{"pageNumber":"3268","pageRowStart":"81675","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184904,"records":[{"id":1001871,"text":"1001871 - 2000 - Identifying predators and fates of grassland passerine nests using miniature video cameras","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-04T13:09:08","indexId":"1001871","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Identifying predators and fates of grassland passerine nests using miniature video cameras","docAbstract":"Nest fates, causes of nest failure, and identities of nest predators are difficult to determine for grassland passerines. We developed a miniature video-camera system for use in grasslands and deployed it at 69 nests of 10 passerine species in North Dakota during 1996-97. Abandonment rates were higher at nests <1 day after camera deployment (23%) than <1 day after nests were found (2%, P = 0.001). Most birds returned to nests 30 min after camera deployment, but clay-colored sparrows (Spizella pallida) took longer to return to nests than other species (P = 0.035). Cameras did not appear to increase nest predation rates. We videotaped predation by 11 species at 29 nests: eggs or nestlings were destroyed by mice, ground squirrels, weasel, badgers, canids, deer, cowbirds, and hawks. All eggs or nestlings were removed in <15 min at 14 depredated nests. Contents were removed during >1 day or night (22-116 hr) at 6 nests, 5 of which were depredated by ground squirrels or mice. For nests without cameras, estimated predation rates were lower for ground nests than aboveground nests (P = 0.055), but did not differ between open and covered nests (P = 0.74). Open and covered nests differed, however, when predation risk (estimated by initial-predation rate) was examined separately for day and night using camera-monitored nests; the frequency of initial predations that occurred during the day was higher for open nests than covered nests (P = 0.015). Thus, vulnerability of some nest types may depend on the relative importance of nocturnal and diurnal predators. Predation risk increased with nestling age from 0 to 8 days (P = 0.07). Up to 15% of fates assigned to camera-monitored nests were wrong when based solely on evidence that would have been available from periodic nest visits. There was no evidence of disturbance at nearly half the depredated nests, including all 5 depredated by large mammals. Overlap in types of sign left by different predator species, and variability of sign within species, suggests that evidence at nests is unreliable for identifying predators of grassland passerines.","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","doi":"10.2307/3802976","usgsCitation":"Pietz, P., and Granfors, D.A., 2000, Identifying predators and fates of grassland passerine nests using miniature video cameras: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 64, no. 1, p. 71-87, https://doi.org/10.2307/3802976.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"71","endPage":"87","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133865,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"64","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c754","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pietz, Pamela J. ppietz@usgs.gov","contributorId":2382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pietz","given":"Pamela J.","email":"ppietz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":311996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Granfors, Diane A.","contributorId":174567,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Granfors","given":"Diane","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1001870,"text":"1001870 - 2000 - Surface water quality of the major drainage basins of Big Thicket National Preserve","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-28T11:35:00","indexId":"1001870","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3534,"text":"Texas Journal of Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Surface water quality of the major drainage basins of Big Thicket National Preserve","docAbstract":"<p><span>Surface water quality was monitored at 19 stations (2-4 week intervals) in six drainage basins of Big Thicket National Preserve of east Texas between 1996 and 1999. The parameters monitored were temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity, current speed, light attenuation, chlorophyll a and concentrations of ammonium, ortho-phosphate, nitrate and nitrite. The best water quality (low nutrients and chlorophyll a; no hypoxia) was found in the Big Sandy Creek, Turkey Creek and Village Creek systems. Water quality in the Neches River was also generally good except for instances of moderate algal blooms. The Pine Island Bayou system, however, typically showed poor water quality. Very low current velocities and high concentrations of nutrients promoted massive spring plankton blooms (chlorophyll a in excess of 100 μg L-1) and subsequent hypoxia/anoxia (dissolved oxygen less than 5 mg L-1). In this system, hypoxia occurred as early as April and as late as December.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Rizzo, W., Rafferty, P., and Segura, M., 2000, Surface water quality of the major drainage basins of Big Thicket National Preserve: Texas Journal of Science, v. 52, no. 4, p. 79-92.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"79","endPage":"92","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129368,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","volume":"52","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db698187","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rizzo, W.M.","contributorId":104849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rizzo","given":"W.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rafferty, P.","contributorId":98672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rafferty","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Segura, M.R.","contributorId":51244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Segura","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70022853,"text":"70022853 - 2000 - Acute toxicity of fire-control chemicals, nitrogenous chemicals, and surfactants to rainbow trout","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-13T10:42:05","indexId":"70022853","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Acute toxicity of fire-control chemicals, nitrogenous chemicals, and surfactants to rainbow trout","docAbstract":"Laboratory studies were conducted to determine the acute toxicity of three ammonia-based fire retardants (Fire-Trol LCA-F, Fire-Trol LCM-R, and Phos-Chek 259F), five surfactant-based fire-suppressant foams (FireFoam 103B, FireFoam 104, Fire Quench, ForExpan S, and Pyrocap B-136), three nitrogenous chemicals (ammonia, nitrate, and nitrite), and two anionic surfactants (linear alkylbenzene sulfonate [LAS] and sodium dodecyl sulfate [SDS]) to juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in soft water. The descending rank order of toxicity (96-h concentration lethal to 50% of test organisms [96-h LC50]) for the fire retardants was as follows: Phos-Chek 259F (168 mg/L) > Fire-Trol LCA-F (942 mg/L) = Fire-Trol LCM-R (1,141 mg/L). The descending rank order of toxicity for the foams was as follows: FireFoam 103B (12.2 mg/L) = FireFoam 104 (13.0 mg/L) > ForExpan S (21.8 mg/L) > Fire Quench (39.0 mg/L) > Pyrocap B-136 [156 mg/L). Except for Pyrocap B-136, the foams were more toxic than the fire retardants. Un-ionized ammonia (NH3; 0.125 mg/L as N) was about six times more toxic than nitrite (0.79 mg/L NO2-N) and about 13,300 times more toxic than nitrate (1,658 mg/L NO3-N). Linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (5.0 mg/L) was about five times more toxic than SDS (24.9 mg/L). Estimated total ammonia and NH3 concentrations at the 96-h LC50s of the fire retardants indicated that ammonia was the primary toxic component in these formulations. Based on estimated anionic surfactant concentrations at the 96-h LC50s of the foams and reference surfactants, LAS was intermediate in toxicity and SDS was less toxic to rainbow trout when compared with the foams. Comparisons of recommended application concentrations to the test results indicate that accidental inputs of these chemicals into streams require substantial dilutions (100-1,750-fold to reach concentrations nonlethal to rainbow trout.","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(2000)129<0408:ATOFCC>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00028487","usgsCitation":"Buhl, K.J., and Hamilton, S., 2000, Acute toxicity of fire-control chemicals, nitrogenous chemicals, and surfactants to rainbow trout: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 129, no. 2, p. 408-418, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(2000)129<0408:ATOFCC>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"408","endPage":"418","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233755,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"129","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e6dce4b0c8380cd4769b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buhl, Kevin J. 0000-0002-9963-2352 kevin_buhl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9963-2352","contributorId":1396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buhl","given":"Kevin","email":"kevin_buhl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":395152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hamilton, Steven J.","contributorId":174108,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hamilton","given":"Steven J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70022771,"text":"70022771 - 2000 - A comparison of delta change and downscaled GCM scenarios for three mountainous basins in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-25T16:26:35.337864","indexId":"70022771","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comparison of delta change and downscaled GCM scenarios for three mountainous basins in the United States","docAbstract":"Simulated daily precipitation, temperature, and runoff time series were compared in three mountainous basins in the United States: (1) the Animas River basin in Colorado, (2) the East Fork of the Carson River basin in Nevada and California, and (3) the Cle Elum River basin in Washington State. Two methods of climate scenario generation were compared: delta change and statistical downscaling. The delta change method uses differences between simulated current and future climate conditions from the Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research (HadCM2) General Circulation Model (GCM) added to observed time series of climate variables. A statistical downscaling (SDS) model was developed for each basin using station data and output from the National Center for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis regridded to the scale of HadCM2. The SDS model was then used to simulate local climate variables using HadCM2 output for current and future conditions. Surface climate variables from each scenario were used in a precipitation-runoff model. Results from this study show that, in the basins tested, a precipitation-runoff model can simulate realistic runoff series for current conditions using statistically downscaled NCEP output. But, use of downscaled HadCM2 output for current or future climate assessments are questionable because the GCM does not produce accurate estimates of the surface variables needed for runoff in these regions. Given the uncertainties in the GCMs ability to simulate current conditions based on either the delta change or downscaling approaches, future climate assessments based on either of these approaches must be treated with caution.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04276.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Hay, L., Wilby, R., and Leavesley, G., 2000, A comparison of delta change and downscaled GCM scenarios for three mountainous basins in the United States: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 36, no. 2, p. 387-397, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04276.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"387","endPage":"397","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233639,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Colorado, Nevada, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Animas River, Carson River, Cle Elum River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -107.874755859375,\n              37.21064411993447\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.85690307617188,\n              37.200253129999126\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.83355712890625,\n              37.210097261395795\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.85415649414062,\n              37.2456348218214\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.84591674804688,\n              37.290442925478196\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.80677795410156,\n              37.40725549559874\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.84934997558594,\n              37.40998258803303\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.90290832519531,\n              37.27241360211579\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.874755859375,\n              37.21064411993447\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -121.78619384765624,\n              47.455951443369926\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.05560302734376,\n              47.16170753357782\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.99517822265625,\n              47.2549998709802\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.124267578125,\n              47.3704545156932\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.25885009765625,\n              47.42622912485741\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.74224853515625,\n              47.48565697095909\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.78619384765624,\n              47.455951443369926\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -120.35797119140625,\n              38.477244528955595\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.62738037109375,\n              38.477244528955595\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.62738037109375,\n              39.35553794109382\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.35797119140625,\n              39.35553794109382\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.35797119140625,\n              38.477244528955595\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"36","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e359e4b0c8380cd45faf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hay, L.E.","contributorId":54253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hay","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilby, R.L.","contributorId":96043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilby","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Leavesley, G.H.","contributorId":93895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leavesley","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70022818,"text":"70022818 - 2000 - Occurrence of cotton herbicides and insecticides in playa lakes of the High Plains of West Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-07T10:01:24","indexId":"70022818","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5331,"text":"Science of Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Occurrence of cotton herbicides and insecticides in playa lakes of the High Plains of West Texas","docAbstract":"<p><span>During the summer of 1997, water samples were collected and analyzed for pesticides from 32 playa lakes of the High Plains that receive drainage from both cotton and corn agriculture in West Texas. The major cotton herbicides detected in the water samples were diuron, fluometuron, metolachlor, norflurazon, and prometryn. Atrazine and propazine, corn and sorghum herbicides, were also routinely detected in samples from the playa lakes. Furthermore, the metabolites of all the herbicides studied were found in the playa lake samples. In some cases, the concentration of metabolites was equal to or exceeded the concentration of the parent compound. The types of metabolites detected suggested that the parent compounds had been transported to and had undergone degradation in the playa lakes. The types of metabolites and the ratio of metabolites to parent compounds may be useful in indicating the time that the herbicides were transported to the playa lakes. The median concentration of total herbicides was 7.2 μg/l, with the largest total concentrations exceeding 30 μg/l. Organophosphate insecticides were detected in only one water sample. Further work will improve the understanding of the fate of these compounds in the playa lake area.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00542-2","issn":"00489697","usgsCitation":"Thurman, E., Bastian, K., and Mollhagen, T., 2000, Occurrence of cotton herbicides and insecticides in playa lakes of the High Plains of West Texas: Science of Total Environment, v. 248, no. 2-3, p. 189-200, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00542-2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"189","endPage":"200","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233859,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208246,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00542-2"}],"volume":"248","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6be2e4b0c8380cd74935","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bastian, K.C.","contributorId":83694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bastian","given":"K.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mollhagen, T.","contributorId":34693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mollhagen","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70022665,"text":"70022665 - 2000 - Summary of the MAIA Working Conference","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:39","indexId":"70022665","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Summary of the MAIA Working Conference","docAbstract":"From November 30 to December 2, 1998, the Mid-Atlantic Integrated Assessment (MAIA) held a Working Conference in Baltimore, Maryland (USA). The Conference presented the results from several of its activities and programs to scientists, environmental managers, and the general public. The attendees provided feedback on the usefulness of the MAIA program's activities, and suggested additional needs and recommended changes for the future.","largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","conferenceTitle":"1st Symposium on the Mid-Atlantic Integrated Assessment Program (MAIA)","conferenceDate":"30 November 1998 through 2 December 1998","conferenceLocation":"Baltimore, MD, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","publisherLocation":"Dordrecht, Netherlands","doi":"10.1023/A:1006440930373","issn":"01676369","usgsCitation":"Bradley, M., Brown, B., Hale, S., Kutz, F., Landy, R., Shedlock, R., Mangold, R., Morris, A., Galloway, W., Rosen, J., Pepino, R., and Wiersma, B., 2000, Summary of the MAIA Working Conference, <i>in</i> Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 63, no. 1, Baltimore, MD, USA, 30 November 1998 through 2 December 1998, p. 15-29, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006440930373.","startPage":"15","endPage":"29","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233632,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208144,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006440930373"}],"volume":"63","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9eeee4b08c986b31e21d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bradley, M.P.","contributorId":20122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"M.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, B.S.","contributorId":68613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"B.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hale, S.S.","contributorId":64001,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hale","given":"S.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kutz, F.W.","contributorId":107992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kutz","given":"F.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Landy, R.B.","contributorId":101360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landy","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Shedlock, R.","contributorId":95767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shedlock","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Mangold, R.","contributorId":81376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mangold","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Morris, A.","contributorId":30520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morris","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Galloway, W.","contributorId":59699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galloway","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Rosen, J.S.","contributorId":58159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosen","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Pepino, R.","contributorId":48457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pepino","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Wiersma, B.","contributorId":71071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiersma","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}}
,{"id":70022745,"text":"70022745 - 2000 - Fatal toxoplasmosis in free-ranging endangered 'Alala from Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-04T15:04:17","indexId":"70022745","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fatal toxoplasmosis in free-ranging endangered 'Alala from Hawaii","docAbstract":"<p>The &lsquo;Alala (<i>Corvus hawaiiensis</i>) is the most endangered corvid in the world, and intensive efforts are being made to reintroduce it to its former native range in Hawaii. We diagnosed <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> infection in five free-ranging &lsquo;Alala. One &lsquo;Alala, recaptured from the wild because it was underweight and depressed, was treated with diclazuril (10 mg/kg) orally for 10 days. Antibodies were measured before and after treatment by the modified agglutination test (MAT) using whole <i>T. gondii</i> tachyzoites fixed in formalin and mercaptoethanol. The MAT titer decreased four-fold from an initial titer of 1:1,600 with remarkable improvement in physical condition. Lesions of toxoplasmosis also were seen in two partially scavenged carcasses and in a third fresh intact carcass. <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> was confirmed immunohistochemically by using anti-<i>T. gondii</i> specific serum. The organism was also cultured by bioassay in mice from tissues of one of these birds and the brain of a fifth &lsquo;Alala that did not exhibit lesions. The life cycle of the parasite was experimentally completed in cats. This is the first record of toxoplasmosis in &lsquo;Alala, and the parasite appears to pose a significant threat and management challenge to reintroduction programs for &lsquo;Alala in Hawaii.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-36.2.205","issn":"00903558","usgsCitation":"Work, T.M., Massey, J.G., Rideout, B.A., Gardiner, C.H., Ledig, D.B., Kwok, O.C., and Dubey, J., 2000, Fatal toxoplasmosis in free-ranging endangered 'Alala from Hawaii: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 36, no. 2, p. 205-212, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-36.2.205.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"205","endPage":"212","numberOfPages":"8","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487455,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-36.2.205","text":"Publisher Index 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 \"}}]}","volume":"36","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0f02e4b0c8380cd53703","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Work, Thierry M. 0000-0002-4426-9090 thierry_work@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4426-9090","contributorId":1187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Work","given":"Thierry","email":"thierry_work@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":394749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Massey, J. Gregory","contributorId":101054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Massey","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Gregory","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rideout, Bruce A.","contributorId":90912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rideout","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gardiner, Chris H.","contributorId":74920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardiner","given":"Chris","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ledig, David B.","contributorId":27645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ledig","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kwok, O. C. H.","contributorId":83891,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kwok","given":"O.","email":"","middleInitial":"C. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Dubey, J. P.","contributorId":80609,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dubey","given":"J. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70022666,"text":"70022666 - 2000 - Quantifying precambrian crustal extraction: The root is the answer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-04T19:37:21.477271","indexId":"70022666","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quantifying precambrian crustal extraction: The root is the answer","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id15\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id16\"><p>We use two different methods to estimate the total amount of continental crust that was extracted by the end of the Archean and the Proterozoic. The first method uses the sum of the seismic thickness of the crust, the eroded thickness of the crust, and the trapped melt within the lithospheric root to estimate the total crustal volume. This summation method yields an average equivalent thickness of Archean crust of 49±6&nbsp;km and an average equivalent thickness of Proterozoic crust of 48± 9&nbsp;km. Between 7 and 9% of this crust never reached the surface, but remained within the continental root as congealed, iron-rich komatiitic melt. The second method uses experimental models of melting, mantle xenolith compositions, and corrected lithospheric thickness to estimate the amount of crust extracted through time. This melt column method reveals that the average equivalent thickness of Archean crust was 65±6&nbsp;km, and the average equivalent thickness of Early Proterozoic crust was 60±7&nbsp;km. It is likely that some of this crust remained trapped within the lithospheric root. The discrepancy between the two estimates is attributed to uncertainties in estimates of the amount of trapped, congealed melt, overall crustal erosion, and crustal recycling. Overall, we find that between 29 and 45% of continental crust was extracted by the end of the Archean, most likely by 2.7&nbsp;Ga. Between 51 and 79% of continental crust was extracted by the end of the Early Proterozoic, most likely by 1.8–2.0&nbsp;Ga. Our results are most consistent with geochemical models that call upon moderate amounts of recycling of early extracted continental crust coupled with continuing crustal growth (e.g. McLennan, S.M., Taylor, S.R., 1982. Geochemical constraints on the growth of the continental crust. Journal of Geology, 90, 347–361; Veizer, J., Jansen, S.L., 1985. Basement and sedimentary recycling — 2: time dimension to global tectonics. Journal of Geology 93(6), 625–643). Trapped, congealed, iron-rich melt within the lithospheric root may represent some of the iron that is ‘missing’ from the lower crust. The lower crust within Archean cratons may also have an unexpectedly low iron content because it was extracted from more primitive, undepleted mantle.</p></div></div></div>","largerWorkTitle":"","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0040-1951(00)00062-7","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Abbott, D., Sparks, D., Herzberg, C., Mooney, W.D., Nikishin, A., and Zhang, Y., 2000, Quantifying precambrian crustal extraction: The root is the answer: Tectonophysics, v. 322, no. 1-2, p. 163-190, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(00)00062-7.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"163","endPage":"190","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233633,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"322","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a91d7e4b0c8380cd804c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Abbott, D.","contributorId":96031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abbott","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sparks, D.","contributorId":68076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sparks","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Herzberg, C.","contributorId":61990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herzberg","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":394456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nikishin, A.","contributorId":98507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nikishin","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Zhang, Y.-S.","contributorId":94057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"Y.-S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70022772,"text":"70022772 - 2000 - Comparative habitat ecology of Texas and masked bobwhites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-19T17:34:10.687628","indexId":"70022772","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparative habitat ecology of Texas and masked bobwhites","docAbstract":"<p>The habitat ecology of masked bobwhites (<i>Colinus virginianus ridgwayi</i>) is poorly understood, which hampers recovery efforts for this endangered bird. During 1994-96, we analyzed the habitat ecology of masked bobwhites in Sonora, Mexico, and Arizona, and compared these findings with the habitat ecology of Texas bobwhites (<i>C. v. texanus</i>) in southern Texas. Mean values for the quantity of low screening cover (&lt;50 cm aboveground), operative temperature (<span>°</span>C), and exposure to aerial predators were relatively constant across regions (CV &lt;14.2%), indicating these variables are important in adaptive habitat-use decisions by bobwhites. Bobwhites exhibited preference in all regions for higher canopy coverage of woody vegetation, lower exposure to aerial predators, and lower operative temperatures in comparison with randomly available conditions. The major habitat deficiencies for masked bobwhites were lack of woody and herbaceous cover, which led to high exposure to aerial predators in Sonora and Arizona. High operative temperatures at quail level were associated with the loss of <span>≥</span>24% of potential habitat space-time in Texas, Sonora, and Arizona. Management to improve habitat for masked bobwhites includes any practice that increases canopy coverage of woody vegetation, and height and coverage of herbaceous vegetation.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"The Wildlife Society","doi":"10.2307/3803239","issn":"0022541X","usgsCitation":"Guthery, F., King, N., Nolte, K., Kuvlesky, W., DeStefano, S., Gall, S., and Silvy, N., 2000, Comparative habitat ecology of Texas and masked bobwhites: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 64, no. 2, p. 407-420, https://doi.org/10.2307/3803239.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"407","endPage":"420","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233640,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, Texas","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"MultiPolygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": 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Jr.","contributorId":71674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuvlesky","given":"W.P.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"DeStefano, S.","contributorId":84309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeStefano","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gall, S.A.","contributorId":41563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gall","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Silvy, N.J.","contributorId":75665,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Silvy","given":"N.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70022854,"text":"70022854 - 2000 - Chlorofluorocarbon dating of herbicide-containing well waters in Fresno and Tulare counties, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-07T17:15:27.946977","indexId":"70022854","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chlorofluorocarbon dating of herbicide-containing well waters in Fresno and Tulare counties, California","docAbstract":"Simazine, diuron, and bromacil are the most frequently detected currently registered pesticides in California groundwater. These herbicides have been used for several decades in Fresno and Tulare counties, California; however, previous data are inadequate to determine whether the detections are a result of recent or historical applications (i.e., within the last decade, or 20-30 yr ago). Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) groundwater age-dating was used in conjunction with one-dimensional transport modeling to address this question. The estimated times between herbicide application and subsequent detection in groundwater samples from 18 domestic wells ranged from 3 to 33 yr; the aggregate data indicate that more than half of the detections are associated with applications in the last decade. The data also suggest that changes in groundwater quality arising from modified management practices will probably not be discernible for at least a decade. A secondary objective of this study was to evaluate the contribution of simazine degradates deethylsimazine (DES; 2-amino-4-chloro-6-ethylamino-s-triazine) and diaminochlorotriazine (DACT; 2,4-diamino-6-chloro-s-triazine) to total triazine concentrations (defined here as simazine + DES + DACT) in 30 domestic wells. The N-dealkylated s- chlorotriazine degradates DES and DACT substantially contribute to total triazine concentrations in Fresno and Tulare County groundwater, composing 24 to 100% of the total triazines, with a median of 82%. If s-chlorotriazines display a common mode of toxicological action, the prevalence of triazine degradates in water samples found in this and other studies indicate that drinking water standards based on total s-chlorotriazine concentrations may be most appropriate.","language":"English","publisher":"American Soc of Agronomy Inc","publisherLocation":"Madison, WI, United States","doi":"10.2134/jeq2000.00472425002900020016x","issn":"00472425","usgsCitation":"Spurlock, F., Burow, K., and Dubrovsky, N., 2000, Chlorofluorocarbon dating of herbicide-containing well waters in Fresno and Tulare counties, California: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 29, no. 2, p. 474-483, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2000.00472425002900020016x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"474","endPage":"483","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":498978,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2000.00472425002900020016x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":233791,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Fresno County, Tulare 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F.","contributorId":65260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spurlock","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burow, K.","contributorId":75306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burow","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dubrovsky, N.","contributorId":90084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dubrovsky","given":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70022855,"text":"70022855 - 2000 - Historic and present-day forest conditions: Implications for bottomland hardwood forest restoration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-17T15:45:55","indexId":"70022855","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1462,"text":"Ecological Restoration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Historic and present-day forest conditions: Implications for bottomland hardwood forest restoration","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available</p>","language":"English","issn":"15224740","usgsCitation":"Ouchley, K., Hamilton, R., Barrow, W., and Ouchley, K., 2000, Historic and present-day forest conditions: Implications for bottomland hardwood forest restoration: Ecological Restoration, v. 18, no. 1, p. 21-25.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"21","endPage":"25","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233792,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Bayou Cocodrie National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -91.70150756835938,\n              31.487821121636433\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.55181884765625,\n              31.487821121636433\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.55181884765625,\n              31.6071945103536\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.70150756835938,\n              31.6071945103536\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.70150756835938,\n              31.487821121636433\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"18","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a315de4b0c8380cd5de75","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ouchley, Keith","contributorId":216315,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ouchley","given":"Keith","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hamilton, R.B.","contributorId":63509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barrow, W.C. Jr. 0000-0003-4671-2823","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4671-2823","contributorId":11183,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barrow","given":"W.C.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ouchley, Kelby","contributorId":216316,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ouchley","given":"Kelby","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":764485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70022668,"text":"70022668 - 2000 - Historical eruptions of Merapi Volcano, Central Java, Indonesia, 1768-1998","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-19T15:39:08.710125","indexId":"70022668","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Historical eruptions of Merapi Volcano, Central Java, Indonesia, 1768-1998","docAbstract":"<p>Information on Merapi eruptive activity is scattered and much is remotely located. A concise and well-documented summary of this activity has been long needed to assist researchers and hazard-mitigation efforts, and the aim of this paper is to synthesize information from the mid-1700s to the present. A descriptive chronology is given, with an abbreviated chronology in a table that summarizes events by year, assigns preliminary Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) ratings and Hartmann classifications, and provides key references. The history of volcano monitoring is also outlined. The study reveals that a major difference in eruption style exists between the twentieth and nineteenth centuries, although the periodicity between larger events seems about the same. During the twentieth century, activity has comprised mainly the effusive growth of viscous lava domes and lava tongues, with occasional gravitational collapses of parts of oversteepened domes to produce the nue??es ardentes - commonly defined as \"Merapi-type\". In the 1800s, however, explosive eruptions of relatively large size occurred (to VEI 4), and some associated \"fountain-collapse\" nue??es ardentes were larger and farther reaching than any produced in the twentieth century. These events may also be regarded as typical eruptions for Merapi. The nineteenth century activity is consistent with the long-term pattern of one relatively large event every one or two centuries, based on the long-term eruptive record deduced by others from volcanic stratigraphy. It is uncertain whether or not a \"recurrence-time\" model continues to apply to Merapi, but if so, Merapi could soon be due for another large event and its occurrence with only modest (or inadequately appreciated) precursors could lead to a disaster unprecedented in Merapi's history because the area around the volcano is now much more densely populated.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00134-7","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Voight, B., Constantine, E., Siswowidjoyo, S., and Torley, R., 2000, Historical eruptions of Merapi Volcano, Central Java, Indonesia, 1768-1998: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 100, no. 1-4, p. 69-138, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00134-7.","productDescription":"70 p.","startPage":"69","endPage":"138","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233706,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Indonesia","otherGeospatial":"Java, Merapi Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              110.42324066162108,\n              -7.592919536598735\n            ],\n            [\n              110.43800354003906,\n              -7.599385424645164\n            ],\n            [\n              110.4850387573242,\n              -7.577264878665082\n            ],\n            [\n              110.49293518066405,\n              -7.553781825248017\n            ],\n            [\n              110.49190521240234,\n              -7.539487167568601\n            ],\n            [\n              110.48709869384766,\n              -7.514980942395872\n            ],\n            [\n              110.46203613281249,\n              -7.501365775065815\n            ],\n            [\n              110.41053771972656,\n              -7.498302303676608\n            ],\n            [\n              110.39268493652344,\n              -7.520426889868663\n            ],\n            [\n              110.3916549682617,\n              -7.536083608037703\n            ],\n            [\n              110.42324066162108,\n              -7.592919536598735\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"100","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a318ce4b0c8380cd5dffb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Voight, B.","contributorId":16575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voight","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Constantine, E.K.","contributorId":94176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Constantine","given":"E.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Siswowidjoyo, S.","contributorId":29278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Siswowidjoyo","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Torley, R.","contributorId":37106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torley","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70022816,"text":"70022816 - 2000 - Reevaluation of tsunami formation by debris avalanche at Augustine Volcano, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:39","indexId":"70022816","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3208,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reevaluation of tsunami formation by debris avalanche at Augustine Volcano, Alaska","docAbstract":"Debris avalanches entering the sea at Augustine Volcano, Alaska have been proposed as a mechanism for generating tsunamis. Historical accounts of the 1883 eruption of the volcano describe 6- to 9-meter-high waves that struck the coastline at English Bay (Nanwalek), Alaska about 80 kilometers east of Augustine Island. These accounts are often cited as proof that volcanigenic tsunamis from Augustine Volcano are significant hazards to the coastal zone of lower Cook Inlet. This claim is disputed because deposits of unequivocal tsunami origin are not evident at more than 50 sites along the lower Cook Inlet coastline where they might be preserved. Shallow water (<25 m) around Augustine Island, in the run-out zone for debris avalanches, limits the size of an avalanche-caused wave. If the two most recent debris avalanches, Burr Point (A.D. 1883) and West Island (<500 yr. B.P.) were traveling at velocities in the range of 50 to 100 meters per second, the kinetic energy of the avalanches at the point of impact with the ocean would have been between 1014 and 1015 joules. Although some of this energy would be dissipated through boundary interactions and momentum transfer between the avalanche and the sea, the initial wave should have possessed sufficient kinetic energy to do geomorphic work (erosion, sediment transport, formation of wave-cut features) on the coastline of lowwer Cook Inlet. Because widespread evidence of the effects of large waves cannot be found, it appears that the debris avalanches could not have been traveling very fast when they entered the sea, or they happened during low tide and displaced only small volumes of water. In light of these results, the hazard from volcanigenic tsunamis from Augustine Volcano appears minor, unless a very large debris avalanche occurs at high tide.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pure and Applied Geophysics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00334553","usgsCitation":"Waythomas, C.F., 2000, Reevaluation of tsunami formation by debris avalanche at Augustine Volcano, Alaska: Pure and Applied Geophysics, v. 157, no. 6-8, p. 1145-1188.","startPage":"1145","endPage":"1188","numberOfPages":"44","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233827,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"157","issue":"6-8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a422e4b0e8fec6cdba61","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waythomas, C. F.","contributorId":10065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waythomas","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70022693,"text":"70022693 - 2000 - Formation of natural gas hydrates in marine sediments. Gas hydrate growth and stability conditioned by host sediment properties","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-31T10:44:28","indexId":"70022693","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Formation of natural gas hydrates in marine sediments. Gas hydrate growth and stability conditioned by host sediment properties","docAbstract":"The stability conditions of submarine gas hydrates (methane clathrates) are largely dictated by pressure, temperature, gas composition, and pore water salinity. However, the physical properties and surface chemistry of the host sediments also affect the thermodynamic state, growth kinetics, spatial distributions, and growth forms of clathrates. Our model presumes that gas hydrate behaves in a way analogous to ice in the pores of a freezing soil, where capillary forces influence the energy balance. Hydrate growth is inhibited within fine-grained sediments because of the excess internal phase pressure of small crystals with high surface curvature that coexist with liquid water in small pores. Therefore, the base of gas hydrate stability in a sequence of fine sediments is predicted by our model to occur at a lower temperature, and so nearer to the seabed than would be calculated from bulk thermodynamic equilibrium. The growth forms commonly observed in hydrate samples recovered from marine sediments (nodules, sheets, and lenses in muds; cements in sand and ash layers) can be explained by a requirement to minimize the excess of mechanical and surface energy in the system.","largerWorkTitle":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","language":"English","issn":"00778923","usgsCitation":"Clennell, M.B., Henry, P., Hovland, M., Booth, J., Winters, W., and Thomas, M., 2000, Formation of natural gas hydrates in marine sediments. Gas hydrate growth and stability conditioned by host sediment properties, <i>in</i> Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, v. 912, p. 887-896.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"887","endPage":"896","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233526,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"912","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1355e4b0c8380cd5460c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clennell, M. B.","contributorId":95221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clennell","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Henry, P.","contributorId":91599,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henry","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hovland, M.","contributorId":51487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hovland","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Booth, J.S.","contributorId":13619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Booth","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Winters, W.J.","contributorId":49796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winters","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Thomas, M.","contributorId":71343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":53882,"text":"53882 - 2000 - Field guide to malformations of frogs and toads: with radiographic interpretations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-12T10:10:43","indexId":"53882","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":9,"text":"Biological Science Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"2000-0005","title":"Field guide to malformations of frogs and toads: with radiographic interpretations","docAbstract":"<p>In 1995, students found numerous malformed frogs on a field trip to a Minnesota pond. Since that time, reports of malformed frogs have increased dramatically. Malformed frogs have now been reported in 44 states in 38 species of frogs, and 19 species of toads. Estimates as high as 60% of the newly metamorphosed frog populations have had malformations at some ponds (NARCAM, ’99). The wide geographic distribution of malformed frogs and the variety of malformations are a concern to resource managers, research scientists and public health officials. The potential for malformations to serve as a signal of ecosystem disruption, and the affect this potential disruption might have on other organisms that share those ecosystems, has not been resolved. Malformations represent an error that occurred early in development. The event that caused the developmental error is temporally distant from the malformation we see in the fully developed animal. Knowledge of normal developmental principles is necessary to design thoughtful investigations that will define the events involved in abnormal development in wild frog populations.</p><p>Development begins at the time an egg is fertilized and progresses by chemical communication between cells and cell layers. This communication is programmed through gene expression. Malformations represent primary errors in development, errors in chemical communication or translation of genetic information. Deformations arise later in development and usually result from the influence of mechanical factors (such as amputation) that alter shape or anatomy of a structure that has developed normally. The occurrence and the type of malformations are influenced by the type of error or insult as well as the timing of the error (the developmental stage at which the error occurred). The appearance of the malformation can therefore provide clues that suggest when the error may have occurred. If the malformation is an incomplete organ, such as an incomplete limb, the factor or insult acted during a susceptible period prior to organ completion. Although defining the anatomy of the malformed metamorphosed frog can give us an idea of the approximate window during which the developmental insult was initiated, and might even suggest the type of insult that may have occurred, the morphology of the malformation does not define the cause. To define causes and mechanisms of frog malformations we need to use well designed investigations that are different from traditional tests used in acute toxicity or disease pathogenicity studies. When investigating malformations in metamorphosed frogs, we are looking at the affect of exposure to an agent that occurred early in tadpole development. Therefore investigations to determine causes of malformations need to look at agents that are present in the tadpoles or their environments at these early developmental times. Laboratory experiments need to expose embryos and tadpoles to suspect agents at appropriate developmental stages and look at acute results, such as toxicity and death, as well as following the developmental process to completion to determine the impact of the agent on the developing tadpole and the fully developed frog. This means holding animals past metamorphic climax to assure that the anatomy and physiology of the adult have developed normally.</p><p>As we look at field collections of abnormal frogs, we need to keep in mind that these collections reflect survivors only. We are looking at malformations that were not fatal to tadpoles. We cannot assume that because we do not collect other malformations, they did not exist. More work needs to be done on the developing tadpole, in the field and in the laboratory, to better elucidate the range, frequency, character and causes of anuran malformations.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Meteyer, C.U., 2000, Field guide to malformations of frogs and toads: with radiographic interpretations: Biological Science Report 2000-0005, 16 p.","productDescription":"16 p.","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":177984,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/53882.PNG"},{"id":4722,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bsr/2000/0005/bsr20000005.pdf","text":"Report","size":"726 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"BSR 2000-0005"}],"contact":"<p>Director, <a href=\"https://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/\">National Wildlife Health Center</a><br> U.S. Geological Survey<br> 6006 Schroeder Road<br> Madison, WI 53711</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Acknowledgments</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Glossary</li><li>Anatomy and terminology describing the normal frog limb</li><li>General Classification System for Limb Malformations</li><li>Abnormalities, Not Malformations</li><li>References</li><li>Key to Frog and Toad Malformations</li></ul>","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fce4b07f02db5f5914","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meteyer, Carol U. 0000-0002-4007-3410 cmeteyer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4007-3410","contributorId":111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meteyer","given":"Carol","email":"cmeteyer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"U.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":248576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70022815,"text":"70022815 - 2000 - An evaluation of the Wyoming Gauge System for snowfall measurement","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-27T17:03:11","indexId":"70022815","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An evaluation of the Wyoming Gauge System for snowfall measurement","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Wyoming snow fence (shield) has been widely used with precipitation gauges for snowfall measurement at more than 25 locations in Alaska since the late 1970s. This gauge's measurements have been taken as the reference for correcting wind‐induced gauge undercatch of snowfall in Alaska. Recently, this fence (shield) was tested in the World Meteorological Organization Solid Precipitation Measurement Intercomparison Project at four locations in the United States of America and Canada for six winter seasons. At the Intercomparison sites an octagonal vertical Double Fence with a Russian Tretyakov gauge or a Universal Belfort recording gauge was installed and used as the Intercomparison Reference (DFIR) to provide true snowfall amounts for this Intercomparison experiment. The Intercomparison data collected were compiled at the four sites that represent a variety of climate, terrain, and exposure. On the basis of these data sets the performance of the Wyoming gauge system for snowfall observations was carefully evaluated against the DFIR and snow cover data. The results show that (1) the mean snow catch efficiency of the Wyoming gauge compared with the DFIR is about 80–90%, (2) there exists a close linear relation between the measurements of the two gauge systems and this relation may serve as a transfer function to adjust the Wyoming gauge records to obtain an estimate of the true snowfall amount, (3) catch efficiency of the Wyoming gauge does not change with wind speed and temperature, and (4) Wyoming gauge measurements are generally compatible to the snowpack water equivalent at selected locations in northern Alaska. These results are important to our effort of determining true snowfall amounts in the high latitudes, and they are also useful for regional hydrologic and climatic analyses.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000WR900158","usgsCitation":"Yang, D., Kane, D.L., Hinzman, L.D., Goodison, B.E., Metcalfe, J.R., Louie, P.Y., Leavesley, G.H., Emerson, D.G., and Hanson, C.L., 2000, An evaluation of the Wyoming Gauge System for snowfall measurement: Water Resources Research, v. 36, no. 9, p. 2665-2677, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000WR900158.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"2665","endPage":"2677","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233790,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea54e4b0c8380cd487b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yang, Daqing","contributorId":203286,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yang","given":"Daqing","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kane, Douglas L.","contributorId":112099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kane","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hinzman, Larry D.","contributorId":97133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinzman","given":"Larry","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Goodison, Barry E.","contributorId":203293,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Goodison","given":"Barry","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Metcalfe, John R.","contributorId":203294,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Metcalfe","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Louie, Paul Y.T.","contributorId":60419,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Louie","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Leavesley, George H. george@usgs.gov","contributorId":1202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leavesley","given":"George","email":"george@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":394998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Emerson, Douglas G.","contributorId":40579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emerson","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Hanson, Clayton L.","contributorId":203290,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hanson","given":"Clayton","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":1001858,"text":"1001858 - 2000 - Wolf-bison interactions in Yellowstone National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-05T11:32:47","indexId":"1001858","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2373,"text":"Journal of Mammalogy","onlineIssn":"1545-1542","printIssn":"0022-2372","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wolf-bison interactions in Yellowstone National Park","docAbstract":"<p><span>We studied interactions of reintroduced wolves (</span><i>Canis lupus</i><span>) with bison (</span><i>Bison bison</i><span>) in Yellowstone National Park. Only 2 of 41 wolves in this study had been exposed to bison before their translocation. Wolves were more successful killing elk (</span><i>Cervus elaphus</i><span>) than bison, and elk were more abundant than bison, so elk were the primary prey of wolves. Except for a lone emaciated bison calf killed by 8 1-year-old wolves 21 days after their release, the 1st documented kill occurred 25 months after wolves were released. Fourteen bison kills were documented from April 1995 through March 1999. All kills were made in late winter when bison were vulnerable because of poor condition or of bison that were injured or young. Wolves learned to kill bison and killed more bison where elk were absent or scarce. We predict that wolves that have learned to kill bison will kill them more regularly, at least in spring. The results of this study indicate how adaptable wolves are at killing prey species new to them.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Mammalogists","doi":"10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<1128:WBIIYN>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Smith, D.W., Mech, L.D., Meagher, M., Clark, W.E., Jaffe, R., Phillips, M., and Mack, J., 2000, Wolf-bison interactions in Yellowstone National Park: Journal of Mammalogy, v. 81, no. 4, p. 1128-1135, https://doi.org/10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<1128:WBIIYN>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1128","endPage":"1135","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133867,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"81","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dce4b07f02db5e132b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Douglas W.","contributorId":95727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mech, L. David 0000-0003-3944-7769 david_mech@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3944-7769","contributorId":2518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mech","given":"L.","email":"david_mech@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":311959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Meagher, Mary","contributorId":50454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meagher","given":"Mary","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Clark, Wendy E.","contributorId":149969,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clark","given":"Wendy","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jaffe, Rosemary","contributorId":16295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaffe","given":"Rosemary","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Phillips, Michael K.","contributorId":77475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"Michael K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Mack, John A.","contributorId":102818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mack","given":"John A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70022769,"text":"70022769 - 2000 - Wintering greater scaup as biomonitors of metal contamination in federal wildlife refuges in the Long Island Region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:40","indexId":"70022769","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wintering greater scaup as biomonitors of metal contamination in federal wildlife refuges in the Long Island Region","docAbstract":"Tissues of greater scaup (Aythya marila mariloides) and components of their habitat (sediment, plankton, macroalgae, and invertebrates) were collected for heavy metal analysis in the winter of 1996-97 from US Department of the Interior wildlife refuges in the Long Island region. Geographic and temporal relationships between the concentration of nine metals in tissue and in habitat components were examined. In greater scaup tissues and habitat components, concentrations of As and Se were highest in Branford, Connecticut; Pb values were greatest in Oyster Bay, New York; and Hg concentrations were largest in Sandy Hook, New Jersey. Over the course of the winter, the concentration of Hg in liver increased, and concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, Se, and Zn in kidney decreased. Based on several criteria derived from geographic and temporal trends, metals were ranked using the apparent biomonitoring efficacy of greater scaup (As = Cr > Cu = Pb = Zn = Hg > Se = Cd > Ni). Although the seasonal migration and daily mobility of greater scaup are drawbacks to using this species as a sentinel for metal pollution, it was possible to demonstrate a relationship between geographic and temporal patterns of metals in habitat and greater scaup tissue. However, most metal concentrations in tissue were below thresholds known to adversely affect health of waterfowl.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s002449910011","issn":"00904341","usgsCitation":"Cohen, J., Barclay, J., Major, A., and Fisher, J., 2000, Wintering greater scaup as biomonitors of metal contamination in federal wildlife refuges in the Long Island Region: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 38, no. 1, p. 83-92, https://doi.org/10.1007/s002449910011.","startPage":"83","endPage":"92","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208128,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002449910011"},{"id":233604,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd167e4b08c986b32f3ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cohen, J.B.","contributorId":29914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cohen","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barclay, J.S.","contributorId":46661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barclay","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Major, A.R.","contributorId":97392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Major","given":"A.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fisher, J.P.","contributorId":105982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70022695,"text":"70022695 - 2000 - Voluminous lava-like precursor to a major ash-flow tuff: Low-column pyroclastic eruption of the Pagosa Peak Dacite, San Juan volcanic field, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:08","indexId":"70022695","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Voluminous lava-like precursor to a major ash-flow tuff: Low-column pyroclastic eruption of the Pagosa Peak Dacite, San Juan volcanic field, Colorado","docAbstract":"The Pagosa Peak Dacite is an unusual pyroclastic deposit that immediately predated eruption of the enormous Fish Canyon Tuff (~5000 km3) from the La Garita caldera at 28 Ma. The Pagosa Peak Dacite is thick (to 1 km), voluminous (>200 km3), and has a high aspect ratio (1:50) similar to those of silicic lava flows. It contains a high proportion (40-60%) of juvenile clasts (to 3-4 m) emplaced as viscous magma that was less vesiculated than typical pumice. Accidental lithic fragments are absent above the basal 5-10% of the unit. Thick densely welded proximal deposits flowed rheomorphically due to gravitational spreading, despite the very high viscosity of the crystal-rich magma, resulting in a macroscopic appearance similar to flow-layered silicic lava. Although it is a separate depositional unit, the Pagosa Peak Dacite is indistinguishable from the overlying Fish Canyon Tuff in bulk-rock chemistry, phenocryst compositions, and 40Ar/39Ar age. The unusual characteristics of this deposit are interpreted as consequences of eruption by low-column pyroclastic fountaining and lateral transport as dense, poorly inflated pyroclastic flows. The inferred eruptive style may be in part related to synchronous disruption of the southern margin of the Fish Canyon magma chamber by block faulting. The Pagosa Peak eruptive sources are apparently buried in the southern La Garita caldera, where northerly extensions of observed syneruptive faults served as fissure vents. Cumulative vent cross-sections were large, leading to relatively low emission velocities for a given discharge rate. Many successive pyroclastic flows accumulated sufficiently rapidly to weld densely as a cooling unit up to 1000 m thick and to retain heat adequately to permit rheomorphic flow. Explosive potential of the magma may have been reduced by degassing during ascent through fissure conduits, leading to fracture-dominated magma fragmentation at low vesicularity. Subsequent collapse of the 75 x 35 km2 La Garita caldera and eruption of the Fish Canyon Tuff were probably triggered by destabilization of the chamber roof as magma was withdrawn during the Pagosa Peak eruption. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0377-0273(99)00185-7","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Bachmann, O., Dungan, M., and Lipman, P.W., 2000, Voluminous lava-like precursor to a major ash-flow tuff: Low-column pyroclastic eruption of the Pagosa Peak Dacite, San Juan volcanic field, Colorado: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 98, no. 1-4, p. 153-171, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(99)00185-7.","startPage":"153","endPage":"171","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208112,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(99)00185-7"},{"id":233564,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"98","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc36be4b08c986b32b180","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bachmann, Olivier","contributorId":101030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bachmann","given":"Olivier","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dungan, M.A.","contributorId":36304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dungan","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lipman, P. W.","contributorId":93470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lipman","given":"P.","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1001730,"text":"1001730 - 2000 - A surface-associated activity trap for capturing water surface and aquatic invertebrates in wetlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-16T10:10:09","indexId":"1001730","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A surface-associated activity trap for capturing water surface and aquatic invertebrates in wetlands","docAbstract":"<p><span>We developed a surface-associated activity trap (SAT) for sampling aquatic invertebrates in wetlands. We compared performance of this trap with that of a conventional activity trap (AT) based on non-detection rates and relative abundance estimates for 13 taxa of common wetland invertebrates and for taxon richness using data from experiments in constructed wetlands. Taxon-specific non-detection rates for ATs generally exceeded those of SATs, and largest improvements using SATs were for Chironomidae and Gastropoda. SATs were efficient at capturing cladocera, Chironomidae, Gastropoda, total Crustacea, and multiple taxa (taxon richness) but were only slightly better than ATs at capturing Dytiscidae. Temporal differences in capture rates were observed only for cladocera, Chironomidae, Dytiscidae, and total Crustacea, with capture efficiencies of SATs usually decreasing from mid-June through mid-July for these taxa. We believe that SATs may be useful for characterizing wetland invertebrate communities and for developing improved measures of prey available to foraging waterfowl and other aquatic birds.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"The Society of Wetland Scientists","doi":"10.1672/0277-5212(2000)020[0205:ASAATF]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Hanson, M.A., Roy, C.C., Euliss, N.H., Zimmer, K.D., Riggs, M.R., and Butler, M.G., 2000, A surface-associated activity trap for capturing water surface and aquatic invertebrates in wetlands: Wetlands, v. 20, no. 1, p. 205-212, https://doi.org/10.1672/0277-5212(2000)020[0205:ASAATF]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"205","endPage":"212","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133724,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a5f69","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hanson, Mark A.","contributorId":174743,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hanson","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roy, Christiane C.","contributorId":80592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roy","given":"Christiane","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Euliss, Ned H. Jr. ceuliss@usgs.gov","contributorId":2916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Euliss","given":"Ned","suffix":"Jr.","email":"ceuliss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zimmer, Kyle D.","contributorId":174744,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zimmer","given":"Kyle","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Riggs, Michael R.","contributorId":174745,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Riggs","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Butler, Malcolm G.","contributorId":56188,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Butler","given":"Malcolm","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":12813,"text":"Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":311613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70023099,"text":"70023099 - 2000 - Environmental history and tephrostratigraphy at Carp Lake, southwestern Columbia Basin, Washington, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:07","indexId":"70023099","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Environmental history and tephrostratigraphy at Carp Lake, southwestern Columbia Basin, Washington, USA","docAbstract":"Sediment cores from Carp Lake provide a pollen record of the last ca. 125,000 years that helps disclose vegetational and climatic conditions from the present day to the previous interglaciation (120-133 ka). The core also contained 15 tephra layers, which were characterised by electron-microprobe analysis of volcanic glass shards. Identified tephra include Mount St. Helens Ye, 3.69 ka; Mazama ash bed, 7.54 ka; Mount St. Helens layer C, 35-50 ka; an unnamed Mount St. Helens tephra, 75-150 ka; the tephra equivalent of layer E at Pringle Falls, Oregon, <218 ka; and an andesitic tephra layer similar to that at Tulelake, California, 174 ka. Ten calibrated radiocarbon ages and the ages of Mount St. Helens Ye, Mazama ash, and the unnamed Mount St. Helens tephra were used to develop an age-depth model. This model was refined by also incorporating the age of marine oxygen isotope stage (IS) boundary 4/5 (73.9 ka) and the age of IS-5e (125 ka). The justification for this age-model is based on an analysis of the pollen record and lithologic data. The pollen record is divided into 11 assemblage zones that describe alternations between periods of montane conifer forest, pine forest, and steppe. The previous interglacial period (IS-5e) supported temperate xerothermic forests of pine and oak and a northward and westward expansion of steppe and juniper woodland, compared to their present occurrence. The period from 83 to 117 ka contains intervals of pine forest and parkland alternating with pine-spruce forest, suggesting shifts from cold humid to cool temperate conditions. Between 73 and 83 ka, a forest of oak, hemlock, Douglas-fir, and fir was present that has no modem analogue. It suggests warm wet summers and cool wet winters. Cool humid conditions during the mid-Wisconsin interval supported mixed conifer forest with Douglas-fir and spruce. The glacial interval featured cold dry steppe, with an expansion of spruce in the late-glacial. Xerothermic communities prevailed in the early Holocene, when temperate steppe was widespread and the lake dried intermittently. The middle Holocene was characterised by ponderosa pine forest, and the modem vegetation was established in the last 3900 yr, when ponderosa pine, Douglas-fir, fir, and oak were part of the local vegetation.","largerWorkTitle":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0031-0182(99)00092-9","issn":"00310182","usgsCitation":"Whitlock, C., Sarna-Wojcicki, A., Bartlein, P., and Nickmann, R., 2000, Environmental history and tephrostratigraphy at Carp Lake, southwestern Columbia Basin, Washington, USA, <i>in</i> Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 155, no. 1-2, p. 7-29, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(99)00092-9.","startPage":"7","endPage":"29","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208107,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(99)00092-9"},{"id":233553,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"155","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a09cde4b0c8380cd5208a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Whitlock, C.","contributorId":105836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitlock","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sarna-Wojcicki, A.M. 0000-0002-0244-9149","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0244-9149","contributorId":104022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sarna-Wojcicki","given":"A.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bartlein, P. J.","contributorId":54566,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bartlein","given":"P. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nickmann, R.J.","contributorId":12339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nickmann","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1001856,"text":"1001856 - 2000 - Effects of water conditions on clutch size, egg volume, and hatchling mass of mallards and gadwalls in the Prairie Pothole Region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-05T10:01:26","indexId":"1001856","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of water conditions on clutch size, egg volume, and hatchling mass of mallards and gadwalls in the Prairie Pothole Region","docAbstract":"We examined the relationship between local water conditions (measured as the percent of total area of basins that was covered by water) and clutch size, egg volume, and hatchling mass of Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and Gadwalls (A. strepera) on four study sites in the Prairie Pothole Region of North Dakota and Minnesota, 1988-1994. We also examined the relationship between pond density and clutch size of Mallards and Gadwalls, using data collected at another North Dakota site, 1966-1981. For Mallards, we found no relationships to be significant. For Gadwalls, clutch size increased with percent basin area wet and pond density; hatchling mass marginally increased with percent basin area wet. These species differences may reflect, in part, that Mallards acquire lipid reserves used to produce early clutches before they reach the breeding grounds, whereas Gadwalls acquire lipid reserves locally; thus Gadwall clutches are more likely to be influenced by local food resources.","language":"English","publisher":"Cooper Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1650/0010-5422(2000)102[0936:EOWCOC]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Pietz, P., Krapu, G.L., Buhl, D.A., and Brandt, D.A., 2000, Effects of water conditions on clutch size, egg volume, and hatchling mass of mallards and gadwalls in the Prairie Pothole Region: Condor, v. 102, p. 936-940, https://doi.org/10.1650/0010-5422(2000)102[0936:EOWCOC]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"936","endPage":"940","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479268,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1650/0010-5422(2000)102[0936:eowcoc]2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":133999,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"102","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a27e4b07f02db60ff7c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pietz, Pamela J. ppietz@usgs.gov","contributorId":2382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pietz","given":"Pamela J.","email":"ppietz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":311948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krapu, Gary L. 0000-0001-8482-6130 gkrapu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8482-6130","contributorId":3074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krapu","given":"Gary","email":"gkrapu@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":311950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Buhl, Deborah A. 0000-0002-8563-5990 dbuhl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8563-5990","contributorId":3182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buhl","given":"Deborah","email":"dbuhl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":311949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brandt, David A. dbrandt@usgs.gov","contributorId":147142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brandt","given":"David","email":"dbrandt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":311951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1001719,"text":"1001719 - 2000 - Leadership in wolf, Canis lupus, packs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-21T10:59:41","indexId":"1001719","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1163,"text":"Canadian Field-Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Leadership in wolf, Canis lupus, packs","docAbstract":"I examine leadership in Wolf (Canis lupus) packs based on published observations and data gathered during summers from 1986 to 1998 studying a free-ranging pack of Wolves on Ellesmere Island that were habituated to my presence. The breeding male tended to initiate activities associated with foraging and travel, and the breeding female to initiate, and predominate in, pup care and protection. However, there was considerable overlap and interaction during these activities such that leadership could be considered a joint function. In packs with multiple breeders, quantitative information about leadership is needed.","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Field-Naturalist","usgsCitation":"Mech, L.D., 2000, Leadership in wolf, Canis lupus, packs: Canadian Field-Naturalist, v. 114, no. 2, p. 259-263.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"259","endPage":"263","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133738,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"114","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a861f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mech, L. David 0000-0003-3944-7769 david_mech@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3944-7769","contributorId":2518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mech","given":"L.","email":"david_mech@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":311580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70022857,"text":"70022857 - 2000 - The use of waveform shapes to automatically determine earthquake focal depth","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-30T18:46:03.703398","indexId":"70022857","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The use of waveform shapes to automatically determine earthquake focal depth","docAbstract":"Earthquake focal depth is an important parameter for rapidly determining probable damage caused by a large earthquake. In addition, it is significant both for discriminating between natural events and explosions and for discriminating between tsunamigenic and nontsunamigenic earthquakes. For the purpose of notifying emergency management and disaster relief organizations as well as issuing tsunami warnings, potential time delays in determining source parameters are particularly detrimental. We present a method for determining earthquake focal depth that is well suited for implementation in an automated system that utilizes the wealth of broadband teleseismic data that is now available in real time from the global seismograph networks. This method uses waveform shapes to determine focal depth and is demonstrated to be valid for events with magnitudes as low as approximately 5.5.","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0119990069","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Sipkin, S., 2000, The use of waveform shapes to automatically determine earthquake focal depth: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 90, no. 1, p. 248-254, https://doi.org/10.1785/0119990069.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"248","endPage":"254","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233829,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb1a0e4b08c986b325378","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sipkin, S.A.","contributorId":9399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sipkin","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70022858,"text":"70022858 - 2000 - Plants as indicators of focused ground water discharge to a northern Minnesota lake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-20T16:46:58.428024","indexId":"70022858","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Plants as indicators of focused ground water discharge to a northern Minnesota lake","docAbstract":"<p><span>Determining the discharge of ground water to Shingobee Lake (66 ha), north-central Minnesota, is complicated by the presence of numerous springs situated adjacent to the lake and in the shallow portion of the lakebed. Springs first had to be located before these areas of more rapid discharge could be quantified. Two methods that rely on the distribution of aquatic plants are useful for locating springs. One method identifies areas of the near-shore lakebed where floating-leaf and emergent aquatic vegetation are absent. The second method uses the distribution of marsh marigold (Caltha palustris L.) to locate springs that discharge on land near the shoreline of the lake. Marsh marigold produces large (2 to 4 cm diameter) yellow flowers that provide a ready marker for locating ground water springs. Twice as many springs (38) were identified using this method as were identified using the lack of near-shore vegetation. A portable weir was used to measure discharge from onshore springs, and seepage meters were used to measure discharge from near-shore springs. Of the total 56.7 L s</span><sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;that enters the lake from ground water, approximately 30% comes from onshore and near-shore springs.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"National Ground Water Association","publisherLocation":"Westerville, OH, United States","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb00340.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Rosenberry, D., Striegl, R.G., and Hudson, D., 2000, Plants as indicators of focused ground water discharge to a northern Minnesota lake: Ground Water, v. 38, no. 2, p. 296-303, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb00340.x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"296","endPage":"303","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233830,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Shingobee Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n 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rstriegl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8251-4659","contributorId":1630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Striegl","given":"Robert","email":"rstriegl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":395174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hudson, D.C.","contributorId":9431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudson","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
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