{"pageNumber":"3272","pageRowStart":"81775","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184904,"records":[{"id":70022555,"text":"70022555 - 2000 - Global characteristics of stream flow seasonality and variability","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-30T17:50:10.704218","indexId":"70022555","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2344,"text":"Journal of Hydrometeorology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Global characteristics of stream flow seasonality and variability","docAbstract":"<p>Monthly stream flow series from 1345 sites around the world are used to characterize geographic differences in the seasonality and year-to-year variability of stream flow. Stream flow seasonality varies regionally, depending on the timing of maximum precipitation, evapotranspiration, and contributions from snow and ice. Lags between peaks of precipitation and stream flow vary smoothly from long delays in high-latitude and mountainous regions to short delays in the warmest sectors. Stream flow is most variable from year to year in dry regions of the southwest United States and Mexico, the Sahel, and southern continents, and it varies more (relatively) than precipitation in the same regions. Tropical rivers have the steadiest flows. El Niño variations are correlated with stream flow in many parts of the Americas, Europe, and Australia. Many stream flow series from North America, Europe, and the Tropics reflect North Pacific climate, whereas series from the eastern United States, Europe, and tropical South America and Africa reflect North Atlantic climate variations.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Meteorological Society","doi":"10.1175/1525-7541(2000)001<0289:GCOSFS>2.0.CO;2","issn":"1525755X","usgsCitation":"Dettinger, M.D., and Diaz, H.F., 2000, Global characteristics of stream flow seasonality and variability: Journal of Hydrometeorology, v. 1, no. 4, p. 289-310, https://doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2000)001<0289:GCOSFS>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"289","endPage":"310","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479248,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2000)001<0289:gcosfs>2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230619,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Earth","volume":"1","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a293de4b0c8380cd5a7a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dettinger, M. D. 0000-0002-7509-7332","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7509-7332","contributorId":93069,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dettinger","given":"M.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":16196,"text":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":394065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Diaz, Henry F.","contributorId":68476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diaz","given":"Henry","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70022027,"text":"70022027 - 2000 - Slip rates on San Francisco Bay area faults from anelastic deformation of the continental lithosphere","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-07T14:27:12.044082","indexId":"70022027","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Slip rates on San Francisco Bay area faults from anelastic deformation of the continental lithosphere","docAbstract":"<p>Long-term slip rates on major faults in the San Francisco Bay area are predicted by modeling the anelastic deformation of the continental lithosphere in response to regional relative plate motion. The model developed by <i>Bird and Kong</i> [1994] is used to simulate lithospheric deformation according to a Coulomb frictional rheology of the upper crust and a dislocation creep rheology at depth. The focus of this study is the long-term motion of faults in a region extending from the creeping section of the San Andreas fault to the south up to the latitude of Cape Mendocino to the north. Boundary conditions are specified by the relative motion between the Pacific plate and the Sierra Nevada-Great Valley microplate [<i>Argus and Gordon</i>, 2000]. Rheologic-frictional parameters are specified as independent variables, and prediction errors are calculated with respect to geologic estimates of slip rates and maximum compressive stress directions. The model that best explains the region-wide observations is one in which the coefficient of friction on all of the major faults is less than 0.15, with the coefficient of friction for the San Andreas fault being approximately 0.09, consistent with previous inferences of San Andreas fault friction. Prediction error increases with lower fault friction on the San Andreas, indicating a lower bound of μSAF &gt; 0.08. Discrepancies with respect to previous slip rate estimates include a higher than expected slip rate along the peninsula segment of the San Andreas fault and a slightly lower than expected slip rate along the San Gregorio fault.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000JB900254","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Geist, E., and Andrews, D., 2000, Slip rates on San Francisco Bay area faults from anelastic deformation of the continental lithosphere: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 105, no. B11, p. 25543-25552, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JB900254.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"25543","endPage":"25552","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479273,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jb900254","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230847,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"San Francisco","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.73376464843749,\n              37.900865092570065\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.57995605468749,\n              37.579412513438385\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.48657226562499,\n              37.23907530202184\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.8218994140625,\n              37.23032838760387\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.9649658203125,\n              37.59682400108367\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.1846923828125,\n              37.76202988573211\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.2451171875,\n              37.95719224376526\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.4208984375,\n              38.302869955150044\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.67358398437499,\n              38.371808917147554\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.01965332031249,\n              38.302869955150044\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.684326171875,\n              38.225235239076824\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.73376464843749,\n              37.900865092570065\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"105","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-11-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b914de4b08c986b319829","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Geist, E.L. 0000-0003-0611-1150","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0611-1150","contributorId":71993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geist","given":"E.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Andrews, D.J.","contributorId":7416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70022247,"text":"70022247 - 2000 - A hybrid orographic plus statistical model for downscaling daily precipitation in northern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-30T17:28:12.861188","indexId":"70022247","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2344,"text":"Journal of Hydrometeorology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A hybrid orographic plus statistical model for downscaling daily precipitation in northern California","docAbstract":"<p>A<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"hi\">hybrid</span><span>&nbsp;</span>(physical–statistical) scheme is developed to resolve the finescale distribution of daily precipitation over complex terrain. The scheme generates precipitation by combining information from the upper-air conditions and from sparsely distributed station measurements; thus, it proceeds in two steps. First, an initial estimate of the precipitation is made using a simplified<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"hi\">orographic</span><span>&nbsp;</span>precipitation model. It is a steady-state, multilayer, and two-dimensional model following the concepts of Rhea. The model is driven by the 2.5° × 2.5° gridded National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration–National Centers for Environmental Prediction upper-air profiles, and its parameters are tuned using the observed precipitation structure of the region. Precipitation is generated assuming a forced lifting of the air parcels as they cross the mountain barrier following a straight trajectory. Second, the precipitation is adjusted using errors between derived precipitation and observations from nearby sites. The study area covers the northern half of California, including coastal mountains, central valley, and the Sierra Nevada. The model is run for a 5-km rendition of terrain for days of January–March over the period of 1988–95. A jackknife analysis demonstrates the validity of the approach. The spatial and temporal distributions of the simulated precipitation field agree well with the observed precipitation. Further, a mapping of model performance indices (correlation coefficients, model bias, root-mean-square error, and threat scores) from an array of stations from the region indicates that the model performs satisfactorily in resolving daily precipitation at 5-km resolution.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Meteorological Society","doi":"10.1175/1525-7541(2000)001<0491:AHOPSM>2.0.CO;2","issn":"1525755X","usgsCitation":"Pandey, G., Cayan, D., Dettinger, M.D., and Georgakakos, K., 2000, A hybrid orographic plus statistical model for downscaling daily precipitation in northern California: Journal of Hydrometeorology, v. 1, no. 6, p. 491-506, https://doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2000)001<0491:AHOPSM>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"491","endPage":"506","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479365,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2000)001<0491:ahopsm>2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230488,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -119.99267578124999,\n              38.98503278695909\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.003662109375,\n              42.00848901572399\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.288330078125,\n              42.01665183556825\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.288330078125,\n              41.89409955811395\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.354248046875,\n              41.78769700539063\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.12353515624999,\n              41.44272637767212\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.26635742187501,\n              41.15384235711447\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.18945312500001,\n              40.9218144123785\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.26635742187501,\n              40.84706035607122\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.354248046875,\n              40.68063802521456\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.47509765625,\n              40.49709237269567\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.42016601562499,\n              40.23760536584024\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.01367187499999,\n              39.926588421909436\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.848876953125,\n              39.57182223734374\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.914794921875,\n              39.38526381099774\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.837890625,\n              39.16414104768742\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.760986328125,\n              39.04478604850143\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.81591796875,\n              38.91668153637508\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.99267578124999,\n              38.98503278695909\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"1","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e426e4b0c8380cd4644a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pandey, G.R.","contributorId":77687,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pandey","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cayan, D.R.","contributorId":25961,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cayan","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16196,"text":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":392833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dettinger, M. D. 0000-0002-7509-7332","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7509-7332","contributorId":93069,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dettinger","given":"M.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":16196,"text":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":392836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Georgakakos, K.P.","contributorId":59197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Georgakakos","given":"K.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70022556,"text":"70022556 - 2000 - Relationship of wooded riparian zones and runoff potential to fish community composition in agricultural streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T11:24:14","indexId":"70022556","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relationship of wooded riparian zones and runoff potential to fish community composition in agricultural streams","docAbstract":"<p>The relationship of fish community composition to riparian cover and runoff potential was investigated in 20 streams in the agricultural Minnesota River Basin during the summer of 1997. Analysis of variance indicated significant differences in fish community composition due to both riparian cover (wooded versus open) and runoff potential (high or low). Streams with wooded riparian zones had higher index of biological integrity (IBI) scores, species richness, diversity, and percentages of benthic insectivores and herbivores than streams with open riparian zones. Streams with low runoff potential had higher IBI scores and species richness than streams with high runoff potential. The riparian cover and runoff potential interaction was marginally significant with respect to IBI scores and species richness, suggesting a weak interaction between the two factors. Although both factors were important, riparian cover influenced fish community composition more than runoff potential in these streams, indicating that local factors (close to the stream) dominated landscape- or basin-level factors.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"National Research Council Canada","publisherLocation":"Ottawa","doi":"10.1139/cjfas-57-2-307","issn":"0706652X","usgsCitation":"Stauffer, J.C., Goldstein, R.M., and Newman, R., 2000, Relationship of wooded riparian zones and runoff potential to fish community composition in agricultural streams: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 57, no. 2, p. 307-316, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-57-2-307.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"307","endPage":"316","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230620,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a782e4b0e8fec6cdc4b6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stauffer, J. C.","contributorId":25597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stauffer","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goldstein, R. M.","contributorId":98305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldstein","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Newman, R.M.","contributorId":97275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newman","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70022611,"text":"70022611 - 2000 - The effects of soil flooding on the establishment of cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica), a nonindigenous invader of the southeastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-24T10:39:40","indexId":"70022611","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"The effects of soil flooding on the establishment of cogongrass (<i>Imperata cylindrica</i>), a nonindigenous invader of the southeastern United States","title":"The effects of soil flooding on the establishment of cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica), a nonindigenous invader of the southeastern United States","docAbstract":"<p><span>Cogongrass (</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Imperata cylindrica</i><span>), an invasive perennial introduced from Southeast Asia, is currently spreading throughout the southeastern United States from Florida to Louisiana. In the U.S., cogongrass is generally not considered a wetland species, although it’s range is expanding in regions with high wetland abundance. The objective of this study was to determine if excessive soil moisture might prevent cogongrass from establishing in areas with seasonaly flooded soils. In one greenhouse experiment, we examined cogongrass germination and seedling growth in soils that were freely drained, saturated, and inundated. We performed a second greenhouse experiment to evaluate growth and survival of cogongrass seedlings of four different size classes in five soil moisture treatments ranging from dry to inundated. Cogongrass germination was lowest when seeds were overtopped with water. There were no differences in germination between saturated and freely drained treatments; however, seedlings grew larget in freely drained soil and were smallest when immersed. In our second experiment, most cogongrass plantswsurvived except when given no water, but growth differed by watering treatment depending on seedling size. Increasing moisture was more detrimental to the growth of small seedlings compared to the growth of larger cogongrass plants. Overall, cogongrass was most sensitive to soil inundation in the earliest stages of establishment; thus, excessive moisture conditions in the spring, during early seedling development, could restrict invasion of cogongrass by seed. Once cogongrass is established, however, it tolerance of flooding appears to increase.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1672/0277-5212(2000)020[0300:TEOSFO]2.0.CO;2","issn":"02775212","usgsCitation":"King, S., and Grace, J., 2000, The effects of soil flooding on the establishment of cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica), a nonindigenous invader of the southeastern United States: Wetlands, v. 20, no. 2, p. 300-306, https://doi.org/10.1672/0277-5212(2000)020[0300:TEOSFO]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"300","endPage":"306","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230846,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -89.67041015625,\n              31.12819929911196\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.69140625,\n              30.4297295750316\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.69140625,\n              29.6880527498568\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.8681640625,\n              28.729130483430154\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.857421875,\n              29.132970130878636\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.9013671875,\n              29.973970240516614\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.0556640625,\n              30.20211367909724\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.7158203125,\n              29.57345707301757\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.89208984375,\n              24.5271348225978\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.37597656249999,\n              24.84656534821976\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.82666015625,\n              26.33280692289788\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.83740234375,\n              28.825425374477224\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.54052734375,\n              30.56226095049944\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.45166015624999,\n              31.052933985705163\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.67041015625,\n              31.12819929911196\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"20","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bab9de4b08c986b322f68","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"King, S.E. 0000-0001-5698-4588","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5698-4588","contributorId":47939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grace, J.B. 0000-0001-6374-4726","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6374-4726","contributorId":38938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grace","given":"J.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70022253,"text":"70022253 - 2000 - Photographic evaluation of the impacts of bottom fishing on benthic epifauna","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-14T12:31:56","indexId":"70022253","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1936,"text":"ICES Journal of Marine Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Photographic evaluation of the impacts of bottom fishing on benthic epifauna","docAbstract":"The gravel sediment habitat on the northern edge of Georges Bank (East coast of North America) is an important nursery area for juvenile fish, and the site of a productive scallop fishery. During two cruises to this area in 1994 we made photographic transects at sites of varying depths that experience varying degrees of disturbance from otter trawling and scallop dredging. Differences between sites were quantified by analyzing videos and still photographs of the sea bottom. Videos were analyzed for sediment types and organism abundance. In the still photos, the percentages of the bottom covered by bushy, plant-like organisms and colonial worm tubes (Filograna implexa) were determined, as was the presence/absence of encrusting bryozoa. Non-colonial organisms were also identified as specifically as possible and sediment type was quantified. Significant differences between disturbed and undisturbed areas were found for the variables measured in the still photos; colonial epifaunal species were conspicuously less abundant at disturbed sites. Results from the videos and still photos were generally consistent although less detail was visible in the videos. Emergent colonial epifauna provide a complex habitat for shrimp, polychaetes, brittle stars and small fish at undisturbed sites. Bottom fishing removes this epifauna, thereby reducing the complexity and species diversity of the benthic community. (C) 2000 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"ICES Journal of Marine Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/jmsc.2000.0584","issn":"10543139","usgsCitation":"Collie, J., Escanero, G., and Valentine, P.C., 2000, Photographic evaluation of the impacts of bottom fishing on benthic epifauna: ICES Journal of Marine Science, v. 57, no. 4, p. 987-1001, https://doi.org/10.1006/jmsc.2000.0584.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"987","endPage":"1001","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487316,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006/jmsc.2000.0584","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230600,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Georges Bank","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -71.3232421875,\n              39.40648882684979\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.55517578125,\n              39.40648882684979\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.55517578125,\n              42.34636533160187\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.3232421875,\n              42.34636533160187\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.3232421875,\n              39.40648882684979\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"57","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7a20e4b0c8380cd78d47","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Collie, J.S.","contributorId":102217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collie","given":"J.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Escanero, G.A.","contributorId":76477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Escanero","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Valentine, P. C.","contributorId":46505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Valentine","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70022252,"text":"70022252 - 2000 - Observations of storm and river flood-driven sediment transport on the northern California continental shelf","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:47","indexId":"70022252","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1333,"text":"Continental Shelf Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Observations of storm and river flood-driven sediment transport on the northern California continental shelf","docAbstract":"In the winter of 1996-1997, three bottom-boundary layer tripods were placed in an alongshelf array on the northern California continental shelf off Eureka, CA in 60-65-m water depth. During the observation period, multiple storms and river discharge events occurred, as well as the largest flood on record since 1964. Suspended-sediment concentration at all three sites fluctuated in response to both wave resuspension and advection of river-derived sediments. However, considerable spatial differences in low-frequency currents and suspended-sediment concentration were observed at the three sites. Sediment flux vectors calculated during periods of high suspended-sediment concentration suggest a convergence of sediment flux coincident with the center of recent flood deposits. Suspended-sediment concentrations observed at the two northern tripod sites following the large flood reached magnitudes typical of fluid mud (> 10 g/l) in a thin near-bed layer. The net sediment flux during the single three-day event was two orders of magnitude larger than any other event during the winter, and accounted for seven times the flux observed over an entire year (1995-1996). A conceptual model for the advection of sediment to the mid shelf is proposed in which river plume sediments are trapped on the inner shelf either due to a weak front or the rapid input of sediment from a confined plume, and form a thin layer of fluid mud. The fluid mud subsequently is transported seaward due to gravitational forcing. The measured sediment concentration and velocity profiles on the shelf provide strong evidence to support this conclusion. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Continental Shelf Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0278-4343(00)00065-0","issn":"02784343","usgsCitation":"Ogston, A., Cacchione, D., Sternberg, R., and Kineke, G., 2000, Observations of storm and river flood-driven sediment transport on the northern California continental shelf: Continental Shelf Research, v. 20, no. 16, p. 2141-2162, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4343(00)00065-0.","startPage":"2141","endPage":"2162","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206689,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4343(00)00065-0"},{"id":230564,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"16","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6abee4b0c8380cd74317","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ogston, A.S.","contributorId":86920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ogston","given":"A.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cacchione, D.A.","contributorId":65448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cacchione","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":392852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sternberg, R.W.","contributorId":90872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sternberg","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kineke, G.C.","contributorId":12214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kineke","given":"G.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70022249,"text":"70022249 - 2000 - Formation and distribution of coal balls in the Herrin Coal (Pennsylvanian), Franklin County, Illinois Basin, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-24T17:47:03.445173","indexId":"70022249","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2545,"text":"Journal of the Geological Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Formation and distribution of coal balls in the Herrin Coal (Pennsylvanian), Franklin County, Illinois Basin, USA","docAbstract":"<p>Large areas of concentrated coal balls (permineralized peat) up to 4 m thick obstructed longwall mining in the Herrin Coal at the Old Ben No. 24 mine. The largest coal‐ball area mapped contained &gt;1500 m<sup>3</sup>; several areas contained &gt;400 m<sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>of coal balls. In‐mine mapping established that there were two types of roof (freshwater and marine), and that the coal balls were spatially correlated with the marine roof units. Regional studies and local data revealed that the younger, freshwater Energy Shale (mud) originally covered all of the peat deposited at the mine, but the mud was locally removed during a period of erosion.</p><p>The great majority of coal balls are found within the coal seam, where they were permineralized<span>&nbsp;</span><i>in situ</i><span>&nbsp;</span>by carbonates. Some coal balls are found exposed on the eroded coal surface and others are within the channel fill associated with the erosion, which predates any marine sedimentation. Thus, the mineralization of the coal balls was synchronous with the erosion of the Energy Shale mud.</p><p>Data from C‐and O‐isotope, geochemical, and mineralogical analyses of coal balls and associated materials were used to refine a depositional model of coal‐ball formation. The concentrated coal‐ball areas were created by the triggered degassing of CO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>from partially decomposed peat in the presence of cations from fresh waters;<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>13</sup>C/<sup>12</sup>C ratios in these coal balls average −23.9‰.<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>13</sup>C/<sup>12</sup>C ratios as low as −34‰ occurring in the most concentrated coal balls are consistent with CO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>produced by anaerobic oxidation of methane. Top‐of‐seam coal balls were formed later and show slight to strong marine influence; their<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>13</sup>C/<sup>12</sup>C ratios average −10.8‰.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"The Geological Society","doi":"10.1144/jgs.157.1.221","issn":"00167649","usgsCitation":"DeMaris, P., 2000, Formation and distribution of coal balls in the Herrin Coal (Pennsylvanian), Franklin County, Illinois Basin, USA: Journal of the Geological Society, v. 157, no. 1, p. 221-228, https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs.157.1.221.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"221","endPage":"228","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230526,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","county":"Franklin County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-88.7056,38.1263],[-88.7071,38.0392],[-88.7046,37.9508],[-88.705,37.9078],[-88.7055,37.8643],[-88.8145,37.8631],[-88.9323,37.8624],[-89.0396,37.8637],[-89.1515,37.8645],[-89.1516,37.9516],[-89.1803,37.9516],[-89.1773,37.9539],[-89.1715,37.9571],[-89.1662,37.9571],[-89.1633,37.958],[-89.1627,37.9638],[-89.1609,37.9665],[-89.1574,37.9697],[-89.1562,37.972],[-89.155,37.9779],[-89.1527,37.9815],[-89.1509,37.9837],[-89.1486,37.9851],[-89.1474,37.9883],[-89.1468,37.9914],[-89.1462,37.9951],[-89.1456,37.9987],[-89.145,38.0037],[-89.145,38.0059],[-89.1455,38.0087],[-89.1461,38.0105],[-89.1438,38.0127],[-89.1426,38.0168],[-89.1402,38.0195],[-89.1402,38.0222],[-89.146,38.0304],[-89.1466,38.0331],[-89.1425,38.0359],[-89.1425,38.0386],[-89.1401,38.0417],[-89.1407,38.0444],[-89.143,38.0472],[-89.1413,38.0481],[-89.1383,38.0476],[-89.136,38.0481],[-89.1354,38.0499],[-89.1365,38.0549],[-89.1354,38.0571],[-89.133,38.0553],[-89.1313,38.0562],[-89.1284,38.0567],[-89.1283,38.0585],[-89.1272,38.0594],[-89.1231,38.0603],[-89.1242,38.063],[-89.1219,38.0643],[-89.1225,38.0653],[-89.1254,38.0662],[-89.1242,38.0684],[-89.1254,38.0707],[-89.123,38.0707],[-89.1218,38.0721],[-89.1224,38.0739],[-89.1236,38.0752],[-89.1247,38.0793],[-89.1247,38.0816],[-89.1229,38.0852],[-89.1212,38.0879],[-89.1217,38.0902],[-89.1217,38.0933],[-89.12,38.0952],[-89.1194,38.097],[-89.1223,38.0988],[-89.1264,38.0997],[-89.1305,38.1011],[-89.134,38.1025],[-89.1357,38.1034],[-89.1375,38.1034],[-89.1386,38.1038],[-89.1386,38.1052],[-89.138,38.1074],[-89.1369,38.1088],[-89.1345,38.1092],[-89.1328,38.1106],[-89.1322,38.112],[-89.1322,38.1147],[-89.1339,38.1192],[-89.1339,38.1219],[-89.1327,38.126],[-89.0414,38.1253],[-89.0133,38.1251],[-89.011,38.1251],[-88.946,38.1267],[-88.9314,38.1271],[-88.8156,38.1274],[-88.7056,38.1263]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Franklin\",\"state\":\"IL\"}}]}","volume":"157","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1347e4b0c8380cd545b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeMaris, P.J.","contributorId":56808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeMaris","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70022317,"text":"70022317 - 2000 - January 30, 1997 eruptive event on Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, as monitored by continuous GPS","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:48","indexId":"70022317","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"January 30, 1997 eruptive event on Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, as monitored by continuous GPS","docAbstract":"A continuous Global Positioning System (GPS) network on Kilauea Volcano captured the most recent fissure eruption in Kilauea's East Rift Zone (ERZ) in unprecedented spatial and temporal detail. The short eruption drained the lava pond at Pu'u O' o, leading to a two month long pause in its on-going eruption. Models of the GPS data indicate that the intrusion's bottom edge extended to only 2.4 km. Continuous GPS data reveal rift opening 8 hours prior to the eruption. Absence of precursory summit inflation rules out magma storage overpressurization as the eruption's cause. We infer that stresses in the shallow rift created by the continued deep rift dilation and slip on the south flank decollement caused the rift intrusion.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/1999GL008454","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Owen, S., Segall, P., Lisowski, M., Mikijus, A., Murray, M., Bevis, M., and Foster, J., 2000, January 30, 1997 eruptive event on Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, as monitored by continuous GPS: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 27, no. 17, p. 2757-2760, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GL008454.","startPage":"2757","endPage":"2760","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479227,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1999gl008454","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":206630,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999GL008454"},{"id":230416,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3fe7e4b0c8380cd648f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Owen, S.","contributorId":56810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Owen","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Segall, P.","contributorId":44231,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Segall","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lisowski, M.","contributorId":70381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisowski","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mikijus, Asta 0000-0002-2286-1886","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2286-1886","contributorId":80431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mikijus","given":"Asta","affiliations":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":393122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Murray, M.","contributorId":89960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bevis, M.","contributorId":27634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bevis","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Foster, J.","contributorId":89687,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70022204,"text":"70022204 - 2000 - Potential oil and gas resources of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge in Alaska: 1002 area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-16T17:45:57.651595","indexId":"70022204","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3094,"text":"Polar Geography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Potential oil and gas resources of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge in Alaska: 1002 area","docAbstract":"A geologist with extensive experience in the study of northern Alaska's petroleum resources provides an overview of the first comprehensive reassessment of the petroleum potential of section 1002 of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge since the original study of 1987. The paper surveys the region's geology, and provides a description of the methods employed and assessment results. The current resource is compared with that estimated in the original study, and is considerably larger, given the availability of new geologic and geophysical data, improved seismic processing and interpretation capabilities, and changes in the economics of North Slope oil development.","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/10889370009377685","issn":"1088937X","usgsCitation":"Bird, K.J., 2000, Potential oil and gas resources of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge in Alaska: 1002 area: Polar Geography, v. 24, no. 1, p. 13-34, https://doi.org/10.1080/10889370009377685.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"13","endPage":"34","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230448,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Arctic National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      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J.","contributorId":57824,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bird","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70022202,"text":"70022202 - 2000 - Differences in topographic characteristics computed from 100- and 1000-m resolution digital elevation model data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:46","indexId":"70022202","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Differences in topographic characteristics computed from 100- and 1000-m resolution digital elevation model data","docAbstract":"Topographic characteristics computed from 100- and 1000-m resolution digital elevation model (DEM) data are compared for 50 locations representing varied terrain in the conterminous USA. The topographic characteristics are three parameters used extensively in hydrological research and modelling - slope (S), specific catchment area (A(s)) and a wetness index computed as the logarithm of the specific catchment area divided by slope [ln(A(s)/S)]. Slope values computed from 1000-m DEMs are smaller than those computed from 100-m DEMs; specific catchment area and the wetness index are larger for the 1000-m DEMs compared with the 100-m DEMs. Most of the differences between the 100- and 1000-m resolution DEMs can be attributed to terrain-discretization effects in the computation of the topographic characteristics and are not the result of smoothing or loss of terrain detail in the coarse data. In general, the terrain-discretization effects are greatest on flat terrain with long length-scale features, and the smoothing effects are greatest on steep terrain with short length-scale features. For the most part, the differences in the average values of the topographic characteristics computed from 100- and 1000-m resolution DEMs are predictable; that is, biases in the mean values for the characteristics computed from a 1000-m DEM can be corrected with simple linear equations. Copyright (C) 2000 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.Topographic characteristics computed from 100- and 1000-m resolution digital elevation model (DEM) data are compared for 50 locations representing varied terrain in the conterminous USA. The topographic characteristics are three parameters used extensively in hydrological research and modelling - slope (S), specific catchment area (As) and a wetness index computed as the logarithm of the specific catchment area divided by slope [In(As/S)]. Slope values computed from 1000-m DEMs are smaller than those computed from 100-m DEMs; specific catchment area and the wetness index are larger for the 1000-m DEMs compared with the 100-m DEMs. Most of the differences between the 100- and 1000-m resolution DEMs can be attributed to terrain-discretization effects in the computation of the topographic characteristics and are not the result of smoothing or loss of terrain detail in the coarse data. In general, the terrain-discretization effects are greatest on flat terrain with long length-scale features, and the smoothing effects are greatest on steep terrain with short length-scale features. For the most part, the differences in the average values of the topographic characteristics computed from 100- and 1000-m resolution DEMs are predictable; that is, biases in the mean values for the characteristics computed from a 1000-m DEM can be corrected with simple linear equations.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological Processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"John Wiley & Sons Ltd","publisherLocation":"Chichester, United Kingdom","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(20000430)14:6<987::AID-HYP980>3.0.CO;2-A","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Wolock, D., and McCabe, G., 2000, Differences in topographic characteristics computed from 100- and 1000-m resolution digital elevation model data: Hydrological Processes, v. 14, no. 6, p. 987-1002, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(20000430)14:6<987::AID-HYP980>3.0.CO;2-A.","startPage":"987","endPage":"1002","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479339,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1085(20000430)14:6<987::aid-hyp980>3.0.co;2-a","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":206642,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(20000430)14:6<987::AID-HYP980>3.0.CO;2-A"},{"id":230446,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a00f2e4b0c8380cd4f9e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wolock, D.M. 0000-0002-6209-938X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6209-938X","contributorId":36601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolock","given":"D.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCabe, G.J. 0000-0002-9258-2997","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9258-2997","contributorId":12961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCabe","given":"G.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70022318,"text":"70022318 - 2000 - The effect of mineral bond strength and adsorbed water on fault gouge frictional strength","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-10-29T13:33:08","indexId":"70022318","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effect of mineral bond strength and adsorbed water on fault gouge frictional strength","docAbstract":"Recent studies suggest that the tendency of many fault gouge minerals to take on adsorbed or interlayer water may strongly influence their frictional strength. To test this hypothesis, triaxial sliding experiments were conducted on 15 different single-mineral gouges with various water-adsorbing affinities. Vacuum dried samples were sheared at 100 MPa, then saturated with water and sheared farther to compare dry and wet strengths. The coefficients of friction, μ, for the dry sheet-structure minerals (0.2-0.8), were related to mineral bond strength, and dropped 20-60% with the addition of water. For non-adsorbing minerals (μ = 0.6-0.8), the strength remained unchanged after saturation. These results confirm that the ability of minerals to adsorb various amounts of water is related to their relative frictional strengths, and may explain the anomalously low strength of certain natural fault gouges.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1999GL008401","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Morrow, C., Moore, D., and Lockner, D., 2000, The effect of mineral bond strength and adsorbed water on fault gouge frictional strength: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 27, no. 6, p. 815-818, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GL008401.","startPage":"815","endPage":"818","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479226,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1999gl008401","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":206631,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999GL008401"},{"id":230417,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-03-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bab35e4b08c986b322cc5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morrow, C.A.","contributorId":99977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morrow","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, Diane E. 0000-0002-8641-1075","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8641-1075","contributorId":106496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Diane E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lockner, D.A. 0000-0001-8630-6833","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8630-6833","contributorId":85603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lockner","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70022319,"text":"70022319 - 2000 - Mapping the petroleum system - An investigative technique to explore the hydrocarbon fluid system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:49","indexId":"70022319","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":606,"text":"AAPG Memoir","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mapping the petroleum system - An investigative technique to explore the hydrocarbon fluid system","docAbstract":"Creating a petroleum system map includes a series of logical steps that require specific information to explain the origin in time and space of discovered hydrocarbon occurrences. If used creatively, this map provides a basis on which to develop complementary plays and prospects. The logical steps include the characterization of a petroleum system (that is, to identify, map, and name the hydrocarbon fluid system) and the summary of these results on a folio sheet. A petroleum system map is based on the understanding that there are several levels of certainty from \"guessing\" to \"knowing\" that specific oil and gas accumulations emanated from a particular pod of active source rock. Levels of certainty start with the close geographic proximity of two or more accumulations, continues with the close stratigraphic proximity, followed by the similarities in bulk properties, and then detailed geochemical properties. The highest level of certainty includes the positive geochemical correlation of the hydrocarbon fluid in the accumulations to the extract of the active source rock. A petroleum system map is created when the following logic is implemented. Implementation starts when the oil and gas accumulations of a petroleum province are grouped stratigraphically and geographically. Bulk and geochemical properties are used to further refine the groups through the determination of genetically related oil and gas types. To this basic map, surface seeps and well shows are added. Similarly, the active source rock responsible for these hydrocarbon occurrences are mapped to further define the extent of the system. A folio sheet constructed for a hypothetical case study of the Deer-Boar(.) petroleum system illustrates this methodology.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"AAPG Memoir","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"02718529","usgsCitation":"Magoon, L.B., and Dow, W., 2000, Mapping the petroleum system - An investigative technique to explore the hydrocarbon fluid system: AAPG Memoir, v. 73, p. 53-68.","startPage":"53","endPage":"68","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230418,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"73","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5085e4b0c8380cd6b738","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Magoon, L. B.","contributorId":44531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Magoon","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dow, W.G.","contributorId":28034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dow","given":"W.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70022320,"text":"70022320 - 2000 - Possible origin and significance of extension-parallel drainages in Arizona's metamophic core complexes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-22T15:14:52.280715","indexId":"70022320","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Possible origin and significance of extension-parallel drainages in Arizona's metamophic core complexes","docAbstract":"The corrugated form of the Harcuvar, South Mountains, and Catalina metamorphic core complexes in Arizona reflects the shape of the middle Tertiary extensional detachment fault that projects over each complex. Corrugation axes are approximately parallel to the fault-displacement direction and to the footwall mylonitic lineation. The core complexes are locally incised by enigmatic, linear drainages that parallel corrugation axes and the inferred extension direction and are especially conspicuous on the crests of antiformal corrugations. These drainages have been attributed to erosional incision on a freshly denuded, planar, inclined fault ramp followed by folding that elevated and preserved some drainages on the crests of rising antiforms. According to this hypothesis, corrugations were produced by folding after subacrial exposure of detachment-fault foot-walls. An alternative hypothesis, proposed here, is as follows. In a setting where preexisting drainages cross an active normal fault, each fault-slip event will cut each drainage into two segments separated by a freshly denuded fault ramp. The upper and lower drainage segments will remain hydraulically linked after each fault-slip event if the drainage in the hanging-wall block is incised, even if the stream is on the flank of an antiformal corrugation and there is a large component of strike-slip fault movement. Maintenance of hydraulic linkage during sequential fault-slip events will guide the lengthening stream down the fault ramp as the ramp is uncovered, and stream incision will form a progressively lengthening, extension-parallel, linear drainage segment. This mechanism for linear drainage genesis is compatible with corrugations as original irregularities of the detachment fault, and does not require folding after early to middle Miocene footwall exhumations. This is desirable because many drainages are incised into nonmylonitic crystalline footwall rocks that were probably not folded under low-temperature, surface conditions. An alternative hypothesis, that drainages were localized by small fault grooves as footwalls were uncovered, is not supported by analysis of a down-plunge fault projection for the southern Rincon Mountains that shows a linear drainage aligned with the crest of a small antiformal groove on the detachment fault, but this process could have been effective elsewhere. Lineation-parallel drainages now plunge gently southwestward on the southwest ends of antiformal corrugations in the South and Buckskin Mountains, but these drainages must have originally plunged northeastward if they formed by either of the two alternative processes proposed here. Footwall exhumation and incision by northeast-flowing streams was apparently followed by core-complex arching and drainage reversal.","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<727:POASOE>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Spencer, J., 2000, Possible origin and significance of extension-parallel drainages in Arizona's metamophic core complexes: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 112, no. 5, p. 727-735, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<727:POASOE>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"727","endPage":"735","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230454,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Catalina complex, Harcuvar complex, South Mountains complex","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -114.169921875,\n              33.58716733904656\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.96142578125,\n              33.58716733904656\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.96142578125,\n              34.338900400404995\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.169921875,\n              34.338900400404995\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.169921875,\n              33.58716733904656\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -111.86279296875,\n              32.879587173066305\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.2310791015625,\n              32.879587173066305\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.2310791015625,\n              33.41310221370827\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.86279296875,\n              33.41310221370827\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.86279296875,\n              32.879587173066305\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -111.4508056640625,\n              31.910204597744382\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.0115966796875,\n              31.910204597744382\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.0115966796875,\n              32.7872745269555\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.4508056640625,\n              32.7872745269555\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.4508056640625,\n              31.910204597744382\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"112","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7e32e4b0c8380cd7a3c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spencer, J.E.","contributorId":91542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spencer","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70022321,"text":"70022321 - 2000 - Re-Os isotopic systematics of primitive lavas from the Lassen region of the Cascade arc, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:42","indexId":"70022321","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Re-Os isotopic systematics of primitive lavas from the Lassen region of the Cascade arc, California","docAbstract":"Rhenium-osmium isotopic systematics of primitive calc-alkaline lavas from the Lassen region appear to be controlled by mantle wedge processes. Lavas with a large proportion of slab component have relatively low Re and Os abundances, and have radiogenic Os and mid ocean ridge basalt-like Sr and Pb isotopic compositions. Lavas with a small proportion of slab component have higher Re and Os elemental abundances and display mantle-like Os, Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopic compositions. Assimilation with fractional crystallization can only generate the Re-Os systematics of the Lassen lavas from a common parent if the distribution coefficient for Re in sulfide is ~40-1100 times higher than most published estimates and if most incompatible element abundances decrease during differentiation. High Re/Os ratios in mid ocean ridge basalts makes subducted oceanic crust a potential source of radiogenic Os in volcanic arcs. The slab beneath the southernmost Cascades is estimated to have 187Os/188Os ratios as high as 1.4. Mixing between a slab component and mantle wedge peridotite can generate the Os isotopic systematics of the Lassen lavas provided the slab component has a Sr/Os ratio of ~7.5X105 and Os abundances that are 100-600 times higher than mid ocean ridge basalts. For this model to be correct, Os must be readily mobilized and concentrated in the slab component, perhaps as a result of high water and HCl fugacities in this subduction environment. Another possible mechanism to account for the correlation between the magnitude of the subduction geochemical signature and Os isotopic composition involves increasing the stability of an Os-bearing phase in mantle wedge peridotites as a result of fluxing with the slab component. Melting of such a source could yield low Os magmas that are more susceptible to crustal contamination, and hence have more radiogenic Os isotopic compositions, than magmas derived from sources with a smaller contribution from the slab. Thus, the addition of the slab component to the mantle wedge appears to result in either the direct or indirect addition of radiogenic Os to arc magmas. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00051-0","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Borg, L.E., Brandon, A., Clynne, M., and Walker, R., 2000, Re-Os isotopic systematics of primitive lavas from the Lassen region of the Cascade arc, California: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 177, no. 3-4, p. 301-317, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00051-0.","startPage":"301","endPage":"317","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206647,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00051-0"},{"id":230455,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"177","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a956ae4b0c8380cd819d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Borg, L. E.","contributorId":33863,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Borg","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brandon, A.D.","contributorId":72966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brandon","given":"A.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clynne, M.A.","contributorId":90722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clynne","given":"M.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Walker, R.J.","contributorId":105859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70022323,"text":"70022323 - 2000 - Seasonal estimates of riparian evapotranspiration using remote and in situ measurements","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:42","indexId":"70022323","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Seasonal estimates of riparian evapotranspiration using remote and in situ measurements","docAbstract":"In many semi-arid basins during extended periods when surface snowmelt or storm runoff is absent, groundwater constitutes the primary water source for human habitation, agriculture and riparian ecosystems. Utilizing regional groundwater models in the management of these water resources requires accurate estimates of basin boundary conditions. A critical groundwater boundary condition that is closely coupled to atmospheric processes and is typically known with little certainty is seasonal riparian evapotranspiration ET). This quantity can often be a significant factor in the basin water balance in semi-arid regions yet is very difficult to estimate over a large area. Better understanding and quantification of seasonal, large-area riparian ET is a primary objective of the Semi-Arid Land-Surface-Atmosphere (SALSA) Program. To address this objective, a series of interdisciplinary experimental Campaigns were conducted in 1997 in the San Pedro Basin in southeastern Arizona. The riparian system in this basin is primarily made up of three vegetation communities: mesquite (Prosopis velutina), sacaton grasses (Sporobolus wrightii), and a cottonwood (Populus fremontii)/willow (Salix goodingii) forest gallery. Micrometeorological measurement techniques were used to estimate ET from the mesquite and grasses. These techniques could not be utilized to estimate fluxes from the cottonwood/willow (C/W) forest gallery due to the height (20-30 m) and non-uniform linear nature of the forest gallery. Short-term (2-4 days) sap flux measurements were made to estimate canopy transpiration over several periods of the riparian growing season. Simultaneous remote sensing measurements were used to spatially extrapolate tree and stand measurements. Scaled C/W stand level sap flux estimates were utilized to calibrate a Penman-Monteith model to enable temporal extrapolation between Synoptic measurement periods. With this model and set of measurements, seasonal riparian vegetation water use estimates for the riparian corridor were obtained. To validate these models, a 90-day pre-monsoon water balance over a 10 km section of the river was carried out. All components of the water balance, including riparian ET, were independently estimated. The closure of the water balance was roughly 5% of total inflows. The ET models were then used to provide riparian ET estimates over the entire corridor for the growing season. These estimates were approximately 14% less than those obtained from the most recent groundwater model of the basin for a comparable river reach.","largerWorkTitle":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00197-0","issn":"01681923","usgsCitation":"Goodrich, D., Scott, R., Qi, J., Goff, B., Unkrich, C., Moran, M.S., Williams, D., Schaeffer, S., Snyder, K., MacNish, R., Maddock, T., Pool, D., Chehbouni, A., Cooper, D., Eichinger, W., Shuttleworth, W., Kerr, Y., Marsett, R., and Ni, W., 2000, Seasonal estimates of riparian evapotranspiration using remote and in situ measurements, <i>in</i> Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, v. 105, no. 1-3, p. 281-309, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00197-0.","startPage":"281","endPage":"309","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206662,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00197-0"},{"id":230493,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"105","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b889fe4b08c986b316a82","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goodrich, D.C.","contributorId":98492,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Goodrich","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, R.","contributorId":26104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Qi, J.","contributorId":48718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Qi","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Goff, B.","contributorId":101843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goff","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Unkrich, C.L.","contributorId":74537,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Unkrich","given":"C.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Moran, M. S.","contributorId":91630,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moran","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Williams, D.","contributorId":31908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Schaeffer, S.","contributorId":38732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaeffer","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Snyder, K.","contributorId":13773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"MacNish, R.","contributorId":20933,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacNish","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Maddock, T.","contributorId":83698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maddock","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Pool, D.","contributorId":96042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pool","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Chehbouni, A.","contributorId":37095,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chehbouni","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Cooper, D.I.","contributorId":80851,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"D.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Eichinger, W.E.","contributorId":69744,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eichinger","given":"W.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Shuttleworth, W.J.","contributorId":13772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shuttleworth","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Kerr, Y.","contributorId":51494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kerr","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Marsett, R.","contributorId":69322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marsett","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Ni, W.","contributorId":17792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ni","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19}]}}
,{"id":70022325,"text":"70022325 - 2000 - Kansas coal distribution, resources, and potential for coalbed methane","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-29T16:47:07","indexId":"70022325","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3550,"text":"The Compass: Earth Science Journal of Sigma Gamma Epsilon","printIssn":"0894-802X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Kansas coal distribution, resources, and potential for coalbed methane","docAbstract":"<p><span data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Kansas has large amounts of bituminous coal both at the surface and in the subsurface of eastern Kansas. Preliminary studies indicate at least 53 billion tons (48 billion MT) of deep coal [>100 ft (>30 m)] determined from 32 different coal beds. Strippable coal resources at a depth < 100 ft (<30 m) total 2.8 billion tons (2.6 billion MT), and this total is determined from 17 coals. Coal beds present in the Cherokee Group (Middle Pennsylvanian) represent most of these coal resource totals. Deep coal beds with the largest resource totals include the Bevier, Mineral, \\&quot;Aw\\&quot; (unnamed coal bed), Riverton, and Weir-Pittsburg coals, all within the Cherokee Group. Based on chemical analyses, coals in the southeastern part of the state are generally high volatile A bituminous, whereas coals in the east-central and northeastern part of the state are high-volatile B bituminous coals. The primary concern of coal beds in Kansas for deep mining or development of coalbed methane is the thin nature [<2 ft (0.6 m)] of most coal beds. Present production of coalbed methane is centered mainly in the southern Wilson/northern Montgomery County area of southeastern Kansas where methane is produced from the Mulky, Weir-Pittsburg, and Riverton coals.&quot;}\" data-sheets-userformat=\"{&quot;2&quot;:8403202,&quot;4&quot;:[null,2,16777215],&quot;11&quot;:4,&quot;14&quot;:[null,2,0],&quot;15&quot;:&quot;Inconsolata, monospace, arial, sans, sans-serif&quot;,&quot;16&quot;:11,&quot;26&quot;:400}\" data-sheets-formula=\"=VLOOKUP(R[0]C[-5],Fixed!R2C[-6]:C[-4],3,false)\">Kansas has large amounts of bituminous coal both at the surface and in the subsurface of eastern Kansas. Preliminary studies indicate at least 53 billion tons (48 billion MT) of deep coal [&gt;100 ft (&gt;30 m)] determined from 32 different coal beds. Strippable coal resources at a depth &lt; 100 ft (&lt;30 m) total 2.8 billion tons (2.6 billion MT), and this total is determined from 17 coals. Coal beds present in the Cherokee Group (Middle Pennsylvanian) represent most of these coal resource totals. Deep coal beds with the largest resource totals include the Bevier, Mineral, \"Aw\" (unnamed coal bed), Riverton, and Weir-Pittsburg coals, all within the Cherokee Group. Based on chemical analyses, coals in the southeastern part of the state are generally high volatile A bituminous, whereas coals in the east-central and northeastern part of the state are high-volatile B bituminous coals. The primary concern of coal beds in Kansas for deep mining or development of coalbed methane is the thin nature [&lt;2 ft (0.6 m)] of most coal beds. Present production of coalbed methane is centered mainly in the southern Wilson/northern Montgomery County area of southeastern Kansas where methane is produced from the Mulky, Weir-Pittsburg, and Riverton coals.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"The Society of Sigma Gamma Epsilon","issn":"0894-802X","usgsCitation":"Brady, L.L., 2000, Kansas coal distribution, resources, and potential for coalbed methane: The Compass: Earth Science Journal of Sigma Gamma Epsilon, v. 75, no. 2-3, p. 122-133.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"122","endPage":"133","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230532,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas","volume":"75","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4056e4b0c8380cd64c9d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brady, L. L.","contributorId":33711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brady","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70022314,"text":"70022314 - 2000 - Drifting invertebrates, stomach contents, and body conditions of juvenile rainbow trout from fall through winter in a Wyoming tailwater","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:48","indexId":"70022314","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Drifting invertebrates, stomach contents, and body conditions of juvenile rainbow trout from fall through winter in a Wyoming tailwater","docAbstract":"We investigated the availability of drifting invertebrates and the stomach contents and body conditions of stocked (hatchery) and naturally spawned (wild) juvenile (20-25 cm total length) rainbow trout from fall through winter in the Big Horn River downstream from Boysen Dam in Wyoming. When the density and biomass of drifting invertebrates declined with water temperature during the fall, stomach contents and body conditions substantially decreased among both wild and stocked fish. During the coldest portion of the winter, the density of small drifting invertebrates increased as did the body conditions of both wild and hatchery trout. We suggest that the perceived increase in body conditions during late winter was due to survival of fish with higher body conditions and not growth of fish from fall to late winter.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(2000)129<1187:DISCAB>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00028487","usgsCitation":"Simpkins, D., and Hubert, W., 2000, Drifting invertebrates, stomach contents, and body conditions of juvenile rainbow trout from fall through winter in a Wyoming tailwater: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 129, no. 5, p. 1187-1195, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(2000)129<1187:DISCAB>2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"1187","endPage":"1195","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206610,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(2000)129<1187:DISCAB>2.0.CO;2"},{"id":230374,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"129","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a03dbe4b0c8380cd506a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Simpkins, D.G.","contributorId":80027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simpkins","given":"D.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hubert, W.A.","contributorId":12822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubert","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70022205,"text":"70022205 - 2000 - U.S. Geological Survey, remote sensing, and geoscience data: Using standards to serve us all","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-27T13:32:39.478223","indexId":"70022205","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"U.S. Geological Survey, remote sensing, and geoscience data: Using standards to serve us all","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) advocates the use of standards with geosciences and remotely sensed data and metadata for its own purposes and those of its customers. In activities that range from archiving data to making a product, the incorporation of standards makes these functions repeatable and understandable. More important, when accepted standards are followed, data discovery and sharing can be more efficient and the overall value to society can be expanded. The USGS archives many terabytes of digital geoscience and remotely sensed data. Several million photographs are also available to the research community. To manage these vast holdings and ensure that strict preservation and high usability criteria are observed, the USGS uses standards within the archival, data management, public access and ordering, and data distribution areas. The USGS uses Federal and international standards in performing its role as the U.S. National Satellite Land Remote Sensing Data Archive and in its mission as the long-term archive and production center for aerial photographs and cartographic data covering the United States.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"2000 Intenational Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2000)","conferenceDate":"24 July 2000 through 28 July 2000","conferenceLocation":"Honolulu, HI, USA","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","publisherLocation":"Piscataway, NJ, United States","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.2000.858067","usgsCitation":"Benson, M.G., and Faundeen, J., 2000, U.S. Geological Survey, remote sensing, and geoscience data: Using standards to serve us all, <i>in</i> Proceedings of International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), v. 3, Honolulu, HI, USA, 24 July 2000 through 28 July 2000, p. 1202-1204, https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.2000.858067.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"1202","endPage":"1204","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230484,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbb22e4b08c986b328507","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Benson, Michael G.","contributorId":18531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benson","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Faundeen, John 0000-0003-0287-2921 faundeen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0287-2921","contributorId":3097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faundeen","given":"John","email":"faundeen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":392698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70022326,"text":"70022326 - 2000 - Coastal erosion vs riverline sediment discharge in the Arctic shelfx seas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:42","indexId":"70022326","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2037,"text":"International Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coastal erosion vs riverline sediment discharge in the Arctic shelfx seas","docAbstract":"This article presents a comparison of sediment input by rivers and by coastal erosion into both the Laptev Sea and the Canadian Beaufort Sea (CBS). New data on coastal erosion in the Laptev Sea, which are based on field measurements and remote sensing information and existing data on coastal erosion in the CBS as well as riverine sediment discharge into both the Laptev Sea and the CBS are included. Strong regional differences in the percentages of coastal ero- sion and riverine sediment supply are observed. The CBS is dominated by the riverine sediment discharge (64.45x106 t a-1) mainly of the Mackenzie River. which is the largest single source of sediments in the Arctic. Riverine sediment discharge into the Laptev Sea amounts to 24.10x106 t a-1, more than 70% of which are related to the Lena River. In comparison with the CBS. the Laptev Sea coast on average delivers approximately twice as much sediment mass per kilometer, a result of higher erosion rates due to higher cliffs and seasonal ice melting. In the Laptev Sea sediment input by coastal erosion (58.4x106 t a-1) is therefore more important than in the CBS and the ratio between riverine and coastal sediment input amounts to 0.4. Coastal erosion supplying 5.6x106 t a-1 is less significant for the sediment budget of the CBS where riverine sediment discharge exceeds coastal sediment input by a factor of ca. 10.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Earth Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s005310000113","issn":"14373254","usgsCitation":"Rachold, V., Grigoriev, M., Are, F., Solomon, S.C., Reimnitz, E., Kassens, H., and Antonow, M., 2000, Coastal erosion vs riverline sediment discharge in the Arctic shelfx seas: International Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 89, no. 3, p. 450-459, https://doi.org/10.1007/s005310000113.","startPage":"450","endPage":"459","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206678,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005310000113"},{"id":230533,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"89","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f781e4b0c8380cd4cb55","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rachold, V.","contributorId":78164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rachold","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grigoriev, M.N.","contributorId":64105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grigoriev","given":"M.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Are, F.E.","contributorId":22203,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Are","given":"F.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Solomon, Sean C.","contributorId":14698,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Solomon","given":"Sean","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":7171,"text":"Columbia University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":393162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Reimnitz, E.","contributorId":61557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reimnitz","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kassens, H.","contributorId":60781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kassens","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Antonow, M.","contributorId":21826,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Antonow","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70022201,"text":"70022201 - 2000 - Fish remains from Homestead Cave and lake levels of the past 13,000 years in the Bonneville basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:52","indexId":"70022201","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fish remains from Homestead Cave and lake levels of the past 13,000 years in the Bonneville basin","docAbstract":"A late Quaternary ichthyofauna from Homestead Cave, Utah, provides a new source of information on lake history in the Bonneville basin. The fish, represented by 11 freshwater species, were accumulated between ~11,200 and ~1000 14C yr B.P. by scavenging owls. The 87Sr/86Sr ratio of Lake Bonneville varied with its elevation; 87Sr/86Sr values of fish from the lowest stratum of the cave suggest they grew in a lake near the terminal Pleistocene Gilbert shoreline. In the lowest deposits, a decrease in fish size and an increase in species tolerant of higher salinities or temperatures suggest multiple die-offs associated with declining lake levels. An initial, catastrophic, post-Provo die-off occurred at 11,300-11,200 14C yr B.P. and was followed by at least one rebound or recolonization of fish populations, but fish were gone from Lake Bonneville sometime before ~10,400 14C yr B.P. This evidence is inconsistent with previous inferences of a near desiccation of Lake Bonneville between 13,000 and 12,000 14C yr B.P. Peaks in Gila atraria frequencies in the upper strata suggest the Great Salt Lake had highstands at ~3400 and ~1000 14C yr B.P. (C) 2000 University of Washington.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/qres.2000.2133","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Broughton, J., Madsen, D., and Quade, J., 2000, Fish remains from Homestead Cave and lake levels of the past 13,000 years in the Bonneville basin: Quaternary Research, v. 53, no. 3, p. 392-401, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.2000.2133.","startPage":"392","endPage":"401","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206626,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.2000.2133"},{"id":230409,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"53","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a10a4e4b0c8380cd53d55","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Broughton, J.M.","contributorId":35496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Broughton","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Madsen, D.B.","contributorId":65615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madsen","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Quade, Jay","contributorId":22108,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Quade","given":"Jay","affiliations":[{"id":7042,"text":"University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":392690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70022328,"text":"70022328 - 2000 - Block coals from Indiana: Inferences on changing depositional environment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:42","indexId":"70022328","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Block coals from Indiana: Inferences on changing depositional environment","docAbstract":"Significant differences in coal petrography, palynology and coal quality were found between the Lower Block and Upper Block Coal Members (Brazil Formation, Pennsylvanian) in Daviess County, Indiana. The Lower Block Coal Member ranges in thickness from 51 to 74 cm and the Upper Block Coal Member ranges from 20 to 65 cm. Average sulfur content and ash yield of the Lower Block coal (0.98%, 7.65%) are lower than in the Upper Block coal. Megascopically, the coals show distinct differences. The Lower Block is a banded coal with numerous thin fusain horizons and a thin clay parting in the lower third of the seam. The Upper Block coal has a dulling-upward trend, with a bright clarain found at the base that grades into a clarain and then into a durain in the upper portion of the seam. Vitrinite content of the Lower Block coal ranges from 63% to 78%, with the highest vitrinite content found in the middle portion of the seam. In the Upper Block coal, vitrinite content ranges from 40% to 83%, with the highest values found in the lower part of the seam. Ash yield is higher in the upper part of the Upper Block coal, reaching up to 40%. The Lower Block coal is dominated by lycopod trees and tree ferns. The Upper Block coal shows marked differences in spore assemblages between lower and upper parts of the seam. The lower half is dominated by large lycopod trees and tree ferns, similar to the Lower Block coal. The upper half is dominated by small lycopods, mainly Densosporites and Radiizonates. These differences between the Lower Block and Upper Block Coal Members are significant correlation tools applicable to mining exploration and chronostratigraphy. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.Significant differences in coal petrography, palynology and coal quality were found between the Lower Block and Upper Block Coal Members (Brazil Formation, Pennsylvanian) in Daviess County, Indiana. The Lower Block Coal Member ranges in thickness from 51 to 74 cm and the Upper Block Coal Member ranges from 20 to 65 cm. Average sulfur content and ash yield of the Lower Block coal (0.98%, 7.65%) are lower than in the Upper Block coal. Megascopically, the coals show distinct differences. The Lower Block is a banded coal with numerous thin fusain horizons and a thin clay parting in the lower third of the seam. The Upper Block coal has a dulling-upward trend, with a bright clarain found at the base that grades into a clarain and then into a durain in the upper portion of the seam. Vitrinite content of the Lower Block coal ranges from 63% to 78%, with the highest vitrinite content found in the middle portion of the seam. In the Upper Block coal, vitrinite content ranges from 40% to 83%, with the highest values found in the lower part of the seam. Ash yield is higher in the upper part of the Upper Block coal, reaching up to 40%. The Lower Block coal is dominated by lycopod trees and tree ferns. The Upper Block coal shows marked differences in spore assemblages between lower and upper parts of the seam. The lower half is dominated by large lycopod trees and tree ferns, similar to the Lower Block coal. The upper half is dominated by small lycopods, mainly Densosporites and Radiizonates. These differences between the Lower Block and Upper Block Coal members are significant correlation tools applicable to mining exploration and chronostratigraphy.","largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","conferenceTitle":"TSOP - Halifax'98, 15th Annual Meeting of The Society for Organic Petrology: Sailing into the New Millennium","conferenceDate":"27 July 1998 through 28 July 1998","conferenceLocation":"Halifax, NS, Can","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/S0166-5162(99)00060-9","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Mastalerz, M., Padgett, P., and Eble, C., 2000, Block coals from Indiana: Inferences on changing depositional environment, <i>in</i> International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 43, no. 1-4, Halifax, NS, Can, 27 July 1998 through 28 July 1998, p. 211-226, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(99)00060-9.","startPage":"211","endPage":"226","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206690,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(99)00060-9"},{"id":230569,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"43","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f1e3e4b0c8380cd4aea8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mastalerz, Maria","contributorId":78065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastalerz","given":"Maria","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Padgett, P.L.","contributorId":107869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Padgett","given":"P.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eble, C.F.","contributorId":35346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eble","given":"C.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70022312,"text":"70022312 - 2000 - Gulf sturgeon spawning migration and habitat in the Choctawhatchee River system, Alabama-Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-29T20:44:05.666695","indexId":"70022312","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gulf sturgeon spawning migration and habitat in the Choctawhatchee River system, Alabama-Florida","docAbstract":"<p>Information about spawning migration and spawning habitat is essential to maintain and ultimately restore populations of endangered and threatened species of anadromous fish. We used ultrasonic and radiotelemetry to monitor the movements of 35 adult Gulf sturgeon<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi</i><span>&nbsp;</span>(a subspecies of the Atlantic sturgeon<span>&nbsp;</span><i>A. oxyrinchus</i>) as they moved between Choctawhatchee Bay and the Choctawhatchee River system during the spring of 1996 and 1997. Histological analysis of gonadal biopsies was used to determine the sex and reproductive status of individuals. Telemetry results and egg sampling were used to identify Gulf sturgeon spawning sites and to examine the roles that sex and reproductive status play in migratory behavior. Fertilized Gulf sturgeon eggs were collected in six locations in both the upper Choctawhatchee and Pea rivers. Hard bottom substrate, steep banks, and relatively high flows characterized collection sites. Ripe Gulf sturgeon occupied these spawning areas from late March through early May, which included the interval when Gulf sturgeon eggs were collected. For both sexes, ripe fish entered the Choctawhatchee River significantly earlier and at a lower water temperature and migrated further upstream than did nonripe fish. Males entered the Choctawhatchee River at a lower water temperature than females. Results from histology and telemetry support the hypothesis that male Gulf sturgeon may spawn annually, whereas females require more than 1 year between spawning events. Upper river hard bottom areas appear important for the successful spawning of Gulf sturgeon, and care should be taken to protect against habitat loss or degradation of known spawning habitat.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(2000)129<0811:GSSMAH>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00028487","usgsCitation":"Fox, D.A., Hightower, J.E., and Parauka, F.M., 2000, Gulf sturgeon spawning migration and habitat in the Choctawhatchee River system, Alabama-Florida: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 129, no. 3, p. 811-826, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(2000)129<0811:GSSMAH>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"811","endPage":"826","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230339,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Florida","otherGeospatial":"Choctawhatchee River, Pea River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -86.56951904296875,\n              30.166500980766052\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.242919921875,\n              30.166500980766052\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.242919921875,\n              31.529385064020936\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.56951904296875,\n              31.529385064020936\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.56951904296875,\n              30.166500980766052\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"129","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2e63e4b0c8380cd5c4dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fox, Dewayne A.","contributorId":117052,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fox","given":"Dewayne","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":12970,"text":"Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Delaware State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":393107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hightower, Joseph E. jhightower@usgs.gov","contributorId":835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hightower","given":"Joseph","email":"jhightower@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":393105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parauka, Frank M.","contributorId":47115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parauka","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70022200,"text":"70022200 - 2000 - Seasonal movement and habitat use by striped bass in the Combahee River, South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:52","indexId":"70022200","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seasonal movement and habitat use by striped bass in the Combahee River, South Carolina","docAbstract":"Adult striped bass Morone saxatilis (N = 30, 656-906 mm total length) were captured by electrofishing during January-March 1998 in the Combahee River, South Carolina, and fitted with radio transmitters. Their exact locations were recorded biweekly through December. From January to early April, striped bass were located in the tidally influenced lower region of the river in water temperatures ranging from 9??C to 18??C. The fish then moved an average of 38.5 km upstream from late April to the end of May when water temperatures ranged from 18??C to 26??C. Striped bass remained in the upper region of the river from late May to September when water temperatures were as much as 5??C lower than in the river's lower regions. Striped bass began to move downstream and were spread throughout the river during September and October in water temperatures ranging from 19??C to 27??C. Combahee River striped bass appear to follow a migratory pattern typical of other southern striped bass stocks. Habitat preference appears to be strongly influenced by temperature. Combahee River temperatures are stable and remain close to the preferred temperatures of striped bass during summer extremes. Therefore, unlike northern populations, southern populations are more likely to remain within riverine habitat during the summer months. Discrete thermal refugia, such as springs, apparently are not used or are absent in the Combahee River. It is possible that striped bass in the Combahee River depend on the entire upper region of the river as a thermal refuge.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(2000)129<1281:SMAHUB>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00028487","usgsCitation":"Bjorgo, K.A., Isely, J.J., and Thomason, C., 2000, Seasonal movement and habitat use by striped bass in the Combahee River, South Carolina: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 129, no. 6, p. 1281-1287, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(2000)129<1281:SMAHUB>2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"1281","endPage":"1287","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206625,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(2000)129<1281:SMAHUB>2.0.CO;2"},{"id":230408,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"129","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b88b9e4b08c986b316b24","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bjorgo, Kimberly A.","contributorId":90067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bjorgo","given":"Kimberly","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Isely, J. Jeffery","contributorId":97224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Isely","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Jeffery","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thomason, C.S.","contributorId":106670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomason","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70022199,"text":"70022199 - 2000 - Identifying the usage patterns of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and other oxygenates in gasoline using gasoline surveys","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:47","indexId":"70022199","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Identifying the usage patterns of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and other oxygenates in gasoline using gasoline surveys","docAbstract":"Data on the volumes of oxygenates and other compounds in gasoline are available from several sources collectively referred as gasoline surveys. The gasoline surveys provide the most definitive knowledge of which oxygenate, if any, and what volumes of that oxygenate are being used in various areas of the country. This information is important in water-quality assessments for relating the detection of MTBE in water to patterns of usage of MTBE in gasoline. General information on three surveys that have been conducted by the National Institute for Petroleum and Energy Research, the Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association, and the EPA was presented. The samples were tested for physical properties and constituents including octane number, specific gravity, and volumes of olefins, aromatics, benzene, alcohols, and various ether oxygenates. The data in each survey had its own utility based on the type of assessment that is undertaken. Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program. Using NAWQA data, the percent occurrence of MTBE in ground water in metropolitan areas that use substantial amounts of MTBE (> 5% by vol) was ??? 21%, compared to ??? 2% in areas that do not use substantial amounts of MTBE (< 5% by vol). When several other factors are considered in a logistic regression model including MTBE usage in RFG or OXY gasoline areas (??? 3% by vol) as a factor, a 4-6 fold increase in the detection frequency of MTBE in ground water was found when compared to areas that do not use MTBE or use it only for octane enhancement (< 3% by vol).","largerWorkTitle":"ACS National Meeting Book of Abstracts","conferenceTitle":"220th ACS National Meeting","conferenceDate":"20 August 2000 through 24 August 2000","conferenceLocation":"Wastington, DC","language":"English","issn":"00657727","usgsCitation":"Moran, M., Clawges, R., and Zogorski, J., 2000, Identifying the usage patterns of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and other oxygenates in gasoline using gasoline surveys, <i>in</i> ACS National Meeting Book of Abstracts, v. 40, no. 2, Wastington, DC, 20 August 2000 through 24 August 2000, p. 209-213.","startPage":"209","endPage":"213","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230366,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a385be4b0c8380cd6153c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moran, M.J.","contributorId":7862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moran","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clawges, R.M.","contributorId":24779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clawges","given":"R.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zogorski, J.S.","contributorId":108201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zogorski","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
]}