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Physical habitat measures (106) were classified into four groups: substrate, instream cover, riparian zone&ndash;land use, and geomorphology&ndash;hydrology. Variable reduction procedures yielded seven variables: sinuosity, percent of substrate gravel or larger, percent substrate as detritus or muck, percent of bank with forested cover, amount of bank erosion, number of large logs per 100 m, and mean length of pools. Streams were separated by a gradient value of 3 m/km (low&nbsp;</span><i>N</i><span>&nbsp;= 70; high&nbsp;</span><i>N</i><span>&nbsp;= 35) and assigned to model and test data sets. For low-gradient streams in the model data set, the seven habitat variables explained 47% of the variation in index of biotic integrity (IBI) scores. To produce the habitat index, the coefficients in the regression were used to weight each of the seven variables. For low-gradient streams in the test data set, the habitat index explained 20% of the variation in IBI scores. A habitat index could not be developed for high-gradient sites, probably due to the low number of sites. Comparison of habitat to IBI scores provides resource managers with a method to evaluate the contribution of habitat quality to the IBI score.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<0452:DOASHI>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Goldstein, R.M., Wang, L., Simon, T.P., and Stewart, P.M., 2002, Development of a stream habitat index for the Northern Lakes and Forest Ecoregions: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 22, no. 2, p. 452-464, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<0452:DOASHI>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"452","endPage":"464","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319939,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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,{"id":50797,"text":"ofr0282 - 2002 - Hydrologic, water-quality, and sediment-quality data for the Christmas Bay system, Brazoria County, Texas, February 1999-March 2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-12T22:47:14.397677","indexId":"ofr0282","displayToPublicDate":"2002-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-82","title":"Hydrologic, water-quality, and sediment-quality data for the Christmas Bay system, Brazoria County, Texas, February 1999-March 2000","docAbstract":"The Christmas Bay system is a group of three small secondary bays (Christmas, Bastrop, and Drum Bays) at the southwestern end of the Galveston Bay estuarine system in Brazoria County, Texas. During February 1999-March 2000, hydrologic, water-quality, and sediment-quality data were collected from each of the three bays to establish baseline conditions. Gage-height fluctuations closely matched open-water tidal fluctuations. Rainfall during February 1999-February 2000 was about 20 percent below the annual average. Specific conductance, pH, water temperature, and dissolved oxygen monitored at 30-minute intervals in Christmas Bay for 13 months showed seasonal variations typical of monitoring stations on the Texas Gulf Coast. Prevailing winds were from the southeast. Monthly water-quality sampling for 13 months showed that in each of the three bays concentrations of major ions were small, and most nutrient concentrations were at or less than minimum reporting levels; indicator bacteria counts were consistently higher in samples collected from Drum Bay. Several trace elements (sampled twice) were detected in small concentrations. The only organochlorine pesticides (sampled once) that were greater than minimum reporting levels were atrazine, deethylatrazine, metolachlor, and simazine. During February 29-March 29, 2000, three semipermeable membrane devices were deployed at the Christmas Bay monitoring station. Seven of 77 semivolatile organic compounds analyzed in the lipids from the devices were detected in minute amounts. Analyses of surficial bed sediment sampled once in each of the three bays yielded detections of a number of semivolatile organic compounds; all concentrations were less than 10 micrograms per liter and much less than the respective benchmark concentration for those compounds that have had a benchmark concentration established for the protection of aquatic life.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr0282","collaboration":"In cooperation with the Houston-Galveston Area Council","usgsCitation":"East, J., 2002, Hydrologic, water-quality, and sediment-quality data for the Christmas Bay system, Brazoria County, Texas, February 1999-March 2000: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-82, iii, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0282.","productDescription":"iii, 43 p.","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":425578,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_52067.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":9159,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/ofr02-082/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":333407,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/ofr02-082/pdf/02-082.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":178415,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr0282.JPG"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","county":"Brazoria County","otherGeospatial":"Bastrop Bay, Christmas Bay, Drum Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -95.8,\n              28.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.8,\n              29.7\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.5,\n              29.7\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.5,\n              28.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.8,\n              28.5\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db6051f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"East, Jeffery W. jweast@usgs.gov","contributorId":1683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"East","given":"Jeffery W.","email":"jweast@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":242328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":39798,"text":"wri014197 - 2002 - Ground-water levels and potentiometric surfaces, Naval Air Warfare Center, West Trenton, New Jersey, 2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-29T20:07:15.166296","indexId":"wri014197","displayToPublicDate":"2002-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4197","title":"Ground-water levels and potentiometric surfaces, Naval Air Warfare Center, West Trenton, New Jersey, 2000","docAbstract":"<p>Water levels were measured in wells at the decommissioned Naval Air Warfare Center in West Trenton, N.J., during 2000. Water-level hydro­graphs prepared from data collected at seven obser­vation wells on the base show changes caused by seasonal and daily climate conditions and by the pumping of contaminated water from recovery wells. Stressed and unstressed potentiometric sur­faces for 2000 are similar in shape to those during 1995–99, but are not as deep. The greatest differ­ences between the potentiometric surfaces in 2000 and those in 1995–99 were caused by turning off sump pumps in NAWC buildings when the base was closed.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri014197","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Navy","usgsCitation":"Lacombe, P., 2002, Ground-water levels and potentiometric surfaces, Naval Air Warfare Center, West Trenton, New Jersey, 2000 (Version 1.1: August 2018): U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4197, v, 38 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014197.","productDescription":"v, 38 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":122293,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4197/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":67678,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4197/wri20014197.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.84 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 2001-4197"},{"id":356945,"rank":4,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4197/versionHist.txt","text":"Version History","size":"1.04 KB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","city":"West Trenton","otherGeospatial":"Naval Air Warfare Center","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -74.8167,\n              40.2667\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.8083,\n              40.2667\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.8083,\n              40.275\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.8167,\n              40.275\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.8167,\n              40.2667\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.1: August 2018","contact":"<p>Director, <a href=\"https://nj.usgs.gov/\" data-mce-href=\"https://nj.usgs.gov/\">New Jersey Science Center</a><br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>3450 Princeton Pike<br>Suite 110<br>Lawrenceville, NJ 08648</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Data Collection</li><li>Ground-water levels</li><li>Summary</li><li>References Cited</li></ul>","revisedDate":"2018-08-30","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa9e4b07f02db668317","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lacombe, Pierre J. placombe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lacombe","given":"Pierre J.","email":"placombe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":222213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":39805,"text":"wri20024152 - 2002 - Effects of Wildfire on the Hydrology of Capulin and Rito de los Frijoles canyons, Bandelier National Monument, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:16","indexId":"wri20024152","displayToPublicDate":"2002-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4152","title":"Effects of Wildfire on the Hydrology of Capulin and Rito de los Frijoles canyons, Bandelier National Monument, New Mexico","docAbstract":"In June of 1977, the La Mesa wildfire burned 15,270 acres in and around Frijoles Canyon in Bandelier National Monument and the adjacent Santa Fe National Forest, New Mexico. The Dome wildfire in April of 1996 in Bandelier National Monument burned 16,516 acres in Capulin Canyon and the surrounding Dome Wilderness area. Both watersheds are characterized by abundant and extensive archeological sites that could be affected by increased runoff and accelerated rates of erosion, which typically occur after a wildfire. The U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the National Park Service monitored the wildfires' effects on streamflow in both canyons. The magnitude of large stormflows increased dramatically after these wildfires; peak flows at the most downstream streamflow-gaging station in Frijoles and Capulin Canyons increased to about 160 times the maximum recorded flood prior to the fire. Maximum peak flow was 3,030 cubic feet per second at the gaging station in Frijoles Canyon (drainage area equals 18.1 square miles) and 3,630 cubic feet per second at the most downstream crest-stage gage in Capulin Canyon (drainage area equals 14.1 square miles). The pre-fire maximum peak flow recorded in these two canyons was 19 and an estimated 25 cubic feet per second, respectively. As vegetation reestablished itself during the second year, the post-fire annual maximum peak flow decreased to about 10 to 15 times the pre-fire annual maximum peak flow. During the third year, maximum annual peak flows decreased to about three to five times the pre-fire maximum peak flow. In the 22 years since the La Mesa wildfire, flood magnitudes have not completely returned to pre-fire size. Post-fire flood magnitudes in Frijoles and Capulin Canyons do not exceed the maximum floods per drainage area for physiographic regions 5 and 6 in New Mexico. For a burned watershed, however, the peak flows that occur after a wildfire are several orders of magnitude larger than normal forested watershed peak flows. The frequency of larger stormflows also increased in response to the effects of the wildfires in both canyons. In Frijoles Canyon, the number of peak stormflows greater than the pre-fire maximum flow of 19 cubic feet per second was 15 in 1977, 9 in 1978, and 5 in 1979, which is about the magnitude of the maximum pre-fire peak flow in both canyons. Again the hydrologic effects of a wildfire seem to be more pronounced for the 3 years following the date of the fire. Likewise, larger peakflows occurred more frequently in Capulin Canyon for the first 3 years after the 1996 wildfire. Median suspended-sediment concentrations in samples collected in Frijoles Canyon in 1977 were 1,330 milligrams per liter; median concentrations were 16 milligrams per liter after the watershed stabilized in 1993-95. The annual load calculated from regression equations for load compared to flow for the first year after the wildfire was 220 times the annual load for the post-recovery period. To convey the increased frequency and magnitude of average flows in Capulin Canyon after the 1996 Dome wildfire, the stream channel in Capulin Canyon increased in flow capacity by widening and downcutting. As Capulin Canyon peak flows have decreased in both magnitude and frequency with vegetative recovery, the stream channel also has slowly begun to readjust. The channel at the most downstream crest-stage gage, which has the shallowest initial valley slope, is showing the first signs of aggradation.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/wri20024152","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Veenhuis, J.E., 2002, Effects of Wildfire on the Hydrology of Capulin and Rito de los Frijoles canyons, Bandelier National Monument, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4152, iv, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri20024152.","productDescription":"iv, 39 p.","costCenters":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":172687,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":10813,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri02-4152/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -106.5,35.666666666666664 ], [ -106.5,35.916666666666664 ], [ -106.16666666666667,35.916666666666664 ], [ -106.16666666666667,35.666666666666664 ], [ -106.5,35.666666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db624c8f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Veenhuis, Jack E.","contributorId":66745,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Veenhuis","given":"Jack","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":39802,"text":"wri024107 - 2002 - Effects of wastewater and combined sewer overflows on water quality in the Blue River basin, Kansas City, Missouri and Kansas, July 1998-October 2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-07T20:37:16.268822","indexId":"wri024107","displayToPublicDate":"2002-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4107","title":"Effects of wastewater and combined sewer overflows on water quality in the Blue River basin, Kansas City, Missouri and Kansas, July 1998-October 2000","docAbstract":"Samples were collected from 16 base-flow\r\nevents and a minimum of 10 stormflow events\r\nbetween July 1998 and October 2000 to characterize\r\nthe effects of wastewater and combined sewer\r\noverflows on water quality in the Blue River\r\nBasin, Kansas City, Missouri and Kansas. Waterquality\r\neffects were determined by analysis of\r\nnutrients, chloride, chemical and biochemical oxygen\r\ndemand, and suspended sediment samples\r\nfrom three streams (Blue River, Brush Creek, and\r\nIndian Creek) in the basin as well as the determination\r\nof a suite of compounds known to be indicative\r\nof wastewater including antioxidants,\r\ncaffeine, detergent metabolites, antimicrobials,\r\nand selected over-the-counter and prescription\r\npharmaceuticals. Constituent loads were determined\r\nfor both hydrologic regimes and a measure\r\nof the relative water-quality impact of selected\r\nstream reaches on the Blue River and Brush Creek\r\nwas developed. Genetic fingerprint patterns of\r\nEscherichia coli bacteria from selected stream\r\nsamples were compared to a data base of knownsource\r\npatterns to determine possible sources of\r\nbacteria.\r\nWater quality in the basin was affected by\r\nwastewater during both base flows and stormflows;\r\nhowever, there were two distinct sources\r\nthat contributed to these effects. In the Blue River\r\nand Indian Creek, the nearly continuous discharge\r\nof treated wastewater effluent was the primary\r\nsource of nutrients, wastewater indicator compounds,\r\nand pharmaceutical compounds detected\r\nin stream samples. Wastewater inputs into Brush\r\nCreek were largely the result of intermittent stormflow\r\nevents that triggered the overflow of combined\r\nstorm and sanitary sewers, and the\r\nsubsequent discharge of untreated wastewater into\r\nthe creek. A portion of the sediment, organic matter,\r\nand associated constituents from these events\r\nwere trapped by a series of impoundments constructed\r\nalong Brush Creek where they likely continued\r\nto affect water quality during base flow.\r\nConcentrations and loads of most wastewater\r\nconstituents in the Blue River and Indian Creek were\r\nsignificantly greater than in Brush Creek, especially\r\nduring base flow. However, wastewater indicator\r\ncompound concentrations were sometimes greater\r\nin some Brush Creek stormflow samples. Selected\r\nstream reaches along the mid-portion of Brush\r\nCreek showed higher effects relative to other sites,\r\nprimarily because these sites were in impounded\r\nreaches with the greatest density of wastewater\r\ninputs, or had relatively small drainage areas.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024107","usgsCitation":"Wilkison, D.H., Armstrong, D., and Blevins, D.W., 2002, Effects of wastewater and combined sewer overflows on water quality in the Blue River basin, Kansas City, Missouri and Kansas, July 1998-October 2000: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4107, iv, 162 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024107.","productDescription":"iv, 162 p.","costCenters":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":413784,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_52033.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":8500,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri02-4107/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":172592,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas, Missouri","city":"Kansas City","otherGeospatial":"Blue River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -94.875,\n              38.750\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.875,\n              39.125\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.5667,\n              39.125\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.5667,\n              38.750\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.875,\n              38.750\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60fc33","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilkison, Donald H. wilkison@usgs.gov","contributorId":3824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilkison","given":"Donald","email":"wilkison@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":222224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Armstrong, Daniel J. armstron@usgs.gov","contributorId":3823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Armstrong","given":"Daniel J.","email":"armstron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":222223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blevins, Dale W. dblevins@usgs.gov","contributorId":2729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blevins","given":"Dale","email":"dblevins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":222222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70185668,"text":"70185668 - 2002 - The dependence of estuarine turbidity on tidal intrusion length, tidal range and residence time","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-28T09:13:19","indexId":"70185668","displayToPublicDate":"2002-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1333,"text":"Continental Shelf Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The dependence of estuarine turbidity on tidal intrusion length, tidal range and residence time","docAbstract":"<p><span>It is shown that there is a marked tendency for long, strongly tidal estuaries to have greater suspended particulate matter (SPM) concentrations within their high-turbidity regions than shorter estuaries with comparable tidal ranges at their mouths, or weakly tidal estuaries. Using consistently derived data from 44 estuaries in Europe and the Americas, contours of the logarithm of maximum estuarine SPM concentration are shown to be reasonably smooth when plotted against the logarithm of mean spring tidal range (at the estuary mouth) and the logarithm of estuarine tidal length. Predictions from the plot are compared with published observations made in the Delaware, Scheldt, Rio de la Plata, Gironde, Bay of Fundy, Changjiang (Yangtze), Amazon, Patos Lagoon and the Hawkesbury Estuary and it is shown that, qualitatively, there are no serious discrepancies. Short, weakly tidal estuaries are predicted to have very low ‘intrinsic’ SPM concentrations. High SPM concentrations in these estuaries would most likely be the result of either locally generated wave resuspension, high freshwater sediment loads due to freshets, or intruding seawater carrying suspended sediments derived from wave activity in the coastal zone. Application of a generic tidal model demonstrates that longer estuaries possess faster tidal currents for a given tidal range at their mouth and, in the presence of a supply of erodable fine sediment, therefore (by implication) produce greater concentrations of SPM that can be accumulated within a turbidity maximum. The same is true if the tidal range is increased for estuaries of a given length. These features are illustrated by comparing surveys of SPM data from two large estuaries possessing greatly different tidal ranges (the microtidal, medium turbidity Potomac and the macrotidal, highly turbid Humber-Ouse) and a third, much smaller but strongly tidal estuary (the low-turbidity Tweed). It is demonstrated that longer estuaries tend to have longer flushing times for solutes than shorter systems and that larger tides tend to reduce flushing times, although the tidal influence is secondary. Short, rapidly flushed estuaries quickly lose their erodable fine sediment to the coastal zone during freshets and during the ebbing currents of spring tides. Turbidity is therefore small during low runoff, low wave activity conditions. Very long, very slowly flushed estuaries are unlikely to lose a significant fraction of their resuspended sediments during freshets or individual ebb tides and are therefore able to accumulate large and increasing amounts of fine sediment in the long-term. Turbidity within them is therefore high during the fast currents of large spring tides.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0278-4343(02)00041-9","usgsCitation":"Uncles, R., Stephens, J., and Smith, R.E., 2002, The dependence of estuarine turbidity on tidal intrusion length, tidal range and residence time: Continental Shelf Research, v. 22, no. 11-13, p. 1835-1856, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4343(02)00041-9.","productDescription":"22 p. ","startPage":"1835","endPage":"1856","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338375,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"11-13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58da2538e4b0543bf7fda843","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Uncles, R.J.","contributorId":33468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Uncles","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stephens, J.A.","contributorId":66026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephens","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, R. E.","contributorId":76366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":39915,"text":"ofr02140 - 2002 - Schlumberger soundings at the Amargosa Desert Research Site, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-19T19:34:50","indexId":"ofr02140","displayToPublicDate":"2002-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-140","title":"Schlumberger soundings at the Amargosa Desert Research Site, Nevada","docAbstract":"<p>In 1999 the U.S. Geological Survey made 38 direct current (dc) electrical soundings at the Amargosa Desert Research Site (ADRS) near Beatty, Nevada (fig. 1.) using the Schlumberger array. An additional 16 Schlumberger soundings were made in 2000. The soundings were made to determine the subsurface resistivity distribution, and the location of faults. The purpose of this report is to present the data, its automatic interpretation, cross sections and resistivity depth maps. Figure 2 is a map of the sounding locations. The soundings are represented by circles. The 1999 data are numbered 1 through 38 and the 2000 data are numbered 101 through 116. Table 1 gives the sounding number, x coordinate, and y coordinate of the soundings in UTM zone 11 NAD27. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr02140","usgsCitation":"Bisdorf, R.J., 2002, Schlumberger soundings at the Amargosa Desert Research Site, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-140, 65 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02140.","productDescription":"65 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":3619,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/ofr-02-0140/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":173616,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116.3774871826172,\n              36.3588219885685\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.20548248291016,\n              36.3588219885685\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.20548248291016,\n              36.50384103238002\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.3774871826172,\n              36.50384103238002\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.3774871826172,\n              36.3588219885685\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd463","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bisdorf, Robert J.","contributorId":107277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bisdorf","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":39916,"text":"ofr02145 - 2002 - Ground-water levels and water-quality data from monitoring wells in Windham, Maine, water years 1997-2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:36","indexId":"ofr02145","displayToPublicDate":"2002-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-145","title":"Ground-water levels and water-quality data from monitoring wells in Windham, Maine, water years 1997-2001","docAbstract":"Ongoing data collection in an established well network in Windham, Maine, serves as an indicator of the hydrologic and water-quality conditions in the aquifer. This report presents data collected from 1997 through 2001, including ground-water levels, measurements of water-quality field parameters, and concentrations of nutrients and arsenic.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr02145","usgsCitation":"Caldwell, J.M., 2002, Ground-water levels and water-quality data from monitoring wells in Windham, Maine, water years 1997-2001: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-145, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02145.","productDescription":"17 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":173617,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3620,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/ofr02-145/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a96e4b07f02db65a37a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Caldwell, J. M.","contributorId":93934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caldwell","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70185176,"text":"70185176 - 2002 - Worldwide occurrences of arsenic in ground water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-26T08:25:06","indexId":"70185176","displayToPublicDate":"2002-07-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Worldwide occurrences of arsenic in ground water","docAbstract":"<p><span>Numerous aquifers worldwide carry soluble arsenic at concentrations greater than the World Health Organization--and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency--recommended drinking water standard of 10 mg per liter. Sources include both natural (black shales, young sediments with low flushing rates, gold mineralization, and geothermal environments) and anthropogenic (mining activities, livestock feed additives, pesticides, and arsenic trioxide wastes and stockpiles). Increased solubility and mobility of arsenic is promoted by high pH (&gt;8.5), competing oxyanions, and reducing conditions. In this Policy Forum, </span>Nordstrom<span> argues that human health risks from arsenic in ground water can be minimized by incorporating hydrogeochemical knowledge into water management decisions and by more careful monitoring for arsenic in geologically high-risk areas.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":" American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.1072375","usgsCitation":"Nordstrom, D.K., 2002, Worldwide occurrences of arsenic in ground water: Science, v. 296, no. 5576, p. 2143-2145, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1072375.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"2143","endPage":"2145","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337681,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"296","issue":"5576","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ca52d4e4b0849ce97c86f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":684615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70185669,"text":"70185669 - 2002 - Role of ground water in geomorphology, geology, and paleoclimate of the southern High Plains, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-28T10:31:24","indexId":"70185669","displayToPublicDate":"2002-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Role of ground water in geomorphology, geology, and paleoclimate of the southern High Plains, USA","docAbstract":"<p><span>Study of ground water in the Southern High Plains is central to an understanding of the geomorphology, deposition of economic minerals, and climate change record in the area. Ground water has controlled the course of the Canadian and Pecos rivers that isolated the Southern High Plains from the Great Plains and has contributed significantly to the continuing retreat of the westward escarpment. Evaporative and dissolution processes are responsible for current plateau topography and the development of the signature 20,000 small playa basins and 40 to 50 large saline lake basins in the area. In conjunction with eolian processes, ground water transport controls the mineralogy of commercially valuable mineral deposits and sets up the distribution of fine efflorescent salts that adversely affect water quality. As the water table rises and retreats, lunette and tufa formation provides valuable paleoclimate data for the Southern High Plains. In all these cases, an understanding of ground water processes contributes valuable information to a broad range of geological topics, well beyond traditional interest in water supply and environmental issues.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2002.tb02522.x","usgsCitation":"Wood, W., 2002, Role of ground water in geomorphology, geology, and paleoclimate of the southern High Plains, USA: Groundwater, v. 40, no. 4, p. 438-447, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2002.tb02522.x.","productDescription":"10 p. ","startPage":"438","endPage":"447","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":498965,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2002.tb02522.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":338377,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, Kansas, New Mexico, Texas","otherGeospatial":"Southern High Plains ","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -104.34814453125,\n              31.541089879585808\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.00878906249999,\n              31.541089879585808\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.00878906249999,\n              37.59682400108367\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.34814453125,\n              37.59682400108367\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.34814453125,\n              31.541089879585808\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"40","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58da2538e4b0543bf7fda845","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wood, Warren W.","contributorId":47770,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wood","given":"Warren W.","affiliations":[{"id":6601,"text":"Michigan State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":686301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":38169,"text":"fs02202 - 2002 - Ground-Water Age and its Water-Management Implications, Cook Inlet Basin, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:50","indexId":"fs02202","displayToPublicDate":"2002-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"022-02","title":"Ground-Water Age and its Water-Management Implications, Cook Inlet Basin, Alaska","docAbstract":"The Cook Inlet Basin encompasses 39,325 square miles in south-central Alaska. Approximately 350,000 people, more than half of Alaska?s population, reside in the basin, mostly in the Anchorage area. However, rapid growth is occurring in the Matanuska?Susitna and Kenai Peninsula Boroughs to the north and south of Anchorage. Ground-water resources provide about one-third of the water used for domestic, commercial and industrial purposes in the Anchorage metropolitan area and are the sole sources of water for industries and residents outside Anchorage. In 1997, a study of the Cook Inlet Basin was begun as part of the U.S. Geological Survey?s National Water-Quality Assessment Program. Samples of ground water were collected from 35 existing wells in unconsolidated glacial and alluvial aquifers during 1999 to determine the regional quality of ground water beneath about 790 mi2 of developed land and to gain a better understanding of the natural and human factors that affect the water quality (Glass, 2001). Of the 35 wells sampled, 31 had water analyzed for atmospherically derived substances to determine the ground water?s travel time from its point of recharge to its point of use or discharge?also known as ground-water age.\r\n\r\nGround water moves slowly from its point of recharge to its point of use or discharge. This water starts as rain and melting snow that soak into the ground as recharge. In the Matanuska?Susitna, Anchorage, and Kenai Peninsula areas, ground water generally moves from near the mountain fronts toward Cook Inlet or the major rivers. Much of the water pumped by domestic and public-supply wells may have traveled less than 10 miles, and the trip may have taken as short a time as a few days or as long as several decades. This ground water is vulnerable to contamination from the land surface, and many contaminants in the water would follow the same paths and have similar travel times from recharge areas to points of use as the chemical substances analyzed in this study. The effects of contamination may not be seen for several years after a contaminant is introduced into the ground-water system. Many contaminants could make the water unsuitable for drinking for many years, even in concentrations too low to detect without expensive chemical tests. The travel time of a chemically conservative substance depends primarily on the velocity of ground water through the aquifer, which in turn depends on the hydrologic characteristics of the aquifer system.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/fs02202","usgsCitation":"Glass, R.L., 2002, Ground-Water Age and its Water-Management Implications, Cook Inlet Basin, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 022-02, 1 folded sheet ([4] p.) : col. ill., col. maps ; 28 cm. , https://doi.org/10.3133/fs02202.","productDescription":"1 folded sheet ([4] p.) : col. ill., col. maps ; 28 cm. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124636,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_022_02.bmp"},{"id":3466,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/FS/fs-022-02/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d657","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Glass, Roy L.","contributorId":86813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glass","given":"Roy","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":32989,"text":"wri024133 - 2002 - Evaluation of recharge to the Skunk Creek Aquifer from a constructed wetland near Lyons, South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:19","indexId":"wri024133","displayToPublicDate":"2002-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4133","title":"Evaluation of recharge to the Skunk Creek Aquifer from a constructed wetland near Lyons, South Dakota","docAbstract":"A wetland was constructed in the Skunk Creek flood plain near Lyons in southeast South Dakota to mitigate for wetland areas that were filled during construction of a municipal golf course for the city of Sioux Falls. A water-rights permit was obtained to allow the city to pump water from Skunk Creek into the wetland during times when the wetland would be dry. The amount of water seeping through the wetland and recharging the underlying Skunk Creek aquifer was not known. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the city of Sioux Falls, conducted a study during 1997-2000 to evaluate recharge to the Skunk Creek aquifer from the constructed wetland.\r\n\r\nThree methods were used to estimate recharge from the wetland to the aquifer: (1) analysis of the rate of water-level decline during periods of no inflow; (2) flow-net analysis; and (3) analysis of the hydrologic budget. The hydrologic budget also was used to evaluate the efficiency of recharge from the wetland to the aquifer. Recharge rates estimated by analysis of shut-off events ranged from 0.21 to 0.82 foot per day, but these estimates may be influenced by possible errors in volume calculations. Recharge rates determined by flow-net analysis were calculated using selected values of hydraulic conductivity and ranged from 566,000 gallons per day using a hydraulic conductivity of 0.5 foot per day to 1,684,000 gallons per day using a hydraulic conductivity of 1.0 foot per day. Recharge rates from the hydrologic budget varied from 0.74 to 0.85 foot per day, and averaged 0.79 foot per day.\r\n\r\nThe amount of water lost to evapotranspiration at the study wetland is very small compared to the amount of water seeping from the wetland into the aquifer. Based on the hydrologic budget, the average recharge efficiency was estimated as 97.9 percent, which indicates that recharging the Skunk Creek aquifer by pumping water into the study wetland is highly efficient.\r\n\r\nBecause the Skunk Creek aquifer is composed of sand and gravel, the 'recharge mound' is less distinct than might be found in an aquifer composed of finer materials. However, water levels recorded from piezometers in and around the wetland do show a higher water table than periods when the wetland was dry. The largest increases in water level occur between the wetland channel and Skunk Creek. The results of this study demonstrate that artificially recharged wetlands can be useful in recharging underlying aquifers and increasing water levels in these aquifers.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri024133","usgsCitation":"Thompson, R.F., 2002, Evaluation of recharge to the Skunk Creek Aquifer from a constructed wetland near Lyons, South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4133, iv, 27 p. : ill., maps ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024133.","productDescription":"iv, 27 p. : ill., maps ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":3156,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024133/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":163825,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e3e4b07f02db5e59da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thompson, Ryan F. 0000-0002-4544-6108 rcthomps@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4544-6108","contributorId":2702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Ryan","email":"rcthomps@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":209622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":32985,"text":"wri024095 - 2002 - Historic and unregulated monthly streamflow for selected sites in the Red River of the North Basin in North Dakota, Minnesota, and South Dakota, 1931-99","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-18T22:02:08.297506","indexId":"wri024095","displayToPublicDate":"2002-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4095","title":"Historic and unregulated monthly streamflow for selected sites in the Red River of the North Basin in North Dakota, Minnesota, and South Dakota, 1931-99","docAbstract":"<p>Operation of the Garrison Diversion Unit in North Dakota may have various effects on the quantity and quality of streamflow in the Sheyenne River and the Red River of the North. To model the effects that the Garrison Diversion Unit could have on water quality, gaged and estimated historic streamflow data and estimated unregulated streamflow data were compiled to develop a complete monthly streamflow record for January 1931 through September 1999 (the data-development period) for 35 sites in the Red River of the North Basin in North Dakota, Minnesota, and South Dakota.<br><br>During the entire data-development period, gaged streamflow data were available for only 4 of the 35 sites, incomplete data of various length were available for 10 sites, and no data were available for 21 sites. Drainage- area ratio and Maintenance of Variance Extension Type 1 methods were used to estimate the historic streamflow for months when no data were available.<br><br>Unregulated streamflow for the 35 sites was estimated by eliminating the hydrologic effects of Orwell Reservoir, Lake Traverse, Mud Lake, Lake Ashtabula, and surface-water withdrawals. Modeled flows at the Red River of the North at Wahpeton by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers were used to eliminate the effects of Orwell Reservoir, Lake Traverse, and Mud Lake, and water-balance procedures were used to eliminate the effects of Lake Ashtabula.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024095","usgsCitation":"Emerson, D.G., and Dressler, V.M., 2002, Historic and unregulated monthly streamflow for selected sites in the Red River of the North Basin in North Dakota, Minnesota, and South Dakota, 1931-99: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4095, iv, 271 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024095.","productDescription":"iv, 271 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":163636,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":396207,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_51981.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Red River of the North Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -100.333,\n              45.5667\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.2417,\n              45.5667\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.2417,\n              49\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.333,\n              49\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.333,\n              45.5667\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a58e4b07f02db62ee6a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Emerson, Douglas G.","contributorId":40579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emerson","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dressler, Valerie M. dressler@usgs.gov","contributorId":5791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dressler","given":"Valerie","email":"dressler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":209615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":32984,"text":"wri024090 - 2002 - Rainfall-runoff characteristics and effects of increased urban density on streamflow and infiltration in the eastern part of the San Jacinto River basin, Riverside County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:19","indexId":"wri024090","displayToPublicDate":"2002-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4090","title":"Rainfall-runoff characteristics and effects of increased urban density on streamflow and infiltration in the eastern part of the San Jacinto River basin, Riverside County, California","docAbstract":"To better understand the rainfall-runoff characteristics of the eastern part of the San Jacinto River Basin and to estimate the effects of increased urbanization on streamflow, channel infiltration, and land-surface infiltration, a long-term (1950?98) time series of monthly flows in and out of the channels and land surfaces were simulated using the Hydrologic Simulation Program- FORTRAN (HSPF) rainfall-runoff model. Channel and land-surface infiltration includes rainfall or runoff that infiltrates past the zone of evapotranspiration and may become ground-water recharge. The study area encompasses about 256 square miles of the San Jacinto River drainage basin in Riverside County, California. Daily streamflow (for periods with available data between 1950 and 1998), and daily rainfall and evaporation (1950?98) data; monthly reservoir storage data (1961?98); and estimated mean annual reservoir inflow data (for 1974 conditions) were used to calibrate the rainfall-runoff model. Measured and simulated mean annual streamflows for the San Jacinto River near San Jacinto streamflow-gaging station (North-South Fork subbasin) for 1950?91 and 1997?98 were 14,000 and 14,200 acre-feet, respectively, a difference of 1.4 percent. The standard error of the mean for measured and simulated annual streamflow in the North-South Fork subbasin was 3,520 and 3,160 acre-feet, respectively. Measured and simulated mean annual streamflows for the Bautista Creek streamflow-gaging station (Bautista Creek subbasin) for 1950?98 were 980 acre-feet and 991 acre-feet, respectively, a difference of 1.1 percent. The standard error of the mean for measured and simulated annual streamflow in the Bautista Creek subbasin was 299 and 217 acre-feet, respectively. Measured and simulated annual streamflows for the San Jacinto River above State Street near San Jacinto streamflow-gaging station (Poppet subbasin) for 1998 were 23,400 and 23,500 acre-feet, respectively, a difference of 0.4 percent. The simulated mean annual streamflow for the State Street gaging station at the outlet of the study basin and the simulated mean annual basin infiltration (combined infiltration from all the channels and land surfaces) were 8,720 and 41,600 acre-feet, respectively, for water years 1950-98. Simulated annual streamflow at the State Street gaging station ranged from 16.8 acre-feet in water year 1961 to 70,400 acre-feet in water year 1993, and simulated basin infiltration ranged from 2,770 acre-feet in water year 1961 to 149,000 acre-feet in water year 1983.The effects of increased urbanization on the hydrology of the study basin were evaluated by increasing the size of the effective impervious and non-effective impervious urban areas simulated in the calibrated rainfall-runoff model by 50 and 100 percent, respectively. The rainfall-runoff model simulated a long-term time series of monthly flows in and out of the channels and land surfaces using daily rainfall and potential evaporation data for water years 1950?98. Increasing the effective impervious and non-effective impervious urban areas by 100 percent resulted in a 5-percent increase in simulated mean annual streamflow at the State Street gaging station, and a 2.2-percent increase in simulated basin infiltration. Results of a frequency analysis of the simulated annual streamflow at the State Street gaging station showed that when effective impervious and non-effective impervious areas were increased 100 percent, simulated annual streamflow increased about 100 percent for low-flow conditions and was unchanged for high-flow conditions. The simulated increase in streamflow at the State Street gaging station potentially could infiltrate along the stream channel further downstream, outside of the model area.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri024090","usgsCitation":"Guay, J.R., 2002, Rainfall-runoff characteristics and effects of increased urban density on streamflow and infiltration in the eastern part of the San Jacinto River basin, Riverside County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4090, 125 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024090.","productDescription":"125 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":3152,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024090","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":163557,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db64974f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Guay, Joel R.","contributorId":22403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guay","given":"Joel","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":32983,"text":"wri024074 - 2002 - Arsenic loads and source areas in and along Bear Creek, Park County, Montana, September 2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-19T06:07:52","indexId":"wri024074","displayToPublicDate":"2002-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4074","title":"Arsenic loads and source areas in and along Bear Creek, Park County, Montana, September 2000","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024074","usgsCitation":"Thamke, J., Wotan, T., Cleasby, T., and Nimick, D., 2002, Arsenic loads and source areas in and along Bear Creek, Park County, Montana, September 2000: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4074, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024074.","productDescription":"25 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":95930,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4074/report.pdf","size":"3396","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":163637,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4074/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","county":"Park County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-110.2821,46.1847],[-110.2815,46.1596],[-110.2816,46.1348],[-110.2901,46.1344],[-110.2904,46.0447],[-110.29,45.9595],[-110.2908,45.9289],[-110.2916,45.8708],[-110.2912,45.7852],[-110.2207,45.7842],[-110.2182,45.6072],[-110.2145,45.5523],[-110.2175,45.4824],[-110.2166,45.37],[-110.2167,45.3494],[-110.2297,45.3494],[-110.2286,45.2946],[-110.2275,45.259],[-110.2276,45.2306],[-110.227,45.2051],[-110.2271,45.1763],[-110.059,45.1758],[-109.7977,45.1729],[-109.7977,45.1665],[-109.7979,45.0939],[-109.7969,45.003],[-109.8524,45.0029],[-109.9988,45.0026],[-110.1325,45.0022],[-110.133,45.0021],[-110.2006,44.9942],[-110.3717,44.9972],[-110.4021,44.9921],[-110.4302,44.9921],[-110.5806,44.9925],[-110.7072,44.9929],[-110.7756,45.0019],[-110.7823,45.0018],[-110.8004,45.0017],[-111.0418,45],[-111.0411,45.078],[-111.0427,45.0773],[-111.0429,45.1024],[-111.0424,45.1307],[-111.042,45.1599],[-111.0422,45.1791],[-111.0364,45.1791],[-111.0355,45.234],[-111.0357,45.2614],[-111.0351,45.3495],[-110.9366,45.349],[-110.9145,45.3486],[-110.9146,45.3619],[-110.9164,45.451],[-110.9174,45.4953],[-110.9175,45.5245],[-110.859,45.5247],[-110.8568,45.5896],[-110.7943,45.5902],[-110.7937,45.6113],[-110.794,45.6657],[-110.7935,45.6977],[-110.7942,45.7132],[-110.7945,45.7864],[-110.7886,45.7864],[-110.7888,45.8299],[-110.7884,45.8871],[-110.7893,45.9301],[-110.7887,45.9452],[-110.7889,46.1425],[-110.7836,46.1425],[-110.7825,46.1933],[-110.5789,46.1913],[-110.55,46.1913],[-110.5264,46.1913],[-110.4062,46.1904],[-110.4068,46.1844],[-110.3031,46.1852],[-110.2821,46.1847]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Park\",\"state\":\"MT\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abce4b07f02db672eb0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thamke, J.N.","contributorId":77965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thamke","given":"J.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wotan, T.R.","contributorId":100442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wotan","given":"T.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cleasby, T.E.","contributorId":95527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cleasby","given":"T.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nimick, D. A.","contributorId":70399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimick","given":"D. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":32986,"text":"wri024105 - 2002 - Preliminary hydrogeologic assessment and study plan for a regional ground-water resource investigation of the Blue Ridge and Piedmont provinces of North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-08T13:31:02","indexId":"wri024105","displayToPublicDate":"2002-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4105","title":"Preliminary hydrogeologic assessment and study plan for a regional ground-water resource investigation of the Blue Ridge and Piedmont provinces of North Carolina","docAbstract":"<p>Prolonged drought, allocation of surface-water flow, and increased demands on ground-water supplies resulting from population growth are focuses for the need to evaluate ground-water resources in the Blue Ridge and Piedmont Provinces of North Carolina. Urbanization and certain aspects of agricultural production also have caused increased concerns about protecting the quality of ground water in this region.</p><p>More than 75 percent of the State's population resides in the Blue Ridge and Piedmont Provinces in an area that covers 30,544 square miles and 65 counties. Between 1940 and 2000, the population in the Piedmont and Blue Ridge Provinces increased from 2.66 to 6.11 million; most of this increase occurred in the Piedmont. Of the total population, an estimated 1.97 million people, or 32.3 percent (based on the 1990 census), relied on ground water for a variety of uses, including commercial, industrial, and most importantly, potable supplies.</p><p>Ground water in the Blue Ridge and Piedmont traditionally has not been considered as a source for large supplies, primarily because of readily available and seemingly limitless surface-water supplies, and the perception that ground water in the Blue Ridge and Piedmont Provinces occurs in a complex, generally heterogeneous geologic environment. Some reluctance to use ground water for large supplies derives from the reputation of aquifers in these provinces for producing low yields to wells, and the few high-yield wells that are drilled seem to be scattered in areas distant from where they are needed. Because the aquifers in these provinces are shallow, they also are susceptible to contamination by activities on the land surface.</p><p>In response to these issues, the North Carolina Legislature supported the creation of a Resource Evaluation Program to ensure the long-term availability, sustainability, and quality of ground water in the State. As part of the Resource Evaluation Program, the North Carolina Division of Water Quality, Groundwater Section, in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey, initiated a multiyear study of ground water in the Blue Ridge and Piedmont Provinces. The study began in 1999.</p><p>Most of the study area is underlain by a complex, two-part, regolith-fractured crystalline rock aquifer system. Thickness of the regolith throughout the study area is highly variable and ranges from 0 to more than 150 feet. The regolith consists of an unconsolidated or semiconsolidated mixture of clay and fragmental material ranging in grain size from silt to boulders. Because porosities range from 35 to 55 percent, the regolith provides the bulk of the water storage within the Blue Ridge and Piedmont ground-water system. At the base of the regolith is the transition zone where saprolite grades into unweathered bedrock. The transition zone has been identified as a potential conduit for rapid ground-water flow. If this is the case, the transition zone also may serve as a conduit for rapid movement of contaminants to nearby wells or to streams with channels that cut into 1 U.S. Geological Survey, Raleigh, North Carolina. 2 North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Division of Water Quality, Groundwater Section. or through the transition zone. How rapidly a contaminant moves through the system largely may be a function of the characteristics of the transition zone. The transition zone is one of several topics identified during the literature review and data synthesis, for which there is a deficiency in data and understanding of the processes involved in the movement of ground water to surface water.</p><p>Because the Blue Ridge and Piedmont study area is so large, and the hydrogeology diverse, it is not feasible to study all of the area in detail. A more feasible approach is to select areas that are most representative of the land use, geology, and hydrology to obtain an understanding of the hydrologic processes in the selected areas, and transfer the knowledge from these local \"type areas\" to similar regional hydrogeologic areas.</p><p>For the purpose of this study, the term \"type area\" applies to a 10- to 100-square mile area within a hydrogeologic terrane where information is sufficient to develop and test a concept of ground-water flow by using analytical or numerical methods that can be validated by field measurements. Ideally, these type areas are selected to be representative of the flow system that is present wherever a particular hydrogeologic terrane is present.</p><p>This report consists of two basic parts. The first part describes the results of a comprehensive review and synthesis of information and literature that provides the basic background for the study. This includes current (2002) knowledge regarding general geology and the hydrogeologic framework of the fractured-rock aquifer system that underlies the Blue Ridge and Piedmont Provinces. In spite of the quantity of information identified during the literature review and the amount of past work that has been documented, there are still research needs to be met.</p><p>The second part of the report describes State ground-water issues and problems, available data, and data deficiencies. It also describes the design and implementation of efforts to characterize ground-water quality and to quantify factors that influence the movement and availability of ground water in the hydrogeologic terranes characterized by (1) massive or foliated crystalline rocks overlain by thick regolith and (2) massive or foliated crystalline rocks overlain by thin regolith.</p><p>As of September 2001, seven sites had been identified as potential study sites to be used to characterize the hydrogeology and water quality of ype areas considered representative of the larger terranes. Detailed geologic mapping, core drilling, well installation, and surface and borehole geophysical surveys are in progress at four of the sites.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri024105","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Groundwater Section of the North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Division of Water Quality","usgsCitation":"Daniel, C.C., and Dahlen, P.R., 2002, Preliminary hydrogeologic assessment and study plan for a regional ground-water resource investigation of the Blue Ridge and Piedmont provinces of North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4105, 60 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024105.","productDescription":"60 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science 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Carolina\",\"nation\":\"USA  \"}}]}","contact":"<p><a href=\"mailto:dc_sc@usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"mailto:dc_sc@usgs.gov\">Director</a>, <a href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/sa-water\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/sa-water\">South Atlantic Water Science Center </a><br> U.S. Geological Survey<br> 720 Gracern Road<br> Columbia, SC 29210</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Abstract&nbsp;</li><li>Introduction&nbsp;</li><li>Hydrogeologic setting&nbsp;</li><li>Hydrologic conditions in the study area</li><li>Hydrogeologic terranes</li><li>Ground-water quality</li><li>State ground-water issues and problems&nbsp;</li><li>Study design&nbsp;</li><li>Selected references</li></ul>","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abce4b07f02db673312","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Daniel, Charles C. III","contributorId":101702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Daniel","given":"Charles","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dahlen, Paul R.","contributorId":67138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dahlen","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":33022,"text":"wri014096 - 2002 - History and hydrologic effects of ground-water use in Kings, Queens, and western Nassau Counties, Long Island, New York, 1800's through 1997","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-17T19:49:07.38985","indexId":"wri014096","displayToPublicDate":"2002-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4096","title":"History and hydrologic effects of ground-water use in Kings, Queens, and western Nassau Counties, Long Island, New York, 1800's through 1997","docAbstract":"<p>Ground-water withdrawals from the aquifers underlying Kings and Queens Counties varied temporally and spatially during the 20th century and caused extreme changes in water levels. The resultant lowering of water levels during periods of heavy pumping caused saltwater intrusion in nearshore areas and the migration of contaminants from land surface into deep aquifers. The recovery of water levels in response to countywide curtailment of pumping has resulted in the flooding of underground structures. Combined withdrawals for public and industrial supply in Kings and Queens Counties were greatest during the 1930's--about 130 million gallons per day. During this period, a large cone of depression developed in the water table in Kings County; within this depression, water levels were about 45 feet lower than in 1903. All pumping for public supply was halted in Kings County in 1947, and in Jamaica (in Queens County) in 1974. Water levels in Kings County had recovered by 1974 and have remained similar to those of 1903 since then, except for minor localized drawdowns due to industrial-supply or dewatering withdrawals. A large cone of depression that had formed in southeastern Queens County before 1974 has now (1997) disappeared. The estimated combined withdrawal for public supply and industrial supply in Kings and Queens Counties in 1996 was only about 50 million gallons per day.</p><p>The water-level recoveries in the water-table and confined aquifers generally have resulted in the dilution and dispersion of residual salty and nitrate-contaminated ground water. The majority of recently sampled wells indicate stable or decreasing chloride and nitrate concentrations in all aquifers since 1983. Organic contaminants remain in ground water in Kings, Queens, and Nassau Counties, however; the most commonly detected compounds in 1992-96 were tetrachloroethene, trichloroethene, chloroform, and total trihalomethanes. Water samples from monitoring wells in Kings County indicate a greater number of occurrences of these compounds in the upper glacial aquifer than in the Jameco-Magothy aquifer, whereas samples from public-supply wells in Queens County indicated a greater number of occurrences in the Jameco- Magothy aquifer than in the upper glacial aquifer. This distribution suggests that organic contaminants were not drawn into the deeper aquifers in Kings County before 1947, when their use was limited and deep withdrawals were greatest, and (or) that the longer period of waterlevel recovery in Kings County than in Queens has allowed greater degradation, dilution, and dispersion of any organic contaminants that might have entered the deep aquifers before the cessation of pumping in 1947.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri014096","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New York City Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Cartwright, R., 2002, History and hydrologic effects of ground-water use in Kings, Queens, and western Nassau Counties, Long Island, New York, 1800's through 1997: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4096, v, 79 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014096.","productDescription":"v, 79 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":324314,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4096/wri20014096.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 2001-4096"},{"id":163809,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4096/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":430321,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_52004.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","county":"Kings County, Nassau County, Queens County","otherGeospatial":"Long Island","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -74.06295776367188,\n              40.53572049118792\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.63311767578125,\n              40.53572049118792\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.63311767578125,\n              40.85537053192494\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.06295776367188,\n              40.85537053192494\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.06295776367188,\n              40.53572049118792\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p>Director, New York Water Science Center<br> U.S. Geological Survey<br>425 Jordan Rd<br> Troy, NY 12180<br> (518) 285-5695 <br> <a href=\"http://ny.water.usgs.gov/\" data-mce-href=\"http://ny.water.usgs.gov/\">http://ny.water.usgs.gov/</a></p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Study area</li><li>Data collection</li><li>History and hydrologic effects of ground-water development</li><li>Recent (1992-97) hydrogeologic conditions</li><li>Summary and conclusions</li><li>References cited</li></ul>","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a52e4b07f02db62a633","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cartwright, Richard A.","contributorId":83147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cartwright","given":"Richard A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":33002,"text":"ofr200234 - 2002 - Historical Ice-Out Dates for 29 Lakes in New England","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:16","indexId":"ofr200234","displayToPublicDate":"2002-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-34","title":"Historical Ice-Out Dates for 29 Lakes in New England","docAbstract":"Historical ice-out dates for 29 lakes in New England were compiled and are presented in this report. The length of record for the lakes ranges from 64 to 163 years, with an average of 108 years. Many lakes in New England had their latest recorded ice-out date in 1888. Ice-out dates for lakes are an important hydrologic data series for climate researchers and other interested parties.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr200234","usgsCitation":"Hodgkins, G.A., and James, I.C., 2002, Historical Ice-Out Dates for 29 Lakes in New England: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-34, 41 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr200234.","productDescription":"41 p.","costCenters":[{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":3163,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://me.water.usgs.gov/reports/OFR02-34.pdf","size":"538","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":161135,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0034/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":60877,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0034/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -74,41 ], [ -74,48 ], [ -67,48 ], [ -67,41 ], [ -74,41 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae307","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hodgkins, Glenn A. 0000-0002-4916-5565 gahodgki@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4916-5565","contributorId":2020,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hodgkins","given":"Glenn","email":"gahodgki@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":209653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"James, Ivan C. III","contributorId":88404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"James","given":"Ivan","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":33024,"text":"wri014133 - 2002 - An integrated geophysical and hydraulic investigation to characterize a fractured-rock aquifer, Norwalk, Connecticut","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-18T19:43:02","indexId":"wri014133","displayToPublicDate":"2002-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4133","title":"An integrated geophysical and hydraulic investigation to characterize a fractured-rock aquifer, Norwalk, Connecticut","docAbstract":"<p>The U.S. Geological Survey conducted an integrated geophysical and hydraulic investigation at the Norden Systems, Inc. site in Norwalk, Connecticut, where chlorinated solvents have contaminated a fractured-rock aquifer. Borehole, borehole-to-borehole, surface-geophysical, and hydraulic methods were used to characterize the site bedrock lithology and structure, fractures, and transmissive zone hydraulic properties. The geophysical and hydraulic methods included conventional logs, borehole imagery, borehole radar, flowmeter under ambient and stressed hydraulic conditions, and azimuthal square-array direct-current resistivity soundings.</p>\n<p>Integrated interpretation of geophysical logs at borehole and borehole-to-borehole scales indicates that the bedrock foliation strikes northwest and dips northeast, and strikes north-northeast to northeast and dips both southeast and northwest. Although steeply dipping fractures that cross-cut foliation are observed, most fractures are parallel or sub-parallel to foliation. Steeply dipping reflectors observed in the radar reflection data from three boreholes near the main building delineate a north-northeast trending feature interpreted as a fracture zone. Results of radar tomography conducted close to a suspected contaminant source area indicate that a zone of low electromagnetic (EM) velocity and high EM attenuation is present above 50 ft in depth - the region containing the highest density of fractures. Flowmeter logging was used to estimate hydraulic properties in the boreholes. Thirty-three transmissive fracture zones were identified in 11 of the boreholes. The vertical separation between transmissive zones typically is 10 to 20 ft.</p>\n<p>Open-hole and discrete-zone transmissivity was estimated from heat-pulse flowmeter data acquired under ambient and stressed conditions. The open-hole transmissivity ranges from 2 to 86 ft2/d. The estimated transmissivity of individual transmissive zones ranges from 0.4 to 68 ft2/d. Drawdown monitoring in nearby boreholes under pumping conditions identified hydraulic connections along a northeast-southwest trend between boreholes as far as 560 ft apart. The vertical distribution of fractures can be described by power law functions, which suggest that the fracture network contains transmissive zones consisting of closely spaced fractures surrounded by a less fractured and much less permeable rock mass.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri014133","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with United Technologies Corporation","usgsCitation":"Lane, J., Williams, J., Johnson, C., Savino, D., and Haeni, F., 2002, An integrated geophysical and hydraulic investigation to characterize a fractured-rock aquifer, Norwalk, Connecticut: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4133, v, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014133.","productDescription":"v, 22 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":163905,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":310679,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/ogw/bgas/publications/wri014133/wri014133-p1-30.pdf"}],"scale":"1","country":"United States","state":"Connecticut","city":"Norwalk","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -73.375000,\n              41.125\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.4000,\n              41.125\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.4000,\n              41.1000\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.375000,\n              41.1000\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.375000,\n              41.125\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db683b3d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lane, J.W. Jr.","contributorId":66723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lane","given":"J.W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, J.H.","contributorId":29482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, C. D.","contributorId":8120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"C. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Savino, D.M.","contributorId":6914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savino","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Haeni, F.P.","contributorId":87105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haeni","given":"F.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":38180,"text":"fs03102 - 2002 - PHREEQCI--A graphical user interface to the geochemical model PHREEQC","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-19T19:42:43","indexId":"fs03102","displayToPublicDate":"2002-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"031-02","displayTitle":"PHREEQCI -- A Graphical User Interface to the Geochemical Model PHREEQC","title":"PHREEQCI--A graphical user interface to the geochemical model PHREEQC","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs03102","usgsCitation":"Charlton, S., and Parkhurst, D., 2002, PHREEQCI--A graphical user interface to the geochemical model PHREEQC: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 031-02, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs03102.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":3477,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://wwwbrr.cr.usgs.gov/projects/GWC_coupled/phreeqc/fs/FactSheetFS-031-02.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":64474,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2002/0031/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":122698,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2002/0031/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db689f62","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Charlton, S.R.","contributorId":56695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Charlton","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Parkhurst, D.L.","contributorId":12474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parkhurst","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":38350,"text":"cir1223 - 2002 - Concepts for national assessment of water availability and use","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-19T19:51:35","indexId":"cir1223","displayToPublicDate":"2002-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1223","title":"Concepts for national assessment of water availability and use","docAbstract":"In response to a directive from Congress to the U.S. Geological Survey to 'prepare a report describing the scope and magnitude of the efforts needed to provide periodic assessments of the status and trends in the availability and use of freshwater resources,' of the United States, a program is proposed to develop and report on indicators of the status and trends in storage volume, flow rates, and uses of water nationwide. This program would be analogous to the task of other Federal statistical programs that produce and regularly update indicator variables that describe economic, demographic, and health conditions of the Nation. The assessment also would provide regional estimates of recharge, evapotranspiration, interbasin transfers, and other components of the water cycle.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir1223","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2002, Concepts for national assessment of water availability and use: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1223, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1223.","productDescription":"34 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":3435,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/circ1223/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":119290,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/cir_1223.bmp"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8167","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":529857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":32953,"text":"fs10001 - 2002 - Use of environmental tracers and isotopes to evaluate sources of water, nitrate, and uranium in an irrigated alluvial valley, Nebraska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-18T19:24:39","indexId":"fs10001","displayToPublicDate":"2002-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"100-01","title":"Use of environmental tracers and isotopes to evaluate sources of water, nitrate, and uranium in an irrigated alluvial valley, Nebraska","docAbstract":"The effects of irrigation canals and the North Platte River on ground-water movement and quality in an irrigated alluvial valley, western Nebraska, were evaluated using environmental tracers. The results indicated that most of the ground water in the alluvium was derived from the North Platte River and generally was less than 30 years old. Ground-water-recharge rates varied substantially from about 0.6 to 9 feet per year with the larger recharge rates reflecting localized canal seepage.\r\n\r\nYounger water had higher nitrate concentrations than older water. Increases in nitrate concentrations in recharging ground water over time may be associated with an increase in nitrogen fertilizer use over time. Denitrification was limited in the ground water in the alluvium.\r\n\r\nUranium concentrations in ground water resulted from dissolution of volcanic ash or other sediments in the underlying bedrock or incorporated in the alluvium. High uranium concentrations in the North Platte River during the winter months were a result of the addition of uranium-rich water from local tributaries and seepage of uranium-rich ground water.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs10001","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the North Platte Natural Resources District","usgsCitation":"Verstraeten, I.M., Bohlke, J., Kraemer, T.F., and Cannia, J.C., 2002, Use of environmental tracers and isotopes to evaluate sources of water, nitrate, and uranium in an irrigated alluvial valley, Nebraska: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 100-01, 4 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/fs10001.","productDescription":"4 p. ","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":342008,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs100-01/pdf/fs100-01.pdf"},{"id":122966,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_100_01.bmp"},{"id":8362,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs100-01/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Nebraska ","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -104.05,41.9 ], [ -104.05,42.13444444444444 ], [ -103.7675,42.13444444444444 ], [ -103.7675,41.9 ], [ -104.05,41.9 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db605200","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Verstraeten, Ingrid M. imverstr@usgs.gov","contributorId":3630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verstraeten","given":"Ingrid","email":"imverstr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":5066,"text":"Office of the Director USGS","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":209513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bohlke, J.K. 0000-0001-5693-6455 jkbohlke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":191103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohlke","given":"J.K.","email":"jkbohlke@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":209514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kraemer, Thomas F. tkraemer@usgs.gov","contributorId":3443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kraemer","given":"Thomas","email":"tkraemer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":209512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cannia, James C.","contributorId":94356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannia","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70185581,"text":"70185581 - 2002 - Flood pulsing in wetlands: Restoring the natural hydrological balance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-24T08:54:39","indexId":"70185581","displayToPublicDate":"2002-06-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"title":"Flood pulsing in wetlands: Restoring the natural hydrological balance","docAbstract":"<p><span>The latest cutting-edge research on flood pulsing and wetland restoration in North America.</span><br><br><span>Presenting the latest research from leaders in the field of restoration ecology, Flood Pulsing in Wetlands reflects the current movement to incorporate flood pulsing into wetland restoration efforts. Emphasizing how integral flood pulsing is to successful wetland restoration, the book's contributors provide descriptions of restoration projects across North America in which flood pulsing has been primarily used to restore beneficial hydrodynamic conditions to floodplain areas, and improve or save vegetation, wildlife, and terrain.</span><br><br><span>Detailing the importance and applicability of recreating flood-pulsed conditions on floodplains for successful restoration, the first chapter introduces the concept of flood pulse and its unique role in wetland restoration. The following chapters detail the strategies and results of individual projects and the impact flood pulsing had on the projects' overall goals. Case studies detail the history of each region, such as the Southwest, including the Sonoran Desert communities and the Middle Rio Grande; the Missouri River in Montana; the Illinois River Valley; and the Southeast, including Brushy Lake, Arkansas. Also documented is the most famous case of flood pulsing used in the restoration of an entire landscape, the Kissimmee River project. Approaches used to restore specific plant and animal populations, the unique ecological concerns of each region, and the future outlook for each area are fully described.</span><br><br><span>Extensive bibliographies for each chapter make Flood Pulsing in Wetlands: Restoring the Natural Hydrological Balance the essential reference for restoration ecologists, consultants in wetland restoration, government and restoration agency employees, land managers, ecologists, foresters, and geologists.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","isbn":"978-0-471-41807-8","usgsCitation":"2002, Flood pulsing in wetlands: Restoring the natural hydrological balance, xii, 308 p.","productDescription":"xii, 308 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":338249,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":338248,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0471418072.html"}],"otherGeospatial":"North America","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d63039e4b05ec7991310f5","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Middleton, Beth A. 0000-0002-1220-2326 middletonb@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1220-2326","contributorId":2029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Middleton","given":"Beth","email":"middletonb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":686030,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70199582,"text":"70199582 - 2002 - Persistence of tidally-oriented vertical migration by zooplankton in a temperate estuary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-20T21:34:26","indexId":"70199582","displayToPublicDate":"2002-06-01T21:33:55","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1583,"text":"Estuaries","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Persistence of tidally-oriented vertical migration by zooplankton in a temperate estuary","docAbstract":"<p><span>Tidal vertical migration by zooplankton is a common phenomenon in estuaries, usually associated with landward movement of meroplankton or position maintenance of holoplankton. Little is known about the persistence of this behavior, its spatial variability, or its response to changing environmental conditions. We extended a previous study of tidal movements of zooplankton in the low-salinity zone (LSZ) of the San Francisco estuary in 1994 to include data from two additional years with very different hydrology. Freshwater flow during sampling in 1995 was about 7-fold greater than in 1994; the LSZ was about 28 km further seaward, and gravitational circulation in the LSZ was strong. In 1996 freshwater flow and LSZ position were intermediate but, because the LSZ was in shallower water in 1996 than in 1995, gravitational circulation was uncommon. Behavior of copepods in both years was similar to that reported in 1994 with some tidal migration observed during most cruises. An exception was the introduced carnivorous copepod</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Tortanus dextrilobatus</i><span>, which did not migrate and maintained a position deep in the water column (1995 only). In 1996, mysids mainly stayed near the bottom with evidence for vertical migration from only 1 of 6 data sets, whereas amphipods migrated slightly on a diel schedule; these behaviors contrasted with the tidal migration observed in 1994. The bay shrimp</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Crangon franciscorum</i><span>&nbsp;did not appear to migrate, but was more abundant in the water column during both ebb and flood, suggesting passive vertical dispersal. Zooplankton did not appear to maintain position by interactions with lateral circulation cells. The results for copepods suggest rigidity in behavior with little or no relaxation of the vertical movement in 1995 when strong gravitational circulation would have made upstream movement relatively easy. Mysids and amphipods altered their behavior depending on local conditions related to freshwater flow.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF02695979","usgsCitation":"Kimmerer, W., Burau, J.R., and Bennett, W., 2002, Persistence of tidally-oriented vertical migration by zooplankton in a temperate estuary: Estuaries, v. 25, no. 3, p. 359-371, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02695979.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"359","endPage":"371","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357597,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","volume":"25","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10f159e4b034bf6a805ab7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kimmerer, W.J.","contributorId":23305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kimmerer","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burau, Jon R. 0000-0002-5196-5035 jrburau@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5196-5035","contributorId":1500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burau","given":"Jon","email":"jrburau@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":745902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bennett, W.A.","contributorId":100572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70170163,"text":"70170163 - 2002 - Variations in concentrations of atrazine and nitrate during well purging in relation to field water-quality parameters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-08T16:02:25","indexId":"70170163","displayToPublicDate":"2002-06-01T17:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1925,"text":"Hydrological Science and Technology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variations in concentrations of atrazine and nitrate during well purging in relation to field water-quality parameters","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Institute of Hydrology","publisherLocation":"St. Paul, MN","usgsCitation":"Capel, P., Kruglov, V., Landon, M., Delin, G., and Certain, H., 2002, Variations in concentrations of atrazine and nitrate during well purging in relation to field water-quality parameters: Hydrological Science and Technology, v. 18, no. 1-4, p. 217-230.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"217","endPage":"230","numberOfPages":"14","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319933,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"572486e4e4b0b13d3915987f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Capel, P. D. 0000-0003-1620-5185","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1620-5185","contributorId":95498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Capel","given":"P. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kruglov, Victoria","contributorId":168536,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kruglov","given":"Victoria","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Landon, M.K. 0000-0002-5766-0494","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-0494","contributorId":69572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landon","given":"M.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Delin, G. N.","contributorId":12834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delin","given":"G. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Certain, H.J.","contributorId":168537,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Certain","given":"H.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
]}