56d033dbe4b015c306ee0ec4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Person, W. J.","contributorId":91472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Person","given":"W. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015506,"text":"70015506 - 1989 - State of stress and modern deformation of the northern Basin and Range Province","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-29T21:44:52.296119","indexId":"70015506","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"State of stress and modern deformation of the northern Basin and Range Province","docAbstract":"Constraints on the current stress regime of the actively extending northern Basin and Range province are provided by deformation data (focal mechanisms and fault slip studies), hydraulic fracturing in situ stress measurements, borehole elongation (“breakouts”) analyses, and alignment of young volcanic vents. The integrated data indicate significant variations both in principal stress orientations and magnitudes. An approximately E-W least principal stress direction appears to characterize both the eastern and western margins of the Basin and Range province, whereas in the active interior parts of the province extension occurs in response to a least principal stress oriented NW to N60°W. The contrast in stress orientations between the province boundaries and in the interior suggests that along the margins the least principal stress direction may be locally controlled by the generally northerly trending profound lithospheric discontinuities associated with these margins. Active deformation along the southeastern and western province margins is characterized by a combination of strike-slip and normal faulting. Focal mechanisms along northeastern province margin (Wasatch front) and in central Nevada indicate a combination of normal and oblique-normal faulting. Temporal, regional, and depth-dependent variations in the relative magnitudes of the vertical and maximum horizontal stresses can explain much of the observed variations in deformation styles. However, some depth variation in faulting style inferred from focal mechanisms may be apparent and simply a function of the attitude of fault planes being reactivated. Evidence for significant temporal variation (or multiple cycles of variation) in relative stress magnitude comes from the Sierran front-Basin and Range boundary region where recent earthquakes are predominantly strike slip, whereas the profound relative vertical relief across the Sierra frontal fault zone in the last 9–10 m.y. implies a normal faulting stress regime. Using the best data on stress orientation, relative stress magnitudes are constrained from slip vectors of major earthquakes and young fault displacements. Analysis of well-constrained slip vectors in the Owens Valley, California, area indicate that large temporal variations in the magnitude of the approximately N-S oriented maximum horizontal stress are required to explain dominantly dip-slip and strike-slip offsets on subparallel faults. Similar faulting relations are observed throughout much of the boundary zone between the Basin and Range-Sierra Nevada (including the Walker Lane belt). Along the eastern province margin in the Wasatch front area in Utah, available data suggest that the maximum and minimum horizontal stresses may be approximately equal at depths of <4–5 km. Earthquake focal mechanisms in this area suggest more variability in relative magnitude of the two horizontal stresses with depth. Furthermore, superimposed sets of young fault striae along a segment of the Wasatch fault also indicate temporal variations of relative stress magnitudes. Sources of regional and temporal variations in the stress field may be linked to variable shear tractions applied to the base of the brittle crust related to intrusion, thermally induced flow, and the influence of the San Andreas plate boundary. Although difficult to date accurately, the fault slip data suggest that the temporal variations in relative magnitudes stress may occur on the time scale of both a single major earthquake cycle (1000–5000 years) and multiple earthquake cycles (10,000+ years).
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB094iB06p07105","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Zoback, M., 1989, State of stress and modern deformation of the northern Basin and Range Province: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 94, no. B6, p. 7105-7128, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB094iB06p07105.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"7105","endPage":"7128","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224261,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"94","issue":"B6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b96cfe4b08c986b31b710","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zoback, M.L.","contributorId":12982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zoback","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70016063,"text":"70016063 - 1989 - Regional Jurassic geologic framework of Alabama coastal waters area and adjacent Federal waters area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-03T10:56:02.710547","indexId":"70016063","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Regional Jurassic geologic framework of Alabama coastal waters area and adjacent Federal waters area","docAbstract":"The hydrologic response to development of three of the most heavily pumped sedimentary aquifer systems in the United States is similar in some aspects and different in others. In the semiarid West, an unconfined sand aquifer and a confined sand and clay aquifer system have been subjected to withdrawals that are far greater than predevelopment recharge rates. As a result, the aquifers have large losses of ground water from storage. In the humid East, pumpage from a carbonate aquifer system has resulted in induced recharge and diversion of natural discharge with insignificant loss from storage. However, the following responses to development are common in all three aquifer systems: (1) ground-water circulation has increased,
(2) rates of recharge have increased—mostly due to recirculation of pumped ground water, or infiltration of imported surface water used for irrigation in the semiarid West,
(3) locations of recharge areas have changed, and (4) natural discharge has decreased.
Regional water-level declines associated with ground- water development are inevitably accompanied by some combination of elastic compaction of aquifer material, inelastic compaction of fine-grained sediments and land subsidence, dewatering of aquifer material near pumping centers, and induced formation of sinkholes. The degree to which these changes occur is dependent on: (1) rates of pumping in relation to available recharge, and (2) lithology, specifically the proportion of sand, gravel, silt, clay, and carbonate rock that comprise the aquifer system.