Local variations in boundary shear stress acting on bed‐surface particles control patterns of bed load transport and channel evolution during varying stream discharges. At the reach scale a channel adjusts to imposed water and sediment supply through mutual interactions among channel form, local grain size, and local flow dynamics that govern bed mobility. In order to explore these adjustments, we used a numerical flow model to examine relations between model‐predicted local boundary shear stress (тj( and measured surface particle size (D50) at bank‐full discharge in six gravel‐bed, alternate‐bar channels with widely differing annual sediment yields. Values of тj and D50 were poorly correlated such that small areas conveyed large proportions of the total bed load, especially in sediment‐poor channels with low mobility. Sediment‐rich channels had greater areas of full mobility; sediment‐poor channels had greater areas of partial mobility; and both types had significant areas that were essentially immobile. Two reach‐mean mobility parameters (Shields stress and Q*) correlated reasonably well with sediment supply. Values which can be practicably obtained from carefully measured mean hydraulic variables and particle size would provide first‐order assessments of bed mobility that would broadly distinguish the channels in this study according to their sediment yield and bed mobility.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000WR900238","usgsCitation":"Lisle, T.E., Nelson, J.M., Pitlick, J., Madej, M.A., and Barkett, B.L., 2000, Variability of bed mobility in natural, gravel‐bed channels and adjustments to sediment load at local and reach scales: Water Resources Research, v. 36, no. 12, p. 3743-3755, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000WR900238.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"3743","endPage":"3755","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488756,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2000wr900238","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":132498,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae2e4b07f02db688dc8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lisle, Thomas E.","contributorId":124570,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lisle","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nelson, Jonathan M. 0000-0002-7632-8526 jmn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7632-8526","contributorId":2812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Jonathan","email":"jmn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":316975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pitlick, John","contributorId":168765,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pitlick","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25358,"text":"University of Colorado, Geography Dept., Boulder, CO","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":316974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Madej, Mary Ann 0000-0003-2831-3773 mary_ann_madej@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2831-3773","contributorId":40304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madej","given":"Mary","email":"mary_ann_madej@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Ann","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":316973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Barkett, Brent L.","contributorId":124576,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barkett","given":"Brent","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1015028,"text":"1015028 - 2000 - Using multi-scale sampling and spatial cross-correlation to investigate patterns of plant species richness","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-01T17:26:43","indexId":"1015028","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1552,"text":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","onlineIssn":"1573-2959","printIssn":"0167-6369","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using multi-scale sampling and spatial cross-correlation to investigate patterns of plant species richness","docAbstract":"Land managers need better techniques to assess exoticplant invasions. We used the cross-correlationstatistic, IYZ, to test for the presence ofspatial cross-correlation between pair-wisecombinations of soil characteristics, topographicvariables, plant species richness, and cover ofvascular plants in a 754 ha study site in RockyMountain National Park, Colorado, U.S.A. Using 25 largeplots (1000 m2) in five vegetation types, 8 of 12variables showed significant spatial cross-correlationwith at least one other variable, while 6 of 12variables showed significant spatial auto-correlation. Elevation and slope showed significant spatialcross-correlation with all variables except percentcover of native and exotic species. Percent cover ofnative species had significant spatialcross-correlations with soil variables, but not withexotic species. This was probably because of thepatchy distributions of vegetation types in the studyarea. At a finer resolution, using data from ten1 m2 subplots within each of the 1000 m2 plots, allvariables showed significant spatial auto- andcross-correlation. Large-plot sampling was moreaffected by topographic factors than speciesdistribution patterns, while with finer resolutionsampling, the opposite was true. However, thestatistically and biologically significant spatialcorrelation of native and exotic species could only bedetected with finer resolution sampling. We foundexotic plant species invading areas with high nativeplant richness and cover, and in fertile soils high innitrogen, silt, and clay. Spatial auto- andcross-correlation statistics, along with theintegration of remotely sensed data and geographicinformation systems, are powerful new tools forevaluating the patterns and distribution of native andexotic plant species in relation to landscape structure.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/A:1006329707198","usgsCitation":"Kalkhan, M.A., and Stohlgren, T., 2000, Using multi-scale sampling and spatial cross-correlation to investigate patterns of plant species richness: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 64, no. 3, p. 591-605, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006329707198.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"591","endPage":"605","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130969,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"64","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602ea6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kalkhan, M. A.","contributorId":82655,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kalkhan","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stohlgren, T.J.","contributorId":7217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stohlgren","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1015054,"text":"1015054 - 2000 - Potential effects of climate change on surface-water quality in North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T17:28:08","indexId":"1015054","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Potential effects of climate change on surface-water quality in North America","docAbstract":"Data from long-term ecosystem monitoring and research stations in North America and results of simulations made with interpretive models indicate that changes in climate (precipitation and temperature) can have a significant effect on the quality of surface waters. Changes in water quality during storms, snowmelt, and periods of elevated air temperature or drought can cause conditions that exceed thresholds of ecosystem tolerance and, thus, lead to water-quality degradation. If warming and changes in available moisture occur, water-quality changes will likely first occur during episodes of climate-induced stress, and in ecosystems where the factors controlling water quality are sensitive to climate variability. Continued climate stress would increase the frequency with which ecosystem thresholds are exceeded and thus lead to chronic water-quality changes. Management strategies in a warmer climate will therefore be needed that are based on local ecological thresholds rather than annual median condition. Changes in land use alter biological, physical, and chemical processes in watersheds and thus significantly alter the quality of adjacent surface waters; these direct human-caused changes complicate the interpretation of water-quality changes resulting from changes in climate, and can be both mitigated and exacerbated by climate change. A rigorous strategy for integrated, long-term monitoring of the ecological and human factors that control water quality is necessary to differentiate between actual and perceived climate effects, and to track the effectiveness of our environmental policies.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04273.x","usgsCitation":"Murdoch, P., Baron, J., and Miller, T.L., 2000, Potential effects of climate change on surface-water quality in North America: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 36, no. 2, p. 347-366, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04273.x.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"347","endPage":"366","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479150,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04273.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":131273,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"North America","volume":"36","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db6838ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murdoch, Peter S.","contributorId":73547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murdoch","given":"Peter S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baron, Jill 0000-0002-5902-6251 jill_baron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-6251","contributorId":194124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"Jill","email":"jill_baron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":321981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, T. L.","contributorId":54557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1015023,"text":"1015023 - 2000 - Population decline of the American eel: implications for research and management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-02T17:16:04","indexId":"1015023","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1657,"text":"Fisheries","onlineIssn":"1548-8446","printIssn":"0363-2415","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Population decline of the American eel: implications for research and management","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Fisheries","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","collaboration":"00-128/TF","usgsCitation":"Haro, A., Richkus, W., Whalen, K., Hoar, A., Busch, W., Lary, S., Brush, T., and Dixon, D., 2000, Population decline of the American eel: implications for research and management: Fisheries, v. 25, no. 9, p. 7-16.","productDescription":"p. 7-16","startPage":"7","endPage":"16","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131336,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db6842f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haro, A.","contributorId":6792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haro","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Richkus, W.","contributorId":52923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richkus","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Whalen, K.","contributorId":44878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whalen","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hoar, A.","contributorId":52534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoar","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Busch, W.D.","contributorId":92624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busch","given":"W.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lary, S.","contributorId":75102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lary","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Brush, T.","contributorId":105672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brush","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Dixon, D.","contributorId":88697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dixon","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":1015026,"text":"1015026 - 2000 - The role of landscape and habitat characteristics in limiting abundance of grassland nesting songbirds in an urban open space","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-18T10:28:21","indexId":"1015026","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2603,"text":"Landscape and Urban Planning","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The role of landscape and habitat characteristics in limiting abundance of grassland nesting songbirds in an urban open space","docAbstract":"We examine the relationships between abundance of grassland nesting songbirds observed in the Boulder Open Space, CO, USA and parameters that described landscape and habitat characteristics, in order to provide information for Boulder Open Space planners and managers. Data sets included bird abundance and plant species composition, collected during three breeding seasons (1994–1996), and landscape composition and configuration measures from a satellite image-derived land-cover map. We used regression quantiles to estimate the limitations imposed on bird abundance by urban encroachment and decreasing areas of grassland cover-types on the landscape, and habitat characteristics within 200 m diameter sample plots. After accounting for the effect of landscape grassland composition on four species (Western Meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta), Vesper Sparrow (Pooecetes gramineus), Horned Lark (Eremophila alpestris), and Grasshopper Sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum)), change in abundance with proportion of urban area in the landscape was consistent with the pattern expected for limiting factors that were the active constraint at some times and places. Area of preferred grassland cover-types on the landscape was important for all species, and this remained the case when habitat variables were included in combined landscape–habitat models, with one exception (Western Meadowlark). Analysis of habitat variables enabled identification of important features at the local scale (e.g. shale plant communities in Lark Sparrow (Chondestes grammacus) habitat) that were indistinguishable using landscape data alone. Consideration of changes in the landscape due to urbanization and loss of grassland habitat are crucial for open space planning, and habitat features associated with localized and clumped bird species distributions provide important additional information. Widening the management focus to include areas that are not part of the open space system will facilitate a more complete understanding of potential limiting factor processes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0169-2046(00)00044-X","usgsCitation":"Haire, S., Bock, C., Cade, B., and Bennett, B., 2000, The role of landscape and habitat characteristics in limiting abundance of grassland nesting songbirds in an urban open space: Landscape and Urban Planning, v. 48, no. 1-2, p. 65-82, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(00)00044-X.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"65","endPage":"82","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130949,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6fe4b07f02db640e13","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haire, S.","contributorId":81849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haire","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bock, C.E.","contributorId":75485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bock","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cade, B.S.","contributorId":47315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cade","given":"B.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bennett, B.C.","contributorId":44116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"B.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70022737,"text":"70022737 - 2000 - Fumaroles in ice caves on the summit of Mount Rainier: preliminary stable isotope, gas, and geochemical studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-03T15:29:54","indexId":"70022737","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Fumaroles in ice caves on the summit of Mount Rainier: preliminary stable isotope, gas, and geochemical studies","docAbstract":"The edifice of Mount Rainier, an active stratovolcano, has episodically collapsed leading to major debris flows. The largest debris flows are related to argillically altered rock which leave areas of the edifice prone to failure. The argillic alteration results from the neutralization of acidic magmatic gases that condense in a meteoric water hydrothermal system fed by the melting of a thick mantle of glacial ice. Two craters atop a 2000-year-old cone on the summit of the volcano contain the world's largest volcanic ice-cave system. In the spring of 1997 two active fumaroles (T=62°C) in the caves were sampled for stable isotopic, gas, and geochemical studies.
\nStable isotope data on fumarole condensates show significant excess deuterium with calculated δD and δ18O values (−234 and −33.2‰, respectively) for the vapor that are consistent with an origin as secondary steam from a shallow water table which has been heated by underlying magmatic–hydrothermal steam. Between 1982 and 1997, δD of the fumarole vapor may have decreased by 30‰.
\nThe compositions of fumarole gases vary in time and space but typically consist of air components slightly modified by their solubilities in water and additions of CO2 and CH4. The elevated CO2 contents δ13CCO2 = -11.8±0.7‰, with spikes of over 10,000 ppm, require the episodic addition of magmatic components into the underlying hydrothermal system. Although only traces of H2S were detected in the fumaroles, most notably in a sample which had an air δ13CCO2 signature (−8.8‰), incrustations around a dormant vent containing small amounts of acid sulfate minerals (natroalunite, minamiite, and woodhouseite) indicate higher H2S (or possibly SO2) concentrations in past fumarolic gases.
\nCondensate samples from fumaroles are very dilute, slightly acidic, and enriched in elements observed in the much higher temperature fumaroles at Mount St. Helens (K and Na up to the ppm level; metals such as Al, Pb, Zn Fe and Mn up to the ppb level and volatiles such as Cl, S, and F up to the ppb level).
\nThe data indicate that the hydrothermal system in the edifice at Mount Rainier consists of meteoric water reservoirs, which receive gas and steam from an underlying magmatic system. At present the magmatic system is largely flooded by the meteoric water system. However, magmatic components have episodically vented at the surface as witnessed by the mineralogy of incrustations around inactive vents and gas compositions in the active fumaroles. The composition of fumarole gases during magmatic degassing is distinct and, if sustained, could be lethal. The extent to which hydrothermal alteration is currently occurring at depth, and its possible influence on future edifice collapse, may be determined with the aid of on site analyses of fumarole gases and seismic monitoring in the ice caves.
","largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0377-0273(99)00180-8","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Zimbelman, D.R., Rye, R.O., and Landis, G.P., 2000, Fumaroles in ice caves on the summit of Mount Rainier: preliminary stable isotope, gas, and geochemical studies, v. 97, no. 1-4, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(99)00180-8.","startPage":"457","endPage":"473","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487441,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0377-0273(99)00180-8","text":"External Repository"},{"id":233638,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208148,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(99)00180-8"}],"volume":"97","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a140fe4b0c8380cd548b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zimbelman, D. R.","contributorId":43768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimbelman","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rye, R. O.","contributorId":66208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rye","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Landis, G. P.","contributorId":102846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landis","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1015022,"text":"1015022 - 2000 - Correlation of transforming growth factor-β messenger RNA (TGF-β mRNA) expression with cellular immunoassays in Triamcinolone-treated captive hybrid striped bass","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-01T21:41:59.284016","indexId":"1015022","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2177,"text":"Journal of Aquatic Animal Health","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Correlation of transforming growth factor-β messenger RNA (TGF-β mRNA) expression with cellular immunoassays in Triamcinolone-treated captive hybrid striped bass","docAbstract":"Assessing fish immune status with molecular markers has been hampered by a lack of specific reagents. A quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method (reverse transcription quantitative–competitive PCR, RT-qcPCR) for measuring transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) transcription from a broad range of teleost fish has recently been developed. The quantitative PCR now permits monitoring production of this important immunosuppressive cytokine in response to immunomodulating agents and conditions. We examined anterior kidney and spleen mononuclear cells from hybrid striped bass (female striped bass Morone saxatilis× male white bass M. chrysops) for production of TGF-β messenger RNA (mRNA) in response to administration of the synthetic glucocorticoid triamcinolone. We also compared TGF-β transcription with anterior kidney macrophage bactericidal activity and splenic lymphocyte blastogenesis. Anterior kidney mononuclear cell TGF-β mRNA levels decreased, whereas bactericidal activity increased. Spleen TGF-β mRNA levels did not change significantly, and splenic lymphocyte pokeweed mitogen stimulation index increased in triamcinolone-treated fish. Since triamcinolone is used therapeutically as a suppressive immunomodulator, the enhanced immune functions indicated by the cellular immunoassays were unexpected; however, the inverse response of TGF-β production and macrophage bactericidal activity was consistent with the known relationship between TGF-β and macrophage activation in mammals. Induced immunomodulation in hybrid striped bass was detectable by both traditional cellular immunoassays and the new RT-qcPCR for TGF-β.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8667(2000)012<0009:COTGFM>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Harms, C.A., Ottinger, C.A., and Kennedy-Stoskopf, S., 2000, Correlation of transforming growth factor-β messenger RNA (TGF-β mRNA) expression with cellular immunoassays in Triamcinolone-treated captive hybrid striped bass: Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, v. 12, no. 1, p. 9-17, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8667(2000)012<0009:COTGFM>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"9","endPage":"17","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131335,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad7e4b07f02db684552","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harms, Craig A.","contributorId":59759,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harms","given":"Craig","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ottinger, Christopher A. 0000-0003-2551-1985 cottinger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2551-1985","contributorId":2559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ottinger","given":"Christopher","email":"cottinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":321845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne","contributorId":18319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy-Stoskopf","given":"Suzanne","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1016048,"text":"1016048 - 2000 - A late Holocene paleoecological record from Torrey Pines State Reserve, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-10-29T15:31:04","indexId":"1016048","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A late Holocene paleoecological record from Torrey Pines State Reserve, California","docAbstract":"Paleoenvironments of the Torrey Pines State Reserve were reconstructed from a 3600-yr core from Los Peñasquitos Lagoon using fossil pollen, spores, charcoal, chemical stratigraphy, particle size, and magnetic susceptibility. Late Holocene sediments were radiocarbon dated, while the historical sediments were dated using sediment chemistry, fossil pollen, and historical records. At 3600 yr B.P., the estuary was a brackish-water lagoon. By 2800 yr B.P., Poaceae (grass) pollen increased to high levels, suggesting that the rising level of the core site led to its colonization by Spartina foliosa (cord-grass), the lowest-elevation plant type within regional estuaries. An increase in pollen and spores of moisture-dependent species suggests a climate with more available moisture after 2600 yr B.P. This change is similar to that found 280 km to the north at 3250 yr B.P., implying that regional climate changes were time-transgressive from north to south. Increased postsettlement sediment input resulted from nineteenth-century land disturbances caused by grazing and fire. Sedimentation rates increased further in the twentieth century due to closure of the estuarine mouth. The endemic Pinus torreyana (Torrey pine) was present at the site throughout this 3600-yr interval but was less numerous prior to 2100 yr B.P. This history may have contributed to the low genetic diversity of this species.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1006/qres.1999.2121","usgsCitation":"Cole, K.L., and Wahl, E., 2000, A late Holocene paleoecological record from Torrey Pines State Reserve, California: Quaternary Research, v. 53, no. 3, p. 341-351, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.1999.2121.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"341","endPage":"351","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134930,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266451,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1999.2121"}],"volume":"53","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae314","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cole, Kenneth L.","contributorId":48533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wahl, Eugene","contributorId":101623,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wahl","given":"Eugene","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022880,"text":"70022880 - 2000 - Nitrite fixation by humic substances: Nitrogen-15 nuclear magnetic resonance evidence for potential intermediates in chemodenitrification","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-12T08:02:56","indexId":"70022880","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3420,"text":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nitrite fixation by humic substances: Nitrogen-15 nuclear magnetic resonance evidence for potential intermediates in chemodenitrification","docAbstract":"Studies have suggested that NO− 2, produced during nitrification and denitrification, can become incorporated into soil organic matter and, in one of the processes associated with chemodenitrification, react with organic matter to form trace N gases, including N2O. To gain an understanding of the nitrosation chemistry on a molecular level, soil and aquatic humic substances were reacted with 15N-labeled NaNO2, and analyzed by liquid phase 15N and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The International Humic Substances Society (IHSS) Pahokee peat and peat humic acid were also reacted with Na15NO2 and analyzed by solid-state 15N NMR. In Suwannee River, Armadale, and Laurentian fulvic acids, phenolic rings and activated methylene groups underwent nitrosation to form nitrosophenols (quinone monoximes) and ketoximes, respectively. The oximes underwent Beckmann rearrangements to 2° amides, and Beckmann fragmentations to nitriles. The nitriles in turn underwent hydrolysis to 1° amides. Peaks tentatively identified as imine, indophenol, or azoxybenzene nitrogens were clearly present in spectra of samples nitrosated at pH 6 but diminished at pH 3. The 15N NMR spectrum of the peat humic acid exhibited peaks corresponding with N-nitroso groups in addition to nitrosophenols, ketoximes, and secondary Beckmann reaction products. Formation of N-nitroso groups was more significant in the whole peat compared with the peat humic acid. Carbon-13 NMR analyses also indicated the occurrence of nitrosative demethoxylation in peat and soil humic acids. Reaction of 15N-NH3 fixated fulvic acid with unlabeled NO− 2 resulted in nitrosative deamination of aminohydroquinone N, suggesting a previously unrecognized pathway for production of N2 gas in soils fertilized with NH3
","language":"English","publisher":"Soil Science Society of America","doi":"10.2136/sssaj2000.642568x","issn":"03615995","usgsCitation":"Thorn, K.A., and Mikita, M., 2000, Nitrite fixation by humic substances: Nitrogen-15 nuclear magnetic resonance evidence for potential intermediates in chemodenitrification: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 64, no. 2, p. 568-582, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2000.642568x.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"568","endPage":"582","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233610,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"64","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a66b9e4b0c8380cd72f53","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thorn, K. A.","contributorId":33294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thorn","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mikita, M.A.","contributorId":20081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mikita","given":"M.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1008636,"text":"1008636 - 2000 - What is “natural”? : Yellowstone elk population - A case study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-06T17:02:02","indexId":"1008636","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2008,"text":"Integrative Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"What is “natural”? : Yellowstone elk population - A case study","docAbstract":"Ecology analyzes the structure and function of ecosystems at all points along the continuum of human disturbance, from so-called pristine forests to urban backyards. Undisturbed systems provide reference points at one end of the spectrum, and nature reserves and parks are highly valued because they can provide unique examples of such ecosystems. Unfortunately the concept of “natural” or pristine is not that easy to define. Indeed, although ecologists have considered pre-Columbian, western-hemisphere ecosystems to have been largely unaltered by human action, and have termed their state “natural” or “pristine,” evidence from archaeology challenges this view. U.S. and Canadian national parks are charged with preserving the “natural,” and thus need to be able to understand and manage for the “natural.” A pivotal “natural” question in Yellowstone National Park management is the size of the northern-range, wintering elk population at Park establishment in 1872, argued both to have been small and large. Integrating and quantifying several sources of evidence provides a consistent picture of a low population (ca. 5,000–6,000), largely migrating out of the northern range in winter, with little vegetation impact. If we accept this conclusion about what is natural for the Yellowstone ecosystem, then it dramatically alters how we view management alternatives for the Park, which currently supports a northern wintering herd of up to ˜ 25,000 elk.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:4<133::AID-INBI3>3.0.CO;2-U","usgsCitation":"Keigley, R., and Wagner, F.H., 2000, What is “natural”? : Yellowstone elk population - A case study: Integrative Biology, v. 1, no. 4, p. 133-148, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:4<133::AID-INBI3>3.0.CO;2-U.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"133","endPage":"148","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":130789,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.1651611328125,\n 44.044167353572185\n ],\n [\n -111.1651611328125,\n 45.09679146394738\n ],\n [\n -109.57763671875,\n 45.09679146394738\n ],\n [\n -109.57763671875,\n 44.044167353572185\n ],\n [\n -111.1651611328125,\n 44.044167353572185\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"1","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f059b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keigley, R.B.","contributorId":85115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keigley","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wagner, Frederic H.","contributorId":9610,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wagner","given":"Frederic","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023158,"text":"70023158 - 2000 - Metalliferous coals of the Westphalian A Joggins Formation, Cumberland basin, Nova Scotia, Canada: Petrology, geochemistry, and palynology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:41","indexId":"70023158","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Metalliferous coals of the Westphalian A Joggins Formation, Cumberland basin, Nova Scotia, Canada: Petrology, geochemistry, and palynology","docAbstract":"Five coals of Westphalian A (early Middle Pennsylvanian) age were sampled from the Joggins Formation section exposed along Chignecto Bay at Joggins, Nova Scotia. Coal beds along the bay were mined beginning in the early 17th century, yet there have been few detailed published investigation of the coal beds of this classic section. The lowermost coal, the Upper Coal 28 (Upper Fundy), is a high-vitrinite coal with a spore assemblage dominated by arboreous lycopsid spores with tree ferns subdominant. The upper portions of the coal bed have the highest ratio of well-preserved to poorly-preserved telinite of any of the coals investigated. Coal 19 ('clam coal') has 88% total vitrinite but, unlike the Fundy coal bed, the telinite has a poor preservation ratio and half the total vitrinite population comprises gelocollinite and vitrodetrinite. The latter coal bed is directly overlain by a basin-wide limestone bed. The Lower Kimberly coal shows good preservation of vitrinite with relatively abundant telinite among the total vitrinite. The Middle Kimberly coal, which underlies the tetrapod-bearing lycopsid trees found by Lyell and Dawson in 1852, exhibits an upward decrease in arboreous lycopod spores and an upward increase in the tree fern spore Punctatisporites minutus. Telinite preservation increases upwards in the Middle Kimberly but overall is well below the preservation ratio of the Upper Fundy coal bed. The coals all have high sulfur contents, yielding up to 13.7% total sulfur for the lower lithotype of the Upper Fundy coal bed. The Kimberly coals are not only high in total and pyritic sulfur, but also have high concentrations of chalcophile elements. Zinc, ranging up to 15,000 ppm (ash basis), is present as sphalerite in fusain lumens. Arsenic and lead each exceed 6000 ppm (ash basis) in separate lithotypes of the Kimberly coals. Together these data are consistent with elevated pH in planar mires. The source of the elemental enrichment in this presumed continental section is enigmatic. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.Five coals of Westphalian A (early Middle Pennsylvanian) age were sampled from the Joggins Formation section exposed along Chigneto Bay at Joggins, Nova Scotia. All the coals were found to have high sulfur contents. Overall, the data obtained are consistent with elevated pH in planar mires.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/S0166-5162(99)00039-7","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Hower, J., Calder, J., Eble, C., Scott, A., Robertson, J., and Blanchard, L., 2000, Metalliferous coals of the Westphalian A Joggins Formation, Cumberland basin, Nova Scotia, Canada: Petrology, geochemistry, and palynology: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 42, no. 2-3, p. 185-206, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(99)00039-7.","startPage":"185","endPage":"206","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208257,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(99)00039-7"},{"id":233879,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a54dde4b0c8380cd6d077","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hower, J.C.","contributorId":100541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hower","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Calder, J.H.","contributorId":89682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calder","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eble, C.F.","contributorId":35346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eble","given":"C.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Scott, A.C.","contributorId":45072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Robertson, J.D.","contributorId":99717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Blanchard, L.J.","contributorId":64854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blanchard","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":1015968,"text":"1015968 - 2000 - Ghosts of habitats past: Contribution of landscape change to current habitats used by shrubland birds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-04T22:01:42.336989","indexId":"1015968","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ghosts of habitats past: Contribution of landscape change to current habitats used by shrubland birds","docAbstract":"Models of habitat associations for species often are developed with an implicit assumption that habitats are static, even though recent disturbance may have altered the landscape. We tested our hypothesis that trajectory and magnitude of habitat change influenced observed distribution and abundance of passerine birds breeding in shrubsteppe habitats of southwestern Idaho. Birds in this region live in dynamic landscapes undergoing predominantly large-scale, radical, and unidirectional habitat change because wildfires are converting shrublands into expanses of exotic annual grasslands. We used data from field surveys and satellite image analyses in a series of redundancy analyses to partition variances and to determine the relative contribution of habitat change and current landscapes. Although current habitats explained a greater proportion of total variation, changes in habitat and measures of habitat richness and texture also contributed to variation in abundance of Horned Larks (Eremophila alpestris), Brewer’s Sparrows (Spizella breweri), and Sage Sparrows (Amphispiza belli). Abundance of birds was insensitive to scale for nonspatial habitat variables. In contrast, spatial measures of habitat richness and texture in the landscape were significant only at large spatial scales. Abundance of Horned Larks, Western Meadowlarks (Sturnella neglecta), and Brewer’s Sparrows, but not Sage Thrashers (Oreoscoptes montanus) or Sage Sparrows, was positively correlated with changes toward stable habitats. Because dominant habitat changes were toward less stable conditions, regional declines of those birds in shrubsteppe habitats reflect current landscapes as well as the history, magnitude, and trajectory of habitat change.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[0220:GOHPCO]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Knick, S.T., and Rotenberry, J., 2000, Ghosts of habitats past: Contribution of landscape change to current habitats used by shrubland birds: Ecology, v. 81, no. 1, p. 220-227, https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[0220:GOHPCO]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"220","endPage":"227","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134193,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.861572265625,\n 43.39706523932025\n ],\n [\n -116.630859375,\n 42.94033923363181\n ],\n [\n -116.21337890625,\n 42.69858589169842\n ],\n [\n -115.97167968750001,\n 42.60970621339408\n ],\n [\n -115.53222656249999,\n 42.85180609584705\n ],\n [\n -115.213623046875,\n 43.08493742707592\n ],\n [\n -115.53222656249999,\n 43.34914966389313\n ],\n [\n -116.026611328125,\n 43.61221676817573\n ],\n [\n -116.20239257812499,\n 43.61221676817573\n ],\n [\n -116.72973632812499,\n 43.60426186809618\n ],\n [\n -116.861572265625,\n 43.39706523932025\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"81","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac5e4b07f02db679fbb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knick, Steven T. 0000-0003-4025-1704 steve_knick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4025-1704","contributorId":159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knick","given":"Steven","email":"steve_knick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":323393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rotenberry, J.T.","contributorId":57015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rotenberry","given":"J.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022953,"text":"70022953 - 2000 - Effect of stream channel size on the delivery of nitrogen to the Gulf of Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:36","indexId":"70022953","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of stream channel size on the delivery of nitrogen to the Gulf of Mexico","docAbstract":"An increase in the flux of nitrogen from the Mississippi river during the latter half of the twentieth century has caused eutrophication and chronic seasonal hypoxia in the shallow waters of the Louisiana shelf in the northern Gulf of Mexico. This has led to reductions in species diversity, mortality of benthic communities and stress in fishery resources. There is evidence for a predominantly anthropogenic origin of the increased nitrogen flux, but the location of the most significant sources in the Mississippi basin responsible for the delivery of nitrogen to the Gulf of Mexico have not been clearly identified, because the parameters influencing nitrogen-loss rates in rivers are not well known. Here we present an analysis of data from 374 US monitoring stations, including 123 along the six largest tributaries to the Mississippi, that shows a rapid decline in the average first-order rate of nitrogen loss with channel size-from 0.45 day-1 in small streams to 0.005 day-1 in the Mississippi river. Using stream depth as an explanatory variable, our estimates of nitrogen-loss rates agreed with values from earlier studies. We conclude that the proximity of sources to large streams and rivers is an important determinant of nitrogen delivery to the estuary in the Mississippi basin, and possibly also in other large river basins.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nature","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1038/35001562","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Alexander, R.B., Smith, R.A., and Schwarz, G., 2000, Effect of stream channel size on the delivery of nitrogen to the Gulf of Mexico: Nature, v. 403, no. 6771, p. 758-761, https://doi.org/10.1038/35001562.","startPage":"758","endPage":"761","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208135,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35001562"},{"id":233614,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"403","issue":"6771","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a060de4b0c8380cd510cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alexander, R. B.","contributorId":108103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alexander","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, R. A.","contributorId":60584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schwarz, G. E. 0000-0002-9239-4566","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9239-4566","contributorId":14852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwarz","given":"G. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70023179,"text":"70023179 - 2000 - Comparing strengths of geographic and nongeographic classifications of stream benthic macroinvertebrates in the Mid-Atlantic Highlands, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-24T17:40:35.165021","indexId":"70023179","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2564,"text":"Journal of the North American Benthological Society","onlineIssn":"1937-237X","printIssn":"0887-3593","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparing strengths of geographic and nongeographic classifications of stream benthic macroinvertebrates in the Mid-Atlantic Highlands, USA","docAbstract":"The US Environmental Protection Agency’s (USEPA) Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) sampled ∼500 wadeable streams in the Mid-Atlantic Highlands region of the US during the late spring of 1993 to 1995 for a variety of physical, chemical, and biological indicators of environmental condition. Eighty-eight sites that were minimally affected by human activities were chosen to determine the extent to which geographic and stream-based classifications accounted for variation in the composition of riffle macroinvertebrate assemblages. Bray–Curtis similarities among sites were calculated from the relative abundance of macroinvertebrates to assess the strength of classifications based on geography (ecoregions and catchments), habitat (slope and stream order), and water chemistry (conductivity). For comparison, a taxonomic classification (two-way indicator species analysis, TWINSPAN) and a gradient analysis (correspondence analysis, CA) were performed on the macroinvertebrate data. To assess the effect of taxonomic resolution, all analyses were completed at the family level and to lowest practical taxon. The large overall variation within and among ecoregions resulted in a low average classification strength (CS) of ecoregions, although some ecoregions had high CS. Stream order had the highest CS of the habitat and water chemistry classifications. Ecoregion CS increased, however, when stream sites were 1st stratified by stream order (ecoregions nested within stream order). Nested ecoregion CS did not increase within 1st-order streams, yet increased within 2nd- and 3rd-order streams. CA ordinations and TWINSPAN classification showed a clear gradient of streams along stream size (order), with a clear separation of 1st- and 3rd-order streams based on macroinvertebrate composition. The ordinations did not, however, show a distinct clustering of sites on the basis of ecoregions. Overall, the lowest practical taxon level of identification resulted in a clearer pattern of sites in ordination space than did family-level identification, yet only a slight improvement in the different classifications (geographic, habitat, and water chemistry) based on average similarity.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.2307/1468105","issn":"08873593","usgsCitation":"Waite, I., Herlihy, A., Larsen, D.P., and Klemm, D., 2000, Comparing strengths of geographic and nongeographic classifications of stream benthic macroinvertebrates in the Mid-Atlantic Highlands, USA: Journal of the North American Benthological Society, v. 19, no. 3, p. 429-441, https://doi.org/10.2307/1468105.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"429","endPage":"441","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233666,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.52429199218749,\n 42.33012354634196\n ],\n [\n 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P.","contributorId":17012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larsen","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Klemm, D.J.","contributorId":31551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klemm","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70022642,"text":"70022642 - 2000 - Recovery of tall cotton-grass following real and simulated feeding by snow geese","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-04T18:41:15.125549","indexId":"70022642","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1445,"text":"Ecography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recovery of tall cotton-grass following real and simulated feeding by snow geese","docAbstract":"Lesser snow geese Anser caerulescens caeruteseens from the western Canadian Arctic feed on underground parts of tall cotton–grass Eriophorum angustifolium during autumn staging on the coastal plain of the Beaufort Sea in Canada and Alaska. We studied revegetation of sites where cotton–grass had been removed either by human–imprinted snow geese or by hand to simulate snow goose feeding. Aerial cover of cotton–grass at sites (n = 4) exploited by human–imprinted snow geese averaged 60 and 39 Mi lower than in undisturbed control plots during the first and second year after feeding, respectively. Underground biomass of cotton–grass stembases and rhizomes in hand–treated plots was 80 and 62% less than in control plots 2 and 4 yr after removal, respectively (n = 10 yr-1). Aerial cover and biomass of common non-forage species such as Carex aquatilis did not increase on treated areas. Removal of cotton-grass by geese likely reduces forage availability at exploited sites for at least 2–4 yr after feeding but probably does not affect long-term community composition. Temporal heterogeneity in forage abundance likely contributes to the large spatial requirement of snow geese during staging.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1600-0587.2000.tb00293.x","issn":"09067590","usgsCitation":"Hupp, J.W., Robertson, D.G., and Schmutz, J.A., 2000, Recovery of tall cotton-grass following real and simulated feeding by snow geese: Ecography, v. 23, no. 3, p. 367-373, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2000.tb00293.x.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"367","endPage":"373","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233817,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Alaska, Northwest Territories","otherGeospatial":"Beaufort Sea","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -156.5771484375,\n 71.05979781529196\n ],\n [\n -152.666015625,\n 70.46620742226558\n ],\n [\n -149.4580078125,\n 70.28911664330674\n ],\n [\n -144.84375,\n 69.80930869552193\n ],\n [\n -143.525390625,\n 69.91521433690129\n ],\n [\n -133.76953125,\n 68.17155518732503\n ],\n [\n -127.265625,\n 69.97549253616164\n ],\n [\n -123.57421875,\n 73.60299628304274\n ],\n [\n -124.0576171875,\n 74.27165531800037\n ],\n [\n -153.23730468749997,\n 75.59587329063447\n ],\n [\n -156.5771484375,\n 71.05979781529196\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"23","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-06-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a340e4b0e8fec6cdb7e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hupp, Jerry W. 0000-0002-6439-3910 jhupp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6439-3910","contributorId":127803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hupp","given":"Jerry","email":"jhupp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":394357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robertson, Donna G.","contributorId":29965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"Donna","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schmutz, Joel A. 0000-0002-6516-0836 jschmutz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6516-0836","contributorId":1805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmutz","given":"Joel","email":"jschmutz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":394356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70023105,"text":"70023105 - 2000 - Figurines, flint clay sourcing, the Ozark Highlands, and Cahokian acquisition","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-05T17:50:07.927071","indexId":"70023105","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":700,"text":"American Antiquity","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Figurines, flint clay sourcing, the Ozark Highlands, and Cahokian acquisition","docAbstract":"At the pinnacle of Eastern Woodlands’ prehistoric cultural development, Cahokia has been interpreted as a political and economic power participating in prestige-goods exchanges and trade networks stretching from the Great Plains to the South Atlantic. Among the more spectacular of the Cahokian elite artifacts were stone pipes and figurines made from a distinctive red stone previously identified as Arkansas bauxite. In this research, we used a combination of X-ray diffraction, sequential acid dissolution, and inductively coupled plasma analyses to establish the source of the raw material used in the manufacture of the red figurines and pipes that epitomize the Cahokian-style. Our research demonstrates that these objects were made of locally available flint clays. This finding, in conjunction with other evidence, indicate Cahokian exploitation of many mineral and stone resources focuses on the northern Ozark Highlands to the exclusion of other areas. These findings indicate that we must reassess the direction, extent, and role of Cahokian external contacts and trade in elite goods.
","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.2307/2694809","issn":"00027316","usgsCitation":"Emerson, T., and Hughes, R., 2000, Figurines, flint clay sourcing, the Ozark Highlands, and Cahokian acquisition: American Antiquity, v. 65, no. 1, p. 79-101, https://doi.org/10.2307/2694809.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"79","endPage":"101","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233662,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","otherGeospatial":"Cahokia, Mississippi River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.07973670959473,\n 38.64503125499879\n ],\n [\n -90.05450248718262,\n 38.647913759372194\n ],\n [\n -90.04729270935059,\n 38.64777969197263\n ],\n [\n -90.04703521728516,\n 38.66560845398337\n ],\n [\n -90.05484580993652,\n 38.66580950493899\n ],\n [\n -90.06617546081543,\n 38.662726661586646\n ],\n [\n -90.08025169372559,\n 38.662592621908466\n ],\n [\n -90.07973670959473,\n 38.64503125499879\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"65","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1005e4b0c8380cd53ad2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Emerson, T.E.","contributorId":30785,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emerson","given":"T.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hughes, R.E.","contributorId":84497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023166,"text":"70023166 - 2000 - Effects of fall-to-winter changes in habitat and frazil ice on the movements and habitat use of juvenile rainbow trout in a Wyoming tailwater","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-25T15:55:08.258555","indexId":"70023166","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of fall-to-winter changes in habitat and frazil ice on the movements and habitat use of juvenile rainbow trout in a Wyoming tailwater","docAbstract":"Overwinter declines in the abundance of small rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss have been observed in a section of the Big Horn River that lies downstream from Boysen Reservoir, where reservoir releases prevent surface ice formation. To provide insight into the possible causes of these declines in abundance, radiotelemetry was used to determine movement and microhabitat use of juvenile (20–25 cm total length) rainbow trout during the fall and winter of 1995–1996. Throughout the fall and winter, both stocked (hatchery) and naturally spawned (wild) fish were generally found in main-channel pools with cover that reduced current velocities to less than 2 cm/s near the bottom and with nearby (<2 m) water velocities that were greater than 15 cm/s. These locations provided refuges from the current, with adjacent flowing water that could deliver drifting aquatic invertebrates. The fish were generally associated with cover that was formed by aquatic vegetation early in the fall, but they shifted to cobble and boulder cover (in deeper water) as the aquatic vegetation decomposed and as winter progressed. Episodes of frazil ice in January and early February were associated with movements of wild fish in the upstream portion of the study area—from normal activity areas to refuges at the bottom of deep pools or under shelf ice in shallow water near shore. Frazil-ice episodes often initiated long-term movements among fish. Our results suggest that changing habitat features from fall to winter and frazil-ice episodes can cause juvenile rainbow trout to move and to modify their habitat use, depending on their location in a tailwater.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(2000)129<0101:EOFTWC>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00028487","usgsCitation":"Simpkins, D.G., Hubert, W.A., and Wesche, T.A., 2000, Effects of fall-to-winter changes in habitat and frazil ice on the movements and habitat use of juvenile rainbow trout in a Wyoming tailwater: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 129, no. 1, p. 101-118, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(2000)129<0101:EOFTWC>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"101","endPage":"118","costCenters":[{"id":683,"text":"Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233443,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","city":"Thermopolis, Wedding of the Waters","otherGeospatial":"Big Horn River, Hot Springs State Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.21670532226561,\n 43.64203827340191\n ],\n [\n -108.1768798828125,\n 43.636075155965784\n ],\n [\n -108.094482421875,\n 43.731414013769\n ],\n [\n -108.12744140625,\n 43.82660134505382\n ],\n [\n -108.04504394531249,\n 43.88205730390537\n ],\n [\n -107.874755859375,\n 44.02442151965934\n ],\n [\n -107.85827636718749,\n 44.22158376545796\n ],\n [\n -107.962646484375,\n 44.33170718680922\n ],\n [\n -108.0230712890625,\n 44.54742015866826\n ],\n [\n -108.0841827392578,\n 44.53763230134611\n ],\n [\n -108.06152343749999,\n 44.44358514592119\n ],\n [\n -108.03749084472655,\n 44.324339298000694\n ],\n [\n -107.99697875976562,\n 44.26388770060487\n ],\n [\n -107.94204711914062,\n 44.201897151875094\n ],\n [\n -107.962646484375,\n 44.071800467511565\n ],\n [\n -108.04504394531249,\n 43.98886243884903\n ],\n [\n -108.2373046875,\n 43.84245116699039\n ],\n [\n -108.17138671875,\n 43.75770482501795\n ],\n [\n -108.16658020019531,\n 43.710075249008575\n ],\n [\n -108.2208251953125,\n 43.67085166460574\n ],\n [\n -108.21670532226561,\n 43.64203827340191\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"129","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a06e9e4b0c8380cd51496","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Simpkins, Darin G.","contributorId":10892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simpkins","given":"Darin","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hubert, Wayne A.","contributorId":9325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubert","given":"Wayne","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wesche, Thomas A.","contributorId":14595,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wesche","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70023106,"text":"70023106 - 2000 - Shallow subsurface storm flow in a forested headwater catchment: Observations and modeling using a modified TOPMODEL","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-21T14:17:03","indexId":"70023106","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Shallow subsurface storm flow in a forested headwater catchment: Observations and modeling using a modified TOPMODEL","docAbstract":"Transient, perched water tables in the shallow subsurface are observed at the South Fork Brokenback Run catchment in Shenandoah National Park, Virginia. Crest piezometers installed along a hillslope transect show that the development of saturated conditions in the upper 1.5 m of the subsurface is controlled by total precipitation and antecedent conditions, not precipitation intensity, although soil heterogeneities strongly influence local response. The macroporous subsurface storm flow zone provides a hydrological pathway for rapid runoff generation apart from the underlying groundwater zone, a conceptualization supported by the two‐storage system exhibited by hydrograph recession analysis. A modified version of TOPMODEL is used to simulate the observed catchment dynamics. In this model, generalized topographic index theory is applied to the subsurface storm flow zone to account for logarithmic storm flow recessions, indicative of linearly decreasing transmissivity with depth. Vertical drainage to the groundwater zone is required, and both subsurface reservoirs are considered to contribute to surface saturation.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000WR900125","usgsCitation":"Scanlon, T.M., Raffensperger, J., Hornberger, G., and Clapp, R.B., 2000, Shallow subsurface storm flow in a forested headwater catchment: Observations and modeling using a modified TOPMODEL: Water Resources Research, v. 36, no. 9, p. 2575-2586, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000WR900125.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"2575","endPage":"2586","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233663,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8e40e4b08c986b31880b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scanlon, Todd M.","contributorId":178235,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Scanlon","given":"Todd","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":25492,"text":"University of Virginia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":396190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Raffensperger, Jeff P. 0000-0001-9275-6646 jpraffen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9275-6646","contributorId":140239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raffensperger","given":"Jeff P.","email":"jpraffen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":41514,"text":"Maryland-Delaware-District of Columbia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":396191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hornberger, George M.","contributorId":63894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hornberger","given":"George M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Clapp, Roger B.","contributorId":12904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clapp","given":"Roger","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70023165,"text":"70023165 - 2000 - Multispectral image sharpening using wavelet transform techniques and spatial correlation of edges","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:08","indexId":"70023165","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Multispectral image sharpening using wavelet transform techniques and spatial correlation of edges","docAbstract":"Several reported image fusion or sharpening techniques are based on the discrete wavelet transform (DWT). The technique described here uses a pixel-based maximum selection rule to combine respective transform coefficients of lower spatial resolution near-infrared (NIR) and higher spatial resolution panchromatic (pan) imagery to produce a sharpened NIR image. Sharpening assumes a radiometric correlation between the spectral band images. However, there can be poor correlation, including edge contrast reversals (e.g., at soil-vegetation boundaries), between the fused images and, consequently, degraded performance. To improve sharpening, a local area-based correlation technique originally reported for edge comparison with image pyramid fusion is modified for application with the DWT process. Further improvements are obtained by using redundant, shift-invariant implementation of the DWT. Example images demonstrate the improvements in NIR image sharpening with higher resolution pan imagery.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering","conferenceTitle":"Algorithms for Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Ultraspectral Imagery VI","conferenceDate":"24 April 2000 through 26 April 2000","conferenceLocation":"Orlando, FL, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers","publisherLocation":"Bellingham, WA, United States","issn":"0277786X","usgsCitation":"Lemeshewsky, G.P., and Schowengerdt, R.A., 2000, Multispectral image sharpening using wavelet transform techniques and spatial correlation of edges, in Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, v. 4049, Orlando, FL, USA, 24 April 2000 through 26 April 2000, p. 522-531.","startPage":"522","endPage":"531","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233409,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4049","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a60a3e4b0c8380cd715ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lemeshewsky, George P.","contributorId":27880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lemeshewsky","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schowengerdt, Robert A.","contributorId":41191,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schowengerdt","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1003620,"text":"1003620 - 2000 - Efficacy of a type C botulism vaccine in green-winged teal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-18T11:21:20","indexId":"1003620","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Efficacy of a type C botulism vaccine in green-winged teal","docAbstract":"We tested the efficacy of a single dose of Botumink toxoid for protecting wild green-winged teal (Anas crecca) during botulism epizootics caused by Clostridium botulinum type C. We challenged control and immunized ducks with four different doses of type C botulinum toxin to determine the LD50 for this species and to evaluate vaccine protection. Fewer immunized ducks were affected with botulism than control ducks, indicating that a single dose of Botumink toxoid could increase the survival of ducks during epizootics. However, the frequency of immunized ducks with signs of botulism increased with the challenge dose of botulinum toxin. Even at doses of botulinum toxin approximately 2 to 4 green-winged teal LD50, about 50% of the immunized ducks were affected. We believe an improved vaccine or a better delivery system is required to justify immunization of wild birds for experimental survival studies.
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Here, we discuss recent progress in the application of the tritium/3He dating method to sites with complex hydrogeological settings. Specifically, we report on tritium/3He dating at sites with (a) river infiltration into the basaltic fractured rock aquifer of the Eastern Snake River Plain, and (b) river infiltration through sinkholes into the karstic limestone Upper Floridian aquifer near Valdosta, Georgia.Tritium/3He dating has been applied to many problems in groundwater hydrology including, for example, determination of circulation patterns, mean residence times, recharge rates, or bank infiltration. Here, we discuss recent progress in the application of the tritium/3He dating method to sites with complex hydrogeological settings. Specifically, we report on tritium/3He dating at sites with (a) river infiltration into the basaltic fractured rock aquifer of the Eastern Snake River Plain, and (b) river infiltration through sinkholes into the karstic limestone Upper Floridian aquifer near Valdosta, Georgia.","largerWorkTitle":"IAHS-AISH Publication","conferenceTitle":"TraM'2000: The International Conference on 'Tracers and Modelling in Hydrology'","conferenceDate":"May 23-26, 2000","conferenceLocation":"Liege, Belgium","language":"English","publisher":"IAHS","publisherLocation":"Houston, TX, United States","issn":"01447815","usgsCitation":"Schlosser, P., Shapiro, S., Stute, M., and Plummer, N., 2000, Tritium/3He measurements in young groundwater: Progress in applications to complex hydrogeological systems, in IAHS-AISH Publication, no. 262, Liege, Belgium, May 23-26, 2000, p. 481-486.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"481","endPage":"486","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233738,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"262","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb877e4b08c986b327890","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schlosser, Peter","contributorId":50936,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schlosser","given":"Peter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shapiro, Stephanie D.","contributorId":29350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shapiro","given":"Stephanie D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stute, Martin","contributorId":131127,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stute","given":"Martin","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7254,"text":"Columbia University - Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":396753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":396752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70023182,"text":"70023182 - 2000 - Application of organic geochemistry to coastal tar residues from central California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-16T18:46:48.744528","indexId":"70023182","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2020,"text":"International Geology Review","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of organic geochemistry to coastal tar residues from central California","docAbstract":"Tar residues are common on the coastline of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary. These coastal tar residues have been washed ashore and usually occur on headlands near the high-tide line. In this study, 18 coastal tar residues were collected and analyzed to determine their carbon isotopic compositions and the values of selected biomarker ratios. All of the residues have very heavy (13C-enriched) carbon isotopic compositions spanning a narrow range (δ13C = −22.2 to −23.4‰), and 28,30-bisnorhopane is present in all samples. These same geochemical characteristics are found in Monterey Formation oils from which the coastal tar residues were likely derived. These coastal residues could result from natural seeps or from accidental spills. Statistically the coastal tar residues can be organized into three groups, each of which may represent different spill or seep events. Seven samples of potential local representative sources for the tar residues were examined, but none could account for the coastal tars.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/00206810009465067","issn":"00206814","usgsCitation":"Kvenvolden, K., Rosenbauer, R., Hostettler, F., and Lorenson, T., 2000, Application of organic geochemistry to coastal tar residues from central California: International Geology Review, v. 42, no. 1, p. 1-14, https://doi.org/10.1080/00206810009465067.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233703,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.23663330078124,\n 36.918058179561115\n ],\n [\n -121.87271118164062,\n 36.918058179561115\n ],\n [\n -121.87271118164062,\n 37.02996578145435\n ],\n [\n -122.23663330078124,\n 37.02996578145435\n ],\n [\n -122.23663330078124,\n 36.918058179561115\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.464599609375,\n 37.0540811361903\n ],\n [\n -122.18170166015625,\n 37.0540811361903\n ],\n [\n -122.18170166015625,\n 37.355967684576406\n ],\n [\n -122.464599609375,\n 37.355967684576406\n ],\n [\n -122.464599609375,\n 37.0540811361903\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"42","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ecabe4b0c8380cd4940c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kvenvolden, K.A.","contributorId":80674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvenvolden","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rosenbauer, R.J.","contributorId":37320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenbauer","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hostettler, F. D.","contributorId":99563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostettler","given":"F. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lorenson, T.D.","contributorId":7715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lorenson","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70023185,"text":"70023185 - 2000 - Effects of water conditions on clutch size, egg volume, and hatchling mass of mallards and gadwalls in the Prairie Pothole Region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-03T15:32:55.2752","indexId":"70023185","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of water conditions on clutch size, egg volume, and hatchling mass of mallards and gadwalls in the Prairie Pothole Region","docAbstract":"We examined the relationship between local water conditions (measured as the percent of total area of basins covered by water) and clutch size, egg volume, and hatchling mass of Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and Gadwalls (A. strepera) on four study sites in the Prairie Pothole Region of North Dakota and Minnesota, 1988–1994. We also examined the relationship between pond density and clutch size of Mallards and Gadwalls, using data collected at another North Dakota site, 1966–1981. For Mallards, we found no relationships to be significant. For Gadwalls, clutch size increased with percent basin area wet and pond density; hatchling mass marginally increased with percent basin area wet. These species differences may reflect, in part, that Mallards acquire lipid reserves used to produce early clutches before they reach the breeding grounds, whereas Gadwalls acquire lipid reserves locally; thus Gadwall clutches are more likely to be influenced by local food resources.
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Royle), an invasive aquatic weed, continues to spread to new regions in the United States. Two biotypes, one a female dioecious and the other monoecious have been identified. Management of the spread of hydrilla requires understanding the mechanisms of introduction and transport, an ability to map and make available information on distribution, and tools to distinguish the known U.S. biotypes as well as potential new introductions. Review of the literature and discussions with aquatic scientists and resource managers point to the aquarium and water garden plant trades as the primary past mechanism for the regional dispersal of hydrilla while local dispersal is primarily carried out by other mechanisms such as boat traffic, intentional introductions, and waterfowl. The Nonindigenous Aquatic Species (NAS) database is presented as a tool for assembling, geo-referencing, and making available information on the distribution of hydrilla. A map of the current range of dioecious and monoecious hydrilla by drainage is presented. Four hydrilla samples, taken from three discrete, non-contiguous regions (Pennsylvania, Connecticut, and Washington State) were examined using two RAPD assays. The first, generated using primer Operon G17, and capable of distinguishing the dioecious and monoecious U.S. biotypes, indicated all four samples were of the monoecious biotype. Results of the second assay using the Stoffel fragment and 5 primers, produced 111 markers, indicated that these samples do not represent new foreign introductions. The differences in the monoecious and dioecious growth habits and management are discussed.
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