{"pageNumber":"3269","pageRowStart":"81700","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184904,"records":[{"id":70022852,"text":"70022852 - 2000 - Geochemical evidence for an Eolian sand dam across the North and South Platte rivers in Nebraska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-03T11:49:53","indexId":"70022852","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical evidence for an Eolian sand dam across the North and South Platte rivers in Nebraska","docAbstract":"Geochemical and geomorphic data from dune fields in southwestern Nebraska provide new evidence that the Nebraska Sand Hills once migrated across the North and South Platte rivers and dammed the largest tributary system to the Missouri River. The Lincoln County and Imperial dune fields, which lie downwind of the South Platte River, have compositions intermediate between the Nebraska Sand Hills (quartz-rich) and northeastern Colorado dunes (K-feldspar-rich). The most likely explanation for the intermediate composition is that the Lincoln County and Imperial dunes are derived in part from the Nebraska Sand Hills and in part from the South Platte River. The only mechanism by which the Nebraska Sand Hills could have migrated this far south is by complete infilling of what were probably perennially dry North Platte and South Platte river valleys. Such a series of events would have required an extended drought, both for activation of eolian sand and decreased discharges in the Platte River system. A nearby major tributary of the North Platte River is postulated to have been blocked by eolian sand about 12,000 <sup>14</sup>C yr B.P. We propose that an eolian sand dam across the Plattes was constructed at about this same time.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/qres.1999.2104","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Muhs, D.R., Swinehart, J.B., Loope, D.B., Been, J., Mahan, S., and Bush, C.A., 2000, Geochemical evidence for an Eolian sand dam across the North and South Platte rivers in Nebraska: Quaternary Research, v. 53, no. 2, p. 214-222, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.1999.2104.","startPage":"214","endPage":"222","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233754,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208200,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1999.2104"}],"volume":"53","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a162de4b0c8380cd55095","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Muhs, Daniel R. 0000-0001-7449-251X dmuhs@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7449-251X","contributorId":1857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muhs","given":"Daniel","email":"dmuhs@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":395148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swinehart, James B.","contributorId":85270,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swinehart","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Loope, David B.","contributorId":59589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loope","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Been, Josh","contributorId":19340,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Been","given":"Josh","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mahan, Shannon 0000-0001-5214-7774 smahan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5214-7774","contributorId":1215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mahan","given":"Shannon","email":"smahan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":395146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bush, Charles A. cbush@usgs.gov","contributorId":1258,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bush","given":"Charles","email":"cbush@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":395147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70022859,"text":"70022859 - 2000 - Broadcast application of a placebo rodenticide bait in a native Hawaiian forest","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:38","indexId":"70022859","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2018,"text":"International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Broadcast application of a placebo rodenticide bait in a native Hawaiian forest","docAbstract":"This study consisted of three replicates of controlled field trials using a pelletized placebo (Ramik?? Green formulated without diphacinone) bait treated with a biological marker and broadcast at three application rates - 11.25, 22.5 and 33.75 kg/ha. We determined that Polynesian (Rattus exulans) and roof rats (Rattus rattus) consumed this bait when broadcast on the ground and assessed the optimal sowage rate to result in maximum exposure of bait to the rats while minimizing bait usage. All Polynesian rats captured in all application rates had eaten the bait. The percentage of roof rats that had eaten the bait increased with application rate, however, 22.5 kg/ha was clearly the optimal application rate. Bait degradation and invertebrate activity was documented and assessed.This study consisted of three replicates of controlled field trials using a pelletized placebo (Ramik Green formulated without diphacinone) bait treated with a biological marker and broadcast at three application rates - 11.25, 22.5 and 33.75 kg/ha. We determined that Polynesian (Rattus exulans) and roof rats (Rattus rattus) consumed this bait when broadcast on the ground and assessed the optimal sewage rate to result in maximum exposure of bait to the rats while minimizing bait usage. All Polynesian rats captured in all application rates had eaten the bait. The percentage of roof rats that had eaten the bait increased with application rate, however, 22.5 kg/ha was clearly the optimal application rate. Bait degradation and invertebrate activity was documented and assessed.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science Ltd","publisherLocation":"Exeter, United Kingdom","doi":"10.1016/S0964-8305(00)00066-4","issn":"09648305","usgsCitation":"Dunlevy, P., Campbell, E., and Lindsey, G., 2000, Broadcast application of a placebo rodenticide bait in a native Hawaiian forest: International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, v. 45, no. 3-4, p. 199-208, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0964-8305(00)00066-4.","startPage":"199","endPage":"208","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233862,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208248,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0964-8305(00)00066-4"}],"volume":"45","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f288e4b0c8380cd4b222","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dunlevy, P.A.","contributorId":56008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunlevy","given":"P.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Campbell, E. Wm. III","contributorId":65642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"E. Wm.","suffix":"III","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lindsey, G.D.","contributorId":75648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindsey","given":"G.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1003012,"text":"1003012 - 2000 - Mapping forest canopy gaps using air-photo interpretation and ground surveys","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-02T17:16:05","indexId":"1003012","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mapping forest canopy gaps using air-photo interpretation and ground surveys","docAbstract":"Canopy gaps are important structural components of forested habitats for many wildlife species. Recent improvements in the spatial accuracy of geographic information system tools facilitate accurate mapping of small canopy features such as gaps. We compared canopy-gap maps generated using ground survey methods with those derived from air-photo interpretation. We found that maps created from high-resolution air photos were more accurate than those created from ground surveys. Errors of omission were 25.6% for the ground-survey method and 4.7% for the air-photo method. One variable of inter est in songbird research is the distance from nests to gap edges. Distances from real and simulated nests to gap edges were longer using the ground-survey maps versus the air-photo maps, indicating that gap omission could potentially bias the assessment of spatial relationships. If research or management goals require location and size of canopy gaps and specific information about vegetation structure, we recommend a 2-fold approach. First, canopy gaps can be located and the perimeters defined using 1:15,000-scale or larger aerial photographs and the methods we describe. Mapped gaps can then be field-surveyed to obtain detailed vegetation data.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","issn":"00917648","usgsCitation":"Fox, T., Knutson, M.G., and Hines, R.K., 2000, Mapping forest canopy gaps using air-photo interpretation and ground surveys: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 28, no. 4, p. 882-889.","productDescription":"pp. 882-889","startPage":"882","endPage":"889","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133926,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b0be4b07f02db69df23","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fox, T.J.","contributorId":50477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fox","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knutson, M. G.","contributorId":55375,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Knutson","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hines, R. K.","contributorId":27819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70022858,"text":"70022858 - 2000 - Plants as indicators of focused ground water discharge to a northern Minnesota lake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-20T16:46:58.428024","indexId":"70022858","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Plants as indicators of focused ground water discharge to a northern Minnesota lake","docAbstract":"<p><span>Determining the discharge of ground water to Shingobee Lake (66 ha), north-central Minnesota, is complicated by the presence of numerous springs situated adjacent to the lake and in the shallow portion of the lakebed. Springs first had to be located before these areas of more rapid discharge could be quantified. Two methods that rely on the distribution of aquatic plants are useful for locating springs. One method identifies areas of the near-shore lakebed where floating-leaf and emergent aquatic vegetation are absent. The second method uses the distribution of marsh marigold (Caltha palustris L.) to locate springs that discharge on land near the shoreline of the lake. Marsh marigold produces large (2 to 4 cm diameter) yellow flowers that provide a ready marker for locating ground water springs. Twice as many springs (38) were identified using this method as were identified using the lack of near-shore vegetation. A portable weir was used to measure discharge from onshore springs, and seepage meters were used to measure discharge from near-shore springs. Of the total 56.7 L s</span><sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;that enters the lake from ground water, approximately 30% comes from onshore and near-shore springs.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"National Ground Water Association","publisherLocation":"Westerville, OH, United States","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb00340.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Rosenberry, D., Striegl, R.G., and Hudson, D., 2000, Plants as indicators of focused ground water discharge to a northern Minnesota lake: Ground Water, v. 38, no. 2, p. 296-303, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb00340.x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"296","endPage":"303","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233830,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Shingobee Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n 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,{"id":70022786,"text":"70022786 - 2000 - On rate-state and Coulomb failure models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-10-29T15:46:45","indexId":"70022786","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"On rate-state and Coulomb failure models","docAbstract":"We examine the predictions of Coulomb failure stress and rate-state frictional models. We study the change in failure time (clock advance) Δt due to stress step perturbations (i.e., coseismic static stress increases) added to \"background\" stressing at a constant rate (i.e., tectonic loading) at time t<sub>0</sub>. The predictability of Δt implies a predictable change in seismicity rate r(t)/r<sub>0</sub>, testable using earthquake catalogs, where r<sub>0</sub> is the constant rate resulting from tectonic stressing. Models of r(t)/r<sub>0</sub>, consistent with general properties of aftershock sequences, must predict an Omori law seismicity decay rate, a sequence duration that is less than a few percent of the mainshock cycle time and a return directly to the background rate. A Coulomb model requires that a fault remains locked during loading, that failure occur instantaneously, and that Δt is independent of t<sub>0</sub>. These characteristics imply an instantaneous infinite seismicity rate increase of zero duration. Numerical calculations of r(t)/r<sub>0</sub> for different state evolution laws show that aftershocks occur on faults extremely close to failure at the mainshock origin time, that these faults must be \"Coulomb-like,\" and that the slip evolution law can be precluded. Real aftershock population characteristics also may constrain rate-state constitutive parameters; a may be lower than laboratory values, the stiffness may be high, and/or normal stress may be lower than lithostatic. We also compare Coulomb and rate-state models theoretically. Rate-state model fault behavior becomes more Coulomb-like as constitutive parameter a decreases relative to parameter b. This is because the slip initially decelerates, representing an initial healing of fault contacts. The deceleration is more pronounced for smaller a, more closely simulating a locked fault. Even when the rate-state Δt has Coulomb characteristics, its magnitude may differ by some constant dependent on b. In this case, a rate-state model behaves like a modified Coulomb failure model in which the failure stress threshold is lowered due to weakening, increasing the clock advance. The deviation from a non-Coulomb response also depends on the loading rate, elastic stiffness, initial conditions, and assumptions about how state evolves.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1999JB900438","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Gomberg, J., Beeler, N., and Blanpied, M., 2000, On rate-state and Coulomb failure models: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 105, no. B4, p. 7857-7871, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JB900438.","startPage":"7857","endPage":"7871","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":278568,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999JB900438"},{"id":233889,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"105","issue":"B4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-04-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6da7e4b0c8380cd75258","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gomberg, J.","contributorId":95994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gomberg","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beeler, N.","contributorId":69753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beeler","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blanpied, M.","contributorId":58430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blanpied","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70022839,"text":"70022839 - 2000 - An organized signal in snowmelt runoff over the western United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-07T05:45:36","indexId":"70022839","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An organized signal in snowmelt runoff over the western United States","docAbstract":"<p>Daily-to-weekly discharge during the snowmelt season is highly correlated among river basins in the upper elevations of the central and southern Sierra Nevada (Carson, Walker, Tuolumne, Merced, San Joaquin, Kings, and Kern Rivers). In many cases, the upper Sierra Nevada watershed operates in a single mode (with varying catchment amplitudes). In some years, with appropriate lags, this mode extends to distant mountains. A reason for this coherence is the broad scale nature of synoptic features in atmospheric circulation, which provide anomalous insolation and temperature forcings that span a large region, sometimes the entire western U.S. These correlations may fall off dramatically, however, in dry years when the snowpack is spatially patchy.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04278.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Peterson, D.H., Smith, R.E., Dettinger, M.D., Cayan, D., and Riddle, L., 2000, An organized signal in snowmelt runoff over the western United States: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 36, no. 2, p. 421-432, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04278.x.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"421","endPage":"432","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233573,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eaa6e4b0c8380cd489c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peterson, D. H.","contributorId":92229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"D.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, R. E.","contributorId":76366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dettinger, M. D. 0000-0002-7509-7332","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7509-7332","contributorId":93069,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dettinger","given":"M.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":16196,"text":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":395097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cayan, D.R.","contributorId":25961,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cayan","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16196,"text":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":395093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Riddle, L.","contributorId":47550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riddle","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70022857,"text":"70022857 - 2000 - The use of waveform shapes to automatically determine earthquake focal depth","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-30T18:46:03.703398","indexId":"70022857","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The use of waveform shapes to automatically determine earthquake focal depth","docAbstract":"Earthquake focal depth is an important parameter for rapidly determining probable damage caused by a large earthquake. In addition, it is significant both for discriminating between natural events and explosions and for discriminating between tsunamigenic and nontsunamigenic earthquakes. For the purpose of notifying emergency management and disaster relief organizations as well as issuing tsunami warnings, potential time delays in determining source parameters are particularly detrimental. We present a method for determining earthquake focal depth that is well suited for implementation in an automated system that utilizes the wealth of broadband teleseismic data that is now available in real time from the global seismograph networks. This method uses waveform shapes to determine focal depth and is demonstrated to be valid for events with magnitudes as low as approximately 5.5.","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0119990069","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Sipkin, S., 2000, The use of waveform shapes to automatically determine earthquake focal depth: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 90, no. 1, p. 248-254, https://doi.org/10.1785/0119990069.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"248","endPage":"254","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233829,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb1a0e4b08c986b325378","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sipkin, S.A.","contributorId":9399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sipkin","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70022884,"text":"70022884 - 2000 - The vulnerability of wetlands to climate change: A hydrologic landscape perspective","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-13T11:26:50","indexId":"70022884","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The vulnerability of wetlands to climate change: A hydrologic landscape perspective","docAbstract":"<p><span>The vulnerability of wetlands to changes in climate depends on their position within hydrologic landscapes. Hydrologic landscapes are defined by the flow characteristics of ground water and surface water and by the interaction of atmospheric water, surface water, and ground water for any given locality or region. Six general hydrologic landscapes are defined; mountainous, plateau and high plain, broad basins of interior drainage, riverine, flat coastal, and hummocky glacial and dune. Assessment of these landscapes indicate that the vulnerability of all wetlands to climate change fall between two extremes: those dependent primarily on precipitation for their water supply are highly vulnerable, and those dependent primarily on discharge from regional ground water flow systems are the least vulnerable, because of the great buffering capacity of large ground water flow systems to climate change.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04269.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Winter, T.C., 2000, The vulnerability of wetlands to climate change: A hydrologic landscape perspective: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 36, no. 2, p. 305-311, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04269.x.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"305","endPage":"311","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233648,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb1cae4b08c986b3253f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Winter, Thomas C.","contributorId":84736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winter","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70022840,"text":"70022840 - 2000 - Risk factors associated with capture-related death in eastern wild turkey hens","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-19T16:01:46.749771","indexId":"70022840","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Risk factors associated with capture-related death in eastern wild turkey hens","docAbstract":"<p>Capture-related mortality has been a notable risk in the handling of eastern wild turkey (<i>Meleagris gallopavo silvestris</i>). Our objective was to evaluate how environmental factors influence risk and identify physiological correlates that could be used to identify susceptible birds. During winter (January–March) 1995–97, 130 eastern wild turkey hens were captured in southeastern Oklahoma and radiocollared. Of those, 20 hens died ≤14 days of capture. Serum creatine kinase activity (CK;<span>&nbsp;</span><i>P</i><span>&nbsp;</span>&lt; 0.01), body temperature (<i>P</i><span>&nbsp;</span>&lt; 0.01), processing time (<i>P</i><span>&nbsp;</span>= 0.02), and ambient temperature (<i>P</i><span>&nbsp;</span>&lt; 0.01) showed a positive relationship with mortality that occurred within 14 days of capture. Plasma corticosterone concentration (<i>P</i><span>&nbsp;</span>= 0.08) and relative humidity (<i>P</i><span>&nbsp;</span>&lt; 0.01) showed a negative relationship with mortalities that occurred within 14 days post-capture. Stepwise logistic regression selected CK activity, relative humidity, and ambient temperature as the best predictors of mortality within 14 days post-capture. Our data suggest that susceptible individuals may be identified from CK activity and that capture-related mortality may be minimized by establishing guidelines of when to curtail capture operations based on various weather conditions.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Allen Press","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-36.2.308","issn":"00903558","usgsCitation":"Nicholson, D., Lochmiller, R., Stewart, M., Masters, R., and Leslie, D., 2000, Risk factors associated with capture-related death in eastern wild turkey hens: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 36, no. 2, p. 308-315, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-36.2.308.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"308","endPage":"315","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479304,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-36.2.308","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":233574,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahhoma","county":"Pushmataha County","otherGeospatial":"Pushmataha Wildlife Management Area","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -95.38003921508788,\n              34.587008201641936\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.34579277038574,\n              34.587008201641936\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.34579277038574,\n              34.60467167644892\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.38003921508788,\n              34.60467167644892\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.38003921508788,\n              34.587008201641936\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"36","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aad95e4b0c8380cd86f1d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nicholson, D.S.","contributorId":48356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nicholson","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lochmiller, R.L.","contributorId":68061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lochmiller","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stewart, M.D.","contributorId":30612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Masters, R.E.","contributorId":49146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masters","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Leslie, David M. Jr.","contributorId":52514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leslie","given":"David M.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70022787,"text":"70022787 - 2000 - Finding minimal herbicide concentrations in ground water? Try looking for their degradates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-07T06:09:06","indexId":"70022787","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Finding minimal herbicide concentrations in ground water? Try looking for their degradates","docAbstract":"<p>Extensive research has been conducted regarding the occurrence of herbicides in the hydrologic system, their fate, and their effects on human health and the environment. Few studies, however, have considered herbicide transformation products (degradates). In this study of Iowa ground water, herbicide degradates were frequently detected. In fact, herbicide degradates were eight of the 10 most frequently detected compounds. Furthermore, a majority of a herbicide's measured concentration was in the form of its degradates &mdash; ranging from 55 to over 99%. The herbicide detection frequencies and concentrations varied significantly among the major aquifer types sampled. These differences, however, were much more pronounced when herbicide degradates were included. Aquifer types presumed to have the most rapid recharge rates (alluvial and bedrock/karst region aquifers) were those most likely to contain detectable concentrations of herbicide compounds. Two indirect estimates of ground-water age (depth of well completion and dissolved-oxygen concentration) were used to separate the sampled wells into general vulnerability classes (low, intermediate, and high). The results show that the herbicide detection frequencies and concentrations varied significantly among the vulnerability classes regardless of whether or not herbicide degradates were considered. Nevertheless, when herbicide degradates were included, the frequency of herbicide compound detection within the highest vulnerability class approached 90%, and the median total herbicide residue concentration increased over an order of magnitude, relative to the parent compounds alone, to 2 &mu;g/l. The results from this study demonstrate that obtaining data on herbicide degradates is critical for understanding the fate of herbicides in the hydrologic system. Furthermore, the prevalence of herbicide degradates documented in this study suggests that to accurately determine the overall effect on human health and the environment of a specific herbicide its degradates should also be considered.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00535-5","issn":"00489697","usgsCitation":"Kolpin, D., Thurman, E., and Linhart, S.M., 2000, Finding minimal herbicide concentrations in ground water? Try looking for their degradates: Science of the Total Environment, v. 248, no. 2-3, p. 115-122, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00535-5.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"115","endPage":"122","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233890,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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,{"id":70022943,"text":"70022943 - 2000 - Timing of the Acadian Orogeny in northern New Hampshire","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:06","indexId":"70022943","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2309,"text":"Journal of Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Timing of the Acadian Orogeny in northern New Hampshire","docAbstract":"New U-Pb geochronology constrains the timing of the Acadian orogeny in the Central Maine Terrane of northern New Hampshire. Sixteen fractions of one to six grains each of zircon or monazite have been analyzed from six samples: (1) an early syntectonic diorite that records the onset of the Acadian, (2) a schist, a migmatite, and two granites that together record the peak of the Acadian; and (3) a postkinematic pluton that records the end of the Acadian. Zircon from the syntectonic Wamsutta Diorite gives a 207Pb/206Pb age of circa 408 Ma, the time at which the boundary between the deforming orogenic wedge and the foreland basin was in the vicinity of the Presidential Range. This age agrees well with the Emsian position of the northwest migrating Acadian orogenic front and records the beginning of the Acadian in this part of the Central Maine Terrane. We propose a possible Acadian tectonic model that incorporates the geochronologic, structural, and stratigraphic data. Monazite from the schist, migmatite, Bigelow Lawn Granite, and Slide Peak Granite gives 207Pb/206U ages, suggesting the peak of Acadian metamorphism and intrusion of two-mica granites occurred at circa 402-405 Ma, the main pulse of Acadian orogenesis. Previously reported monazite ages from schists that likely record the peak metamorphism in the Central Maine Terrane of New Hampshire and western Maine range from circa 406-384 Ma, with younger ages in southeastern New Hampshire and progressively older ages to the west, north, and northeast. Acadian orogenesis in the Presidential Range had ended by circa 355 Ma, the 207Pb/235U age of monazite from the Peabody River Granite. From 408 to perhaps at least 394 Ma, Acadian orogenesis in the Presidential Range was typical of the tectonic style, dominated by synkinematic metamorphism, seen in central and southern New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and Connecticut. From no earlier than 394 Ma to as late as 355 Ma, the orogenesis was typical of the style in parts of Maine dominated by postkinematic metamorphism.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1086/314396","issn":"00221376","usgsCitation":"Eusden, J., Guzofski, C., Robinson, A., and Tucker, R.D., 2000, Timing of the Acadian Orogeny in northern New Hampshire: Journal of Geology, v. 108, no. 2, p. 219-232, https://doi.org/10.1086/314396.","startPage":"219","endPage":"232","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208066,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1086/314396"},{"id":233464,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"108","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb3f7e4b08c986b3260d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eusden, J.D. Jr.","contributorId":14152,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eusden","given":"J.D.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Guzofski, C.A.","contributorId":29167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guzofski","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Robinson, A.C.","contributorId":70409,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tucker, R. D.","contributorId":43409,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tucker","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1001899,"text":"1001899 - 2000 - Details of extensive movements by Minnesota wolves (<i>Canis lupus</i>)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-04T11:42:44","indexId":"1001899","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":737,"text":"American Midland Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Details of extensive movements by Minnesota wolves (<i>Canis lupus</i>)","docAbstract":"<p><span>We used VHF, GPS and satellite radiocollars to study details of long distance movements by four Minnesota wolves (</span><i>Canis lupus</i><span>). Number of locations during our tracking ranged from 14 to 274. Farthest distances reached ranged from 183–494 km, and minimum distances traveled (sums of line segments) ranged from 490–4251 km. Numbers of times wolves crossed state, provincial or interstate highways ranged from 1 to 215. All four of the wolves returned to or near their natal territories after up to 179 d and at least two left again.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"University of Notre Dame","doi":"10.1674/0003-0031(2000)144[0428:DOEMBM]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Merrill, S.B., and Mech, L.D., 2000, Details of extensive movements by Minnesota wolves (<i>Canis lupus</i>): American Midland Naturalist, v. 144, no. 2, p. 428-433, https://doi.org/10.1674/0003-0031(2000)144[0428:DOEMBM]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"428","endPage":"433","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129321,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"144","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f2e4b07f02db5eef3b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Merrill, Samuel B.","contributorId":174748,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Merrill","given":"Samuel","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mech, L. David 0000-0003-3944-7769 david_mech@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3944-7769","contributorId":2518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mech","given":"L.","email":"david_mech@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":312044,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70022894,"text":"70022894 - 2000 - Influence of costocking on growth of young-of-year brook trout and rainbow trout","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-25T15:30:15.121506","indexId":"70022894","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of costocking on growth of young-of-year brook trout and rainbow trout","docAbstract":"<p>We examined the effects of costocking on growth of hatchery-produced young-of-year brook trout<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Salvelinus fontinalis</i><span>&nbsp;</span>and rainbow trout<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i><span>&nbsp;</span>in the laboratory. Fry of both species (brook trout = 0.16 ± 0.01 g; rainbow trout = 0.18 ± 0.01 g; mean weight ± standard deviation) were stocked into 400-L recirculation raceways at a rate of 100 fish/raceway and were held at 12°C. Raceways received either rainbow trout only (<i>n</i><span>&nbsp;</span>= 3), brook trout only (<i>n</i><span>&nbsp;</span>= 3), or half brook trout and half rainbow trout (<i>n</i><span>&nbsp;</span>= 3). Trout were fed a commercial trout feed three times per day at an initial rate of 10% body weight/d, which was reduced to 3% body weight/d by the 6th week of the study as a result of a buildup of excess feed. After 8 weeks of similar treatment, brook trout were significantly larger than rainbow trout (in terms of length and weight) when they were stocked alone. However, rainbow trout were significantly larger than brook trout (in terms of length and weight) in the costocked treatment. A second phase of the study was conducted to evaluate the effect of ration level on growth of costocked brook and rainbow trout using low (2% body weight/d), medium (4% body weight/d), and high (6% body weight/d) ration levels. After 8 weeks, rainbow trout were significantly larger than brook trout (in terms of length and weight) in all costocked feeding treatments. This suggests that behavioral interaction might have resulted in decreased growth of brook trout when they were costocked with rainbow trout.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(2000)129<0613:IOCOGO>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00028487","usgsCitation":"Isely, J.J., and Kempton, C., 2000, Influence of costocking on growth of young-of-year brook trout and rainbow trout: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 129, no. 2, p. 613-617, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(2000)129<0613:IOCOGO>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"613","endPage":"617","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233831,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"129","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3b1ce4b0c8380cd6223a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Isely, J. Jeffery","contributorId":97224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Isely","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Jeffery","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kempton, Chris","contributorId":53127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kempton","given":"Chris","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70022917,"text":"70022917 - 2000 - Occurrence of pesticides in rain and air in urban and agricultural areas of Mississippi, April-September 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-28T16:35:47.437414","indexId":"70022917","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5331,"text":"Science of Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Occurrence of pesticides in rain and air in urban and agricultural areas of Mississippi, April-September 1995","docAbstract":"<p>In April 1995, the US Geological Survey began a study to determine the occurrence and temporal distribution of 49 pesticides and pesticide metabolites in air and rain samples from an urban and an agricultural sampling site in Mississippi. The study was a joint effort between the National Water-Quality Assessment and the Toxic Substances Programs and was part of a larger study examining the occurrence and temporal distribution of pesticides in air and rain in the Mississippi River basin. Concurrent high-volume air and wet-only deposition samples were collected weekly. The air samplers consisted of a glass-fiber filter to collect particles and tandem polyurethane foam plugs to collect gas-phase pesticides. Every rain and air sample collected from the urban and agricultural sites had detectable levels of multiple pesticides. The magnitude of the total concentration was 5-10 times higher at the agricultural site as compared to the urban site. The pesticide with the highest concentration in rain at both sites was methyl parathion. The pesticide with the highest concentration in the air samples from the agricultural site was also methyl parathion, but from the urban site the highest concentration was diazinon followed closely by chlorpyrifos. More than two decades since p,p'-DDT was banned from use in the United States, p,p'-DDE, a metabolite of p,p'-DDT, was detected in every air sample collected from the agricultural site and in more than half of the air samples from the urban site.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00545-8","usgsCitation":"Coupe, R., Manning, M., Foreman, W., Goolsby, D.A., and Majewski, M., 2000, Occurrence of pesticides in rain and air in urban and agricultural areas of Mississippi, April-September 1995: Science of Total Environment, v. 248, no. 2-3, p. 227-240, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00545-8.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"227","endPage":"240","costCenters":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology 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,{"id":70022918,"text":"70022918 - 2000 - Effects of whole sediments from Corpus Christi Bay on survival, growth, and reproduction of the mysid, Americamysis bahia (formerly Mysidopsis bahia)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:36","indexId":"70022918","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1103,"text":"Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of whole sediments from Corpus Christi Bay on survival, growth, and reproduction of the mysid, Americamysis bahia (formerly Mysidopsis bahia)","docAbstract":"[No abstract available]","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s001280000018","issn":"00074861","usgsCitation":"Cripe, G., Carr, R., Foss, S., Harris, P., and Stanley, R.S., 2000, Effects of whole sediments from Corpus Christi Bay on survival, growth, and reproduction of the mysid, Americamysis bahia (formerly Mysidopsis bahia): Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 64, no. 3, p. 426-433, https://doi.org/10.1007/s001280000018.","startPage":"426","endPage":"433","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208134,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001280000018"},{"id":233613,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"64","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0843e4b0c8380cd51a4f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cripe, G.M.","contributorId":86149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cripe","given":"G.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carr, R.S.","contributorId":31353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"R.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Foss, S.S.","contributorId":19742,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foss","given":"S.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Harris, P.S.","contributorId":86940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"P.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Stanley, R. S.","contributorId":16579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanley","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70022818,"text":"70022818 - 2000 - Occurrence of cotton herbicides and insecticides in playa lakes of the High Plains of West Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-07T10:01:24","indexId":"70022818","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5331,"text":"Science of Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Occurrence of cotton herbicides and insecticides in playa lakes of the High Plains of West Texas","docAbstract":"<p><span>During the summer of 1997, water samples were collected and analyzed for pesticides from 32 playa lakes of the High Plains that receive drainage from both cotton and corn agriculture in West Texas. The major cotton herbicides detected in the water samples were diuron, fluometuron, metolachlor, norflurazon, and prometryn. Atrazine and propazine, corn and sorghum herbicides, were also routinely detected in samples from the playa lakes. Furthermore, the metabolites of all the herbicides studied were found in the playa lake samples. In some cases, the concentration of metabolites was equal to or exceeded the concentration of the parent compound. The types of metabolites detected suggested that the parent compounds had been transported to and had undergone degradation in the playa lakes. The types of metabolites and the ratio of metabolites to parent compounds may be useful in indicating the time that the herbicides were transported to the playa lakes. The median concentration of total herbicides was 7.2 μg/l, with the largest total concentrations exceeding 30 μg/l. Organophosphate insecticides were detected in only one water sample. Further work will improve the understanding of the fate of these compounds in the playa lake area.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00542-2","issn":"00489697","usgsCitation":"Thurman, E., Bastian, K., and Mollhagen, T., 2000, Occurrence of cotton herbicides and insecticides in playa lakes of the High Plains of West Texas: Science of Total Environment, v. 248, no. 2-3, p. 189-200, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00542-2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"189","endPage":"200","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233859,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208246,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00542-2"}],"volume":"248","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6be2e4b0c8380cd74935","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bastian, K.C.","contributorId":83694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bastian","given":"K.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mollhagen, T.","contributorId":34693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mollhagen","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70022910,"text":"70022910 - 2000 - Herbicides and herbicide degradates in shallow groundwater and the Cedar River near a municipal well field, Cedar Rapids, Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:05","indexId":"70022910","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Herbicides and herbicide degradates in shallow groundwater and the Cedar River near a municipal well field, Cedar Rapids, Iowa","docAbstract":"Water samples were collected near a Cedar Rapids, Iowa municipal well field from June 1998 to August 1998 and analyzed for selected triazine and acetanilide herbicides and degradates. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the occurrence of herbicides and herbicide degradates in the well field during a period following springtime application of herbicides to upstream cropland. The well field is in an alluvial aquifer adjacent to the Cedar River. Parent herbicide concentrations generally were greatest in June, and decreased in July and August. Atrazine was most frequently detected and occurred at the greatest concentrations; acetochlor, cyanazine and metolachlor also were detected, but at lesser concentrations than atrazine. Triazine degradate concentrations were relatively small (<0.50 ??g/l) and generally decreased from June to August. Although the rate of groundwater movement is relatively fast (approx. 1 m per day) in the alluvial aquifer near the Cedar River, deethylatrazine (DEA) to atrazine ratios in groundwater samples collected near the Cedar River indicate that atrazine and DEA probably are gradually transported into the alluvial aquifer from the Cedar River. Deisopropylatrazine (DIA) to DEA ratios in water samples indicate most DIA in the Cedar River and alluvial aquifer is produced by atrazine degradation, although some could be from cyanazine degradation. Acetanilide degradates were detected more frequently and at greater concentrations than their corresponding parent herbicides. Ethanesulfonic-acid (ESA) degradates comprised at least 80% of the total acetanilide-degradate concentrations in samples collected from the Cedar River and alluvial aquifer in June, July and August; oxanilic acid degradates comprised less than 20% of the total concentrations. ESA-degradate concentrations generally were smallest in June and greater in July and August. Acetanilide degradate concentrations in groundwater adjacent to the Cedar River indicate acetanilide degradates are transported into the alluvial aquifer in a manner similar to that indicated for atrazine and DEA. Copyright (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V.","largerWorkTitle":"Science of the Total Environment","language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00546-X","issn":"00489697","usgsCitation":"Boyd, R., 2000, Herbicides and herbicide degradates in shallow groundwater and the Cedar River near a municipal well field, Cedar Rapids, Iowa, <i>in</i> Science of the Total Environment, v. 248, no. 2-3, p. 241-253, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00546-X.","startPage":"241","endPage":"253","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208065,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00546-X"},{"id":233463,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"248","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3069e4b0c8380cd5d613","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boyd, R.A.","contributorId":19590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boyd","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70022941,"text":"70022941 - 2000 - Active, capable, and potentially active faults - a paleoseismic perspective","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:06","indexId":"70022941","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2304,"text":"Journal of Geodynamics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Active, capable, and potentially active faults - a paleoseismic perspective","docAbstract":"Maps of faults (geologically defined source zones) may portray seismic hazards in a wide range of completeness depending on which types of faults are shown. Three fault terms - active, capable, and potential - are used in a variety of ways for different reasons or applications. Nevertheless, to be useful for seismic-hazards analysis, fault maps should encompass a time interval that includes several earthquake cycles. For example, if the common recurrence in an area is 20,000-50,000 years, then maps should include faults that are 50,000-100,000 years old (two to five typical earthquake cycles), thus allowing for temporal variability in slip rate and recurrence intervals. Conversely, in more active areas such as plate boundaries, maps showing faults that are <10,000 years old should include those with at least 2 to as many as 20 paleoearthquakes. For the International Lithosphere Programs' Task Group II-2 Project on Major Active Faults of the World our maps and database will show five age categories and four slip rate categories that allow one to select differing time spans and activity rates for seismic-hazard analysis depending on tectonic regime. The maps are accompanied by a database that describes evidence for Quaternary faulting, geomorphic expression, and paleoseismic parameters (slip rate, recurrence interval and time of most recent surface faulting). These maps and databases provide an inventory of faults that would be defined as active, capable, and potentially active for seismic-hazard assessments.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geodynamics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0264-3707(99)00060-5","issn":"02643707","usgsCitation":"Machette, M.N., 2000, Active, capable, and potentially active faults - a paleoseismic perspective: Journal of Geodynamics, v. 29, no. 3-5, p. 387-392, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-3707(99)00060-5.","startPage":"387","endPage":"392","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233428,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208046,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0264-3707(99)00060-5"}],"volume":"29","issue":"3-5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e6aee4b0c8380cd475ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Machette, M. N.","contributorId":19561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Machette","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70022921,"text":"70022921 - 2000 - A new method for collection of nitrate from fresh water and the analysis of nitrogen and oxygen isotope ratios","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-14T06:14:08","indexId":"70022921","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A new method for collection of nitrate from fresh water and the analysis of nitrogen and oxygen isotope ratios","docAbstract":"<p><span>A new method for concentrating&nbsp;nitrate&nbsp;from fresh waters for&nbsp;</span><i>δ</i><sup>15</sup>N and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>δ</i><sup>18</sup><span>O analysis has been developed and field-tested for four years. The benefits of the method are: (1) elimination of the need to transport large volumes of water to the laboratory for processing; (2) elimination of the need for hazardous&nbsp;preservatives; and (3) the ability to concentrate nitrate from fresh waters. Nitrate is collected by, passing the water-sample through pre-filled, disposable,&nbsp;anion&nbsp;exchanging&nbsp;resin&nbsp;columns in the field. The columns are subsequently transported to the laboratory where the nitrate is extracted, converted to AgNO</span><sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>and analyzed for its isotope composition. Nitrate is eluted from the anion exchange columns with 15&nbsp;ml of 3&nbsp;M HCl. The nitrate-bearing acid eluant is neutralized with Ag<sub>2</sub>O, filtered to remove the AgCl precipitate, then freeze-dried to obtain solid AgNO<sub>3</sub>, which is then combusted to N<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;in sealed&nbsp;quartz&nbsp;tubes for&nbsp;</span><i>δ</i><sup>15</sup>N analysis. For<span>&nbsp;</span><i>δ</i><sup>18</sup><span>O analysis, aliquots of the neutralized eluant are processed further to remove non-nitrate oxygen-bearing anions and dissolved organic matter.&nbsp;Barium&nbsp;chloride is added to precipitate&nbsp;sulfate&nbsp;and phosphate; the solution is then filtered, passed through a cation exchange column to remove excess Ba</span><sup>2+</sup>, re-neutralized with Ag<sub>2</sub><span>O, filtered, agitated with&nbsp;activated carbon&nbsp;to remove dissolved organic matter and freeze-dried. The resulting AgNO</span><sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;is combusted with&nbsp;graphite&nbsp;in a closed tube to produce CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>, which is cryogenically purified and analyzed for its&nbsp;oxygen isotope&nbsp;composition. The 1</span><i>σ</i>analytical precisions for<span>&nbsp;</span><i>δ</i><sup>15</sup>N and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>δ</i><sup>18</sup>O are ±0.05‰ and ±0.5‰, respectively, for solutions of KNO<sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>standard processed through the entire column procedure.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0022-1694(99)00205-X","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Silva, S.R., Kendall, C., Wilkison, D., Ziegler, A., Chang, C.C., and Avanzino, R., 2000, A new method for collection of nitrate from fresh water and the analysis of nitrogen and oxygen isotope ratios: Journal of Hydrology, v. 228, no. 1-2, p. 22-36, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(99)00205-X.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"22","endPage":"36","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233686,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208169,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(99)00205-X"}],"volume":"228","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4a7e4b0c8380cd467ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Silva, S. R.","contributorId":27474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Silva","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kendall, C. 0000-0002-0247-3405","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":35050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilkison, D.H.","contributorId":39800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilkison","given":"D.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ziegler, A.C.","contributorId":74398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ziegler","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Chang, Cecily C.Y.","contributorId":68032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chang","given":"Cecily","email":"","middleInitial":"C.Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Avanzino, R.J.","contributorId":37336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Avanzino","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70022908,"text":"70022908 - 2000 - Geophysical evidence for the evolution of the California Inner Continental Borderland as a metamorphic core complex","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-18T12:04:46","indexId":"70022908","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geophysical evidence for the evolution of the California Inner Continental Borderland as a metamorphic core complex","docAbstract":"We use new seismic and gravity data collected during the 1994 Los Angeles Region Seismic Experiment (LARSE) to discuss the origin of the California Inner Continental Borderland (ICB) as an extended terrain possibly in a metamorphic core complex mode. The data provide detailed crustal structure of the Borderland and its transition to mainland southern California. Using tomographic inversion as well as traditional forward ray tracing to model the wide-angle seismic data, we find little or no sediments, low (≤6.6 km/s) P wave velocity extending down to the crust-mantle boundary, and a thin crust (19 to 23 km thick). Coincident multichannel seismic reflection data show a reflective lower crust under Catalina Ridge. Contrary to other parts of coastal California, we do not find evidence for an underplated fossil oceanic layer at the base of the crust. Coincident gravity data suggest an abrupt increase in crustal thickness under the shelf edge, which represents the transition to the western Transverse Ranges. On the shelf the Palos Verdes Fault merges downward into a landward dipping surface which separates \"basement\" from low-velocity sediments, but interpretation of this surface as a detachment fault is inconclusive. The seismic velocity structure is interpreted to represent Catalina Schist rocks extending from top to bottom of the crust. This interpretation is compatible with a model for the origin of the ICB as an autochthonous formerly hot highly extended region that was filled with the exhumed metamorphic rocks. The basin and ridge topography and the protracted volcanism probably represent continued extension as a wide rift until ∼13 m.y. ago. Subduction of the young and hot Monterey and Arguello microplates under the Continental Borderland, followed by rotation and translation of the western Transverse Ranges, may have provided the necessary thermomechanical conditions for this extension and crustal inflow.","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1999JB900318","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"ten Brink, U., Zhang, J., Brocher, T.M., Okaya, D., Klitgord, K.D., and Fuis, G.S., 2000, Geophysical evidence for the evolution of the California Inner Continental Borderland as a metamorphic core complex: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 105, no. B3, p. 5835-5857, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JB900318.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"5835","endPage":"5857","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":489737,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1999jb900318","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":233426,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"California Inner Continental Borderland","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -121.26708984374999,\n              29.19053283229458\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.21435546875,\n              29.19053283229458\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.21435546875,\n              36\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.26708984374999,\n              36\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.26708984374999,\n              29.19053283229458\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"105","issue":"B3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-03-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2820e4b0c8380cd59e69","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"ten Brink, Uri S. 0000-0001-6858-3001 utenbrink@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6858-3001","contributorId":127560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"ten Brink","given":"Uri S.","email":"utenbrink@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":395363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zhang, Jie","contributorId":44563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"Jie","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brocher, Thomas M. 0000-0002-9740-839X brocher@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9740-839X","contributorId":262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brocher","given":"Thomas","email":"brocher@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":395358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Okaya, David A.","contributorId":76724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Okaya","given":"David A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Klitgord, Kim D.","contributorId":82307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klitgord","given":"Kim","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":395362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Fuis, Gary S. 0000-0002-3078-1544 fuis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3078-1544","contributorId":2639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuis","given":"Gary","email":"fuis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":395359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70022940,"text":"70022940 - 2000 - Variability of Mars' North Polar water ice cap: I. Analysis of Mariner 9 and Viking Orbiter imaging data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-29T16:29:57","indexId":"70022940","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variability of Mars' North Polar water ice cap: I. Analysis of Mariner 9 and Viking Orbiter imaging data","docAbstract":"<p>Previous studies interpreted differences in ice coverage between Mariner 9 and Viking Orbiter observations of Mars' north residual polar cap as evidence of interannual variability of ice deposition on the cap. However, these investigators did not consider the possibility that there could be significant changes in the ice coverage within the northern residual cap over the course of the summer season. Our more comprehensive analysis of Mariner 9 and Viking Orbiter imaging data shows that the appearance of the residual cap does not show large-scale variance on an interannual basis. Rather we find evidence that regions that were dark at the beginning of summer look bright by the end of summer and that this seasonal variation of the cap repeats from year to year. Our results suggest that this brightening was due to the deposition of newly formed water ice on the surface. We find that newly formed ice deposits in the summer season have the same red-to-violet band image ratios as permanently bright deposits within the residual cap. We believe the newly formed ice accumulates in a continuous layer. To constrain the minimum amount of deposited ice, we used observed albedo data in conjunction with calculations using Mie theory for single scattering and a delta-Eddington approximation of radiative transfer for multiple scattering. The brightening could have been produced by a minimum of (1) a ~35-μm-thick layer of 50-μm-sized ice particles with 10% dust or (2) a ~14-μm-thick layer of 10-μm-sized ice particles with 50% dust.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Icarus","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1006/icar.1999.6300","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Bass, D.S., Herkenhoff, K.E., and Paige, D.A., 2000, Variability of Mars' North Polar water ice cap: I. Analysis of Mariner 9 and Viking Orbiter imaging data: Icarus, v. 144, no. 2, p. 382-396, https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.1999.6300.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"382","endPage":"396","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233427,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"144","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc132e4b08c986b32a4a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bass, Deborah S.","contributorId":36718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bass","given":"Deborah","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Herkenhoff, Kenneth E. 0000-0002-3153-6663 kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3153-6663","contributorId":2275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herkenhoff","given":"Kenneth","email":"kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":395553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Paige, David A.","contributorId":107891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paige","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70022769,"text":"70022769 - 2000 - Wintering greater scaup as biomonitors of metal contamination in federal wildlife refuges in the Long Island Region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:40","indexId":"70022769","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wintering greater scaup as biomonitors of metal contamination in federal wildlife refuges in the Long Island Region","docAbstract":"Tissues of greater scaup (Aythya marila mariloides) and components of their habitat (sediment, plankton, macroalgae, and invertebrates) were collected for heavy metal analysis in the winter of 1996-97 from US Department of the Interior wildlife refuges in the Long Island region. Geographic and temporal relationships between the concentration of nine metals in tissue and in habitat components were examined. In greater scaup tissues and habitat components, concentrations of As and Se were highest in Branford, Connecticut; Pb values were greatest in Oyster Bay, New York; and Hg concentrations were largest in Sandy Hook, New Jersey. Over the course of the winter, the concentration of Hg in liver increased, and concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, Se, and Zn in kidney decreased. Based on several criteria derived from geographic and temporal trends, metals were ranked using the apparent biomonitoring efficacy of greater scaup (As = Cr > Cu = Pb = Zn = Hg > Se = Cd > Ni). Although the seasonal migration and daily mobility of greater scaup are drawbacks to using this species as a sentinel for metal pollution, it was possible to demonstrate a relationship between geographic and temporal patterns of metals in habitat and greater scaup tissue. However, most metal concentrations in tissue were below thresholds known to adversely affect health of waterfowl.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s002449910011","issn":"00904341","usgsCitation":"Cohen, J., Barclay, J., Major, A., and Fisher, J., 2000, Wintering greater scaup as biomonitors of metal contamination in federal wildlife refuges in the Long Island Region: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 38, no. 1, p. 83-92, https://doi.org/10.1007/s002449910011.","startPage":"83","endPage":"92","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208128,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002449910011"},{"id":233604,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd167e4b08c986b32f3ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cohen, J.B.","contributorId":29914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cohen","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barclay, J.S.","contributorId":46661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barclay","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Major, A.R.","contributorId":97392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Major","given":"A.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fisher, J.P.","contributorId":105982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70022833,"text":"70022833 - 2000 - Identification of a small, naked virus in tumor-like aggregates in cell lines derived from a green turtle, Chelonia mydas, with fibropapillomas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-04T10:15:02","indexId":"70022833","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2496,"text":"Journal of Virological Methods","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Identification of a small, naked virus in tumor-like aggregates in cell lines derived from a green turtle, Chelonia mydas, with fibropapillomas","docAbstract":"<p>Serial cultivation of cell lines derived from lung, testis, periorbital and tumor tissues of a green turtle (Chelonia mydas) with fibropapillomas resulted in the in vitro formation of tumor-like cell aggregates, ranging in size from 0.5 to 2.0 mm in diameter. Successful induction of tumor-like aggregates was achieved in a cell line derived from lung tissue of healthy green turtles, following inoculation with cell-free media from these tumor-bearing cell lines, suggesting the presence of a transmissible agent. Thin-section electron microscopy of the cell aggregates revealed massive collagen deposits and intranuclear naked viral particles, measuring 5095 nm in diameter. These findings, together with the morphological similarity between these tumor-like cell aggregates and the naturally occurring tumor, suggest a possible association between this novel virus and the disease. Further characterization of this small naked virus will clarify its role in etiology of green turtle fibropapilloma, a life-threatening disease of this endangered marine species.</p>","language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0166-0934(99)00175-5","issn":"01660934","usgsCitation":"Lu, Y., Aguirre, A., Work, T.M., Balazs, G., Nerurkar, V., and Yanagihara, R., 2000, Identification of a small, naked virus in tumor-like aggregates in cell lines derived from a green turtle, Chelonia mydas, with fibropapillomas: Journal of Virological Methods, v. 86, no. 1, p. 25-33, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-0934(99)00175-5.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"25","endPage":"33","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233459,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208063,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-0934(99)00175-5"}],"volume":"86","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3820e4b0c8380cd61451","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lu, Y.","contributorId":40183,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lu","given":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aguirre, A.A.","contributorId":107647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aguirre","given":"A.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Work, Thierry M. 0000-0002-4426-9090 thierry_work@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4426-9090","contributorId":1187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Work","given":"Thierry","email":"thierry_work@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":395060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Balazs, G.H.","contributorId":45254,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Balazs","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nerurkar, V.R.","contributorId":98282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nerurkar","given":"V.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Yanagihara, R.","contributorId":91073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yanagihara","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70022856,"text":"70022856 - 2000 - USGS National Seismic Hazard Maps","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-04T18:29:43.592798","indexId":"70022856","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1436,"text":"Earthquake Spectra","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"USGS National Seismic Hazard Maps","docAbstract":"<p><span>The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) recently completed new probabilistic seismic hazard maps for the United States, including Alaska and Hawaii. These hazard maps form the basis of the probabilistic component of the design maps used in the 1997 edition of the&nbsp;</span><i>NEHRP Recommended Provisions for Seismic Regulations for New Buildings and Other Structures</i><span>, prepared by the Building Seismic Safety Council and published by FEMA. The hazard maps depict peak horizontal ground acceleration and spectral response at 0.2, 0.3, and 1.0 sec periods, with 10%, 5%, and 2% probabilities of exceedance in 50 years, corresponding to return times of about 500, 1000, and 2500 years, respectively. In this paper we outline the methodology used to construct the hazard maps. There are three basic components to the maps. First, we use spatially smoothed historic seismicity as one portion of the hazard calculation. In this model, we apply the general observation that moderate and large earthquakes tend to occur near areas of previous small or moderate events, with some notable exceptions. Second, we consider large background source zones based on broad geologic criteria to quantify hazard in areas with little or no historic seismicity, but with the potential for generating large events. Third, we include the hazard from specific fault sources. We use about 450 faults in the western United States (WUS) and derive recurrence times from either geologic slip rates or the dating of pre-historic earthquakes from trenching of faults or other paleoseismic methods. Recurrence estimates for large earthquakes in New Madrid and Charleston, South Carolina, were taken from recent paleoliquefaction studies. We used logic trees to incorporate different seismicity models, fault recurrence models, Cascadia great earthquake scenarios, and ground-motion attenuation relations. We present disaggregation plots showing the contribution to hazard at four cities from potential earthquakes with various magnitudes and distances.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"SAGE Publishing","doi":"10.1193/1.1586079","issn":"87552930","usgsCitation":"Frankel, A., Mueller, C., Barnhard, T.P., Leyendecker, E.V., Wesson, R.L., Harmsen, S.C., Klein, F.W., Perkins, D.M., Dickman, N., Hanson, S., and Hopper, M.G., 2000, USGS National Seismic Hazard Maps: Earthquake Spectra, v. 16, no. 1, p. 1-19, https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1586079.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233793,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbba0e4b08c986b328730","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frankel, A.D.","contributorId":53828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frankel","given":"A.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mueller, C.S.","contributorId":45310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barnhard, T. P.","contributorId":42208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnhard","given":"T.","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Leyendecker, E. V.","contributorId":87162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leyendecker","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wesson, R. L.","contributorId":51752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wesson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Harmsen, S. C.","contributorId":59039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harmsen","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Klein, F. W.","contributorId":88371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klein","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Perkins, D. M.","contributorId":83922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perkins","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Dickman, N.C.","contributorId":60820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickman","given":"N.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Hanson, S.L.","contributorId":47361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Hopper, M. G.","contributorId":39389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hopper","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}}
,{"id":70022907,"text":"70022907 - 2000 - Physiological development and migratory behavior of subyearling fall chinook salmon in the Columbia River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-17T17:33:23.245099","indexId":"70022907","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Physiological development and migratory behavior of subyearling fall chinook salmon in the Columbia River","docAbstract":"<p>We describe the migratory behavior and physiological development of subyearling fall chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha migrating through John Day Reservoir on the Columbia River, Washington and Oregon. Fish were freeze-branded and coded-wire-tagged at McNary Dam, Oregon, from 1991 to 1994, to determine travel time to John Day Dam and subsequent adult contribution. Stepwise multiple regression showed that 47% of the variation in subyearling fall chinook salmon travel time was explained by the reciprocal of minimum flow and fish size. Smoltification, as measured by gill Na+-K+ adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity, was not important in explaining variability in travel time of subyearling chinook salmon. Fish marked early in the out-migration generally traveled faster than middle and late migrants. Seawater challenges were used to describe physiological development and showed that osmoregulatory competence of premigrants in the Hanford Reach of the Columbia River increased with fish size and gill ATPase activity. Once active migrants began passing McNary Dam, fish generally had survival exceeding 90% and were able to regulate their blood plasma Na+ in seawater. Gill ATPase activity increased as premigrants, reared in nearshore areas of the Hanford Reach, reached a peak among active migrants in late June and early July then decreased through the remainder of the out-migration. Salinity preference also peaked in subyearling fall chinook salmon during late June to mid July in 1995. Return of adults from marked groups showed no consistent patterns that would suggest a survival advantage for any portion of the juvenile out-migration. Presumed wild migrants from the middle and late portions of the out-migration were primary contributors to all fisheries, except the Priest Rapids Hatchery. As such, fishery managers should take action to ensure the survival of these fish, especially because they migrate under more unfavorable environmental conditions than early migrants.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(2000)020<0028:PDAMBO>2.0.CO;2","issn":"02755947","usgsCitation":"Tiffan, K., Rondorf, D., and Wagner, P., 2000, Physiological development and migratory behavior of subyearling fall chinook salmon in the Columbia River: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 20, no. 1, p. 28-40, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(2000)020<0028:PDAMBO>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"28","endPage":"40","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233425,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon; Washington","otherGeospatial":"Columbia River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -119.33074951171875,\n              45.94924003378794\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.18792724609375,\n              45.954968795113395\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.03411865234375,\n              45.979786584921676\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.99017333984375,\n              46.057985244793024\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.01763916015625,\n              46.128459837044915\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.90228271484374,\n              46.14749156542368\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.88580322265624,\n              46.03701597174876\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.036865234375,\n              45.922497984579934\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.31427001953125,\n              45.90147732739488\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.5147705078125,\n              45.8766244679252\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.871826171875,\n              45.78284835197676\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.97894287109376,\n              45.8536734968093\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.85260009765624,\n              45.897654534346884\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.59442138671875,\n              45.95305927379983\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.40765380859375,\n              45.93969078234\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.33074951171875,\n              45.94924003378794\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"20","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7b1de4b0c8380cd79269","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tiffan, K.F.","contributorId":19327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tiffan","given":"K.F.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":395355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rondorf, D.W.","contributorId":80789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rondorf","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":395357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wagner, P.G.","contributorId":46268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wagner","given":"P.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
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