Sequence variation in a 216 bp portion of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II B1 domain was examined in 74 individual lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) from different locations in Lake Superior. Forty-three alleles were obtained which encoded 71-72 amino acids of the mature protein. These sequences were compared with previous data obtained from five Pacific salmon species and Atlantic salmon using the same primers. Although all of the lake trout alleles clustered together in the neighbor-joining analysis of amino acid sequences, one amino acid allelic lineage was shared with Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), a species in another genus which probably diverged from Salvelinus more than 10-20 million years ago. As shown previously in other salmonids, the level of nonsynonymous nucleotide substitution (dN) exceeded the level of synonymous substitution (dS). The level of nucleotide diversity at the MHC class II B1 locus was considerably higher in lake trout than in the Pacific salmon (genus Oncorhynchus). These results are consistent with the hypothesis that lake trout colonized Lake Superior from more than one refuge following the Wisconsin glaciation. Recent population bottlenecks may have reduced nucleotide diversity in Pacific salmon populations.
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A new structural class of mixed valence heteropolytungstates, [(XO4)W3IVW17VIO 62Hx]n-","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-25T14:03:15.726926","indexId":"70022406","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2537,"text":"Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Polyoxometalates from heteropoly \"brown\" precursors. A new structural class of mixed valence heteropolytungstates, [(XO4)WIV3WVI17O62Hx]n-","title":"Polyoxometalates from heteropoly \"brown\" precursors. A new structural class of mixed valence heteropolytungstates, [(XO4)W3IVW17VIO 62Hx]n-","docAbstract":"Reduction of the α-Keggin anion [Xn+O4W12O36][8 − n]− (X = H22+, B3+, Si4+) by six electrons results in the known tungsten “brown” species [Xn+O4(H2O)3WIV3WVI9O33][8 − n]− in which three W atoms have been reduced from WVI to WIV, forming a metal–metal bonded triad. The WIV atoms have terminal water coordinated in place of terminal oxo groups. Additional tungstate can condense onto these water molecules in aqueous solution between pH = 4 and 6.5 to form the species reported here, [(XO4)WIV3WVI17O62Hx]y−. The boron derivative (X = B3+) is more stable than the metatungstate (X = H22+), both of which have been characterized by elemental analysis, 183W NMR and X-ray crystal structure analysis. Eight additional tungstate groups condense in the form of a partial Keggin structure containing two triads and one dyad which is rotated 60° relative to a hypothetical α-isomer.
","language":"English","publisher":"Royal Society of Chemistry","doi":"10.1039/A905539H","issn":"1470479X","usgsCitation":"Dickman, M., Ozeki, T., Evans, H.T., Rong, C., Jameson, G., and Pope, M., 2000, Polyoxometalates from heteropoly \"brown\" precursors. A new structural class of mixed valence heteropolytungstates, [(XO4)W3IVW17VIO 62Hx]n-: Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions, v. 2000, no. 2, p. 149-154, https://doi.org/10.1039/A905539H.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"149","endPage":"154","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230679,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2000","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7d08e4b0c8380cd79cf3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dickman, M.H.","contributorId":18532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickman","given":"M.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ozeki, T.","contributorId":49557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ozeki","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Evans, H. T. Jr.","contributorId":41859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rong, C.","contributorId":15366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rong","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jameson, G.B.","contributorId":14584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jameson","given":"G.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Pope, M.T.","contributorId":78485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pope","given":"M.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70022405,"text":"70022405 - 2000 - Unsaturated‐zone wedge beneath a large, natural lake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-21T14:29:47","indexId":"70022405","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Unsaturated‐zone wedge beneath a large, natural lake","docAbstract":"Lake Belle Taine (480 ha) in north central Minnesota receives on average 76,000 m3 d−1 of water from Little Sand Creek but has no outlet. Water seeps out of the lake, flows through glacial outwash, and discharges into three nearby lakes with stages 13–14 m lower than Belle Taine. Seepage‐meter data indicate water is seeping out of Belle Taine at velocities up to 263 cm d−1 . Hydraulic‐head measurements made in the lake bed indicate the sediments are unsaturated beneath a portion of the lake edge, and a wedge of unsaturated sediments extends beneath the lake bed as much as 20 m from the shoreline. At the shoreline the water table is as much as 6.7 m below the lake surface. Modeling results of a similar hypothetical setting indicate that the horizontal extent of an unsaturated zone beneath a lake depends on (1) the permeability contrast between the outwash and the lake bed, (2) anisotropy, (3) lake bed slope, and (4) thickness of the lower‐permeability lake bed sediments. Although rarely documented, unsaturated sediments beneath a lake may not be extremely uncommon. Similar, much smaller unsaturated‐zone areas also have been observed beneath two other lakes in Minnesota.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000WR900213","usgsCitation":"Rosenberry, D.O., 2000, Unsaturated‐zone wedge beneath a large, natural lake: Water Resources Research, v. 36, no. 12, p. 3401-3409, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000WR900213.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"3401","endPage":"3409","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479310,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2000wr900213","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230678,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Lake Belle Taine","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.94573593139648,\n 46.92365538205043\n ],\n [\n -94.82763290405273,\n 46.92365538205043\n ],\n [\n -94.82763290405273,\n 46.97205360380936\n ],\n [\n -94.94573593139648,\n 46.97205360380936\n ],\n [\n -94.94573593139648,\n 46.92365538205043\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"36","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbcf1e4b08c986b328e61","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rosenberry, Donald O. 0000-0003-0681-5641 rosenber@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0681-5641","contributorId":1312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenberry","given":"Donald","email":"rosenber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":393513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70022423,"text":"70022423 - 2000 - Urban sprawl leaves its PAH signature","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-28T16:39:02.699696","indexId":"70022423","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Urban sprawl leaves its PAH signature","docAbstract":"The increasing vehicle traffic associated with urban sprawl in the United States is frequently linked to degradation of air quality, but its effect on aquatic sediment is less well-recognized. This study evaluates trends in PAHs, a group of contaminants with multiple urban sources, in sediment cores from 10 reservoirs and lakes in six U.S. metropolitan areas. The watersheds chosen represent a range in degree and age of urbanization. Concentrations of PAHs in all 10 reservoirs and lakes increased during the past 20-40 years. PAH contamination of the most recently deposited sediment at all sites exceeded sediment-quality guidelines established by Environment Canada, in some cases by several orders of magnitude. These results add a new chapter to the story told by previous coring studies that reported decreasing concentrations of PAHs after reaching highs in the 1950s. Concurrent with the increase in concentrations is a change in the assemblage of PAHs that indicates the increasing trends are driven by combustion sources. The increase in PAH concentrations tracks closely with increases in automobile use, even in watersheds that have not undergone substantial changes in urban land-use levels since the 1970s.The increasing vehicle traffic associated with urban sprawl in the United States is frequently linked to degradation of air quality, but its effect on aquatic sediment is less well-recognized. This study evaluates trends in PAHs, a group of contaminants with multiple urban sources, in sediment cores from 10 reservoirs and lakes in six U.S. metropolitan areas. The watersheds chosen represent a range in degree and age of urbanization. Concentrations of PAHs in all 10 reservoirs and lakes increased during the past 20-40 years. PAH contamination of the most recently deposited sediment at all sites exceeded sediment-quality guidelines established by Environment Canada, in some cases by several orders of magnitude. These results add a new chapter to the story told by previous coring studies that reported decreasing concentrations of PAHs after reaching highs in the 1950s. Concurrent with the increase in concentrations is a change in the assemblage of PAHs that indicates the increasing trends are driven by combustion sources. The increase in PAH concentrations tracks closely with increases in automobile use, even in watersheds that have not undergone substantial changes in urban land-use levels since the 1970s.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC, United States","doi":"10.1021/es991007n","usgsCitation":"Van Metre, P., Mahler, B., and Furlong, E., 2000, Urban sprawl leaves its PAH signature: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 34, no. 19, p. 4064-4070, https://doi.org/10.1021/es991007n.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"4064","endPage":"4070","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230346,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"19","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-08-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbe13e4b08c986b3293e0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Metre, P. 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T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022424,"text":"70022424 - 2000 - Quantification of the microphytobenthic primary production in european intertidal mudflats - A modelling approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:49","indexId":"70022424","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1333,"text":"Continental Shelf Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quantification of the microphytobenthic primary production in european intertidal mudflats - A modelling approach","docAbstract":"A deterministic model quantifying the dynamics of the microphytobenthic biomass in the first centimeter of the mud was formulated as part of the MAST-III/INTRMUD project. The main modelled processes are production by photosynthesis, active vertical migration of the microphytobenthos and global biomass losses, encompassing grazing, mortality and resuspension during immersion periods. The model emphasizes the role of the interface between mud and air, which is crucial for the production. The microalgal biofilm present at the mud surface during day-time emersion periods induces most of the differences between microphytobenthos and phytoplankton communities dynamics. The study of the mathematical properties of the system, under some simplifying assumptions, shows the convergence of the solutions to a stable cyclic equilibrium, in the whole observed range of the frequencies of the physical synchronizers of the production. Resilience time estimates suggest that microphytobenthic biomass attains an equilibrium rapidly, even after a strong perturbation. Around the equilibrium, the local model solutions agree fairly with the in situ observed dynamics of the total biomass. The sensitivity analysis suggests investigating the processes governing biomass losses, which are so far uncertain, and may further vary in space and time. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Continental Shelf Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0278-4343(00)00047-9","issn":"02784343","usgsCitation":"Guarini, J.-., Blanchard, G.F., and Gros, P., 2000, Quantification of the microphytobenthic primary production in european intertidal mudflats - A modelling approach: Continental Shelf Research, v. 20, no. 12-13, p. 1771-1788, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4343(00)00047-9.","startPage":"1771","endPage":"1788","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206598,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4343(00)00047-9"},{"id":230347,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"12-13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a91b8e4b0c8380cd80409","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Guarini, J. -M.","contributorId":64829,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Guarini","given":"J.","middleInitial":"-M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blanchard, G. 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Sediment in the middle reaches of the rivers is mobilized from bordering terraces and exchanged between channels and flood plains. Sediment in the lower reaches of these great rivers is deposited and stored (permanently, on a millennial time scale) in flood plains. Sediment discharges, already small under natural conditions, are diminished further by large manmade reservoirs that trap significant proportions of the moving solids. The long winter freeze and sudden spring breakup impose a peakedness in seasonal water runoff and sediment discharge that contrasts markedly with that in rivers of the tropics and more temperate climates. Very little sediment from the Ob and Yenisey rivers is being transported to the open waters of the Arctic Ocean under present conditions.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s005310000107","issn":"14373254","usgsCitation":"Meade, R., Bobrovitskaya, N., and Babkin, V., 2000, Suspended-sediment and fresh-water discharges in the Ob and Yenisey rivers, 1960-1988: International Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 89, no. 3, p. 465-469, https://doi.org/10.1007/s005310000107.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"465","endPage":"469","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230646,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Russia","otherGeospatial":"Arctic Ocean, Gulf of Ob, Irtysh River, Ob River, Siberia, Yenisey River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": 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Land use in the basin is mainly agricultural. Spatial variations in pesticide occurrence were evaluated in relation to pesticide application and cropping patterns in three contrasting subbasins and at the mouth of the basin. Temporal variability in pesticide occurrence was evaluated by fixed interval sampling and by sampling across the hydrograph during winter storms. Four herbicides (simazine, metolachlor, dacthal, and EPTC) and two insecticides (diazinon and chlorpyrifos) were detected in more than 50 percent of the samples. Temporal, and to a lesser extent spatial, variation in pesticide occurrence is usually consistent with pesticide application and cropping patterns. Diazinon concentrations changed rapidly during winter storms, and both eastern and western tributaries contributed diazinon to the San Joaquin River at concentrations toxic to the water flea Ceriodaphnia dubia at different times during the hydrograph. During these storms, toxic concentrations resulted from the transport of only a very small portion of the applied diazinon.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Agrochemical fate and movement","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1021/bk-2000-0751.ch020","issn":"00976156","usgsCitation":"Dubrovsky, N.M., Kratzer, C.R., Panshin, S.Y., Gronberg, J.M., and Kuivila, K., 2000, Pesticide transport in the San Joaquin River Basin, in Agrochemical fate and movement, v. 751, p. 306-322, https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-2000-0751.ch020.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"306","endPage":"322","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230587,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Joaquin River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.531005859375,\n 36.328402729422656\n ],\n [\n -119.83886718750001,\n 36.69485094156225\n ],\n [\n -119.36645507812499,\n 36.99816565700228\n ],\n [\n -119.54223632812501,\n 37.33522435930639\n ],\n [\n -119.92675781249999,\n 37.60987994374712\n ],\n [\n -119.9102783203125,\n 37.896530447543\n ],\n [\n -119.90478515625,\n 38.238180119798635\n ],\n [\n -120.25634765624999,\n 38.52668162061619\n ],\n [\n -120.56396484375,\n 38.66835610151506\n ],\n [\n -120.39916992187499,\n 38.8824811975508\n ],\n [\n -120.794677734375,\n 39.049052206453524\n ],\n [\n -121.497802734375,\n 38.59970036588819\n ],\n [\n -122.10205078125,\n 38.53097889440024\n ],\n [\n -122.08007812499999,\n 38.28993659801203\n ],\n [\n -121.77246093750001,\n 37.84883250647402\n ],\n [\n -121.76696777343749,\n 37.74465712069939\n ],\n [\n -121.6845703125,\n 37.63163475580643\n ],\n [\n -121.40991210937499,\n 37.47921744485059\n ],\n [\n -121.19018554687499,\n 37.09900294387622\n ],\n [\n -121.1517333984375,\n 36.76969233214548\n ],\n [\n -120.948486328125,\n 36.76529191711624\n ],\n [\n -120.97595214843749,\n 36.58465761247169\n ],\n [\n -120.531005859375,\n 36.328402729422656\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"751","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-07-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7722e4b0c8380cd78429","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dubrovsky, Neil M. 0000-0001-7786-1149 nmdubrov@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7786-1149","contributorId":1799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dubrovsky","given":"Neil","email":"nmdubrov@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":392313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kratzer, Charles R.","contributorId":30619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kratzer","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":392311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Panshin, Sandra Y.","contributorId":46126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Panshin","given":"Sandra","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gronberg, JoAnn M. 0000-0003-4822-7434 jmgronbe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4822-7434","contributorId":3548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gronberg","given":"JoAnn","email":"jmgronbe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":392314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kuivila, Kathryn M. 0000-0001-7940-489X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7940-489X","contributorId":260408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuivila","given":"Kathryn M.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":392312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70022403,"text":"70022403 - 2000 - The 2000 revision of the joint UK/US geomagnetic field models and an IGRF 2000 candidate model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-26T12:32:46","indexId":"70022403","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1430,"text":"Earth, Planets and Space","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The 2000 revision of the joint UK/US geomagnetic field models and an IGRF 2000 candidate model","docAbstract":"The method of derivation of the joint UK/US spherical harmonic geomagnetic main-field and secular-variation models is presented. Early versions of these models, with the main field truncated at degree 10, are the UK/US candidates for the IGRF 2000 model. The main-field model describes the Earth’s magnetic field at the 2000.0 epoch, while the secular-variation model predicts the evolution of this field between 2000.0 and 2005.0. A revised 1995.0 main-field model was also generated. Regional models for the continental US, Alaska and Hawaii were also produced as a by-product of the UK/US global modelling effort.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1186/BF03352345","issn":"13438832","usgsCitation":"Macmillan, S., and Quinn, J., 2000, The 2000 revision of the joint UK/US geomagnetic field models and an IGRF 2000 candidate model: Earth, Planets and Space, v. 52, no. 12, p. 1149-1162, https://doi.org/10.1186/BF03352345.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1149","endPage":"1162","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":489201,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/bf03352345","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230645,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-06-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba644e4b08c986b320fe4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Macmillan, S.","contributorId":18522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Macmillan","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Quinn, J.M.","contributorId":48591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quinn","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022402,"text":"70022402 - 2000 - Topography and Stratigraphy of the Northern Martian Polar Layered Deposits Using Photoclinometry, Stereogrammetry, and MOLA Altimetry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-29T16:07:13","indexId":"70022402","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Topography and Stratigraphy of the Northern Martian Polar Layered Deposits Using Photoclinometry, Stereogrammetry, and MOLA Altimetry","docAbstract":"We present two photoclinometric profiles across a trough in the martian northern polar layered terrain. Complications caused by albedo variations were avoided by using an early springtime Viking image with a thin cover of seasonal CO2 frost. The topographic profiles were constrained with stereogrammetric elevations derived from summertime Viking images of the same region.
We find that the photoclinometric profiles are consistent with a nearby MOLA (Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter) track crossing the same polar trough. The trough is asymmetric, with higher relief and a steeper slope on the equatorward-facing wall. Individual layers are subdued and difficult to observe in the profiles. A decrease in both relief and elevation toward the eastern end of the trough suggests that layers become thinner to the east. Declining equatorward slopes in the eastern portion of the trough imply that erosion rates have varied along the trough. The variation in erosion rate may be linked to the change in layer thickness along the trough.
Layers have an average thickness of 19±8 m in the center of the trough and 59±32 m on the northern wall. The northern wall is most likely composed of thinner layers that are obscured. To first order, we find that a 19-m layer requires 16,000 years of deposition to form. Although this timescale does not coincide with orbital variation periods of 105 and 106 years, deposition rates may not be constant and thus the 16,000-year layer formation time does not preclude layer formation during part of each orbital oscillation.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Icarus","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1006/icar.2000.6459","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Fenton, L.K., and Herkenhoff, K.E., 2000, Topography and Stratigraphy of the Northern Martian Polar Layered Deposits Using Photoclinometry, Stereogrammetry, and MOLA Altimetry: Icarus, v. 147, no. 2, p. 433-443, https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.2000.6459.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"433","endPage":"443","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230644,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"147","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb4e7e4b08c986b3265f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fenton, Lori K.","contributorId":208682,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fenton","given":"Lori","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":37319,"text":"SETI Institute","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":393507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Herkenhoff, Kenneth E. 0000-0002-3153-6663 kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3153-6663","contributorId":2275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herkenhoff","given":"Kenneth","email":"kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":393506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022083,"text":"70022083 - 2000 - Kelp forest fish populations in marine reserves and adjacent exploited areas of central California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-04T21:37:14.503481","indexId":"70022083","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Kelp forest fish populations in marine reserves and adjacent exploited areas of central California","docAbstract":"Population structure (density and size distribution) of 10 species of epibenthic kelp forest fishes was compared between three marine reserves and adjacent exploited areas in central California. We also contrasted substrate relief, algal turf cover, and kelp population density among these areas. Densities of fishes were 12–35% greater within the reserves, but this difference was not statistically significant. Habitat features explained only 4% of the variation in fish density and did not vary consistently between reserves and nonreserves. The average length of rockfish (genus Sebastes) was significantly greater in two of the three reserve sites, as was the proportion of larger fish. Population density and size differences combined to produce substantially greater biomass and, therefore, greater reproductive potential per unit of area within the reserves. The magnitude of these effects seems to be influenced by the reserve's age. Our findings demonstrate that current levels of fishing pressure influence kelp forest rockfish populations and suggest that this effect is widespread in central California. Existing marine reserves in central California kelp forests may help sustain exploited populations both through adult emigration and larval pool augmentation. The magnitude of these effects remains uncertain, however, because the spatial scale of both larval and adult dispersal relative to the size of existing reserves is unknown.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[0855:KFFPIM]2.0.CO;2","issn":"10510761","usgsCitation":"Paddack, M., and Estes, J.A., 2000, Kelp forest fish populations in marine reserves and adjacent exploited areas of central California: Ecological Applications, v. 10, no. 3, p. 855-870, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[0855:KFFPIM]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"855","endPage":"870","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230516,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Big Creek Marine Ecological Reserve, Hopkins Marine Life Refuge, Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, Point Lobos State and Ecological Reserve","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.398681640625,\n 36.23984280222428\n ],\n [\n -121.497802734375,\n 36.23984280222428\n ],\n [\n -121.497802734375,\n 37.16031654673677\n ],\n [\n -122.398681640625,\n 37.16031654673677\n ],\n [\n -122.398681640625,\n 36.23984280222428\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a406ee4b0c8380cd64d67","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paddack, M.J.","contributorId":21894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paddack","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Estes, J. A.","contributorId":53319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estes","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022399,"text":"70022399 - 2000 - Restoration of biogeochemical function in mangrove forests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:42","indexId":"70022399","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3271,"text":"Restoration Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Restoration of biogeochemical function in mangrove forests","docAbstract":"Forest structure of mangrove restoration sites (6 and 14 years old) at two locations (Henderson Creek [HC] and Windstar [WS]) in southwest Florida differed from that of mixed-basin forests (>50 years old) with which they were once contiguous. However, the younger site (HC) was typical of natural, developing forests, whereas the older site (WS) was less well developed with low structural complexity. More stressful physicochemical conditions resulting from incomplete tidal flushing (elevated salinity) and variable topography (waterlogging) apparently affected plant survival and growth at the WS restoration site. Lower leaf fall and root production rates at the WS restoration site, compared with that at HC were partly attributable to differences in hydroedaphic conditions and structural development. However, leaf and root inputs at each restoration site were not significantly different from that in reference forests within the same physiographic setting. Macrofaunal consumption of tethered leaves also did not differ with site history, but was dramatically higher at HC compared with WS, reflecting local variation in leaf litter processing rates, primarily by snails (Melampus coffeus). Degradation of leaves and roots in mesh bags was slow overall at restoration sites, however, particularly at WS where aerobic decomposition may have been more limited. These findings indicate that local or regional factors such as salinity regime act together with site history to control primary production and turnover rates of organic matter in restoration sites. Species differences in senescent leaf nitrogen content and degradation rates further suggest that restoration sites dominated by Laguncularia racemosa and Rhizophora mangle should exhibit slower recycling of nutrients compared with natural basin forests where Avicennia germinans is more abundant. Structural development and biogeochemical functioning of restored mangrove forests thus depend on a number of factors, but site-specific as well as regional or local differences in hydrology and concomitant factors such as salinity and soil waterlogging will have a strong influence over the outcome of restoration projects.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Restoration Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1046/j.1526-100X.2000.80036.x","issn":"10612971","usgsCitation":"McKee, K., and Faulkner, P., 2000, Restoration of biogeochemical function in mangrove forests: Restoration Ecology, v. 8, no. 3, p. 247-259, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100X.2000.80036.x.","startPage":"247","endPage":"259","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206710,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100X.2000.80036.x"},{"id":230609,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-12-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaac6e4b0c8380cd8650c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKee, K.L. 0000-0001-7042-670X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7042-670X","contributorId":77113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKee","given":"K.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Faulkner, P.L.","contributorId":89688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faulkner","given":"P.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022398,"text":"70022398 - 2000 - Relations of habitat-specific algal assemblages to land use and water chemistry in the Willamette Basin, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:42","indexId":"70022398","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Relations of habitat-specific algal assemblages to land use and water chemistry in the Willamette Basin, Oregon","docAbstract":"Benthic algal assemblages, water chemistry, and habitat were characterized at 25 stream sites in the Willamette Basin, Oregon, during low flow in 1994. Seventy-three algal samples yielded 420 taxa - Mostly diatoms, blue-green algae, and green algae. Algal assemblages from depositional samples were strongly dominated by diatoms (76% mean relative abundance), whereas erosional samples were dominated by blue-green algae (68% mean relative abundance). Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) of semiquantitative and qualitative (presence/absence) data sets identified four environmental variables (maximum specific conductance, % open canopy, pH, and drainage area) that were significant in describing patterns of algal taxa among sites. Based on CCA, four groups of sites were identified: Streams in forested basins that supported oligotrophic taxa, such as Diatoma mesodon; small streams in agricultural and urban basins that contained a variety of eutrophic and nitrogen-heterotrophic algal taxa; larger rivers draining areas of mixed land use that supported planktonic, eutrophic, and nitrogen-heterotrophic algal taxa; and streams with severely degraded or absent riparian vegetation (> 75% open canopy) that were dominated by other planktonic, eutrophic, and nitrogen-heterotrophic algal taxa. Patterns in water chemistry were consistent with the algal autecological interpretations and clearly demonstrated relationships between land use, water quality, and algal distribution patterns.","largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1023/A:1006460802772","issn":"01676369","usgsCitation":"Carpenter, K., and Waite, I., 2000, Relations of habitat-specific algal assemblages to land use and water chemistry in the Willamette Basin, Oregon, in Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 64, no. 1, p. 247-257, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006460802772.","startPage":"247","endPage":"257","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206694,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006460802772"},{"id":230573,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"64","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a716e4b0e8fec6cdc383","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carpenter, K.D.","contributorId":97274,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carpenter","given":"K.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Waite, I.R.","contributorId":41039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waite","given":"I.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022397,"text":"70022397 - 2000 - Stratigraphic and climatic implications of clay mineral changes around the Paleocene/Eocene boundary of the northeastern US margin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-10-29T15:43:25","indexId":"70022397","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3368,"text":"Sedimentary Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stratigraphic and climatic implications of clay mineral changes around the Paleocene/Eocene boundary of the northeastern US margin","docAbstract":"Kaolinite usually is present in relatively small amounts in most upper Paleocene and lower Eocene neritic deposits of the northern US Atlantic Coastal Plain. However, there is a short period (less than 200,000 k.y.) in the latest Paleocene (upper part of calcareous nannoplankton Zone NP 9) when kaolinite-dominated clay mineral suites replaced the usual illite/smectite-dominated suites. During this time of global biotic and lithologic changes, kaolinite increased from less than 5% of the clay mineral suite to peak proportions of 50-60% of the suite and then returned to less than 5% in uppermost Paleocene/lowermost Eocene strata. This kaolinite pulse is present at numerous localities from southern Virginia to New Jersey. These sites represent both inner and middle neritic depositional environments and reflect input from several river drainage systems. Thus, it is inferred that kaolinite-rich source areas were widespread in the northeastern US during the latest Paleocene. Erosion of these source areas contributed the kaolinite that was transported and widely dispersed into shelf environments of the Salisbury embayment. The kaolinite increase, which occurred during a time of relatively high sea level, probably is the result of intensified weathering due to increased temperature and precipitation. The southern extent of the kaolinite pulse is uncertain in that uppermost Paleocene beds have not been identified in the southern Atlantic Coastal Plain. The late Paleocene kaolinite pulse that consists of an increase to peak kaolinite levels followed by a decrease can be used for detailed correlation between more upbasin and more downbasin sections in the Salisbury embayment. Correlations show that more upbasin Paleocene/Eocene boundary sections are erosionally truncated. They have varying portions of the kaolinite increase and, if present at all, discontinuous portions of the subsequent kaolinite decrease. As these truncated sections are disconformably overlain by lower Eocene strata, rapid erosional removal of large parts of the most kaolinite-rich P/E boundary clay deposits occurred by early Eocene time. Erosion of the kaolinite-rich P/E boundary beds was enhanced during times of sea-level fall when kaolinite-rich sediments were redeposited to produce kaolinite spikes in basal beds of lower and middle Eocene sequences that have little or no kaolinite elsewhere in the sequence. In contrast, more downbasin sites document only the upper, decreasing part of the kaolinite pulse. The absence of strata documenting the earlier kaolinite increase is attributed to slow sedimentation (condensed interval) as a result of a significant sea level rise that ponded most sediments in shallower waters, combined with the probable subsequent erosional removal of these thin downbasin deposits by oceanic currents.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Sedimentary Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0037-0738(00)00014-2","issn":"00370738","usgsCitation":"Gibson, T., Bybell, L., and Mason, D., 2000, Stratigraphic and climatic implications of clay mineral changes around the Paleocene/Eocene boundary of the northeastern US margin: Sedimentary Geology, v. 134, no. 1-2, p. 65-92, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0037-0738(00)00014-2.","startPage":"65","endPage":"92","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206693,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0037-0738(00)00014-2"},{"id":230572,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"134","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b98c5e4b08c986b31c12d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gibson, T. G.","contributorId":103702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gibson","given":"T. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bybell, L.M. 0000-0002-4760-7542","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4760-7542","contributorId":11220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bybell","given":"L.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mason, D.B.","contributorId":61984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mason","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022390,"text":"70022390 - 2000 - Influence of a nonionic surfactant (Triton X-100) on contaminant distribution between water and several soil solids","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-10T10:55:25","indexId":"70022390","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2222,"text":"Journal of Colloid and Interface Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of a nonionic surfactant (Triton X-100) on contaminant distribution between water and several soil solids","docAbstract":"The influence of a nonionic surfactant (Triton X-100) on the contaminant distribution coefficients in solid–water mixtures was determined for a number of relatively nonpolar compounds (contaminants) on several natural solids. The studied compounds consisted of BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and p-xylene) and chlorinated pesticides (lindane, α-BHC, and heptachlor epoxide), which span several orders of magnitude in water solubility (Sw); the solid samples comprised a bentonite, a peat, and two other soils, which cover a wide range of solid organic matter (SOM) content. The applied surfactant concentrations (X) ranged from below the (nominal) CMC to 2–3 times the CMC. For relatively water-soluble BTEX compounds, the distribution coefficients with surfactant (Kd*) all exceeded those without surfactant (Kd); the Kd*/Kd ratios increased with increasing Swfrom p-xylene to benzene on each solid at a given X, with increasing X for each compound on a solid, and with decreasing solid SOM content for each compound over the range of X studied. For the less-soluble pesticides, the Kd*/Kdratios exhibited a large increase with X for bentonite, a marginal change (increase or decrease) for a soil of 2.4% SOM, and a moderate-to-large decrease for two soils of 14.8% and 86.4% SOM. These unique observations were rationalized in terms of the properties of the compound, the amount of surfactant sorbed on the solid, the enhanced solubilization of the compound by surfactant in water, and the relative effects of the surfactant when adsorbed on minerals and when partitioned into SOM.
In Potamocorbula amurensis time for development to the straight-hinge larval stage is 48 hr at 15°C. Potamocorbula amurensis settles at a shell length of approximately 135 um 17 to 19 days after fertilization. Our observations of timing of larval development in P. amurensis support the hypothesis of earlier workers that its route of initial introduction to San Francisco Bay was as ve1iger larvae transported in ballast water by trans-Pacific cargo ships. The length of the larval period of P. amurensis relative to water mass residence times in San Francisco Bay suggests that it is sufficient to allow substantial dispersal from North Bay to South Bay populations in concordance with previous observations that genetic differentiation among populations of P. amurensis in San Francisco Bay is low. Potamocorbula amurensis is markedly euryhaline at all stages of development. Spawning and fertilization can occur at salinities from 5 to 25 psu, and eggs and sperm can each tolerate at least a lO-psu step increase or decrease in salinity. Embyros that are 2 hr old can tolerate salinities from 10 to 30 psu, and by the time they are 24 hr old they can tolerate the same range of salinities (2 to 30 psu) that adult clams can. The ability of P. amurensis larvae to tolerate substantial step changes in salinity suggests a strong potential to survive incomplete oceanic exchanges of ballast water and subsequent discharge into receiving waters across a broad range of salinities.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of Hawai'i Press","issn":"00308870","usgsCitation":"Nicolini, M., and Penry, D., 2000, Spawning, fertilization, and larval development of Potamocorbula amurensis (Mollusca: Bivalvia) from San Francisco Bay, California: Pacific Science, v. 54, no. 4, p. 377-388.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"377","endPage":"388","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":405254,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10125/1663"},{"id":230776,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"San Francisco","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.101806640625,\n 37.29590550406618\n ],\n [\n -121.22314453124999,\n 37.29590550406618\n ],\n [\n -121.22314453124999,\n 38.298559092254344\n ],\n [\n -123.101806640625,\n 38.298559092254344\n ],\n [\n -123.101806640625,\n 37.29590550406618\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"54","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b94dae4b08c986b31ac8a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nicolini, M.H.","contributorId":16609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nicolini","given":"M.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Penry, D.L.","contributorId":45857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Penry","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022099,"text":"70022099 - 2000 - The crystal structure of tetranatrolite from Mont Saint-Hilaire, Quebec, and its chemical and structural relationship to paranatrolite and gonnardite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:45","indexId":"70022099","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":738,"text":"American Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The crystal structure of tetranatrolite from Mont Saint-Hilaire, Quebec, and its chemical and structural relationship to paranatrolite and gonnardite","docAbstract":"The structure of tetranatrolite from Mont Saint-Hilaire, Quebec (U.S. National Museum sample R1830) with a = 13.197(7) A, c = 6.630(9) A, and space group I42d, was refined using single-crystal X-ray data. A representative formula of tetranatrolite determined from electron microprobe analysis is Na12.50K0.01Ca2.93Sr0.11Al19.09 Si20.91O79.74??nH2O. The structure has the basic natrolite Si-Al-O framework configuration with Na, Ca, Sr, and K residing within inter-framework cages. Aluminum is disordered over the T1 and T2 tetrahedral sites, with T2 > T1. Water molecules O4 and O5 coordinate the intercage atoms and have high displacement parameters, indicating disorder within the cages. The Mont Saint-Hilaire tetranatrolite structure is compared to four previously determined structures, two tetranatrolite samples from Khibiny and Lovozero, Russia and two \"gonnardite\" samples from Tvedalen, Norway and Gignat, France. Observations are given to indicate that the Norwegian sample deduced to be tetranatrolite rather than gonnardite. Although the crystal structures of tetranatrolite and gonnardite are very similar, it is shown that the tetranatrolite compositions differ significantly from those of gonnardite. The tetranatrolite composition series varies along the join Na16Al16Si24O80-Na12 Ca4Al20Si20O80, and is represented by the formula Na16-xCaxAl16+xSi24-x O80??nH2O, where x extends from approximately 2.4 to 3.9. In contrast, gonnardites from Arkansas and Austria have compositions that vary along the join Na16Al16Si24O80-Na4 Ca8Al20Si20O80, which are represented by the formula ???xNa16-3xCa2xAl16+x Si24-xO80??nH2O and where ??? indicates vacant intercage cation sites and x varies from approximately 0.3 to 3.2. Tetranatrolite is a dehydration product of paranatrolite and probably does not have a true stability field.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Mineralogist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0003004X","usgsCitation":"Evans, H.T., Konnert, J., and Ross, M., 2000, The crystal structure of tetranatrolite from Mont Saint-Hilaire, Quebec, and its chemical and structural relationship to paranatrolite and gonnardite: American Mineralogist, v. 85, no. 11-12, p. 1808-1815.","startPage":"1808","endPage":"1815","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230777,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"85","issue":"11-12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baa77e4b08c986b322849","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Evans, H. T. Jr.","contributorId":41859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Konnert, J.A.","contributorId":17640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konnert","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ross, M.","contributorId":8026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022081,"text":"70022081 - 2000 - Facies patterns and conodont biogeography in Arctic Alaska and the Canadian Arctic Islands: Evidence against juxtaposition of these areas during early Paleozoic time","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-16T16:52:27.381337","indexId":"70022081","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3097,"text":"Polarforschung","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Facies patterns and conodont biogeography in Arctic Alaska and the Canadian Arctic Islands: Evidence against juxtaposition of these areas during early Paleozoic time","docAbstract":"Differences in lithofacies and biofacies suggest that lower Paleozoic rocks now exposed in Arctic Alaska and the Canadian Arctic Islands did not form as part of a single depositional system. Lithologic contrasts are noted in shallow- and deep-water strata and are especially marked in Ordovician and Silurian rocks. A widespread intraplatform basin of Early and Middle Ordovician age in northern Alaska has no counterpart in the Canadian Arctic, and the regional drowning and backstepping of the Silurian shelf margin in Canada has no known parallel in northern Alaska. Lower Paleozoic basinal facies in northern Alaska are chiefly siliciclastic, whereas resedimented carbonates are volumetrically important in Canada. Micro- and macrofossil assemblages from northern Alaska contain elements typical of both Siberian and Laurentian biotic provinces; coeval Canadian Arctic assemblages contain Laurentian forms but lack Siberian species. Siberian affinities in northern Alaskan biotas persist from at least Middle Cambrian through Mississippian time and appear to decrease in intensity from present-day west to east. Our lithologic and biogeographic data are most compatible with the hypothesis that northern Alaska-Chukotka formed a discrete tectonic block situated between Siberia and Laurentia in early Paleozoic time. If Arctic Alaska was juxtaposed with the Canadian Arctic prior to opening of the Canada basin, biotic constraints suggest that such juxtaposition took place no earlier than late Paleozoic time.","language":"English","publisher":"Copernicus Publishing","doi":"10.2312/polarforschung.68.257","issn":"00322490","usgsCitation":"Dumoulin, J.A., Harris, A., Bradley, D.C., and De Freitas, T.A., 2000, Facies patterns and conodont biogeography in Arctic Alaska and the Canadian Arctic Islands: Evidence against juxtaposition of these areas during early Paleozoic time: Polarforschung, v. 68, no. 1-3, p. 257-266, https://doi.org/10.2312/polarforschung.68.257.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"257","endPage":"266","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230514,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Arctic","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -164.53125,\n 68.39918004344189\n ],\n [\n -156.796875,\n 69.65708627301174\n ],\n [\n -133.2421875,\n 66.93006025862448\n ],\n [\n -93.8671875,\n 66.37275500247455\n ],\n [\n -78.3984375,\n 59.88893689676585\n ],\n [\n -62.9296875,\n 61.938950426660604\n ],\n [\n -59.4140625,\n 67.06743335108298\n ],\n [\n -75.9375,\n 74.49641311694307\n ],\n [\n -74.1796875,\n 78.63000556774836\n ],\n [\n -60.46875,\n 82.40242347938855\n ],\n [\n -65.0390625,\n 83.27770503961696\n ],\n [\n -77.34374999999999,\n 83.52016238353205\n ],\n [\n -93.515625,\n 82.1183836069127\n ],\n [\n -107.22656249999999,\n 79.74993207509453\n ],\n [\n -114.60937499999999,\n 79.10508621944108\n ],\n [\n -126.21093749999999,\n 76.9999351181161\n ],\n [\n -131.1328125,\n 71.85622888185527\n ],\n [\n -137.109375,\n 70.49557354093136\n ],\n [\n -157.1484375,\n 72.39570570653261\n ],\n [\n -166.640625,\n 70.8446726342528\n ],\n [\n -164.53125,\n 68.39918004344189\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"68","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0e8de4b0c8380cd534ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dumoulin, Julie A. 0000-0003-1754-1287 dumoulin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1754-1287","contributorId":203209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dumoulin","given":"Julie","email":"dumoulin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":392299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harris, A. G.","contributorId":39791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"A. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bradley, D. C.","contributorId":17634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"De Freitas, T. A.","contributorId":40077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"De Freitas","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70022430,"text":"70022430 - 2000 - A modern earth narrative: What will be the fate of the biosphere?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-15T17:36:47","indexId":"70022430","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3522,"text":"Technology in Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A modern earth narrative: What will be the fate of the biosphere?","docAbstract":"The modern Earth Narrative is the scientific description of the natural and human history of the Earth, and it is based on two fundamental concepts: Deep (or Geologic) Time and Biological Evolution. Changes in the Earth's biosphere and geosphere are discussed from the perspective of natural variability and impacts of the rapid increase in the human population. The failure of humans to comprehend and understand the Earth Narrative, especially the place of humans in it, presages dire consequences for the Earth's biosphere. The actions humans take, individually and collectively, during the 21st century will likely determine the fate of many millions of species, including our own. It is argued that we must quickly establish an Earth System-based conservation ethic that has the objective of complete preservation of the Earth's biotic inheritance. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Technology in Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0160-791X(00)00012-9","issn":"0160791X","usgsCitation":"Williams, R., 2000, A modern earth narrative: What will be the fate of the biosphere?: Technology in Society, v. 22, no. 3, p. 303-339, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-791X(00)00012-9.","startPage":"303","endPage":"339","numberOfPages":"37","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230425,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206634,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0160-791X(00)00012-9"}],"volume":"22","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e483e4b0c8380cd466a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, R.S.","contributorId":19189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"R.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70022431,"text":"70022431 - 2000 - Constraints on a plume in the mid-mantle beneath the Iceland region from seismic array data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:43","indexId":"70022431","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1803,"text":"Geophysical Journal International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Constraints on a plume in the mid-mantle beneath the Iceland region from seismic array data","docAbstract":"Teleseismic P waves passing through low-wave-speed bodies in the mantle are refracted, causing anomalies in their propagation directions that can be measured by seismometer arrays. Waves from earthquakes in the eastern Pacific and western North America arriving at the NORSAR array in Norway and at seismic stations in Scotland pass beneath the Iceland region at depths of ~ 1000-2000 km. Waves arriving at NORSAR have anomalous arrival azimuths consistent with a low-wave-speed body at a depth of ~ 1500 km beneath the Iceland-Faeroe ridge with a maximum diameter of ~ 250 km and a maximum wave-speed contrast of ~ 1.5 per cent. This agrees well with whole-mantle tomography results, which image a low-wave-speed body at this location with a diameter of ~ 500 km and a wave-speed anomaly of ~ 0.5 per cent, bearing in mind that whole-mantle tomography, because of its limited resolution, broadens and weakens small anomalies. The observations cannot resolve the location of the body, and the anomaly could be caused in whole or in part by larger bodies farther away, for example by a body imaged beneath Greenland by whole-mantle tomography.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Journal International","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-246X.2000.00221.x","issn":"0956540X","usgsCitation":"Pritchard, M., Foulger, G., Julian, B., and Fyen, J., 2000, Constraints on a plume in the mid-mantle beneath the Iceland region from seismic array data: Geophysical Journal International, v. 143, no. 1, p. 119-128, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246X.2000.00221.x.","startPage":"119","endPage":"128","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479344,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246x.2000.00221.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":206650,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246X.2000.00221.x"},{"id":230459,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"143","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa0ae4b0c8380cd4d8c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pritchard, M.J.","contributorId":102656,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pritchard","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Foulger, G.R.","contributorId":14439,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Foulger","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Julian, B.R.","contributorId":101272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Julian","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fyen, J.","contributorId":100570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fyen","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70022434,"text":"70022434 - 2000 - Non-indigenous bamboo along headwater streams of the Luquillo Mountains, Puerto Rico: Leaf fall, aquatic leaf decay and patterns of invasion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:43","indexId":"70022434","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2487,"text":"Journal of Tropical Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Non-indigenous bamboo along headwater streams of the Luquillo Mountains, Puerto Rico: Leaf fall, aquatic leaf decay and patterns of invasion","docAbstract":"The introduction of bamboo to montane rain forests of the Luquillo Mountains, Puerto Rico in the 1930s and 1940s has led to present-day bamboo monocultures in numerous riparian areas. When a non-native species invades a riparian ecosystem, in-stream detritivores can be affected. Bamboo dynamics expected to influence stream communities in the Luquillo Experimental Forest (LEF) were examined. Based on current distributions, bamboo has spread down-stream at a rate of 8 m y-1. Mean growth rate of bamboo culms was 15.3 cm d-1. Leaf fall from bamboo stands exceeded that of native mixed-species forest by c. 30% over a 10-mo study. Bamboo leaves (k = -0.021), and leaves from another abundant riparian exotic, Syzygium jambos (Myrtaceae) (k = -0.018), decayed at relatively slow rates when submerged in streams in fine-mesh bags which excluded macro-invertebrate leaf processors. In a second study, with leaf processors present, bamboo decay rates remained unchanged (k = -0.021), while decay rates of S. jambos increased (k = -0.037). Elemental losses from bamboo leaves in streams were rapid, further suggesting a change in riparian zone/stream dynamics following bamboo invasion. As non-indigenous bamboos spread along Puerto Rico streams, they are likely to alter aquatic communities dependent on leaf input.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Tropical Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1017/S0266467400001541","issn":"02664674","usgsCitation":"O’Connor, P.J., Covich, A., Scatena, F., and Loope, L., 2000, Non-indigenous bamboo along headwater streams of the Luquillo Mountains, Puerto Rico: Leaf fall, aquatic leaf decay and patterns of invasion: Journal of Tropical Ecology, v. 16, no. 4, p. 499-516, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467400001541.","startPage":"499","endPage":"516","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479238,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://repository.upenn.edu/ees_papers/43","text":"External Repository"},{"id":206665,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0266467400001541"},{"id":230498,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-11-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6748e4b0c8380cd73266","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O’Connor, P. J.","contributorId":107567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Connor","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Covich, A.P.","contributorId":14965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Covich","given":"A.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Scatena, F.N.","contributorId":44766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scatena","given":"F.N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Loope, L.L.","contributorId":43126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loope","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70022100,"text":"70022100 - 2000 - Home range and diet of feral cats in Hawaii forests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-20T15:46:56.553367","indexId":"70022100","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2984,"text":"Pacific Conservation Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Home range and diet of feral cats in Hawaii forests","docAbstract":"Feral cat Felis catus home range in a Hawaiian montane wet forest and their diet in three habitats - montane wet forest, subalpine dry forest, and lowland dry forest ? were determined to provide baseline ecological data and to assess potential impacts to native terrestrial fauna. Seven cats (three males and four females) were captured in 624 trap nights. Mean weight of adult cats was 2.85 ± 0.27 (SE) kg for males and 1.87 ± 0.03 kg for females. Mean diurnal home range using the adaptive kernel method was 5.74 ± 2.73 km2 for three males and 2.23 ± 0.44 km2 for two females. Daytime locations were always within the montane wet forest with the borders on one or more sides of the home ranges of all cats defined by open grassland pastures. Rodents comprised the majority of the cat diets in all three habitats, with the frequencies of occurrence between 0.88 and 0.91. Bird remains were a regular component of the diet of cats, with montane wet forest having the highest frequency of occurrence (0.68), followed by subalpine dry forest (0.53). and lowland dry forest (0.21).
","language":"English","publisher":"CSIRO","doi":"10.1071/PC000229","issn":"10382097","usgsCitation":"Smucker, T., Lindsey, G., and Mosher, S., 2000, Home range and diet of feral cats in Hawaii forests: Pacific Conservation Biology, v. 6, no. 3, p. 229-237, https://doi.org/10.1071/PC000229.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"229","endPage":"237","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":5049,"text":"Pacific Islands Ecosys Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230778,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a31fee4b0c8380cd5e420","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smucker, T.D.","contributorId":32404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smucker","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lindsey, G.D.","contributorId":75648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindsey","given":"G.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mosher, S.M.","contributorId":81668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mosher","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022108,"text":"70022108 - 2000 - Coordinated strike-slip and normal faulting in the Southern Ozark dome of Northern Arkansas: Deformation in a late Paleozoic foreland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-21T16:38:06.303947","indexId":"70022108","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coordinated strike-slip and normal faulting in the Southern Ozark dome of Northern Arkansas: Deformation in a late Paleozoic foreland","docAbstract":"Structures that formed on the southern flank of the Ozark dome, in the foreland of the late Paleozoic Ouachita orogeny, have received little modern study. New mapping of the western Buffalo River region of northern Arkansas identifies diversely oriented faults and monoclinal folds that displace the generally flat lying Mississippian Boone Formation over a 180 m elevation range. Kinematic measurements and spatial relations reveal the presence of both east-striking normal faults and broader northeast-striking dextral strike-slip fault zones that acted in a coordinated fashion to accommodate constrictional strain, in which north-south extension was balanced by vertical and east-directed shortening. North-south extension in the Buffalo River region probably reflects Pennsylvanian-Early Permian deformation within the flexural forebulge of the developing Ouachita orogeny, which closed progressively westward along the southern margin of the craton.","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<511:CSANFI>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Hudson, M., 2000, Coordinated strike-slip and normal faulting in the Southern Ozark dome of Northern Arkansas: Deformation in a late Paleozoic foreland: Geology, v. 28, no. 6, p. 511-514, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<511:CSANFI>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"511","endPage":"514","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230283,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas","otherGeospatial":"Ozark dome, Ozark Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.63623046875,\n 36.518465989675875\n ],\n [\n -94.449462890625,\n 35.45172093634465\n ],\n [\n -92.16430664062499,\n 35.44277092585766\n ],\n [\n -92.120361328125,\n 36.50963615733049\n ],\n [\n -94.63623046875,\n 36.518465989675875\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"28","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fbece4b0c8380cd4e037","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hudson, M.R.","contributorId":68317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudson","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70022109,"text":"70022109 - 2000 - Probability of rupture of multiple fault segments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:52","indexId":"70022109","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Probability of rupture of multiple fault segments","docAbstract":"Fault segments identified from geologic and historic evidence have sometimes been adopted as features limiting the likely extends of earthquake ruptures. There is no doubt that individual segments can sometimes join together to produce larger earthquakes. This work is a trial of an objective method to determine the probability of multisegment ruptures. The frequency of occurrence of events on all conjectured combinations of adjacent segments in northern California is found by fitting to both geologic slip rates and to an assumed distribution of event sizes for the region as a whole. Uncertainty in the shape of the distribution near the maximum magnitude has a large effect on the solution. Frequencies of individual events cannot be determined, but it is possible to find a set of frequencies to fit a model closely. A robust conclusion for the San Francisco Bay region is that large multisegment events occur on the San Andreas and San Gregorio faults, but single-segment events predominate on the extended Hayward and Calaveras strands of segments.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1785/0119990163","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Andrews, D., and Schwerer, E., 2000, Probability of rupture of multiple fault segments: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 90, no. 6, p. 1498-1506, https://doi.org/10.1785/0119990163.","startPage":"1498","endPage":"1506","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206579,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0119990163"},{"id":230284,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8cb9e4b0c8380cd7e859","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andrews, D.J.","contributorId":7416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schwerer, E.","contributorId":67684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwerer","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022413,"text":"70022413 - 2000 - Walnut creek watershed monitoring project, Iowa: Monitoring water quality in response to prairie restoration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-25T15:20:20.514216","indexId":"70022413","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Walnut creek watershed monitoring project, Iowa: Monitoring water quality in response to prairie restoration","docAbstract":"Land use and surface water data for nitrogen and pesticides (1995 to 1997) are reported for the Walnut Creek Watershed Monitoring Project, Jasper County Iowa. The Walnut Creek project was established in 1995 as a nonpoint source monitoring program in relation to watershed habitat restoration and agricultural management changes implemented at the Neal Smith National Wildlife Refuge by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The monitoring project utilizes a paired-watershed approach (Walnut and Squaw creeks) as well as upstream/downstream comparisons on Walnut for analysis and tracking of trends. From 1992 to 1997, 13.4 percent of the watershed was converted from row crop to native prairie in the Walnut Creek watershed. Including another 6 percent of watershed farmed on a cash-rent basis, land use changes have been implemented on 19.4 percent of the watershed by the USFWS. Nitrogen and pesticide applications were reduced an estimated 18 percent and 28 percent in the watershed from land use changes. Atrazine was detected most often in surface water with frequencies of detection ranging from 76-86 percent. No significant differences were noted in atrazine concentrations between Walnut and Squaw Creek. Nitrate-N concentrations measured in both watersheds were similar; both basins showed a similar pattern of detection and an overall reduction in nitrate-N concentrations from upstream to downstream monitoring sites. Water quality improvements are suggested by nitrate-N and chloride ratios less than one in the Walnut Creek watershed and low nitrate-N concentrations measured in the subbasin of Walnut Creek containing the greatest amount of land use changes. Atrazine and nitrate-N concentrations from the lower portion of the Walnut Creek watershed (including the prairie restoration area) may be decreasing in relation to the upstream untreated component of the watershed. The frequencies of pesticide detections and mean nitrate-N concentrations appear related to the percentage of row crop in the basins and subbasins. Although some results are encouraging, definitive water quality improvements have not been observed during the first three years of monitoring. Possible reasons include: (1) more time is needed to adequately detect changes; (2) the size of the watershed is too large to detect improvements; (3) land use changes are not located in the area of the watershed where they would have greatest effect; or (4) water quality improvements have occurred but have been missed by the project monitoring design. Longer-term monitoring will allow better evaluation of the impact of restoration activities on water quality.An overview is given on the Walnut Creek Watershed Monitoring Project established as a nonpoint source monitoring program in relation to watershed habitat restoration and agricultural management changes implemented at the Neal Smith National Wildlife Refuge by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services. Focus is on land use and surface water data for nitrogen and pesticides. Initial results obtained for the first three years of monitoring are discussed.","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","publisherLocation":"Herndon, VA, United States","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb05713.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Schilling, K.E., and Thompson, C.A., 2000, Walnut creek watershed monitoring project, Iowa: Monitoring water quality in response to prairie restoration: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 36, no. 5, p. 1101-1114, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb05713.x.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1101","endPage":"1114","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230756,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","otherGeospatial":"Walnut Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.97327423095702,\n 41.61518564951443\n ],\n [\n -93.81431579589844,\n 41.61518564951443\n ],\n [\n -93.81431579589844,\n 41.69034777353792\n ],\n [\n -93.97327423095702,\n 41.69034777353792\n ],\n [\n -93.97327423095702,\n 41.61518564951443\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"36","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc3c2e4b08c986b32b37e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schilling, K. E.","contributorId":61982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schilling","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, C. A.","contributorId":98769,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thompson","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}