Avian malaria has had a profound impact on the demographics and behaviour of Hawaiian forest birds since its vector, Culex quinquefasciatusthe southern house mosquito, was first introduced to Hawaii around 1830. In order to understand the dynamics of the disease in Hawaii and gain insights into the evolution of vector-mediated parasite–host interactions in general we studied the population genetics of Cx. quinquefasciatus in the Hawaiian Islands. We used both microsatellite and mitochondrial loci. Not surprisingly we found that mosquitoes in Midway, a small island in the Western group, are quite distinct from the populations in the main Hawaiian Islands. However, we also found that in general mosquito populations are relatively isolated even among the main islands, in particular between Hawaii (the Big Island) and the remaining Hawaiian Islands. We found evidence of bottlenecks among populations within the Big Island and an excess of alleles in Maui, the site of the original introduction. The mitochondrial diversity was typically low but higher than expected. The current distribution of mitochondrial haplotypes combined with the microsatellite information lead us to conclude that there have been several introductions and to speculate on some processes that may be responsible for the current population genetics of vectors of avian malaria in Hawaii.
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waves","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-03T11:41:01","indexId":"70022276","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rupture history of the 1997 Cariaco, Venezuela, earthquake from teleseismic P waves","docAbstract":"A two-step finite-fault waveform inversion scheme is applied to the broadband teleseismic P waves recorded for the strike-slip, Cariaco, Venezuela, earthquake of 9 July 1997 to recover the distribution of mainshock slip. The earthquake is first analyzed using a long narrow fault with a maximum rise time of 20 sec. This line-source analysis indicates that slip propagated to the west with a constant rupture velocity and a relatively short rise time. The results are then used to constrain a second inversion of the P waveforms using a 60-km by 20-km two-dimensional fault. The rupture shows a zone of large slip (1.3-m peak) near the hypocenter and a second, broader source extending updip and to the west at depths shallower than 5 km. The second source has a peak slip of 2.1 meters and accounts for most of the moment of 1.1 × 1026 dyne-cm (6.6 Mww) estimated from the P waves. The inferred rupture pattern is consistent with macroseismic effects observed in the epicentral area.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/1999GL011278","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Mendoza, C., 2000, Rupture history of the 1997 Cariaco, Venezuela, earthquake from teleseismic P waves: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 27, no. 10, p. 1555-1558, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GL011278.","startPage":"1555","endPage":"1558","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230369,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280147,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999GL011278"}],"volume":"27","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-05-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaed0e4b0c8380cd8722b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mendoza, C.","contributorId":82059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mendoza","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70022275,"text":"70022275 - 2000 - Models of downdip frictional coupling for the Cascadia Megathrust","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-20T18:50:46.516422","indexId":"70022275","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Models of downdip frictional coupling for the Cascadia Megathrust","docAbstract":"We have developed models of downdip frictional coupling along two transects across the Cascadia subduction zone in northern Washington and central Oregon. The models involve complicated downdip coupling profiles. Although not unique, our models closely predict available GPS shortening rates and vertical uplift data. We are able to explain relatively low horizontal shortening rates along the Washington coast and small vertical uplift rates in central Oregon. Our models depart from previous models by inclusion of a deeply coupled region assumed to be related to mafic rocks in both the upper and lower plates of the thrust.","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1999GL005441","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Stanley, D., and Villasenor, A., 2000, Models of downdip frictional coupling for the Cascadia Megathrust: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 27, no. 10, p. 1551-1554, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GL005441.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1551","endPage":"1554","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":489191,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1999gl005441","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230337,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Cascadia subduction zone","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -128.0126953125,\n 48.86471476180277\n ],\n [\n -126.40869140625,\n 45.398449976304086\n ],\n [\n -126.7822265625,\n 44.11914151643737\n ],\n [\n -119.3115234375,\n 43.99281450048989\n ],\n [\n -119.39941406249999,\n 49.023461463214126\n ],\n [\n -128.0126953125,\n 48.86471476180277\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"27","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-05-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c7ee4b0c8380cd6fd3a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stanley, D.","contributorId":62365,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanley","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Villasenor, A.","contributorId":52733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Villasenor","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022169,"text":"70022169 - 2000 - Fractionation of selenium isotopes during bacterial respiratory reduction of selenium oxyanions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-12T08:49:02","indexId":"70022169","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fractionation of selenium isotopes during bacterial respiratory reduction of selenium oxyanions","docAbstract":"Reduction of selenium oxyanions by microorganisms is an important process in the biogeochemical cycling of selenium. Numerous bacteria can reduce Se oxyanions, which are used as electron acceptors during the oxidation of organic matter in anoxic environments. In this study, we used a double spike (82Se and 74Se) thermal ionization mass spectrometry technique to quantify the isotopic fractionation achieved by three different species of anaerobic bacteria capable of accomplishing growth by respiratory reduction of selenate [SeO42− or Se(VI)] or selenite [SeO32− or Se(IV)] to Se(IV) or elemental selenium [Se(0)] coupled with the oxidation of lactate. Isotopic discrimination in these closed system experiments was evaluated by Rayleigh fractionation equations and numerical models. Growing cultures of Bacillus selenitireducens, a haloalkaliphile capable of growth using Se(IV) as an electron acceptor, induced a 80Se/76Se fractionation of −8.0 ± 0.4‰ (instantaneous ϵ value) during reduction of Se(IV) to Se(0). With Bacillus arsenicoselenatis, a haloalkaliphile capable of growth using Se(VI) as an electron acceptor, fractionations of −5.0 ± 0.5‰ and −6.0 ± 1.0‰ were observed for reduction of Se(VI) to Se(IV) and reduction of Se(IV) to Se(0), respectively. In growing cultures of Sulfurospirillum barnesii, a freshwater species capable of growth using Se(VI), fractionation was small initially, but near the end of the log growth phase, it increased to −4.0 ± 1.0‰ and −8.4 ± 0.4‰ for reduction of Se(VI) to Se(IV) and reduction of Se(IV) to Se(0), respectively. Washed cell suspensions of S. barnesii induced fractionations of −1.1 ± 0.4‰ during Se(VI) reduction, and −9.1 ± 0.5% for Se(IV) reduction, with some evidence for smaller values (e.g., −1.7‰) in the earliest-formed Se(0) results. These results demonstrate that dissimilatory reduction of selenate or selenite induces significant isotopic fractionation, and suggest that significant Se isotope ratio variation will be found in nature.
An 18-day microcosm study was conducted to evaluate the influence of acid volatile sulfides (AVS) and metal additions on bioaccumulation from sediments of Cd, Ni, and Zn in two clams (Macoma balthica and Potamocorbula amurensis) and three marine polychaetes (Neanthes arenaceodentata, Heteromastus filiformis, and Spiophanes missionensis). Manipulation of AVS by oxidation of naturally anoxic sediments allowed use of metal concentrations typical of nature and evaluation of processes important to chronic metal exposure. A vertical sediment column similar to that often found in nature was used to facilitate realistic biological behavior. Results showed that AVS or porewater (PW) metals controlled bioaccumulation in only 2 of 15 metal-animal combinations. Bioaccumulation of all three metals by the bivalves was related significantly to metal concentrations extracted from sediments (SEM) but not to [SEM − AVS] or PW metals. SEM predominantly influenced bioaccumulation of Ni and Zn in N. arenaceodentata, but Cd bioaccumulation followed PW Cd concentrations. SEM controlled tissue concentrations of all three metals in H. filiformis and S. missionensis, with minor influences from metal-sulfide chemistry. Significant bioaccumulation occurred when SEM was only a small fraction of AVS in several treatments. Three factors appeared to contribute to the differences between these bioaccumulation results and the results from toxicity tests reported previously: differences in experimental design, dietary uptake, and biological attributes of the species, including mode and depth of feeding.
Many canyon rivers have channels and riparian zones composed of alluvial materials and these reaches, dominated by fluvial processes, are sensitive to alterations in streamflow regime. Prior to reservoir construction in the mid-1960s, banks and bars in alluvial reaches of the Gunnison River in the Black Canyon National Monument, Colorado, USA, periodically were reworked and cleared of riparian vegetation by mainstem floods. Recent interest in maintaining near-natural conditions in the Black Canyon using reservoir releases has created a need to estimate sediment-entraining discharges for a variety of geomorphic surfaces composed of sediment ranging in size from gravel to small boulders.
Sediment entrainment potential was studied at eight cross-sections in an alluvial reach of the Gunnison River in the Black Canyon in 1994 and 1995. A one-dimensional water-surface profile model was used to estimate water-surface elevations, flow depths, and hydraulic conditions on selected alluvial surfaces for discharges ranging from 57 to 570 m3/s. Onsite observations before and after a flood of 270 m3/s confirmed sediment entrainment on several surfaces inundated by the flood. Selective entrainment of all but the largest particle sizes on the surface occurred at some locations. Physical evidence of sediment entrainment, or absence of sediment entrainment, on inundated surfaces generally was consistent with critical shear stresses estimated with a dimensionless critical shear stress of 0.030. Sediment-entrainment potential over a range of discharges was summarized by the ratio of the local boundary shear stress to the critical shear stress for d50, given hydraulic geometry and sediment-size characteristics. Differing entrainment potential for similar geomorphic surfaces indicates that estimation of minimum streamflow requirements based on sediment mobility is site-specific and that there is no unique streamflow that will initiate movement of d50 at every geomorphically similar location in the Black Canyon.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1099-1646(200001/02)16:1<37::AID-RRR564>3.0.CO;2-V","usgsCitation":"Elliott, J.G., and Hammack, L.A., 2000, Entrainment of riparian gravel and cobbles in an alluvial reach of a regulated canyon river: Regulated Rivers: Research & Management, v. 16, no. 1, p. 37-50, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1646(200001/02)16:1<37::AID-RRR564>3.0.CO;2-V.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"37","endPage":"50","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230826,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Black Canyon National Monument, Gunnison River","volume":"16","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0982e4b0c8380cd51f51","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elliott, John G. jelliott@usgs.gov","contributorId":832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"John","email":"jelliott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":393084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hammack, Lauren A.","contributorId":57898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammack","given":"Lauren","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022273,"text":"70022273 - 2000 - Strong motion from surface waves in deep sedimentary basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-19T13:44:21.426905","indexId":"70022273","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Strong motion from surface waves in deep sedimentary basins","docAbstract":"It is widely recognized that long-period surface waves generated by conversion of body waves at the boundaries of deep sedimentary basins make an important contribution to strong ground motion. The factors controlling the amplitude of such motion, however, are not widely understood. A study of pseudovelocity response spectra of strong-motion records from the Los Angeles Basin shows that late-arriving surface waves with group velocities of about 1 km/sec dominate the ground motion for periods of 3 sec and longer. The rate of amplitude decay for these waves is less than for the body waves and depends significantly on period, with smaller decay for longer periods. The amplitude can be modeled by the equation log y = f(M, RE) + c + bRB where y is the pseudovelocity response, f(M, RE) is an attenuation relation based on a general strong-motion data set, M is moment magnitude, RE is the distance from the source to the edge of the basin, RB is the distance from the edge of the basin to the recording site, and b and c are parameters fit to the data. The equation gives values larger by as much as a factor of 3 than given by the attenuation relationships based on general strong-motion data sets for the same source-site distance. It is clear that surface waves need to be taken into account in the design of long-period structures in deep sedimentary basins. The ground-motion levels specified by the earthquake provisions of current building codes, in California at least, accommodate the long-period ground motions from basin-edge-generated surface waves for periods of 5 sec and less and earthquakes with moment magnitudes of 7.5 or less located more than 20 km outside the basin. There may be problems at longer periods and for earthquakes located closer to the basin edge. The results of this study suggest that anelastic attenuation may need to be included in attempts to model long-period motion in deep sedimentary basins. To obtain better data on surface waves in the future, operators of strong-motion networks should take special care for the faithful recording of the long-period components of ground motion. It will also be necessary to insure that at least some selected recorders, once triggered, continue to operate for a time sufficient for the surface waves to traverse the basin. With velocities of about 1 km/sec, that time will be as long as 100 sec for a basin the size of the Los Angeles Basin.","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120000505","usgsCitation":"Joyner, W.B., 2000, Strong motion from surface waves in deep sedimentary basins: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 90, no. 6B, p. S95-S112, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120000505.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"S95","endPage":"S112","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230335,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"6B","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9b89e4b08c986b31cf57","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Joyner, William B.","contributorId":39786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Joyner","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70022306,"text":"70022306 - 2000 - Comprehensive isolation of natural organic matter from water for spectral characterizations and reactivity testing","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-10T15:17:50.602657","indexId":"70022306","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Comprehensive isolation of natural organic matter from water for spectral characterizations and reactivity testing","docAbstract":"A variety of approaches were tested to comprehensively isolate natural organic matter (NOM) from water. For waters with high NOM concentrations such as the Suwannee River, Georgia, approaches that used combinations of membrane concentrations, evaporative concentrations, and adsorption on nonionic XAD resins, ion exchange resins and iron oxide coated sand isolated over 90% of the NOM. However, for waters with low NOM concentrations, losses of half of the NOM were common and desalting of NOM isolates was a problem. A new comprehensive approach was devised and tested on the Seine River, France in which 100 L of filtered water was sodium softened by ion exchange and vacuum evaporated to 100 mL. Colloids (32% of the NOM) were isolated using a 3,500 Dalton membrane by dialysis against 0.1 M HCl and 0.2 M HF to remove salts and silica. On the membrane permeate, hydrophobic NOM (42%) was isolated using XAD-8 resin and hydrophilic NOM (26%) was isolated using a variety of selective desalting precipitations. The colloid fraction was characterized by IR and NMR spectroscopy as N-acetylamino sugars.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Natural organic matter and disinfection by-products","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/bk-2000-0761.ch005","issn":"00976156","usgsCitation":"Leenheer, J.A., Croue, J., Benjamin, M., Korshin, G.V., Hwang, C.J., Bruchet, A., and Aiken, G.R., 2000, Comprehensive isolation of natural organic matter from water for spectral characterizations and reactivity testing, in Natural organic matter and disinfection by-products, v. 761, p. 68-83, https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-2000-0761.ch005.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"68","endPage":"83","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230865,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"France, United States","state":"Georgia","otherGeospatial":"Seine River, Suwannee River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": 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,{"id":70022309,"text":"70022309 - 2000 - Assessing the Kansas water-level monitoring program: An example of the application of classical statistics to a geological problem","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-07T19:09:26","indexId":"70022309","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3550,"text":"The Compass: Earth Science Journal of Sigma Gamma Epsilon","printIssn":"0894-802X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessing the Kansas water-level monitoring program: An example of the application of classical statistics to a geological problem","docAbstract":"Geologists may feel that geological data are not amenable to statistical analysis, or at best require specialized approaches such as nonparametric statistics and geostatistics. However, there are many circumstances, particularly in systematic studies conducted for environmental or regulatory purposes, where traditional parametric statistical procedures can be beneficial. An example is the application of analysis of variance to data collected in an annual program of measuring groundwater levels in Kansas. Influences such as well conditions, operator effects, and use of the water can be assessed and wells that yield less reliable measurements can be identified. Such statistical studies have resulted in yearly improvements in the quality and reliability of the collected hydrologic data. Similar benefits may be achieved in other geological studies by the appropriate use of classical statistical tools.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Compass","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0894802X","usgsCitation":"Davis, J., 2000, Assessing the Kansas water-level monitoring program: An example of the application of classical statistics to a geological problem: The Compass: Earth Science Journal of Sigma Gamma Epsilon, v. 75, no. 2-3, p. 116-121.","startPage":"116","endPage":"121","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230296,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"75","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ede4e4b0c8380cd49aa8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, J.C.","contributorId":72121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70022272,"text":"70022272 - 2000 - Deep magmatic structures of Hawaiian volcanoes, imaged by three-dimensional gravity models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-06T20:52:51.710554","indexId":"70022272","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deep magmatic structures of Hawaiian volcanoes, imaged by three-dimensional gravity models","docAbstract":"A simplified three-dimensional model for the island of Hawai'i, based on 3300 gravity measurements, provides new insights on magma pathways within the basaltic volcanoes. Gravity anomalies define dense cumulates and intrusions beneath the summits and known rift zones of every volcano. Linear gravity anomalies project southeast from Kohala and Mauna Kea summits and south from Hualālai and Mauna Loa; these presumably express dense cores of previously unrecognized rift zones lacking surface expression. The gravity-modeled dense cores probably define tholeiitic shield–stage structures of the older volcanoes that are now veneered by late alkalic lavas. The three-dimensional gravity method is valuable for characterizing the magmatic systems of basaltic oceanic volcanoes and for defining structures related to landslide and seismic hazards.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<883:DMSOHV>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Kauahikaua, J., Hildenbrand, T., and Webring, M., 2000, Deep magmatic structures of Hawaiian volcanoes, imaged by three-dimensional gravity models: Geology, v. 28, no. 10, p. 883-886, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<883:DMSOHV>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"Article: 4 p.; Data Release","startPage":"883","endPage":"886","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230295,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":342323,"rank":2,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<883:DMSOHV>2.0.CO;2.","text":"Gravity data for Island of Hawai`i"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -156.544189453125,\n 18.786717314577007\n ],\n [\n -154.4732666015625,\n 18.786717314577007\n ],\n [\n -154.4732666015625,\n 20.349777349829886\n ],\n [\n -156.544189453125,\n 20.349777349829886\n ],\n [\n -156.544189453125,\n 18.786717314577007\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"28","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe27e4b0c8380cd4eb55","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kauahikaua, J. 0000-0003-3777-503X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3777-503X","contributorId":26087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauahikaua","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hildenbrand, T.","contributorId":10207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildenbrand","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Webring, M.","contributorId":67662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webring","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022170,"text":"70022170 - 2000 - A Double-difference Earthquake location algorithm: Method and application to the Northern Hayward Fault, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:46","indexId":"70022170","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A Double-difference Earthquake location algorithm: Method and application to the Northern Hayward Fault, California","docAbstract":"We have developed an efficient method to determine high-resolution hypocenter locations over large distances. The location method incorporates ordinary absolute travel-time measurements and/or cross-correlation P-and S-wave differential travel-time measurements. Residuals between observed and theoretical travel-time differences (or double-differences) are minimized for pairs of earthquakes at each station while linking together all observed event-station pairs. A least-squares solution is found by iteratively adjusting the vector difference between hypocentral pairs. The double-difference algorithm minimizes errors due to unmodeled velocity structure without the use of station corrections. Because catalog and cross-correlation data are combined into one system of equations, interevent distances within multiplets are determined to the accuracy of the cross-correlation data, while the relative locations between multiplets and uncorrelated events are simultaneously determined to the accuracy of the absolute travel-time data. Statistical resampling methods are used to estimate data accuracy and location errors. Uncertainties in double-difference locations are improved by more than an order of magnitude compared to catalog locations. The algorithm is tested, and its performance is demonstrated on two clusters of earthquakes located on the northern Hayward fault, California. There it colapses the diffuse catalog locations into sharp images of seismicity and reveals horizontal lineations of hypocenter that define the narrow regions on the fault where stress is released by brittle failure.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1785/0120000006","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Waldhauser, F., and Ellsworth, W., 2000, A Double-difference Earthquake location algorithm: Method and application to the Northern Hayward Fault, California: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 90, no. 6, p. 1353-1368, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120000006.","startPage":"1353","endPage":"1368","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206722,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120000006"},{"id":230631,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e2d6e4b0c8380cd45ca1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waldhauser, F.","contributorId":31897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waldhauser","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ellsworth, W.L.","contributorId":48541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellsworth","given":"W.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022270,"text":"70022270 - 2000 - Monitoring temporal and spatial variability in sandeel (Ammodytes hexapterus) abundance with pigeon guillemot (Cepphus columba) diets","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-18T09:38:48","indexId":"70022270","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1936,"text":"ICES Journal of Marine Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Monitoring temporal and spatial variability in sandeel (Ammodytes hexapterus) abundance with pigeon guillemot (Cepphus columba) diets","docAbstract":"We evaluated pigeon guillemots (Cepphus columba) as monitors of nearshore fish abundance and community composition during 1995-1999 at Kachemak Bay, Alaska. We studied the composition of chick diets at 10 colonies and simultaneously measured fish abundance around colonies with beach seines and bottom trawls. Sandeels (Ammodytes hexapterus) formed the majority of the diet at one group of colonies. Temporal variability in sandeel abundance explained 74% of inter-annual variability in diet composition at these colonies and 93% of seasonal variability. Diets at other colonies were dominated by demersal fish. Among these colonies, 81% of the variability in the proportion of sandeels in diets was explained by spatial differences in sanded abundance. Pigeon guillemots exhibited a non-linear functional response to sandeel abundance in the area where these fish were most abundant. Temporal and spatial variability in demersal fish abundance was not consistently reflected in diets. Spatial differences in the proportion of different demersal fishes in the diet may have been driven by differences in guillemot prey preference. Prey specialization by individual pigeon guillemots was common, and may operate at the colony level. Inter-annual variability in sandeel abundance may have been tracked more accurately because the magnitude of change (11-fold) was greater than that of demersal fish (three-fold). (C) 2000 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"ICES Journal of Marine Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/jmsc.2000.0583","issn":"10543139","usgsCitation":"Litzow, M.A., Piatt, J.F., Abookire, A.A., Prichard, A., and Robards, M.D., 2000, Monitoring temporal and spatial variability in sandeel (Ammodytes hexapterus) abundance with pigeon guillemot (Cepphus columba) diets: ICES Journal of Marine Science, v. 57, no. 4, p. 976-986, https://doi.org/10.1006/jmsc.2000.0583.","startPage":"976","endPage":"986","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479361,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006/jmsc.2000.0583","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":206818,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jmsc.2000.0583"},{"id":230864,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5de1e4b0c8380cd70662","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Litzow, Michael A.","contributorId":8789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Litzow","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":392935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Abookire, Alisa A.","contributorId":107224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abookire","given":"Alisa","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":392936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Prichard, A.K.","contributorId":14151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prichard","given":"A.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Robards, Martin D.","contributorId":40148,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Robards","given":"Martin","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70022269,"text":"70022269 - 2000 - Estimation of potential loss of two pesticides in runoff in Fillmore County, Minnesota using a field-scale process-based model and a geographic information system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-10T15:35:31.582236","indexId":"70022269","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Estimation of potential loss of two pesticides in runoff in Fillmore County, Minnesota using a field-scale process-based model and a geographic information system","docAbstract":"In assessing the occurrence, behavior, and effects of agricultural chemicals in surface water, the scales of study (i.e., watershed, county, state, and regional areas) are usually much larger than the scale of agricultural fields, where much of the understanding of processes has been developed. Field-scale areas are characterized by relatively homogeneous conditions. The combination of process-based simulation models and geographic information system technology can be used to help extend our understanding of field processes to water-quality concerns at larger scales. To demonstrate this, the model \"Groundwater Loading Effects of Agricultural Management Systems\" was used to estimate the potential loss of two pesticides (atrazine and permethrin) in runoff to surface water in Fillmore County in southeastern Minnesota. The county was divided into field-scale areas on the basis of a 100 m by 100 m grid, and the influences of soil type and surface topography on the potential losses of the two pesticides in runoff was evaluated for each individual grid cell. The results could be used for guidance for agricultural management and regulatory decisions, for planning environmental monitoring programs, and as an educational tool for the public.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Agrochemical fate and movement","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/bk-2000-0751.ch012","issn":"00976156","usgsCitation":"Capel, P.D., and Hua, Z., 2000, Estimation of potential loss of two pesticides in runoff in Fillmore County, Minnesota using a field-scale process-based model and a geographic information system, in Agrochemical fate and movement, v. 751, p. 172-184, https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-2000-0751.ch012.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"172","endPage":"184","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230863,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","county":"Fillmore County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-91.7304,43.8503],[-91.7306,43.5023],[-92.0803,43.5021],[-92.0828,43.5021],[-92.4507,43.5026],[-92.4507,43.8361],[-92.4498,43.8507],[-92.0806,43.8508],[-91.7304,43.8503]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Fillmore\",\"state\":\"MN\"}}]}","volume":"751","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-07-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0ba1e4b0c8380cd527e5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Capel, Paul D. 0000-0003-1620-5185 capel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1620-5185","contributorId":1002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Capel","given":"Paul","email":"capel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":392931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hua, Zhang","contributorId":126962,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hua","given":"Zhang","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6731,"text":"Environmental Earth System Science, Stanford University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":392930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022383,"text":"70022383 - 2000 - Annual bed-elevation regime in the alluvial channel of Squamish River, southwestern British Columbia Canada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:49","indexId":"70022383","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1425,"text":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Annual bed-elevation regime in the alluvial channel of Squamish River, southwestern British Columbia Canada","docAbstract":"The aim of this study is to examine the annual regime of channel scour and fill by monitoring bed-elevation changes in a reach of Squamish River in southwestern British Columbia, Canada. Sonar surveys of 13 river cross-sections in a sandy gravel-bed single-channel study reach were repeated biweekly over a full hydrologic year (1995/6). The survey results show that bedload movement occurs as waves or pulses forming bedwaves that appear to maintain an overall coherence with movement downstream. These bedwaves propagate downstream by a mode here termed pulse scour and pulse fill, a process distinguished from the conventional mode of scour and fill commonly associated with flood events (here termed local scour and local fill). Bedwave celerity was estimated to be about 15.5 m d-1 corresponding to a bedwave residence time in the study reach of almost one hydrologic year. The total amount of local bed-elevation change ranged between 0.22 m and 2.41 m during the period of study. Analysis of the bed-elevation and flow data reveals that, because of the bedware phenomenon, there is no simple relation between the mean bed-elevation and discharge nor any strong linear correlation among cross-sectional behaviour. The bed-elevation data also suggest that complex changes to the bed within a cross-section are masked when the bed is viewed in one dimension, although no definitive trends in bed behaviour were found in the two-dimensional analysis. Although a weak seasonal effect is evident in this study, the bed-elevation regime is dominated by sediment supply-driven fluctuations in bedload transport occurring at timescales shorter than the seasonal fluctuation in discharge. The study also indicates that bed-elevation monitoring on Squamish River, and others like it, for purposes of detecting and measuring aggradation/degradation must take into account very considerable and normal channel-bed variability operating at timescales from hours to months. Copyright (C) 2000 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/1096-9837(200008)25:9<991::AID-ESP113>3.0.CO;2-W","issn":"01979337","usgsCitation":"Stanford, S., Seidl, M., and Ashley, G., 2000, Annual bed-elevation regime in the alluvial channel of Squamish River, southwestern British Columbia Canada: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, v. 25, no. 9, p. 991-1009, https://doi.org/10.1002/1096-9837(200008)25:9<991::AID-ESP113>3.0.CO;2-W.","startPage":"991","endPage":"1009","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206583,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1096-9837(200008)25:9<991::AID-ESP113>3.0.CO;2-W"},{"id":230300,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ec1ee4b0c8380cd490b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stanford, S.D.","contributorId":79932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanford","given":"S.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Seidl, M.A.","contributorId":84532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seidl","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ashley, G.M.","contributorId":99313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ashley","given":"G.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022268,"text":"70022268 - 2000 - N2-dependent growth and nitrogenase activity in the metal-metabolizing bacteria, Geobacter and Magnetospirillum species","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:46","indexId":"70022268","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1548,"text":"Environmental Microbiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"N2-dependent growth and nitrogenase activity in the metal-metabolizing bacteria, Geobacter and Magnetospirillum species","docAbstract":"Cells of Geobacter metallireducens, Magnetospirillum strain AMB-1, Magnetospirillum magnetotacticum and Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense showed N2-dependent growth, the first anaerobically with Fe(lll) as the electron acceptor, and the latter three species micro-aerobically in semi-solid oxygen gradient cultures. Cells of the Magnetospirillum species grown with N2 under microaerobic conditions were magnetotactic and therefore produced magnetosomes. Cells of Geobacter metallireducens reduced acetylene to ethylene (11.5 ?? 5.9nmol C2H4 produced min-1 mg-1 cell protein) while growing with Fe(lll) as the electron acceptor in anaerobic growth medium lacking a fixed nitrogen source. Cells of the Magnetospirillum species, grown in a semi-solid oxygen gradient medium, also reduced acetylene at comparable rates. Uncut chromosomal and fragments from endonuclease-digested chromosomal DNA from these species, as well as Geobacter sulphurreducens organisms, hybridized with a nifHDK probe from Rhodospirillum rubrum, indicating the presence of these nitrogenase structural genes in these organisms. The evidence presented here shows that members of the metal-metabolizing genera, Geobacter and Magnetospirillum, fix atmospheric dinitrogen.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Microbiology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1046/j.1462-2920.2000.00096.x","issn":"14622912","usgsCitation":"Bazylinski, D., Dean, A., Schuler, D., Phillips, E.J., and Lovley, D.R., 2000, N2-dependent growth and nitrogenase activity in the metal-metabolizing bacteria, Geobacter and Magnetospirillum species: Environmental Microbiology, v. 2, no. 3, p. 266-273, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1462-2920.2000.00096.x.","startPage":"266","endPage":"273","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206804,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1462-2920.2000.00096.x"},{"id":230824,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-12-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a612ee4b0c8380cd71814","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bazylinski, D.A.","contributorId":55964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bazylinski","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dean, A.J.","contributorId":104660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schuler, D.","contributorId":80850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuler","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Phillips, Elizabeth J.P.","contributorId":37475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"Elizabeth","middleInitial":"J.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lovley, Derek R.","contributorId":107852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lovley","given":"Derek","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70022267,"text":"70022267 - 2000 - Considerations involved with the use of semipermeable membrane devices for monitoring environmental contaminants","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-07T13:57:06","indexId":"70022267","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2214,"text":"Journal of Chromatography A","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Considerations involved with the use of semipermeable membrane devices for monitoring environmental contaminants","docAbstract":"Semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) are used with increasing frequency, and throughout the world as samplers of organic contaminants. The devices can be used to detect a variety of lipophilic chemicals in water, sediment/soil, and air. SPMDs are designed to sample nonpolar, hydrophobic chemicals. The maximum concentration factor achievable for a particular chemical is proportional to its octanol–water partition coefficient. Techniques used for cleanup of SPMD extracts for targeted analytes and for general screening by full-scan mass spectrometry do not differ greatly from techniques used for extracts of other matrices. However, SPMD extracts contain potential interferences that are specific to the membrane–lipid matrix. Procedures have been developed or modified to alleviate these potential interferences. The SPMD approach has been demonstrated to be applicable to sequestering and analyzing a wide array of environmental contaminants including organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurans, selected organophosphate pesticides and pyrethroid insecticides, and other nonpolar organic chemicals. We present herein an overview of effective procedural steps for analyzing exposed SPMDs for trace to ultra-trace levels of contaminants sequestered from environmental matrices.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0021-9673(00)00315-0","issn":"00219673","usgsCitation":"Petty, J.D., Orazio, C., Huckins, J., Gale, R., Lebo, J., Meadows, J., Echols, K.R., and Cranor, W., 2000, Considerations involved with the use of semipermeable membrane devices for monitoring environmental contaminants: Journal of Chromatography A, v. 879, no. 1, p. 83-95, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)00315-0.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"83","endPage":"95","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230823,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206803,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)00315-0"}],"volume":"879","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f9fee4b0c8380cd4d873","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Petty, J. D.","contributorId":86722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petty","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Orazio, C.E.","contributorId":68440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orazio","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Huckins, J.N.","contributorId":62553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huckins","given":"J.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gale, R.W.","contributorId":81653,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gale","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lebo, J.A.","contributorId":65533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lebo","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Meadows, J.C.","contributorId":91962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meadows","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Echols, K. R.","contributorId":32637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Echols","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Cranor, W.L.","contributorId":98261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cranor","given":"W.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70194281,"text":"70194281 - 2000 - [Book Review] Sunrise to Paradise: The story of Mount Rainier National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-21T13:03:02","indexId":"70194281","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2900,"text":"Northwest Science","onlineIssn":"2161-9859","printIssn":"0029-344X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"[Book Review] Sunrise to Paradise: The story of Mount Rainier National Park","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
One explanation for unexpectedly widespread ground water contamination from atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) may be the occurrence of colloid-facilitated transport, whereby the dissolved herbicide becomes adsorbed to mobile colloids that migrate through preferential flow-paths in the soil zone and into the ground water. The objectives of this study were to determine the extent of adsorpton of atrazine to bulk soil and to soil colloids and to determine the extent of colloid-facilitated transport of atrazine at a field site in Virginia during simulated rainfall events. Equilibrium batch adsorption experiments were performed over a concentration range of 0.05 to 10.0 mg atrazine L-1 on bulk soil samples and on colloidal suspensions of 75 mg L-1, a concentration comparable with those observed at the field site. Linear partition coefficients ranged from 0.496 to 2.48 L kg-1 for the bulk soil and from 70.8 to 832 L kg-1 for the soil colloids. In the field, gravity lysimeters were insured at a depth of 25 cm below the surface of six 0.25-m2 undisturbed plots. Mass recovery of surface-applied atrazine in the lysimeters was not significantly affected by rainfall rate and was, on average, 2.7% for plots receiving 25 mm h-1 simulated rainfall and 3.6% for plots receiving 50 mm h-1 simulated rainfall. Of the total atrazine collected in the lysimeters, the fraction that was colloid-associated ranged from 4.9 to 30% (mean of 15%), indicating that a measurable portion of mobile atrazine is transported via association with colloids.One explanation for unexpectedly widespread ground water contamination from atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) may be the occurrence of colloid-facilitated transport, whereby the dissolved herbicide becomes adsorbed to mobile colloids that migrate through preferential flow-paths in the soil zone and into the ground water. The objectives of this study were to determine the extent of adsorption of atrazine to bulk soil and to soil colloids and to determine the extent of colloid-facilitated transport of atrazine at a field site in Virginia during simulated rainfall events. Equilibrium batch adsorption experiments were performed over a concentration range of 0.05 to 10.0 mg atrazine L-1 on bulk soil samples and on colloidal suspensions of 75 mg L-1, a concentration comparable with those observed at the field site. Linear partition coefficients ranged from 0.496 to 2.48 L kg-1 for the bulk soil and from 70.8 to 832 L kg-1 for the soil colloids. In the field, gravity lysimeters were installed at a depth of 25 cm below the surface of six 0.25-m2 undisturbed plots. Mass recovery of surface-applied atrazine in the lysimeters was not significantly affected by rainfall rate and was, on average, 2.7% for plots receiving 25 mm h-1 simulated rainfall and 3.6% for plots receiving 50 mm h-1 simulated rainfall. Of the total atrazine collected in the lysimeters, the fraction that was colloid-associated ranged from 4.9 to 30% (mean of 15%), indicating that a measurable portion of mobile atrazine is transported via association with colloids.In the Muddy Creek watershed, VA, the extent of atrazine adsorption to the immobile soil matrix and mobile soil colloids was examined in an agricultural silt loam soil, and atrazine transport during simulated rainfall events of different intensities was assessed. Results from batch equilibration experiments revealed that atrazine adsorption was significantly greater on the colloids than on the bulk soil, which was attributed to the higher specific surface area and organic content of the colloids. Despite the mobilization of colloids, however, the mass recovery of colloid-associated atrazine was low for all plots. Precipitation rate did not significantly affect atrazine mass recovery.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACSESS","doi":"10.2134/jeq2000.00472425002900050034x","issn":"00472425","usgsCitation":"Sprague, L.A., Herman, J., Hornberger, G., and Mills, A., 2000, Atrazine adsorption and colloid-facilitated transport through the unsaturated zone: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 29, no. 5, p. 1632-1641, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2000.00472425002900050034x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1632","endPage":"1641","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230687,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eecae4b0c8380cd49f7b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sprague, Lori A. 0000-0003-2832-6662 lsprague@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2832-6662","contributorId":726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sprague","given":"Lori","email":"lsprague@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":509,"text":"Office of the Associate Director for Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":763684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Herman, J.S.","contributorId":73345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herman","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hornberger, G.M.","contributorId":68463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hornberger","given":"G.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mills, A.L.","contributorId":33485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mills","given":"A.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70022311,"text":"70022311 - 2000 - Legacy of the California Gold Rush: Environmental geochemistry of arsenic in the southern Mother Lode Gold District","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-16T18:39:34.2342","indexId":"70022311","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2020,"text":"International Geology Review","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Legacy of the California Gold Rush: Environmental geochemistry of arsenic in the southern Mother Lode Gold District","docAbstract":"Gold mining activity in the Sierra Nevada foothills, both recently and during the California Gold Rush, has exposed arsenic-rich pyritic rocks to weathering and erosion. This study describes arsenic concentration and speciation in three hydrogeologic settings in the southern Mother Lode Gold District: mineralized outcrops and mine waste rock (overburden); mill tailings submerged in a water reservoir; and lake waters in this monomictic reservoir and in a monomictic lake developing within a recent open-pit mine. These environments are characterized by distinct modes of rock-water interaction that influence the local transport and fate of arsenic. Arsenic in outcrops and waste rock occurs in arsenian pyrite containing an average of 2 wt% arsenic. Arsenic is concentrated up to 1300 ppm in fine-grained, friable, iron-rich weathering products of the arsenian pyrite (goethite, jarosite, copiapite), which develop as efflorescences and crusts on weathering outcrops. Arsenic is sorbed as a bidentate complex on goethite, and substitutes for sulfate in jarosite.
Submerged mill tailings obtained by gravity core at Don Pedro Reservoir contain arsenic up to 300 ppm in coarse sand layers. Overlying surface muds have less arsenic in the solid fraction but higher concentrations in porewaters (up to 500 μg/L) than the sands. Fine quartz tailings also contain up to 3.5 ppm mercury related to the ore processing. The pH values in sediment porewaters range from 3.7 in buried gypsum-bearing sands and tailings to 7 in the overlying lake sediments. Reservoir waters immediately above the cores contain up to 3.5 μg/L arsenic; lake waters away from the submerged tailings typically contain less than 1 μg/L arsenic.
Dewatering during excavation of the Harvard open-pit mine produced a hydrologic cone of depression that has been recovering toward the pre-mining groundwater configuration since mining ended in 1994. Aqueous arsenic concentrations in the 80 m deep pit lake are up to 1000 μg/L. Redistribution of the arsenic occurs during summer stratification, with highest concentrations at middle depths. The total mass of arsenic in the pit lake increases coinciding with early winter rains that erode, partially dissolve, and transport arsenic-bearing salts into the pit lake.
Arsenic concentration, speciation, and distribution in the Sierra Nevada foothills depend on many factors, including the lithologic sources of arsenic, climatic influences on weathering of host minerals, and geochemical characteristics of waters with which source and secondary minerals react. Oxidation of arsenian pyrite to goethite, jarosite, and copiapite causes temporary attenuation of arsenic during summer, when these secondary minerals accumulate; subsequent rapid dissemination of arsenic into the aqueous environment is caused by annual winter storms. As the population of the Mother Lode area grows, it is increasingly important to consider these effects during planning and development of land and groundwater resources.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/00206810009465089","issn":"00206814","usgsCitation":"Savage, K.S., Bird, D., and Ashley, R.P., 2000, Legacy of the California Gold Rush: Environmental geochemistry of arsenic in the southern Mother Lode Gold District: International Geology Review, v. 42, no. 5, p. 385-415, https://doi.org/10.1080/00206810009465089.","productDescription":"31 p.","startPage":"385","endPage":"415","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230338,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sierra Nevada foothills, Melones fault zone, Mother Lode Gold District","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.45101165771483,\n 37.803273851858656\n ],\n [\n -120.3164291381836,\n 37.803273851858656\n ],\n [\n -120.3164291381836,\n 37.955297320238\n ],\n [\n -120.45101165771483,\n 37.955297320238\n ],\n [\n -120.45101165771483,\n 37.803273851858656\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"42","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a463de4b0c8380cd675dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savage, K. S.","contributorId":6903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bird, D.K.","contributorId":24934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bird","given":"D.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ashley, R. P.","contributorId":50513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ashley","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022027,"text":"70022027 - 2000 - Slip rates on San Francisco Bay area faults from anelastic deformation of the continental lithosphere","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-07T14:27:12.044082","indexId":"70022027","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Slip rates on San Francisco Bay area faults from anelastic deformation of the continental lithosphere","docAbstract":"Long-term slip rates on major faults in the San Francisco Bay area are predicted by modeling the anelastic deformation of the continental lithosphere in response to regional relative plate motion. The model developed by Bird and Kong [1994] is used to simulate lithospheric deformation according to a Coulomb frictional rheology of the upper crust and a dislocation creep rheology at depth. The focus of this study is the long-term motion of faults in a region extending from the creeping section of the San Andreas fault to the south up to the latitude of Cape Mendocino to the north. Boundary conditions are specified by the relative motion between the Pacific plate and the Sierra Nevada-Great Valley microplate [Argus and Gordon, 2000]. Rheologic-frictional parameters are specified as independent variables, and prediction errors are calculated with respect to geologic estimates of slip rates and maximum compressive stress directions. The model that best explains the region-wide observations is one in which the coefficient of friction on all of the major faults is less than 0.15, with the coefficient of friction for the San Andreas fault being approximately 0.09, consistent with previous inferences of San Andreas fault friction. Prediction error increases with lower fault friction on the San Andreas, indicating a lower bound of μSAF > 0.08. Discrepancies with respect to previous slip rate estimates include a higher than expected slip rate along the peninsula segment of the San Andreas fault and a slightly lower than expected slip rate along the San Gregorio fault.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000JB900254","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Geist, E., and Andrews, D., 2000, Slip rates on San Francisco Bay area faults from anelastic deformation of the continental lithosphere: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 105, no. B11, p. 25543-25552, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JB900254.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"25543","endPage":"25552","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479273,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jb900254","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230847,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"San Francisco","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.73376464843749,\n 37.900865092570065\n ],\n [\n -122.57995605468749,\n 37.579412513438385\n ],\n [\n -122.48657226562499,\n 37.23907530202184\n ],\n [\n -121.8218994140625,\n 37.23032838760387\n ],\n [\n -120.9649658203125,\n 37.59682400108367\n ],\n [\n -121.1846923828125,\n 37.76202988573211\n ],\n [\n -121.2451171875,\n 37.95719224376526\n ],\n [\n -121.4208984375,\n 38.302869955150044\n ],\n [\n -121.67358398437499,\n 38.371808917147554\n ],\n [\n -122.01965332031249,\n 38.302869955150044\n ],\n [\n -122.684326171875,\n 38.225235239076824\n ],\n [\n -122.73376464843749,\n 37.900865092570065\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"105","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-11-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b914de4b08c986b319829","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Geist, E.L. 0000-0003-0611-1150","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0611-1150","contributorId":71993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geist","given":"E.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Andrews, D.J.","contributorId":7416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}