Analytical methods using high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) and high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) were developed for the analysis of the following chloroacetanilide herbicide metabolites in water: alachlor ethanesulfonic acid (ESA); alachlor oxanilic acid; acetochlor ESA; acetochlor oxanilic acid; metolachlor ESA; and metolachlor oxanilic acid. Good precision and accuracy were demonstrated for both the HPLC-DAD and HPLC/MS methods in reagent water, surface water, and ground water. The average HPLC-DAD recoveries of the chloroacetanilide herbicide metabolites from water samples spiked at 0.25, 0.5 and 2.0 μg/l ranged from 84 to 112%, with relative standard deviations of 18% or less. The average HPLC/MS recoveries of the metabolites from water samples spiked at 0.05, 0.2 and 2.0 μg/l ranged from 81 to 118%, with relative standard deviations of 20% or less. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) for all metabolites using the HPLC-DAD method was 0.20 μg/l, whereas the LOQ using the HPLC/MS method was at 0.05 μg/l. These metabolite-determination methods are valuable for acquiring information about water quality and the fate and transport of the parent chloroacetanilide herbicides in water.
The Wyoming snow fence (shield) has been widely used with precipitation gauges for snowfall measurement at more than 25 locations in Alaska since the late 1970s. This gauge's measurements have been taken as the reference for correcting wind‐induced gauge undercatch of snowfall in Alaska. Recently, this fence (shield) was tested in the World Meteorological Organization Solid Precipitation Measurement Intercomparison Project at four locations in the United States of America and Canada for six winter seasons. At the Intercomparison sites an octagonal vertical Double Fence with a Russian Tretyakov gauge or a Universal Belfort recording gauge was installed and used as the Intercomparison Reference (DFIR) to provide true snowfall amounts for this Intercomparison experiment. The Intercomparison data collected were compiled at the four sites that represent a variety of climate, terrain, and exposure. On the basis of these data sets the performance of the Wyoming gauge system for snowfall observations was carefully evaluated against the DFIR and snow cover data. The results show that (1) the mean snow catch efficiency of the Wyoming gauge compared with the DFIR is about 80–90%, (2) there exists a close linear relation between the measurements of the two gauge systems and this relation may serve as a transfer function to adjust the Wyoming gauge records to obtain an estimate of the true snowfall amount, (3) catch efficiency of the Wyoming gauge does not change with wind speed and temperature, and (4) Wyoming gauge measurements are generally compatible to the snowpack water equivalent at selected locations in northern Alaska. These results are important to our effort of determining true snowfall amounts in the high latitudes, and they are also useful for regional hydrologic and climatic analyses.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000WR900158","usgsCitation":"Yang, D., Kane, D.L., Hinzman, L.D., Goodison, B.E., Metcalfe, J.R., Louie, P.Y., Leavesley, G.H., Emerson, D.G., and Hanson, C.L., 2000, An evaluation of the Wyoming Gauge System for snowfall measurement: Water Resources Research, v. 36, no. 9, p. 2665-2677, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000WR900158.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"2665","endPage":"2677","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233790,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea54e4b0c8380cd487b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yang, Daqing","contributorId":203286,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yang","given":"Daqing","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kane, Douglas L.","contributorId":112099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kane","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hinzman, Larry D.","contributorId":97133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinzman","given":"Larry","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Goodison, Barry E.","contributorId":203293,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Goodison","given":"Barry","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Metcalfe, John R.","contributorId":203294,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Metcalfe","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Louie, Paul Y.T.","contributorId":60419,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Louie","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Leavesley, George H. george@usgs.gov","contributorId":1202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leavesley","given":"George","email":"george@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":394998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Emerson, Douglas G.","contributorId":40579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emerson","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Hanson, Clayton L.","contributorId":203290,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hanson","given":"Clayton","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70022621,"text":"70022621 - 2000 - Evidence for edge effects on multiple levels in tallgrass prairie","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-31T13:27:18","indexId":"70022621","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence for edge effects on multiple levels in tallgrass prairie","docAbstract":"We tested how edges affect nest survival and predator distribution in a native tallgrass prairie system in southwestern Missouri using artificial nests, natural nests of Dickcissels (Spiza americana) and Henslow's Sparrows (Ammodramus henslowii), and mammal track stations. Survival of artificial nests was lower within 30 m of forest edge. Nesting success of Dickcissels and Henslow's Sparrows was lower within 50 m to a shrubby edge than at greater distances, whereas fates of nests were not related to distances to roads, agricultural fields, or forests. Evidence from clay eggs placed in artificial nests indicated that mid-sized carnivores were the major predators within 30 m of forest edges. Furthermore, mid-sized carnivores visited track stations most frequently within 50 m of forest edges. Because proximity of woody habitat explained more variation in nest survival and mammal activity than did fragment size, it appears that edge effects were more pronounced than area effects. Edge effects appeared to be caused mainly by greater exposure of nests to midsized carnivores. We argue that, based on edge avoidance behavior, 'grassland-interior' species such as the Henslow's Sparrow respond to edge effects mainly by a decrease in density, whereas habitat generalists such as the Dickcissel are affected mainly by a decrease in nesting success.","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1650/0010-5422(2000)102[0256:EFEEOM]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00105422","usgsCitation":"Winter, M., Johnson, D.H., and Faaborg, J., 2000, Evidence for edge effects on multiple levels in tallgrass prairie: Condor, v. 102, no. 2, p. 256-266, https://doi.org/10.1650/0010-5422(2000)102[0256:EFEEOM]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"256","endPage":"266","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479378,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/condor/vol102/iss2/2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230436,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"102","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d3de4b0c8380cd52ec9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Winter, Maiken","contributorId":174790,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Winter","given":"Maiken","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Douglas H. 0000-0002-7778-6641 douglas_h_johnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7778-6641","contributorId":1387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Douglas","email":"douglas_h_johnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":394283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Faaborg, John","contributorId":32871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faaborg","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1001730,"text":"1001730 - 2000 - A surface-associated activity trap for capturing water surface and aquatic invertebrates in wetlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-16T10:10:09","indexId":"1001730","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A surface-associated activity trap for capturing water surface and aquatic invertebrates in wetlands","docAbstract":"We developed a surface-associated activity trap (SAT) for sampling aquatic invertebrates in wetlands. We compared performance of this trap with that of a conventional activity trap (AT) based on non-detection rates and relative abundance estimates for 13 taxa of common wetland invertebrates and for taxon richness using data from experiments in constructed wetlands. Taxon-specific non-detection rates for ATs generally exceeded those of SATs, and largest improvements using SATs were for Chironomidae and Gastropoda. SATs were efficient at capturing cladocera, Chironomidae, Gastropoda, total Crustacea, and multiple taxa (taxon richness) but were only slightly better than ATs at capturing Dytiscidae. Temporal differences in capture rates were observed only for cladocera, Chironomidae, Dytiscidae, and total Crustacea, with capture efficiencies of SATs usually decreasing from mid-June through mid-July for these taxa. We believe that SATs may be useful for characterizing wetland invertebrate communities and for developing improved measures of prey available to foraging waterfowl and other aquatic birds.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Society of Wetland Scientists","doi":"10.1672/0277-5212(2000)020[0205:ASAATF]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Hanson, M.A., Roy, C.C., Euliss, N.H., Zimmer, K.D., Riggs, M.R., and Butler, M.G., 2000, A surface-associated activity trap for capturing water surface and aquatic invertebrates in wetlands: Wetlands, v. 20, no. 1, p. 205-212, https://doi.org/10.1672/0277-5212(2000)020[0205:ASAATF]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"205","endPage":"212","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133724,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a5f69","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hanson, Mark A.","contributorId":174743,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hanson","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roy, Christiane C.","contributorId":80592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roy","given":"Christiane","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Euliss, Ned H. Jr. ceuliss@usgs.gov","contributorId":2916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Euliss","given":"Ned","suffix":"Jr.","email":"ceuliss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zimmer, Kyle D.","contributorId":174744,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zimmer","given":"Kyle","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Riggs, Michael R.","contributorId":174745,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Riggs","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Butler, Malcolm G.","contributorId":56188,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Butler","given":"Malcolm","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":12813,"text":"Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":311613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70023099,"text":"70023099 - 2000 - Environmental history and tephrostratigraphy at Carp Lake, southwestern Columbia Basin, Washington, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:07","indexId":"70023099","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Environmental history and tephrostratigraphy at Carp Lake, southwestern Columbia Basin, Washington, USA","docAbstract":"Sediment cores from Carp Lake provide a pollen record of the last ca. 125,000 years that helps disclose vegetational and climatic conditions from the present day to the previous interglaciation (120-133 ka). The core also contained 15 tephra layers, which were characterised by electron-microprobe analysis of volcanic glass shards. Identified tephra include Mount St. Helens Ye, 3.69 ka; Mazama ash bed, 7.54 ka; Mount St. Helens layer C, 35-50 ka; an unnamed Mount St. Helens tephra, 75-150 ka; the tephra equivalent of layer E at Pringle Falls, Oregon, <218 ka; and an andesitic tephra layer similar to that at Tulelake, California, 174 ka. Ten calibrated radiocarbon ages and the ages of Mount St. Helens Ye, Mazama ash, and the unnamed Mount St. Helens tephra were used to develop an age-depth model. This model was refined by also incorporating the age of marine oxygen isotope stage (IS) boundary 4/5 (73.9 ka) and the age of IS-5e (125 ka). The justification for this age-model is based on an analysis of the pollen record and lithologic data. The pollen record is divided into 11 assemblage zones that describe alternations between periods of montane conifer forest, pine forest, and steppe. The previous interglacial period (IS-5e) supported temperate xerothermic forests of pine and oak and a northward and westward expansion of steppe and juniper woodland, compared to their present occurrence. The period from 83 to 117 ka contains intervals of pine forest and parkland alternating with pine-spruce forest, suggesting shifts from cold humid to cool temperate conditions. Between 73 and 83 ka, a forest of oak, hemlock, Douglas-fir, and fir was present that has no modem analogue. It suggests warm wet summers and cool wet winters. Cool humid conditions during the mid-Wisconsin interval supported mixed conifer forest with Douglas-fir and spruce. The glacial interval featured cold dry steppe, with an expansion of spruce in the late-glacial. Xerothermic communities prevailed in the early Holocene, when temperate steppe was widespread and the lake dried intermittently. The middle Holocene was characterised by ponderosa pine forest, and the modem vegetation was established in the last 3900 yr, when ponderosa pine, Douglas-fir, fir, and oak were part of the local vegetation.","largerWorkTitle":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0031-0182(99)00092-9","issn":"00310182","usgsCitation":"Whitlock, C., Sarna-Wojcicki, A., Bartlein, P., and Nickmann, R., 2000, Environmental history and tephrostratigraphy at Carp Lake, southwestern Columbia Basin, Washington, USA, in Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 155, no. 1-2, p. 7-29, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(99)00092-9.","startPage":"7","endPage":"29","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208107,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(99)00092-9"},{"id":233553,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"155","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a09cde4b0c8380cd5208a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Whitlock, C.","contributorId":105836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitlock","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sarna-Wojcicki, A.M. 0000-0002-0244-9149","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0244-9149","contributorId":104022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sarna-Wojcicki","given":"A.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bartlein, P. J.","contributorId":54566,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bartlein","given":"P. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nickmann, R.J.","contributorId":12339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nickmann","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1001719,"text":"1001719 - 2000 - Leadership in wolf, Canis lupus, packs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-21T10:59:41","indexId":"1001719","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1163,"text":"Canadian Field-Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Leadership in wolf, Canis lupus, packs","docAbstract":"I examine leadership in Wolf (Canis lupus) packs based on published observations and data gathered during summers from 1986 to 1998 studying a free-ranging pack of Wolves on Ellesmere Island that were habituated to my presence. The breeding male tended to initiate activities associated with foraging and travel, and the breeding female to initiate, and predominate in, pup care and protection. However, there was considerable overlap and interaction during these activities such that leadership could be considered a joint function. In packs with multiple breeders, quantitative information about leadership is needed.","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Field-Naturalist","usgsCitation":"Mech, L.D., 2000, Leadership in wolf, Canis lupus, packs: Canadian Field-Naturalist, v. 114, no. 2, p. 259-263.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"259","endPage":"263","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133738,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"114","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a861f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mech, L. David 0000-0003-3944-7769 david_mech@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3944-7769","contributorId":2518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mech","given":"L.","email":"david_mech@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":311580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":53882,"text":"53882 - 2000 - Field guide to malformations of frogs and toads: with radiographic interpretations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-12T10:10:43","indexId":"53882","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":9,"text":"Biological Science Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"2000-0005","title":"Field guide to malformations of frogs and toads: with radiographic interpretations","docAbstract":"In 1995, students found numerous malformed frogs on a field trip to a Minnesota pond. Since that time, reports of malformed frogs have increased dramatically. Malformed frogs have now been reported in 44 states in 38 species of frogs, and 19 species of toads. Estimates as high as 60% of the newly metamorphosed frog populations have had malformations at some ponds (NARCAM, ’99). The wide geographic distribution of malformed frogs and the variety of malformations are a concern to resource managers, research scientists and public health officials. The potential for malformations to serve as a signal of ecosystem disruption, and the affect this potential disruption might have on other organisms that share those ecosystems, has not been resolved. Malformations represent an error that occurred early in development. The event that caused the developmental error is temporally distant from the malformation we see in the fully developed animal. Knowledge of normal developmental principles is necessary to design thoughtful investigations that will define the events involved in abnormal development in wild frog populations.
Development begins at the time an egg is fertilized and progresses by chemical communication between cells and cell layers. This communication is programmed through gene expression. Malformations represent primary errors in development, errors in chemical communication or translation of genetic information. Deformations arise later in development and usually result from the influence of mechanical factors (such as amputation) that alter shape or anatomy of a structure that has developed normally. The occurrence and the type of malformations are influenced by the type of error or insult as well as the timing of the error (the developmental stage at which the error occurred). The appearance of the malformation can therefore provide clues that suggest when the error may have occurred. If the malformation is an incomplete organ, such as an incomplete limb, the factor or insult acted during a susceptible period prior to organ completion. Although defining the anatomy of the malformed metamorphosed frog can give us an idea of the approximate window during which the developmental insult was initiated, and might even suggest the type of insult that may have occurred, the morphology of the malformation does not define the cause. To define causes and mechanisms of frog malformations we need to use well designed investigations that are different from traditional tests used in acute toxicity or disease pathogenicity studies. When investigating malformations in metamorphosed frogs, we are looking at the affect of exposure to an agent that occurred early in tadpole development. Therefore investigations to determine causes of malformations need to look at agents that are present in the tadpoles or their environments at these early developmental times. Laboratory experiments need to expose embryos and tadpoles to suspect agents at appropriate developmental stages and look at acute results, such as toxicity and death, as well as following the developmental process to completion to determine the impact of the agent on the developing tadpole and the fully developed frog. This means holding animals past metamorphic climax to assure that the anatomy and physiology of the adult have developed normally.
As we look at field collections of abnormal frogs, we need to keep in mind that these collections reflect survivors only. We are looking at malformations that were not fatal to tadpoles. We cannot assume that because we do not collect other malformations, they did not exist. More work needs to be done on the developing tadpole, in the field and in the laboratory, to better elucidate the range, frequency, character and causes of anuran malformations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Meteyer, C.U., 2000, Field guide to malformations of frogs and toads: with radiographic interpretations: Biological Science Report 2000-0005, 16 p.","productDescription":"16 p.","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":177984,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/53882.PNG"},{"id":4722,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bsr/2000/0005/bsr20000005.pdf","text":"Report","size":"726 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"BSR 2000-0005"}],"contact":"Director, National Wildlife Health Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6006 Schroeder Road
Madison, WI 53711
We present the first detailed study of a population of texturally distinct chondrules previously described by Kurat (1969), Christophe Michel-Lévy (1976), and Skinner et al. (1989) that are sharply depleted in alkalis and Al in their outer portions. These “bleached” chondrules, which are exclusively radial pyroxene and cryptocrystalline in texture, have porous outer zones where mesostasis has been lost. Bleached chondrules are present in all type 3 ordinary chondrites and are present in lower abundances in types 4–6. They are most abundant in the L and LL groups, apparently less common in H chondrites, and absent in enstatite chondrites. We used x-ray mapping and traditional electron microprobe techniques to characterize bleached chondrules in a cross section of ordinary chondrites. We studied bleached chondrules from Semarkona by ion microprobe for trace elements and H isotopes, and by transmission electron microscopy. Chondrule bleaching was the result of low-temperature alteration by aqueous fluids flowing through finegrained chondrite matrix prior to thermal metamorphism. During aqueous alteration, interstitial glass dissolved and was partially replaced by phyllosilicates, troilite was altered to pentlandite, but pyroxene was completely unaffected. Calcium-rich zones formed at the inner margins of the bleached zones, either as the result of the early stages of metamorphism or because of fluid-chondrule reaction. The mineralogy of bleached chondrules is extremely sensitive to thermal metamorphism in type 3 ordinary chondrites, and bleached zones provide a favorable location for the growth of metamorphic minerals in higher petrologic types. The ubiquitous presence of bleached chondrules in ordinary chondrites implies that they all experienced aqueous alteration early in their asteroidal histories, but there is no relationship between the degree of alteration and metamorphic grade. A correlation between the oxidation state of chondrite groups and their degree of aqueous alteration is consistent with the source of water being either accreted ices or water released during oxidation of organic matter. Ordinary chondrites were probably open systems after accretion, and aqueous fluids may have carried volatile elements with them during dehydration. Individual radial pyroxene and cryptocrystalline chondrules were certainly open systems in all chondrites that experienced aqueous alteration leading to bleaching.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1945-5100.2000.tb01429.x","issn":"10869379","usgsCitation":"Grossman, J.N., Alexander, C.M., Wang, J., and Brearley, A., 2000, Bleached chondrules: Evidence for widespread aqueous processes on the parent asteroids of ordinary chondrites: Meteoritics and Planetary Science, v. 35, no. 3, p. 467-486, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1945-5100.2000.tb01429.x.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"467","endPage":"486","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479303,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1945-5100.2000.tb01429.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230435,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-02-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f1e1e4b0c8380cd4ae99","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grossman, J. N.","contributorId":41840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grossman","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alexander, C. M. O’D.","contributorId":105418,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Alexander","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"M. O’D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wang, Jingyuan","contributorId":10771,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wang","given":"Jingyuan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brearley, A.J.","contributorId":73773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brearley","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70022809,"text":"70022809 - 2000 - Dilational processes accompanying earthquakes in the Long Valley Caldera","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:40","indexId":"70022809","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dilational processes accompanying earthquakes in the Long Valley Caldera","docAbstract":"Regional distance seismic moment tensor determinations and broadband waveforms of moment magnitude 4.6 to 4.9 earthquakes from a November 1997 Long Valley Caldera swarm, during an inflation episode, display evidence of anomalous seismic radiation characterized by non-double couple (NDC) moment tensors with significant volumetric components. Observed coseismic dilation suggests that hydrothermal or magmatic processes are directly triggering some of the seismicity in the region. Similarity in the NDC solutions implies a common source process, and the anomalous events may have been triggered by net fault-normal stress reduction due to high-pressure fluid injection or pressurization of fluid-saturated faults due to magmatic heating.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1126/science.288.5463.122","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Dreger, D.S., Tkalcic, H., and Johnston, M., 2000, Dilational processes accompanying earthquakes in the Long Valley Caldera: Science, v. 288, no. 5463, p. 122-125, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.288.5463.122.","startPage":"122","endPage":"125","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233681,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208166,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.288.5463.122"}],"volume":"288","issue":"5463","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a019ee4b0c8380cd4fc97","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dreger, Douglas S.","contributorId":17404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dreger","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tkalcic, Hrvoje","contributorId":70569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tkalcic","given":"Hrvoje","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnston, M.","contributorId":88091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022760,"text":"70022760 - 2000 - Using a metal detector to determine lead sinker abundance in waterbird habitat","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:04","indexId":"70022760","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using a metal detector to determine lead sinker abundance in waterbird habitat","docAbstract":"Waterbirds have died of lead poisoning from ingesting lead fishing sinkers in the United States and Europe. Estimating abundance and distribution of sinkers in the environment will help researchers to understand the potential effects of lead poisoning from sinker ingestion. We used a metal detector to test how environmental conditions and sinker characteristics affected detection of sinkers. Odds of detecting a lead sinker depended on the interaction of sinker mass and depth where it was buried (P=0.002). The odds of detecting a sinker increased with mass and decreased with depth buried. Lead split-shot sinkers were less detectable than tin, brass, and stainless steel sinkers. Detecting lead sinkers was not influenced by sinker shape, substrate type, or whether we searched underwater or on land. We developed a model to determine the proportion of sinkers detected when this detector is used to search for sinkers, so sinker abundance can be estimated. The log odds (Logit) of detecting a lead sinker with mass M g buried D cm below the surface was Logit Y= -1.63 + 4.20 M - 0.45 D - 0.27 MD + 0.0002 D2. The probability of detecting a lead sinker was e(Logit Y)/(1 + e(Logit Y)). At the surface, 90% of sinkers with mass 0.9 g will be detected.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00917648","usgsCitation":"Duerr, A., and DeStefano, S., 2000, Using a metal detector to determine lead sinker abundance in waterbird habitat: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 27, no. 4, p. 952-958.","startPage":"952","endPage":"958","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233455,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc027e4b08c986b329f6a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duerr, A.E.","contributorId":33666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duerr","given":"A.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeStefano, S.","contributorId":84309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeStefano","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022808,"text":"70022808 - 2000 - Dust and Ice Deposition in the Martian Geologic Record","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:40","indexId":"70022808","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dust and Ice Deposition in the Martian Geologic Record","docAbstract":"The polar layered deposits of Mars demonstrate that thick accumulations of dust and ice deposits can develop on the planet if environmental conditions are favorable. These deposits appear to be hundreds of millions of years old, and other deposits of similar size but of greater age in nonpolar regions may have formed by similar processes. Possible relict dust deposits include, from oldest to youngest: Noachian intercrater materials, including Arabia mantle deposits, Noachian to Early Hesperian south polar pitted deposits, Early Hesperian Hellas and Argyre basin deposits, Late Hesperian Electris deposits, and the Amazonian Medusae Fossae Formation. These deposits typically are hundreds of meters to a couple kilometers thick and cover upward of a million or more square kilometers. The apparent persistence of dust sedimentation at the south pole back to the Early Hesperian or earlier and the early growth of Tharsis during the Late Noachian and perhaps earlier indicates that extensive polar wandering is unlikely following the Middle Noachian. A scenario for the overall history of dust and perhaps ice deposition on Mars includes widespread, voluminous accumulations perhaps planetwide during the Noachian as impacts, volcanism, and surface processes generated large amounts of dust; the Arabia deposits may have formed as ice availability and dust accumulation waned. During the Early Hesperian, thick dust sedimentation became restricted to the south pole and the deep Hellas and Argyre basins; the north polar sedimentary record prior to the Amazonian is largely obscured. Deposits at Electris and Medusae Fossae may have resulted from local sources of fine-grained material - perhaps volcanic eruptions.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Icarus","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/icar.1999.6297","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Tanaka, K.L., 2000, Dust and Ice Deposition in the Martian Geologic Record: Icarus, v. 144, no. 2, p. 254-266, https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.1999.6297.","startPage":"254","endPage":"266","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233680,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208165,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/icar.1999.6297"}],"volume":"144","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a041be4b0c8380cd507b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tanaka, K. L.","contributorId":31394,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tanaka","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70022762,"text":"70022762 - 2000 - Use of radioimmunoassay as a screen for antibiotics in confined animal feeding operations and confirmation by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-12T09:06:48","indexId":"70022762","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5331,"text":"Science of Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of radioimmunoassay as a screen for antibiotics in confined animal feeding operations and confirmation by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry","docAbstract":"Approximately one-half of the 50 000000 lb of antibiotics produced in the USA are used in agriculture. Because of the intensive use of antibiotics in the management of confined livestock operations, the potential exists for the transport of these compounds and their metabolites into our nation's water resources. A commercially available radioimmunoassay method, developed as a screen for tetracycline antibiotics in serum, urine, milk, and tissue, was adapted to analyze water samples at a detection level of approximately 1.0 ppb and a semiquantitative analytical range of 1-20 ppb. Liquid waste samples were obtained from 13 hog lagoons in three states and 52 surface- and ground-water samples were obtained primarily from areas associated with intensive swine and poultry production in seven states. These samples were screened for the tetracycline antibiotics by using the modified radioimmunoassay screening method. The radioimmunoassay tests yielded positive results for tetracycline antibiotics in samples from all 13 of the hog lagoons. Dilutions of 10-100-fold of the hog lagoon samples indicated that tetracycline antibiotic concentrations ranged from approximately 5 to several hundred parts per billion in liquid hog lagoon waste. Of the 52 surface- and ground-water samples collected all but two tested negative and these two samples contained tetracycline antibiotic concentrations less than 1 ppb. A new liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry method was used to confirm the radioimmunoassay results in 9 samples and also to identify the tetracycline antibiotics to which the radioimmunoassay test was responding. The new liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry method with online solid-phase extraction and a detection level of 0.5 ??g/l confirmed the presence of chlorotetracycline in the hog lagoon samples and in one of the surface-water samples. The concentrations calculated from the radioimmunoassay were a factor of 1-5 times less than those calculated by the liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry concentrations for chlorotetracycline.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00541-0","issn":"00489697","usgsCitation":"Meyer, M.T., Bumgarner, J., Varns, J., Daughtridge, J., Thurman, E., and Hostetler, K., 2000, Use of radioimmunoassay as a screen for antibiotics in confined animal feeding operations and confirmation by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry: Science of Total Environment, v. 248, no. 2-3, p. 181-187, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00541-0.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"181","endPage":"187","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":208079,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00541-0"},{"id":233491,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"248","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbf64e4b08c986b329b25","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meyer, M. T.","contributorId":92279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bumgarner, J.E.","contributorId":82410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bumgarner","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Varns, J.L.","contributorId":85369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Varns","given":"J.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Daughtridge, J.V.","contributorId":69335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Daughtridge","given":"J.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hostetler, K.A.","contributorId":29855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostetler","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":1002589,"text":"1002589 - 2000 - A flow cytometric approach to the study of crustacean cellular immunity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:48","indexId":"1002589","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2361,"text":"Journal of Invertebrate Pathology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A flow cytometric approach to the study of crustacean cellular immunity","docAbstract":"Responses of hemocytes from the crayfish Procambarus zonangulus to stimulation by fungal cell walls (Zymosan A) were measured by flow cytometry. Changes in hemocyte physical characteristics were assessed flow cytometrically using forward- and sidescatter light parameters, and viability was measured by two-color fluorescent staining with calcein-AM and ethidium homodimer 1. The main effects of zymosan A on crayfish hemocytes were reduction in cell size and viability compared to control mixtures (hemocytes in buffer only). Adding diethyldithiocarbamic acid, an inhibitor of phenoloxidase, to hemocyte to zymosan mixtures delayed the time course of cell size reduction and cell death compared to zymosan-positive controls. The inclusion of trypsin inhibitor in reaction mixtures further delayed the reduction in hemocyte size and cell death, thereby indicating that a proteolytic cascade, along with prophenoloxidase activation, played a key role in generating signal molecules which mediate these cellular responses. In addition to traditional methods such as microscopy and protein chemistry, flow cytometry can provide a simple, reproducible, and sensitve method for evaluating invertebrate hemocyte responses to immunological stimuli.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Invertebrate Pathology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/jipa.2000.4960","usgsCitation":"Cardenas, W., Jenkins, J., and Dankert, J., 2000, A flow cytometric approach to the study of crustacean cellular immunity: Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, v. 76, no. 2, p. 112-119, https://doi.org/10.1006/jipa.2000.4960.","productDescription":"p. 112-119","startPage":"112","endPage":"119","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133966,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":15639,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jipa.2000.4960","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"7013.000000000000000"}],"volume":"76","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6aeb5f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cardenas, W.","contributorId":81863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cardenas","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jenkins, J.A. 0000-0002-5087-0894","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5087-0894","contributorId":51703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenkins","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":312130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dankert, J.R.","contributorId":16800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dankert","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1002590,"text":"1002590 - 2000 - A method for measuring vertical accretion, elevation, and compaction of soft, shallow-water sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-29T12:41:20","indexId":"1002590","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2451,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Research","onlineIssn":"1938-3681","printIssn":"1527-1404","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A method for measuring vertical accretion, elevation, and compaction of soft, shallow-water sediments","docAbstract":"High-resolution measures of vertical accretion, elevation, and compaction of shallow-water sediments are fundamental to understanding the processes that control elevation change and the mechanisms of progradation (e.g., development of mudflats and intertidal wetlands) in coastal systems. Yet, measurements of elevation by traditional survey methods often are of low accuracy because of the compressible nature of the substrates. Nor do they provide measures of vertical accretion or sediment compaction. This paper evaluates the use in shallow-water systems of an approach designed to measure these variables in vegetated wetlands. The approach employs simultaneous measures of elevation from temporary benchmarks using a sedimentation-erosion table (SET) and vertical accretion from marker horizons with sediment cores collected with a cryogenic coring apparatus. The measures are made with a level of resolution sufficient to distinguish between the influence of surface and subsurface processes on elevation, thus providing quantitative estimates of shallow subsidence. The SET-marker horizon approach was evaluated on a developing splay created by an artificial crevasse of a distributary in the Mississippi River delta. The approach provided high-resolution measures of vertical accretion (48.3 ' 2.0 cm.) and elevation (36.7 ' 1.6 cm) over a 4-year period, with the difference between the two indicating the amount of shallow subsidence. In addition, by laying new marker horizons in later years, the approach provided rates not only of shallow subsidence (3.9 ' 0.5 cm y-1) but also compaction of newly deposited seiments (2.1 ' 0.6 cm y-1) and compaction of underlying sediments (1.8 ' 2.0 cm y-1 ) over a two-year period. Hence, the SET-marker horizon approach has widespread applicability in both emergent wetland and shallow water environments for providing high resolution measures of the processes controlling elevation change.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Sedimentary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1306/020800701250","usgsCitation":"Cahoon, D.R., Marin, P., Black, B., and Lynch, J., 2000, A method for measuring vertical accretion, elevation, and compaction of soft, shallow-water sediments: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 70, no. 5, p. 1250-1253, https://doi.org/10.1306/020800701250.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1250","endPage":"1253","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133939,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":15424,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1306/020800701250","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"7009.000000000000000"}],"volume":"70","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae0cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cahoon, Donald R. 0000-0002-2591-5667","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2591-5667","contributorId":65424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cahoon","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":312134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marin, P.E.","contributorId":93449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marin","given":"P.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Black, B.K.","contributorId":12009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Black","given":"B.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lynch, J.C.","contributorId":25104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lynch","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70023174,"text":"70023174 - 2000 - Triggered surface slips in the Coachella Valley area associated with the 1992 Joshua Tree and Landers, California, Earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-30T18:30:32.663565","indexId":"70023174","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Triggered surface slips in the Coachella Valley area associated with the 1992 Joshua Tree and Landers, California, Earthquakes","docAbstract":"T
he Coachella Valley area was strongly shaken by the 1992 Joshua Tree (23 April) and Landers (28 June) earthquakes, and both events caused triggered slip on active faults within the area. Triggered slip associated with the Joshua Tree earthquake was on a newly recognized fault, the East Wide Canyon fault, near the southwestern edge of the Little San Bernardino Mountains. Slip associated with the Landers earthquake formed along the San Andreas fault in the southeastern Coachella Valley.
Surface fractures formed along the East Wide Canyon fault in association with the Joshua Tree earthquake. The fractures extended discontinuously over a 1.5-km stretch of the fault, near its southern end. Sense of slip was consistently right-oblique, west side down, similar to the long-term style of faulting. Measured offset values were small, with right-lateral and vertical components of slip ranging from 1 to 6 mm and 1 to 4 mm, respectively. This is the first documented historic slip on the East Wide Canyon fault, which was first mapped only months before the Joshua Tree earthquake. Surface slip associated with the Joshua Tree earthquake most likely developed as triggered slip given its 5 km distance from the Joshua Tree epicenter and aftershocks. As revealed in a trench investigation, slip formed in an area with only a thin (<3 m thick) veneer of alluvium in contrast to earlier documented triggered slip events in this region, all in the deep basins of the Salton Trough.
A paleoseismic trench study in an area of 1992 surface slip revealed evidence of two and possibly three surface faulting events on the East Wide Canyon fault during the late Quaternary, probably latest Pleistocene (first event) and mid- to late Holocene (second two events).
About two months after the Joshua Tree earthquake, the Landers earthquake then triggered slip on many faults, including the San Andreas fault in the southeastern Coachella Valley. Surface fractures associated with this event formed discontinuous breaks over a 54-km-long stretch of the fault, from the Indio Hills southeastward to Durmid Hill. Sense of slip was right-lateral; only locally was there a minor (∼1 mm) vertical component of slip. Measured dextral displacement values ranged from 1 to 20 mm, with the largest amounts found in the Mecca Hills where large slip values have been measured following past triggered-slip events.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0119980130","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Rymer, M.J., 2000, Triggered surface slips in the Coachella Valley area associated with the 1992 Joshua Tree and Landers, California, Earthquakes: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 90, no. 4, p. 832-848, https://doi.org/10.1785/0119980130.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"832","endPage":"848","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233557,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Coachella Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.0980224609375,\n 33.410809551114305\n ],\n [\n -116.0211181640625,\n 33.394759218577995\n ],\n [\n -116.04034423828125,\n 33.458942753687644\n ],\n [\n -116.05682373046875,\n 33.47727218776036\n ],\n [\n -116.026611328125,\n 33.50475906922609\n ],\n [\n -115.95794677734375,\n 33.51391942394942\n ],\n [\n -115.83160400390626,\n 33.44060944370356\n ],\n [\n -115.87554931640624,\n 33.5459730276919\n ],\n [\n -115.894775390625,\n 33.612331963363935\n ],\n [\n -115.97167968750001,\n 33.69006708322201\n ],\n [\n -116.0980224609375,\n 33.80197351806589\n ],\n [\n -116.21063232421875,\n 33.884097379274905\n ],\n [\n -116.34246826171874,\n 33.93652406150093\n ],\n [\n -116.45507812500001,\n 33.98664113654014\n ],\n [\n -116.58416748046875,\n 34.016241889667015\n ],\n [\n -116.64184570312501,\n 33.957030069982316\n ],\n [\n -116.68579101562499,\n 33.957030069982316\n ],\n [\n -116.69677734375,\n 33.91373381431625\n ],\n [\n -116.60888671874999,\n 33.87269600798948\n ],\n [\n -116.57592773437499,\n 33.8362013852728\n ],\n [\n -116.54022216796875,\n 33.758598560812004\n ],\n [\n -116.51550292968749,\n 33.78371305547283\n ],\n [\n -116.4715576171875,\n 33.770015152780125\n ],\n [\n -116.4111328125,\n 33.71977077483141\n ],\n [\n -116.4111328125,\n 33.678639851675555\n ],\n [\n -116.34796142578125,\n 33.715201644740844\n ],\n [\n -116.32049560546875,\n 33.71291698851023\n ],\n [\n -116.31500244140626,\n 33.660353121928814\n ],\n [\n -116.28753662109375,\n 33.65806700735442\n ],\n [\n -116.290283203125,\n 33.5963189611327\n ],\n [\n -116.2298583984375,\n 33.56199537293026\n ],\n [\n -116.1968994140625,\n 33.48185394054361\n ],\n [\n -116.0980224609375,\n 33.410809551114305\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"90","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb852e4b08c986b3277cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rymer, M. J.","contributorId":90694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rymer","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1001703,"text":"1001703 - 2000 - White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) predation on grassland songbird nestlings","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-04T13:09:31","indexId":"1001703","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":737,"text":"American Midland Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) predation on grassland songbird nestlings","docAbstract":"White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were videotaped depredating four songbird nests in grassland habitats in southeastern and northcentral North Dakota, 1996-1999. Deer ate two Savannah sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis), two grasshopper sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum), one clay-colored sparrow (Spizella pallida), one red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) and three brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater) nestlings. Deer removed nestlings quickly (5-19 sec/nest) at night (22:00 to 05:17 Central Daylight Time) and left no evidence of predation. Although probably opportunistic, deer predations clearly were deliberate and likely are more common than generally believed.","language":"English","publisher":"University of Notre Dame","doi":"10.1674/0003-0031(2000)144[0419:WTDOVP]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Pietz, P., and Granfors, D.A., 2000, White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) predation on grassland songbird nestlings: American Midland Naturalist, v. 144, p. 419-422, https://doi.org/10.1674/0003-0031(2000)144[0419:WTDOVP]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"419","endPage":"422","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133765,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"144","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e1e4b07f02db5e48b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pietz, Pamela J. ppietz@usgs.gov","contributorId":2382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pietz","given":"Pamela J.","email":"ppietz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":311548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Granfors, Diane A.","contributorId":174567,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Granfors","given":"Diane","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022917,"text":"70022917 - 2000 - Occurrence of pesticides in rain and air in urban and agricultural areas of Mississippi, April-September 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-28T16:35:47.437414","indexId":"70022917","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5331,"text":"Science of Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Occurrence of pesticides in rain and air in urban and agricultural areas of Mississippi, April-September 1995","docAbstract":"In April 1995, the US Geological Survey began a study to determine the occurrence and temporal distribution of 49 pesticides and pesticide metabolites in air and rain samples from an urban and an agricultural sampling site in Mississippi. The study was a joint effort between the National Water-Quality Assessment and the Toxic Substances Programs and was part of a larger study examining the occurrence and temporal distribution of pesticides in air and rain in the Mississippi River basin. Concurrent high-volume air and wet-only deposition samples were collected weekly. The air samplers consisted of a glass-fiber filter to collect particles and tandem polyurethane foam plugs to collect gas-phase pesticides. Every rain and air sample collected from the urban and agricultural sites had detectable levels of multiple pesticides. The magnitude of the total concentration was 5-10 times higher at the agricultural site as compared to the urban site. The pesticide with the highest concentration in rain at both sites was methyl parathion. The pesticide with the highest concentration in the air samples from the agricultural site was also methyl parathion, but from the urban site the highest concentration was diazinon followed closely by chlorpyrifos. More than two decades since p,p'-DDT was banned from use in the United States, p,p'-DDE, a metabolite of p,p'-DDT, was detected in every air sample collected from the agricultural site and in more than half of the air samples from the urban site.
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\"}}]}","volume":"248","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6c1fe4b0c8380cd74a70","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coupe, R.H.","contributorId":84778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coupe","given":"R.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Manning, M.A.","contributorId":19737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manning","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Foreman, W.T.","contributorId":94684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foreman","given":"W.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Goolsby, D. A.","contributorId":50508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goolsby","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Majewski, M.S.","contributorId":88501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Majewski","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70022799,"text":"70022799 - 2000 - Pond permanence and the effects of exotic vertebrates on anurans","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-21T12:58:15","indexId":"70022799","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pond permanence and the effects of exotic vertebrates on anurans","docAbstract":"In many permanent ponds throughout western North America, the introduction of a variety of exotic fish and bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) correlates with declines in native amphibians. Direct effects of exotics are suspected to be responsible for the rarity of some native amphibians and are one hypothesis to explain the prevalence of amphibian declines in western North America. However, the prediction that the permanent ponds occupied by exotics would be suitable for native amphibians if exotics were absent has not been tested. I used a series of enclosure experiments to test whether survival of northern red-legged frog (Rana aurora aurora) and Pacific treefrog (Hyla regilla) larvae is equal in permanent and temporary ponds in the Puget Lowlands, Washington State, USA. I also examined the direct effects of bullfrog larvae and sunfish. Survival of both species of native anuran larvae was generally lower in permanent ponds. Only one permanent pond out of six was an exception to this pattern and exhibited increased larval survival rates in the absence of direct effects by exotics. The presence of fish in enclosures reduced survival to near zero for both native species. An effect of bullfrog larvae on Pacific treefrog larval survival was not detected, but effects on red-legged frog larvae were mixed. A hypothesis that food limitation is responsible for the low survival of native larvae in some permanent ponds was not supported. My results confirm that direct negative effects of exotic vertebrates on native anurans occur but suggest that they may not be important to broad distribution patterns. Instead, habitat gradients or indirect effects of exotics appear to play major roles. I found support for the role of permanence as a structuring agent for pond communities in the Puget Lowlands, but neither permanence nor exotic vertebrates fully explained the observed variability in larval anuran survival.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[0559:PPATEO]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Adams, M.J., 2000, Pond permanence and the effects of exotic vertebrates on anurans: Ecological Applications, v. 10, no. 2, p. 559-568, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[0559:PPATEO]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"559","endPage":"568","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233533,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7d11e4b0c8380cd79d29","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Adams, M. J. 0000-0001-8844-042X mjadams@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8844-042X","contributorId":3133,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Adams","given":"M.","email":"mjadams@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":394947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70022770,"text":"70022770 - 2000 - Hypoxia tolerance of introduced Nile perch: Implications for survival of indigenous fishes in the Lake Victoria basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-10T16:57:22.908949","indexId":"70022770","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":673,"text":"African Zoology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hypoxia tolerance of introduced Nile perch: Implications for survival of indigenous fishes in the Lake Victoria basin","docAbstract":"The introduction of predatory Nile perch (Lates niloticus) into the Lake Victoria basin coincided with a dramatic decline in fish diversity. However, remnant populations of indigenous fishes persist in lagoons and satellite lakes separated from the main lakes by extensive areas of swamp, while other indigenous species find refuge in ecotonal areas at edges of marginal swamps in the main lakes. Low-oxygen conditions in these wetlands may physiologically stress Nile perch and therefore minimize its interaction with prey species. This study examined the low-oxygen tolerance of Nile perch collected from Lake Nabugabo, Uganda, by documenting behavioural and physiological strategies that relate to oxygen uptake. In response to hypoxia, Nile perch used aquatic surface respiration (ASR) at the air–water interface, ventilating their gills with water from the surface. However, several lines of evidence suggest that Nile perch in Lake Nabugabo are inefficient at ASR and relatively intolerant of low oxygen conditions. These include high thresholds for ASR relative to other indigenous fishes of the Lake Victoria basin, no decrease in gill ventilation rate with the onset of ASR, a faster time to loss of equilibrium in hypoxic conditions than other species from the region, and a high critical oxygen tension (24 mm Hg).
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/15627020.2000.11407189","issn":"15627020","usgsCitation":"Schofield, P.J., and Chapman, L.J., 2000, Hypoxia tolerance of introduced Nile perch: Implications for survival of indigenous fishes in the Lake Victoria basin: African Zoology, v. 35, no. 1, p. 35-42, https://doi.org/10.1080/15627020.2000.11407189.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"35","endPage":"42","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233605,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda","otherGeospatial":"Lake Victoria, Lake Victoria Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 32.508544921875,\n 0.36254640877526295\n ],\n [\n 30.344238281249996,\n 0.17578097424708533\n ],\n [\n 30.30029296875,\n -0.12084951976865409\n ],\n [\n 29.70703125,\n -0.6591651462894504\n ],\n [\n 29.68505859375,\n -1.1864386394452024\n ],\n [\n 29.542236328124996,\n -1.5818302639606454\n ],\n [\n 29.564208984375,\n -2.0210651187669897\n ],\n [\n 29.377441406249996,\n -2.471157337748159\n ],\n [\n 29.553222656249996,\n -3.074695072369682\n ],\n [\n 29.959716796875004,\n -3.6449998008920375\n ],\n [\n 30.41015625,\n -3.436658158559079\n ],\n [\n 30.838623046875,\n -3.074695072369682\n ],\n [\n 31.651611328125004,\n -4.039617826768424\n ],\n [\n 32.5634765625,\n -4.291635632570904\n ],\n [\n 32.794189453125,\n -3.9957805129630253\n ],\n [\n 33.387451171875,\n -3.930020157111463\n ],\n [\n 33.804931640625,\n -3.9957805129630253\n ],\n [\n 34.420166015625,\n -4.127285323245357\n ],\n [\n 34.639892578125,\n -3.7107820043487076\n ],\n [\n 35.04638671874999,\n -3.46955730306146\n ],\n [\n 35.35400390625,\n -3.184394492338734\n ],\n [\n 35.5517578125,\n -2.7016350479445204\n ],\n [\n 35.5517578125,\n -2.460181181020993\n ],\n [\n 35.65063476562499,\n -2.1857489471296665\n ],\n [\n 35.859375,\n -2.0320445754194307\n ],\n [\n 36.002197265625,\n -1.7575368113083125\n ],\n [\n 35.9912109375,\n -1.5598658653430082\n ],\n [\n 36.265869140625,\n -1.1754546449158993\n ],\n [\n 35.914306640625,\n -0.39550467153200675\n ],\n [\n 35.595703125,\n 0.15380840901698828\n ],\n [\n 35.61767578125,\n 0.39550467153201946\n ],\n [\n 35.496826171875,\n 0.5712795966325395\n ],\n [\n 35.562744140625,\n 1.0106897682409128\n ],\n [\n 35.364990234375,\n 1.3731595449619909\n ],\n [\n 34.80468749999999,\n 1.2743089918452106\n ],\n [\n 34.541015625,\n 1.142502403706165\n ],\n [\n 34.595947265625,\n 0.6591651462894632\n ],\n [\n 34.464111328125,\n 0.4833927027896987\n ],\n [\n 34.1015625,\n 0.4833927027896987\n ],\n [\n 33.321533203125,\n 0.6371938961998853\n ],\n [\n 33.101806640625,\n 0.615222552406841\n ],\n [\n 32.926025390625,\n 0.3076157096439005\n ],\n [\n 32.508544921875,\n 0.36254640877526295\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"35","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-04-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a37c1e4b0c8380cd61128","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schofield, Pamela J. 0000-0002-8752-2797 pschofield@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8752-2797","contributorId":168659,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schofield","given":"Pamela","email":"pschofield@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":394841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chapman, Lauren J.","contributorId":103517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapman","given":"Lauren","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1002689,"text":"1002689 - 2000 - Fate of oxygen losses from Typha domingensis (Typhaceae) and Cladium jamaicense (Cyperaceae) and consequences for root metabolism","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-18T09:58:21","indexId":"1002689","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":724,"text":"American Journal of Botany","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fate of oxygen losses from Typha domingensis (Typhaceae) and Cladium jamaicense (Cyperaceae) and consequences for root metabolism","docAbstract":"The objective of this work was to determine whether radial oxygen loss (ROL) from roots of Typha domingensis and Cladium jamaicense creates an internal oxygen deficiency or, conversely, indicates adequate internal aeration and leakage of excess oxygen to the rhizosphere. Methylene blue in agar was used to quantify oxygen leakage. Typha's roots had a higher porosity than Cladium's and responded to flooding treatment by increasing cortical air space, particularly near the root tips. A greater oxygen release, which occurred along the subapical root axis, and an increase in rhizosphere redox potential (Eh) over time were associated with the well-developed aerenchyma system in Typha. Typha roots, regardless of oxygen release pattern, showed low or undetectable alcohol dehydrogenage (ADH) activity or ethanol concentrations, indicating that ROL did not cause internal deficiencies. Cladium roots also releases oxygen, but this loss primarily occurred at the root tips and was accompanied by increased root ADH activity and ethanol concentrations. These results support the hypothesis that oxygen release by Cladium is accompanied by internal deficiencies of oxygen sufficient to stimulate alcoholic fermentation and helps explain Cladium's lesser flood tolerance in comparison with Typha.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/2656644","usgsCitation":"Chabbi, A., McKee, K., and Mendelssohn, I., 2000, Fate of oxygen losses from Typha domingensis (Typhaceae) and Cladium jamaicense (Cyperaceae) and consequences for root metabolism: American Journal of Botany, v. 87, no. 8, p. 1081-1090, https://doi.org/10.2307/2656644.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1081","endPage":"1090","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133910,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"87","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fee4b07f02db5f7366","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chabbi, A.","contributorId":71145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chabbi","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKee, K.L. 0000-0001-7042-670X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7042-670X","contributorId":77113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKee","given":"K.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mendelssohn, I.A.","contributorId":24317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mendelssohn","given":"I.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1002690,"text":"1002690 - 2000 - Growth and invasive potential of Sapium sebiferum (Euphorbiaceae) within the coastal prairie region: the effects of soil and moisture regime","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-04T12:32:30","indexId":"1002690","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":724,"text":"American Journal of Botany","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Growth and invasive potential of Sapium sebiferum (Euphorbiaceae) within the coastal prairie region: the effects of soil and moisture regime","docAbstract":"The introduced tree Sapium sebiferum (Euphorbiaceae) is considered a serious threat to the preservation of the coastal prairie region of Louisiana and Texas, although it is currently uncommon in the western part of the region. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential effects of location, soils, and available moisture on the growth and survival of S. sebiferum in coastal prairie. In a field experiment, S. sebiferum mortality was significantly greater at a western site than at central and eastern sites. The greatest mortality and least growth of surviving plants occurred on a soil from the western region, regardless of site. A greenhouse study also found that S. sebiferum growth was lowest on the western soil. Watering frequency significantly affected S. sebiferum growth, except on the western soil. Sapium sebiferum growth responded to both nitrogen and phosphorum additions for all soils. Soil analyses revealed the highest sand, sodium, and phosphorus contents, and much higher electrical conductivity in the western soil. It is concluded that the soil examined from the western region is unfavorable for S. sebiferum growth, though not to the extent to preclude S. sebiferum completely. Evidence suggests that soil salinity may be the primary cause of the poor S. sebiferum growth at the western site.","language":"English","doi":"10.2307/2656646","usgsCitation":"Barrilleaux, T., and Grace, J., 2000, Growth and invasive potential of Sapium sebiferum (Euphorbiaceae) within the coastal prairie region: the effects of soil and moisture regime: American Journal of Botany, v. 87, no. 8, p. 1099-1106, https://doi.org/10.2307/2656646.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1099","endPage":"1106","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133866,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana, Texas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.669921875,\n 30.713503990354965\n ],\n [\n -95.49316406249999,\n 30.6662659463233\n ],\n [\n -96.2841796875,\n 30.06909396443887\n ],\n [\n -98.052978515625,\n 27.586197857692664\n ],\n [\n -97.6025390625,\n 27.15692045688088\n ],\n [\n -97.44873046875,\n 27.771051193172273\n ],\n [\n -94.735107421875,\n 29.458731185355344\n ],\n [\n -91.417236328125,\n 29.773913869992242\n ],\n [\n -91.669921875,\n 30.713503990354965\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"87","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697cdc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barrilleaux, T.C.","contributorId":34482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barrilleaux","given":"T.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grace, J.B. 0000-0001-6374-4726","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6374-4726","contributorId":38938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grace","given":"J.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022852,"text":"70022852 - 2000 - Geochemical evidence for an Eolian sand dam across the North and South Platte rivers in Nebraska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-03T11:49:53","indexId":"70022852","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical evidence for an Eolian sand dam across the North and South Platte rivers in Nebraska","docAbstract":"Geochemical and geomorphic data from dune fields in southwestern Nebraska provide new evidence that the Nebraska Sand Hills once migrated across the North and South Platte rivers and dammed the largest tributary system to the Missouri River. The Lincoln County and Imperial dune fields, which lie downwind of the South Platte River, have compositions intermediate between the Nebraska Sand Hills (quartz-rich) and northeastern Colorado dunes (K-feldspar-rich). The most likely explanation for the intermediate composition is that the Lincoln County and Imperial dunes are derived in part from the Nebraska Sand Hills and in part from the South Platte River. The only mechanism by which the Nebraska Sand Hills could have migrated this far south is by complete infilling of what were probably perennially dry North Platte and South Platte river valleys. Such a series of events would have required an extended drought, both for activation of eolian sand and decreased discharges in the Platte River system. A nearby major tributary of the North Platte River is postulated to have been blocked by eolian sand about 12,000 14C yr B.P. We propose that an eolian sand dam across the Plattes was constructed at about this same time.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/qres.1999.2104","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Muhs, D.R., Swinehart, J.B., Loope, D.B., Been, J., Mahan, S., and Bush, C.A., 2000, Geochemical evidence for an Eolian sand dam across the North and South Platte rivers in Nebraska: Quaternary Research, v. 53, no. 2, p. 214-222, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.1999.2104.","startPage":"214","endPage":"222","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233754,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208200,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1999.2104"}],"volume":"53","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a162de4b0c8380cd55095","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Muhs, Daniel R. 0000-0001-7449-251X dmuhs@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7449-251X","contributorId":1857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muhs","given":"Daniel","email":"dmuhs@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":395148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swinehart, James B.","contributorId":85270,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swinehart","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Loope, David B.","contributorId":59589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loope","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Been, Josh","contributorId":19340,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Been","given":"Josh","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mahan, Shannon 0000-0001-5214-7774 smahan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5214-7774","contributorId":1215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mahan","given":"Shannon","email":"smahan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":395146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bush, Charles A. cbush@usgs.gov","contributorId":1258,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bush","given":"Charles","email":"cbush@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":395147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70022933,"text":"70022933 - 2000 - Detection of tetrabromobisphenol a and formation of brominated 13C-bisphenol A'S in commercial drinking water stored in reusable polycarbonate containers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:39","indexId":"70022933","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":610,"text":"ACS Division of Environmental Chemistry, Preprints","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Detection of tetrabromobisphenol a and formation of brominated 13C-bisphenol A'S in commercial drinking water stored in reusable polycarbonate containers","docAbstract":"[No abstract available]","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"ACS Division of Environmental Chemistry, Preprints","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"conferenceTitle":"219th ACS National Meeting","conferenceDate":"26 March 2000 through 30 March 2000","conferenceLocation":"San Francisco, CA","language":"English","issn":"00933066","usgsCitation":"Peterman, P., Orazio, C., and Gale, R., 2000, Detection of tetrabromobisphenol a and formation of brominated 13C-bisphenol A'S in commercial drinking water stored in reusable polycarbonate containers: ACS Division of Environmental Chemistry, Preprints, v. 40, no. 1, p. 431-433.","startPage":"431","endPage":"433","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233901,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ff79e4b0c8380cd4f1f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peterman, P.H.","contributorId":41659,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterman","given":"P.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Orazio, C.E.","contributorId":68440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orazio","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gale, R.W.","contributorId":81653,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gale","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}