Wetlands in the western Great Basin of the United States are patchily distributed and undergo extensive seasonal and annual variation in water levels. The American Avocet (Recurvirostra americana) is one of many shorebird species that use these wetlands as breeding and migratory stopover sites and must adjust to variable conditions. We used radio telemetry to determine postbreeding, premigratory movement patterns of avocets throughout the region. In 1996 and 1997, 185 breeding adults were captured and fitted with radio transmitters at five breeding areas in Oregon, California, and Nevada. Regular aerial and ground surveys were conducted at the five main study areas from June through September, or until all avocets had left a site. Other wetlands in the western Great Basin also were surveyed by aircraft for the presence of radio-marked birds. Fifty-six percent of radio-marked avocets were still detected in the region at least eight weeks after capture. Each of these individuals was detected at an average of 2.1 lakes (range 0 to 6), with 74% found at more than one lake system. Forty radio-marked individuals moved at least 200 km between wetlands prior to migration, most of which dispersed northward. Male and female patterns did not differ significantly. Overall, movements may be associated with a prebasic molt, exploitation of a superabundant food source in northern lakes, and reconnaissance for future breeding efforts or staging sites. These results also demonstrate wide-ranging patterns of dispersal in this species and suggest a need for the consideration of large-scale habitat connectivity issues in establishing conservation strategies for shorebirds in the western Great Basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1642/0004-8038(2000)117[0290:PMOAAA]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Plissner, J.H., Haig, S.M., and Oring, L., 2000, Postbreeding movements of American Avocets and implications for wetland connectivity in the western Great Basin: The Auk, v. 117, no. 2, p. 290-298, https://doi.org/10.1642/0004-8038(2000)117[0290:PMOAAA]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"290","endPage":"298","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479257,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1642/0004-8038(2000)117[0290:pmoaaa]2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":135643,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"117","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db683a4c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plissner, Jonathan H.","contributorId":44880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plissner","given":"Jonathan","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haig, Susan M. 0000-0002-6616-7589 susan_haig@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6616-7589","contributorId":719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haig","given":"Susan","email":"susan_haig@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":323353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Oring, L.W.","contributorId":46451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oring","given":"L.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1015608,"text":"1015608 - 2000 - [Book review] The western range revisited, by D. L. Donahue","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-24T14:28:27.957551","indexId":"1015608","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"[Book review] The western range revisited, by D. L. Donahue","docAbstract":"Review of: The Western Range Revisited by D. L. Donahue. 1999. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. 388 pp. ISBN: 0-8061-3176-4 (Cloth).","language":"English","publisher":"The Wildlife Society","doi":"10.2307/3803223","usgsCitation":"Knopf, F., 2000, [Book review] The western range revisited, by D. L. Donahue: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 64, no. 4, p. 1095-1097, https://doi.org/10.2307/3803223.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"1095","endPage":"1097","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132603,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"64","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a16e4b07f02db603dce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knopf, F.L.","contributorId":26998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knopf","given":"F.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1015324,"text":"1015324 - 2000 - Diana H. Wall, ESA President 1999-2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T17:28:01","indexId":"1015324","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1121,"text":"Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Diana H. Wall, ESA President 1999-2000","docAbstract":"A more polite term for workaholic is over-achiever, and Diana Harrison Wall could easily serve as the type specimen for both words. Her ability to multi-task is a great boon for the Ecological Society of America. That characteristic drive has also been essential to Wall’s own personal success, since it pushed her to persevere during the lean years when a woman’s place was NOT in the field or laboratory. Diana is a very strong role model for young ecologists through her enthusiasm for science, her remarkable scientific achievements, and her leadership skills. In addition to advising her many graduate students, Diana-as-role-model has been featured in many news media, including PBS TV shows such as “Horizons” and “Discovery,” National Geographic magazine, and the New York Times. She is highlighted on the ESA Web site: “What Do Ecologists Do? Focus on Ecologists.”
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/0012-9623(2000)081[0018:DHWEP]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Baron, J., and Parsons, A., 2000, Diana H. Wall, ESA President 1999-2000: Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America, v. 81, no. 1, p. 18-19, https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9623(2000)081[0018:DHWEP]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"18","endPage":"19","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479318,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9623(2000)081[0018:dhwep]2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":133180,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"81","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65daf6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baron, Jill 0000-0002-5902-6251 jill_baron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-6251","contributorId":194124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"Jill","email":"jill_baron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":322888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Parsons, A.","contributorId":30955,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1015954,"text":"1015954 - 2000 - Space use of killdeer at a Great Basin breeding area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-24T14:16:19.724546","indexId":"1015954","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Space use of killdeer at a Great Basin breeding area","docAbstract":"Wetland conservation efforts require knowledge of space use by a diversity of waterbirds. However, determining space use of animals requires intensive monitoring of individual organisms. Often, activity patterns during much of the annual cycle are neglected in analyses of home range and habitat use. From 1995-97, we monitored space use in a population of individually marked killdeer (Charadrius vociferus) that breed, and reside for a number of additional months each year, in the western Great Basin. We used linear distance measures and home range-area estimates, derived by fixed-kernel methods, to examine patterns of space use of adults prior to, during, and following nesting. Overall, killdeer used a local area of approximately 6 ha. Birds remained closer to nests while tending eggs than either before or after nesting, although extensive movements away from the nest were observed during all time periods. Females tended to move farther from nests than did males. Birds nesting farther from water bodies were generally observed at greater distances from nests than those nesting closer to shorelines during all time periods. Twenty-seven percent of individuals were observed greater than 1 km from nest locations, particularly during postnesting periods. During nesting periods, males were less likely to be observed at longer distances from nests than were females. There were no differences in home range size based upon sex, time period, or distance from water. We suggest that home range size may not always accurately measure differences in space use and that multiple measures, including distance from nests, should be considered. Understanding the sedentary nature of killdeer during much of the annual cycle and their intense use of local areas is important for making management decisions. Coupled with data on other shorebird species, this information also has broader implications for management of wetland systems by indicating large scale spatial and habitat requirements and the connectivity of geographically distinct habitat patches.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Wildlife Society","doi":"10.2307/3803240","usgsCitation":"Plissner, J.H., Oring, L., and Haig, S.M., 2000, Space use of killdeer at a Great Basin breeding area: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 64, no. 2, p. 421-429, https://doi.org/10.2307/3803240.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"421","endPage":"429","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":135668,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Great Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.0380859375,\n 36.24427318493909\n ],\n [\n -114.10400390625,\n 43.35713822211053\n ],\n [\n -115.04882812499999,\n 43.43696596521823\n ],\n [\n -115.77392578125,\n 43.691707903073805\n ],\n [\n -116.30126953125,\n 44.29240108529005\n ],\n [\n -116.8505859375,\n 44.88701247981298\n ],\n [\n -117.72949218749999,\n 45.49094569262732\n ],\n [\n -117.53173828125,\n 45.90529985724799\n ],\n [\n -116.71874999999999,\n 45.99696161820381\n ],\n [\n -116.21337890625,\n 45.72152152227954\n ],\n [\n -115.77392578125,\n 45.93587062119052\n ],\n [\n -115.33447265625,\n 46.437856895024204\n ],\n [\n -116.03759765625,\n 46.965259400349275\n ],\n [\n -117.0703125,\n 47.635783590864854\n ],\n [\n -116.6748046875,\n 48.151428143221224\n ],\n [\n -117.35595703124999,\n 48.40003249610685\n ],\n [\n -118.05908203124999,\n 48.28319289548349\n ],\n [\n -118.49853515625,\n 47.989921667414194\n ],\n [\n -119.39941406249999,\n 48.44377831058802\n ],\n [\n -119.72900390625001,\n 48.56024979174329\n ],\n [\n -120.32226562500001,\n 47.945786463687185\n ],\n [\n -120.47607421874999,\n 47.53203824675999\n ],\n [\n -120.234375,\n 46.78501604269254\n ],\n [\n -120.36621093749999,\n 45.84410779560204\n ],\n [\n -120.41015624999999,\n 44.88701247981298\n ],\n [\n -120.38818359375,\n 44.29240108529005\n ],\n [\n -120.80566406250001,\n 43.13306116240612\n ],\n [\n -120.41015624999999,\n 42.00032514831621\n ],\n [\n -120.498046875,\n 41.16211393939692\n ],\n [\n -120.4541015625,\n 40.111688665595956\n ],\n [\n -120.10253906249999,\n 39.2492708462234\n ],\n [\n -119.02587890624999,\n 37.89219554724437\n ],\n [\n -118.30078125,\n 37.21283151445594\n ],\n [\n -118.01513671875,\n 35.782170703266075\n ],\n [\n -117.68554687499999,\n 35.55010533588552\n ],\n [\n -115.75195312499999,\n 35.85343961959182\n ],\n [\n -115.13671875,\n 36.19109202182454\n ],\n [\n -114.54345703125,\n 36.049098959065645\n ],\n [\n -114.12597656249999,\n 36.03133177633187\n ],\n [\n -114.0380859375,\n 36.24427318493909\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"64","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e3e4b07f02db5e59c6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plissner, Jonathan H.","contributorId":44880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plissner","given":"Jonathan","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Oring, L.W.","contributorId":46451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oring","given":"L.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Haig, Susan M. 0000-0002-6616-7589 susan_haig@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6616-7589","contributorId":719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haig","given":"Susan","email":"susan_haig@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":323356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1015606,"text":"1015606 - 2000 - [Book review] Theoretical Ecology Illustrated : An illustrated guide to theoretical ecology, by Ted J. Case","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-30T16:04:22.297467","indexId":"1015606","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":997,"text":"BioScience","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"[Book review] Theoretical Ecology Illustrated : An illustrated guide to theoretical ecology, by Ted J. Case","docAbstract":"Review of: An Illustrated Guide to Theoretical Ecology. Ted J. Case. Oxford University Press, New York, 2000. 460 pp., illus. $45.00 (ISBN 0-19-508512-4 paper).","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","publisherLocation":"Berkeley, CA","doi":"10.1641/0006-3568(2000)050[0824:TEI]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"DeAngelis, D., 2000, [Book review] Theoretical Ecology Illustrated : An illustrated guide to theoretical ecology, by Ted J. Case: BioScience, v. 50, no. 9, p. 824-826, https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2000)050[0824:TEI]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"824","endPage":"826","costCenters":[{"id":275,"text":"Florida Integrated Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479255,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2000)050[0824:tei]2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":132470,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a19e4b07f02db605b26","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeAngelis, D.L. 0000-0002-1570-4057","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1570-4057","contributorId":32470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeAngelis","given":"D.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1015327,"text":"1015327 - 2000 - Management of land use conflicts in the United States Rocky Mountains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T17:27:43","indexId":"1015327","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2790,"text":"Mountain Research and Development","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Management of land use conflicts in the United States Rocky Mountains","docAbstract":"People have long been attracted to the beauty and grandeur of the Rocky Mountains. Until very recently, however, the Rocky Mountain region was sparsely populated and its use mostly extractive. Commodities removed in massive quantities included first beaver, then precious metals, timber, energy, and finally water. There has been a fundamental change in migration patterns since the 1980s. Populations are expanding not only in urban areas; many rural areas are also growing faster. In an affluent and mobile society, Americans are moving to the West for aesthetic reasons, often based on perceptions that have little to do with regional roots, family ties, or economic opportunities.
Wallace Stegner described the West into the 1980s as a colony for the rest of the nation. “It seems to be almost like a continuous repetitive act of God that the western resources should be mined …, that populations should rush in and have to rush out again, or trickle out again…. Get in, get rich, get out….Every boom and bust leaves the West physically a little poorer, a little worse damaged” (Stegner 1996).
In an article about actor and director Robert Redford, writer Richard Raynor talks about unexpected side effects Redford's movies have had on American behavior. “A River Runs Through It\" dangerously swelled the banks of American rivers with novice fishermen. It seems likely that Redford's loving rendition of ranch life in The Horse Whisperer … will have a similar effect on western Montana, filling it with even more people in a nostalgic search for American rapture and simplicity” (1998).
","language":"English","publisher":"International Mountain Society and United Nations University","doi":"10.1659/0276-4741(2000)020[0024:MOLUCI]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Baron, J., Theobald, D., and Fagre, D., 2000, Management of land use conflicts in the United States Rocky Mountains: Mountain Research and Development, v. 20, no. 1, p. 24-27, https://doi.org/10.1659/0276-4741(2000)020[0024:MOLUCI]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"24","endPage":"27","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479152,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1659/0276-4741(2000)020[0024:moluci]2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":133183,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Rocky Mountains","volume":"20","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a2c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baron, Jill 0000-0002-5902-6251 jill_baron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-6251","contributorId":194124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"Jill","email":"jill_baron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":322895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Theobald, D.M.","contributorId":15157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Theobald","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fagre, D.B.","contributorId":52135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fagre","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1016028,"text":"1016028 - 2000 - Day-roosts of female long-eared myotis in western Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-22T18:00:32.348105","indexId":"1016028","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Day-roosts of female long-eared myotis in western Oregon","docAbstract":"Roosts are a critical habitat component for bats and may influence their survival and fitness. We used radiotelemetry to investigate characteristics of day-roosts of female long-eared myotis (Myotis evotis) in watersheds characterized by different forest conditions and the spatial relationships between day-roosts and available water. We tracked 21 bats to 73 roosts (n = 102 occasions) from June to August 1996 and 1997 on the western slope of the Cascade Mountains, Oregon. Bats primarily used conifer stumps as day-roosts in watersheds dominated by younger forests and used conifer snags, and to a lesser extent conifer stumps, in watersheds with greater proportions of older forests. Individual long-eared myotis used different types of structures as day-roosts, and type of structure used did not differ with reproductive condition. Day-roosts were primarily located in upslope habitat and averaged 0.59 ± 0.03 km from available water and 0.66 ± 0.02 km from capture sites. Roosts were not located closer to available water than random points, but were closer than random points to captures sites. Conifer snags used as day-roosts averaged 34 ± 5 m in height and 93 ± 12 cm diameter at breast height (dbh); snags in intermediate stages of decay had highest use. Use of conifer snags was positively associated with the number of snags within 20 m and negatively associated with distance from stand edge. Conifer stumps used as day-roosts averaged 133 ± 9 cm in height and 59 ± 4 cm dbh. Western hemlock and Douglas-fir stumps were used more often than western redcedar stumps as day-roosts. Odds of a stump being used as a day-roost increased with increasing height of the stump (downhill side) and whether it was situated in a gap in vegetation. We contend that management of day-roosts for forest-dwelling bats should focus on maintaining large conifer snags across landscapes through space and time. In landscapes where there are relatively few large conifer snags, stumps appear to provide important, but ephemeral, roosts for long-eared myotis.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Wildlife Society","doi":"10.2307/3802749","usgsCitation":"Waldien, D.L., Hayes, J.P., and Arnett, E.B., 2000, Day-roosts of female long-eared myotis in western Oregon: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 64, no. 3, p. 785-796, https://doi.org/10.2307/3802749.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"785","endPage":"796","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134480,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Cascade Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.288818359375,\n 45.56021795715051\n ],\n [\n -122.82714843749999,\n 44.87144275016589\n ],\n [\n -123.26660156249999,\n 43.43696596521823\n ],\n [\n -123.277587890625,\n 42.01665183556825\n ],\n [\n -121.44287109374999,\n 41.97582726102573\n ],\n [\n -121.57470703125,\n 43.28520334369384\n ],\n [\n -121.09130859375,\n 44.18220395771566\n ],\n [\n -121.387939453125,\n 44.972570682240644\n ],\n [\n -120.81665039062499,\n 45.69083283645816\n ],\n [\n -121.84936523437499,\n 45.729191061299915\n ],\n [\n -122.34374999999999,\n 45.54483149242463\n ],\n [\n -122.288818359375,\n 45.56021795715051\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"64","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db672966","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waldien, David L.","contributorId":106852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waldien","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hayes, J. P.","contributorId":42565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Arnett, Edward B.","contributorId":39339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arnett","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1015328,"text":"1015328 - 2000 - Ecosystem responses to nitrogen deposition in the Colorado Front Range","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T17:27:32","indexId":"1015328","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1478,"text":"Ecosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ecosystem responses to nitrogen deposition in the Colorado Front Range","docAbstract":"We asked whether 3–5 kg N y−1 atmospheric N deposition was sufficient to have influenced natural, otherwise undisturbed, terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems of the Colorado Front Range by comparing ecosystem processes and properties east and west of the Continental Divide. The eastern side receives elevated N deposition from urban, agricultural, and industrial sources, compared with 1–2 kg N y−1 on the western side. Foliage of east side old-growth Englemann spruce forests have significantly lower C:N and lignin:N ratios and greater N:Mg and N:P ratios. Soil % N is higher, and C:N ratios lower in the east side stands, and potential net N mineralization rates are greater. Lake NO3 concentrations are significantly higher in eastern lakes than western lakes. Two east side lakes studied paleolimnologically revealed rapid changes in diatom community composition and increased biovolumes and cell concentrations. The diatom flora is now representative of increased disturbance or eutrophication. Sediment nitrogen isotopic ratios have become progressively lighter over the past 50 years, coincident with the change in algal flora, possibly from an influx of isotopically light N volatilized from agricultural fields and feedlots. Seventy-five percent of the increased east side soil N pool can be accounted for by increased N deposition commensurate with human settlement. Nitrogen emissions from fixed, mobile, and agricultural sources have increased dramatically since approximately 1950 to the east of the Colorado Front Range, as they have in many parts of the world. Our findings indicate even slight increases in atmospheric deposition lead to measurable changes in ecosystem properties.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s100210000032","usgsCitation":"Baron, J., Rueth, H., Wolfe, A., Nydick, K., Allstott, E., Minear, J., and Moraska, B., 2000, Ecosystem responses to nitrogen deposition in the Colorado Front Range: Ecosystems, v. 3, no. 4, p. 352-368, https://doi.org/10.1007/s100210000032.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"352","endPage":"368","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133170,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Colorado Front Range","volume":"3","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db6259b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baron, Jill 0000-0002-5902-6251 jill_baron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-6251","contributorId":194124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"Jill","email":"jill_baron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":322898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rueth, H.M.","contributorId":103611,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rueth","given":"H.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wolfe, A.M.","contributorId":106452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolfe","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nydick, K. R.","contributorId":9991,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nydick","given":"K. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Allstott, E.J.","contributorId":25102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allstott","given":"E.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Minear, J.T.","contributorId":38519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Minear","given":"J.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Moraska, B.","contributorId":84713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moraska","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":1004128,"text":"1004128 - 2000 - Defining anural malformations in the context of a developmental problem","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-07T18:02:05.111906","indexId":"1004128","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2555,"text":"Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Defining anural malformations in the context of a developmental problem","docAbstract":"This paper summarizes terminology and general concepts involved in animal development for the purpose of providing background for the study and understanding of frog malformations. The results of our radiographic investigation of rear limb malformations in Rana pipiens provide evidence that frog malformations are the product of early developmental errors. Although bacteria, parasites and viruses were identified in these metamorphosed frogs, the relevant window to look for the teratogenic effect of these agents is in the early tadpole stage during limb development. As a result, our microbiological findings must be regarded as inconclusive relative to determining their contribution to malformations because we conducted our examinations on metamorphosed frogs not tadpoles. Future studies need to look at teratogenic agents (chemical, microbial, physical or mechanical) that are present in the embryo, tadpole, and their environments at the stages of development that are relevant for the malformation type. The impact of these teratogenic agents then needs to be assessed in appropriate animal models using studies that are designed to mimic field conditions. The results of these laboratory tests should then be analyzed in such a way that will allow comparison with the findings in the wild-caught tadpoles and frogs.","language":"English","publisher":"Iowa Academy of Science","usgsCitation":"Meteyer, C., Cole, R.A., Converse, K.A., Docherty, D.E., Wolcott, M., Helgen, J., Levey, R., Eaton-Poole, L., and Burkhart, J., 2000, Defining anural malformations in the context of a developmental problem: Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science, v. 107, no. 3, p. 72-78.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"72","endPage":"78","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423306,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://scholarworks.uni.edu/jias/vol107/iss3/7/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":134115,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"107","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db6724e4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meteyer, C.U. 0000-0002-4007-3410","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4007-3410","contributorId":74327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meteyer","given":"C.U.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cole, Rebecca A. 0000-0003-2923-1622","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2923-1622","contributorId":39719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"Rebecca","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Converse, K. A.","contributorId":81436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Converse","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Docherty, D. E.","contributorId":83469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Docherty","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wolcott, M.","contributorId":52936,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolcott","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Helgen, J.C.","contributorId":74726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helgen","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Levey, R.","contributorId":75118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Levey","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Eaton-Poole, L.","contributorId":69521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eaton-Poole","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Burkhart, J.G.","contributorId":11574,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burkhart","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":1015610,"text":"1015610 - 2000 - Groundwork for a miracle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-18T09:58:56","indexId":"1015610","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3303,"text":"Rivers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Groundwork for a miracle","docAbstract":"Review of: The Los Angeles River: Its Life, Death, and Possible Rebirth. Blake Gumprecht. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999. 369 p. ISBN: 0801860474.","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Lamb, B.L., 2000, Groundwork for a miracle: Rivers, v. 7, no. 2, p. 178-180.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"178","endPage":"180","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132605,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a94e4b07f02db658e5b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lamb, B. L.","contributorId":6395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamb","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1015948,"text":"1015948 - 2000 - Analytical group decision making in natural resources: Methodology and application","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:50","indexId":"1015948","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1688,"text":"Forest Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analytical group decision making in natural resources: Methodology and application","docAbstract":"Group decision making is becoming increasingly important in natural resource management and associated scientific applications, because multiple values are treated coincidentally in time and space, multiple resource specialists are needed, and multiple stakeholders must be included in the decision process. Decades of social science research on decision making in groups have provided insights into the impediments to effective group processes and on techniques that can be applied in a group context. Nevertheless, little integration and few applications of these results have occurred in resource management decision processes, where formal groups are integral, either directly or indirectly. A group decision-making methodology is introduced as an effective approach for temporary, formal groups (e.g., workshops). It combines the following three components: (1) brainstorming to generate ideas; (2) the analytic hierarchy process to produce judgments, manage conflict, enable consensus, and plan for implementation; and (3) a discussion template (straw document). Resulting numerical assessments of alternative decision priorities can be analyzed statistically to indicate where group member agreement occurs and where priority values are significantly different. An application of this group process to fire research program development in a workshop setting indicates that the process helps focus group deliberations; mitigates groupthink, nondecision, and social loafing pitfalls; encourages individual interaction; identifies irrational judgments; and provides a large amount of useful quantitative information about group preferences. This approach can help facilitate scientific assessments and other decision-making processes in resource management.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Forest Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Schmoldt, D.L., and Peterson, D.L., 2000, Analytical group decision making in natural resources: Methodology and application: Forest Science, v. 46, no. 1, p. 62-75.","productDescription":"p. 62-75","startPage":"62","endPage":"75","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134467,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"46","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e525","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schmoldt, D. L.","contributorId":79077,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schmoldt","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterson, D. L.","contributorId":36484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1015348,"text":"1015348 - 2000 - Multicriteria decision analysis applied to Glen Canyon Dam","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-17T16:07:25","indexId":"1015348","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2501,"text":"Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multicriteria decision analysis applied to Glen Canyon Dam","docAbstract":"Conflicts in water resources exist because river-reservoir systems are managed to optimize traditional benefits (e.g., hydropower and flood control), which are historically quantified in economic terms, whereas natural and environmental resources, including in-stream and riparian resources, are more difficult or impossible to quantify in economic terms. Multicriteria decision analysis provides a quantitative approach to evaluate resources subject to river basin management alternatives. This objective quantification method includes inputs from special interest groups, the general public, and concerned individuals, as well as professionals for each resource considered in a trade-off analysis. Multicriteria decision analysis is applied to resources and flow alternatives presented in the environmental impact statement for Glen Canyon Dam on the Colorado River. A numeric rating and priority-weighting scheme is used to evaluate 29 specific natural resource attributes, grouped into seven main resource objectives, for nine flow alternatives enumerated in the environmental impact statement.
","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(2000)126:5(270)","usgsCitation":"Flug, M., Seitz, H., and Scott, J., 2000, Multicriteria decision analysis applied to Glen Canyon Dam: Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, v. 126, no. 5, p. 270-276, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(2000)126:5(270).","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"270","endPage":"276","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133463,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"126","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b489c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flug, M.","contributorId":57419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flug","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Seitz, H.L.H.","contributorId":74346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seitz","given":"H.L.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Scott, J.F.","contributorId":69938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1015345,"text":"1015345 - 2000 - Controls on nitrogen flux in alpine/subalpine watersheds of Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-27T16:58:37","indexId":"1015345","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Controls on nitrogen flux in alpine/subalpine watersheds of Colorado","docAbstract":"High‐altitude watersheds in the Front Range of Colorado show symptoms of advanced stages of nitrogen excess, despite having less nitrogen in atmospheric deposition than other regions where watersheds retain nitrogen. In two alpine/subalpine subbasins of the Loch Vale watershed, atmospheric deposition of NO3− plus NH4+ was 3.2–5.5 kg N ha−1, and watershed export was 1.8–3.9 kg N ha−1 for water years 1992–1997. Annual N export increased in years with greater input of N, but most of the additional N was retained in the watershed, indicating that parts of the ecosystem are nitrogen‐limited. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) concentrations were greatest in subsurface water of talus landscapes, where mineralization and nitrification augment high rates of atmospheric deposition of N. Tundra landscapes had moderately high DIN concentrations, whereas forest and wetland landscapes had low concentrations, indicating little export of nitrogen from these landscapes. Between the two subbasins the catchment of Icy Brook had greater retention of nitrogen than that of Andrews Creek because of landscape and hydrologic characteristics that favor greater N assimilation in both the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. These results suggest that export of N from alpine/subalpine watersheds is caused by a combination of direct flushing of N from atmospheric deposition and release of N from ecosystem biogeochemical processes (N cycling). Sensitivity of alpine ecosystems in the western United States to atmospheric deposition of N is a function of landscape heterogeneity, hydrologic flow paths, and climatic extremes that limit primary productivity and microbial activity, which, in turn, control retention and release of nitrogen. Conceptual and mechanistic models of N excess that have been developed for forested ecosystems need to be modified in order to predict the response of alpine ecosystems to future changes in climate and atmospheric deposition of N.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1999WR900283","usgsCitation":"Campbell, D.H., Baron, J., Tonnessen, K.A., Brooks, P.D., and Schuster, P.F., 2000, Controls on nitrogen flux in alpine/subalpine watersheds of Colorado: Water Resources Research, v. 36, no. 1, p. 37-47, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999WR900283.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"37","endPage":"47","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479371,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1999wr900283","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":133423,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db6866aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Campbell, Donald H. dhcampbe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"Donald","email":"dhcampbe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":322957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baron, Jill 0000-0002-5902-6251 jill_baron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-6251","contributorId":194124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"Jill","email":"jill_baron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":322953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tonnessen, Kathy A.","contributorId":9588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tonnessen","given":"Kathy","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brooks, Paul D.","contributorId":139471,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brooks","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":12566,"text":"Department of Geology and Geophysics, Unviersity of Utah","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":322956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schuster, Paul F. 0000-0002-8314-1372 pschuste@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8314-1372","contributorId":1360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuster","given":"Paul","email":"pschuste@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":322955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1015329,"text":"1015329 - 2000 - Sensitivity of a high-elevation Rocky Mountain watershed to altered climate and CO2","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-27T16:57:42","indexId":"1015329","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Sensitivity of a high-elevation Rocky Mountain watershed to altered climate and CO2","title":"Sensitivity of a high-elevation Rocky Mountain watershed to altered climate and CO2","docAbstract":"We explored the hydrologic and ecological responses of a headwater mountain catchment, Loch Vale watershed, to climate change and doubling of atmospheric CO2 scenarios using the Regional Hydro-Ecological Simulation System (RHESSys). A slight (2°C) cooling, comparable to conditions observed over the past 40 years, led to greater snowpack and slightly less runoff, evaporation, transpiration, and plant productivity. An increase of 2°C yielded the opposite response, but model output for an increase of 4°C showed dramatic changes in timing of hydrologic responses. The snowpack was reduced by 50%, and runoff and soil water increased and occurred 4–5 weeks earlier with 4°C warming. Alpine tundra photosynthetic rates responded more to warmer and wetter conditions than subalpine forest, but subalpine forest showed a greater response to doubling of atmospheric CO2 than tundra. Even though water use efficiency increased with the double CO2 scenario, this had little effect on basin-wide runoff because the catchment is largely unvegetated. Changes in winter and spring climate conditions were more important to hydrologic and vegetation dynamics than changes that occurred during summer.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1999WR900263","usgsCitation":"Baron, J., Hartman, M.D., Band, L., and Lammers, R., 2000, Sensitivity of a high-elevation Rocky Mountain watershed to altered climate and CO2: Water Resources Research, v. 36, no. 1, p. 89-99, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999WR900263.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"89","endPage":"99","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479317,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1999wr900263","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":133158,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49ffe4b07f02db5f7a5b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baron, Jill 0000-0002-5902-6251 jill_baron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-6251","contributorId":194124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"Jill","email":"jill_baron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":322905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hartman, Melannie D.","contributorId":98836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartman","given":"Melannie","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Band, L.E.","contributorId":70342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Band","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lammers, R.B.","contributorId":67469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lammers","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1015942,"text":"1015942 - 2000 - Contaminants in ospreys from the Pacific Northwest: II. Organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury, 1991-1997","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-21T12:28:53","indexId":"1015942","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Contaminants in ospreys from the Pacific Northwest: II. Organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury, 1991-1997","docAbstract":"Eggs of ospreys (Pandion haliaetus) were collected over the period 1991 to 1997 at 111 nests in the Fraser and Columbia River drainage systems of British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon. Contents were analyzed for organochlorine (OC) pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and total mercury. Blood samples were taken from nestling ospreys at two time points during the 1992 breeding season on the Thompson River and analyzed for non-ortho PCBs. Concentrations of DDE and related compounds showed high variability among individual eggs within study areas and no significant differences in mean concentrations among study areas. Some eggs contained high concentrations of DDE, up to 20 mg/kg (wet weight), for which there were no evident local sources, suggesting that exposure occurred outside of the breeding grounds. Most other OC pesticides measured in osprey eggs showed a similar distribution, although mean concentrations of chlordane-related compounds were generally, and in some cases significantly, higher in samples collected from the Columbia River sites compared to elsewhere. Significantly greater concentrations of PCBs were found in eggs from the Columbia River basin compared to the Fraser. This was attributed to extensive development of hydroelectric generation and related industries on the Columbia system. Significant differences among sites were also found in the pattern of PCB congeners, e.g., eggs from the lower Columbia River site had proportionally greater concentrations of less chlorinated, Aroclor 1242–type PCBs compared to other sites. In contrast, eggs from upper reaches of the Columbia River had relatively greater amounts of Aroclor 1254 and 1260 congeners. Mercury concentrations in osprey eggs tended to be uniform among sites and comparable to those reported in the literature for ospreys nesting on naturally formed lakes and rivers. There were no significant temporal changes in mean concentrations of any of the measured compounds at sites monitored from 1991 to 1997.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s002449910012","usgsCitation":"Elliott, J.E., Macmer, M., Wilson, L.K., and Henny, C.J., 2000, Contaminants in ospreys from the Pacific Northwest: II. Organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury, 1991-1997: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 38, no. 1, p. 93-106, https://doi.org/10.1007/s002449910012.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"93","endPage":"106","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131841,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afde4b07f02db696e8b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elliott, J. E.","contributorId":19914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Macmer, M.M.","contributorId":65811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Macmer","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilson, L. K.","contributorId":99511,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wilson","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Henny, Charles J. 0000-0001-7474-350X hennyc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7474-350X","contributorId":3461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henny","given":"Charles","email":"hennyc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":323334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1015943,"text":"1015943 - 2000 - Viability of piping plover Charadrius melodus metapopulations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-30T15:29:40.251357","indexId":"1015943","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1015,"text":"Biological Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Viability of piping plover Charadrius melodus metapopulations","docAbstract":"The metapopulation viability analysis package, VORTEX, was used to examine viability and recovery objectives for piping plovers Charadrius melodus, an endangered shorebird that breeds in three distinct regions of North America. Baseline models indicate that while Atlantic Coast populations, under current management practices, are at little risk of near-term extinction, Great Plains and Great Lakes populations require 36% higher mean fecundity for a significant probability of persisting for the next 100 years. Metapopulation structure (i.e. the delineation of populations within the metapopulation) and interpopulation dispersal rates had varying effects on model results; however, spatially-structured metapopulations exhibited lower viability than that reported for single-population models. The models were most sensitive to variation in survivorship; hence, additional mortality data will improve their accuracy. With this information, such models become useful tools in identifying successful management objectives; and sensitivity analyses, even in the absence of some data, may indicate which options are likely to be most effective. Metapopulation viability models are best suited for developing conservation strategies for achieving recovery objectives based on maintaining an externally derived, target population size and structure.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0006-3207(99)00050-6","usgsCitation":"Plissner, J.H., and Haig, S.M., 2000, Viability of piping plover Charadrius melodus metapopulations: Biological Conservation, v. 92, no. 2, p. 163-173, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(99)00050-6.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"163","endPage":"173","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131667,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.78515624999999,\n 37.16031654673677\n ],\n [\n -84.990234375,\n 37.16031654673677\n ],\n [\n -84.990234375,\n 53.12040528310657\n ],\n [\n -114.78515624999999,\n 53.12040528310657\n ],\n [\n -114.78515624999999,\n 37.16031654673677\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"92","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a13e4b07f02db601fb9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plissner, Jonathan H.","contributorId":44880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plissner","given":"Jonathan","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haig, Susan M. 0000-0002-6616-7589 susan_haig@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6616-7589","contributorId":719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haig","given":"Susan","email":"susan_haig@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":323338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022709,"text":"70022709 - 2000 - Testing assumptions for unbiased estimation of survival of radiomarked harlequin ducks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-13T12:01:11","indexId":"70022709","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Testing assumptions for unbiased estimation of survival of radiomarked harlequin ducks","docAbstract":"Unbiased estimates of survival based on individuals outfitted with radiotransmitters require meeting the assumptions that radios do not affect survival, and animals for which the radio signal is lost have the same survival probability as those for which fate is known. In most survival studies, researchers have made these assumptions without testing their validity. We tested these assumptions by comparing interannual recapture rates (and, by inference, survival) between radioed and unradioed adult female harlequin ducks (Histrionicus histrionicus), and for radioed females, between right-censored birds (i.e., those for which the radio signal was lost during the telemetry monitoring period) and birds with known fates. We found that recapture rates of birds equipped with implanted radiotransmitters (21.6 ± 3.0%; x̄ ± SE) were similar to unradioed birds (21.7 ± 8.6%), suggesting that radios did not affect survival. Recapture rates also were similar between right-censored (20.6 ± 5.1%) and known-fate individuals (22.1 ± 3.8%), suggesting that missing birds were not subject to differential mortality. We also determined that capture and handling resulted in short-term loss of body mass for both radioed and unradioed females and that this effect was more pronounced for radioed birds (the difference between groups was 15.4 ± 7.1 g). However, no difference existed in body mass after recapture 1 year later. Our study suggests that implanted radios are an unbiased method for estimating survival of harlequin ducks and likely other species under similar circumstances.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3803257","issn":"0022541X","usgsCitation":"Esler, D., Mulcahy, D.M., and Jarvis, R.L., 2000, Testing assumptions for unbiased estimation of survival of radiomarked harlequin ducks: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 64, no. 2, p. 591-598, https://doi.org/10.2307/3803257.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"591","endPage":"598","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233747,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Prince William Sound","volume":"64","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba5bfe4b08c986b320c4f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Esler, Daniel 0000-0001-5501-4555 desler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5501-4555","contributorId":5465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esler","given":"Daniel","email":"desler@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":12437,"text":"Simon Fraser University, Centre for Wildlife Ecology","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":394615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mulcahy, Daniel M. dmulcahy@usgs.gov","contributorId":3102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mulcahy","given":"Daniel","email":"dmulcahy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":394617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jarvis, Robert L.","contributorId":112518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jarvis","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022359,"text":"70022359 - 2000 - Fracture process zone in granite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-07T14:44:18.421499","indexId":"70022359","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fracture process zone in granite","docAbstract":"In uniaxial compression tests performed on Aue granite cores (diameter 50 mm, length 100 mm), a steel loading plate was used to induce the formation of a discrete shear fracture. A zone of distributed microcracks surrounds the tip of the propagating fracture. This process zone is imaged by locating acoustic emission events using 12 piezoceramic sensors attached to the samples. Propagation velocity of the process zone is varied by using the rate of acoustic emissions to control the applied axial force. The resulting velocities range from 2 mm/s in displacement-controlled tests to 2 μm/s in tests controlled by acoustic emission rate. Wave velocities and amplitudes are monitored during fault formation. P waves transmitted through the approaching process zone show a drop in amplitude of 26 dB, and ultrasonic velocities are reduced by 10%. The width of the process zone is ∼9 times the grain diameter inferred from acoustic data but is only 2 times the grain size from optical crack inspection. The process zone of fast propagating fractures is wider than for slow ones. The density of microcracks and acoustic emissions increases approaching the main fracture. Shear displacement scales linearly with fracture length. Fault plane solutions from acoustic events show similar orientation of nodal planes on both sides of the shear fracture. The ratio of the process zone width to the fault length in Aue granite ranges from 0.01 to 0.1 inferred from crack data and acoustic emissions, respectively. The fracture surface energy is estimated from microstructure analysis to be ∼2 J. A lower bound estimate for the energy dissipated by acoustic events is 0.1 J.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000JB900239","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Zang, A., Wagner, F., Stanchits, S., Janssen, C., and Dresen, G., 2000, Fracture process zone in granite: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 105, no. B10, p. 23651-23661, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JB900239.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"23651","endPage":"23661","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230421,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"105","issue":"B10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-10-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a13b3e4b0c8380cd5474f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zang, A.","contributorId":31144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zang","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wagner, F.C.","contributorId":68490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wagner","given":"F.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stanchits, S.","contributorId":108276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanchits","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Janssen, C.","contributorId":52359,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Janssen","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dresen, G.","contributorId":80847,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dresen","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70022418,"text":"70022418 - 2000 - Partitioning sources of variation in vertebrate species richness","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:47","indexId":"70022418","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2193,"text":"Journal of Biogeography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Partitioning sources of variation in vertebrate species richness","docAbstract":"Aim: To explore biogeographic patterns of terrestrial vertebrates in Maine, USA using techniques that would describe local and spatial correlations with the environment. Location: Maine, USA. Methods: We delineated the ranges within Maine (86,156 km2) of 275 species using literature and expert review. Ranges were combined into species richness maps, and compared to geomorphology, climate, and woody plant distributions. Methods were adapted that compared richness of all vertebrate classes to each environmental correlate, rather than assessing a single explanatory theory. We partitioned variation in species richness into components using tree and multiple linear regression. Methods were used that allowed for useful comparisons between tree and linear regression results. For both methods we partitioned variation into broad-scale (spatially autocorrelated) and fine-scale (spatially uncorrelated) explained and unexplained components. By partitioning variance, and using both tree and linear regression in analyses, we explored the degree of variation in species richness for each vertebrate group that Could be explained by the relative contribution of each environmental variable. Results: In tree regression, climate variation explained richness better (92% of mean deviance explained for all species) than woody plant variation (87%) and geomorphology (86%). Reptiles were highly correlated with environmental variation (93%), followed by mammals, amphibians, and birds (each with 84-82% deviance explained). In multiple linear regression, climate was most closely associated with total vertebrate richness (78%), followed by woody plants (67%) and geomorphology (56%). Again, reptiles were closely correlated with the environment (95%), followed by mammals (73%), amphibians (63%) and birds (57%). Main conclusions: Comparing variation explained using tree and multiple linear regression quantified the importance of nonlinear relationships and local interactions between species richness and environmental variation, identifying the importance of linear relationships between reptiles and the environment, and nonlinear relationships between birds and woody plants, for example. Conservation planners should capture climatic variation in broad-scale designs; temperatures may shift during climate change, but the underlying correlations between the environment and species richness will presumably remain.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Biogeography","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00386.x","issn":"03050270","usgsCitation":"Boone, R., and Krohn, W., 2000, Partitioning sources of variation in vertebrate species richness: Journal of Biogeography, v. 27, no. 2, p. 457-470, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00386.x.","startPage":"457","endPage":"470","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230872,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206823,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00386.x"}],"volume":"27","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-12-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7546e4b0c8380cd77a9e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boone, R.B.","contributorId":58416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boone","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krohn, W.B.","contributorId":64355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krohn","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022355,"text":"70022355 - 2000 - Earthquake stress triggers, stress shadows, and seismic hazard","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:48","indexId":"70022355","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1359,"text":"Current Science","onlineIssn":"0011-3891","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquake stress triggers, stress shadows, and seismic hazard","docAbstract":"Many aspects of earthquake mechanics remain an enigma at the beginning of the twenty-first century. One potential bright spot is the realization that simple calculations of stress changes may explain some earthquake interactions, just as previous and ongoing studies of stress changes have begun to explain human- induced seismicity. This paper, which is an update of Harris1, reviews many published works and presents a compilation of quantitative earthquake-interaction studies from a stress change perspective. This synthesis supplies some clues about certain aspects of earthquake mechanics. It also demonstrates that much work remains to be done before we have a complete story of how earthquakes work.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Current Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00113891","usgsCitation":"Harris, R., 2000, Earthquake stress triggers, stress shadows, and seismic hazard: Current Science, v. 79, no. 9, p. 1215-1225.","startPage":"1215","endPage":"1225","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230377,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"79","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0505e4b0c8380cd50c0a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harris, R.A. 0000-0002-9247-0768","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9247-0768","contributorId":41849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"R.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70022371,"text":"70022371 - 2000 - 206Pb-230Th-234U-238U and 207Pb-235U geochronology of Quaternary opal, Yucca Mountain, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-03T12:59:15","indexId":"70022371","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"206Pb-230Th-234U-238U and 207Pb-235U geochronology of Quaternary opal, Yucca Mountain, Nevada","docAbstract":"U–Th–Pb isotopic systems have been studied in submillimeter-thick outermost layers of Quaternary opal occurring in calcite–silica fracture and cavity coatings within Tertiary tuffs at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, USA. These coatings preserve a record of paleohydrologic conditions at this site, which is being evaluated as a potential high-level nuclear waste repository. The opal precipitated from groundwater is variably enriched in 234U (measured 234U/238U activity ratio 1.124–6.179) and has high U (30–313 ppm), low Th (0.008–3.7 ppm), and low common Pb concentrations (measured 206Pb/204Pb up to 11,370). It has been demonstrated that the laboratory acid treatment used in this study to clean sample surfaces and to remove adherent calcite, did not disturb U–Th–Pb isotopic systems in opal.
\nThe opal ages calculated from 206Pb∗/238U and 207Pb∗/235U ratios display strong reverse discordance because of excess radiogenic 206Pb∗ derived from the elevated initial 234U. The data are best interpreted using projections of a new four-dimensional concordia diagram defined by 206Pb∗/238U, 207Pb∗/235U, 234U/238Uactivity, and 230Th/238Uactivity. Ages and initial 234U/238U activity ratios have been calculated using different projections of this diagram and tested for concordance. The data are discordant, that is observed 207Pb∗/235U ages of 170 ± 32 (2σ) to 1772 ± 40 ka are systematically older than 230Th/U ages of 34.1 ± 0.6 to 452 ± 32 ka.
\nThe age discordance is not a result of migration of uranium and its decay products under the open system conditions, but a consequence of noninstantaneous growth of opal. Combined U–Pb and 230Th/U ages support the model of slow mineral deposition at the rates of millimeters per million years resulting in layering on a scale too fine for mechanical sampling. In this case, U–Pb ages provide more accurate estimates of the average age for mixed multiage samples than 230Th/U ages, because ages based on shorter-lived isotopes are nonlinearly biased by younger mineral additions.
\nUse of the combined U–Th–Pb technique to date Yucca Mountain Quaternary opals significantly extends the age range beyond that of the 230Th/U dating method and shows that selected fracture pathways in the unsaturated zone felsic tuffs of Yucca Mountain have been active throughout the Quaternary.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00408-7","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Neymark, L.A., Amelin, Y.V., and Paces, J.B., 2000, 206Pb-230Th-234U-238U and 207Pb-235U geochronology of Quaternary opal, Yucca Mountain, Nevada: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 64, no. 17, p. 2913-2928, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00408-7.","startPage":"2913","endPage":"2928","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206750,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00408-7"},{"id":230714,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"64","issue":"17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e24fe4b0c8380cd45a9d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Neymark, Leonid A. lneymark@usgs.gov","contributorId":532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neymark","given":"Leonid","email":"lneymark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":393410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Amelin, Yuri V.","contributorId":96863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Amelin","given":"Yuri","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Paces, James B. 0000-0002-9809-8493 jbpaces@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9809-8493","contributorId":2514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paces","given":"James","email":"jbpaces@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":393411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022372,"text":"70022372 - 2000 - Characterization methods for fractured glacial tills","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-17T16:19:30","indexId":"70022372","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2938,"text":"Ohio Journal of Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characterization methods for fractured glacial tills","docAbstract":"This paper provides a literature review of methods successfully employed to characterize finegrained and fractured or unfractured glacial deposits. Descriptions and examples are given for four major categories of characterization methods: physical, hydraulic, chemical, and indirect. Characterization methods have evolved significantly within the past ten years; however, there still exists uncertainty about the reliability of individual characterization methods applied to till deposits. Therefore, a combination of methods is best, the choice of which depends on the objectives of the work. Sampling methods, sampling scales, and reporting methods are extremely important and should be considered when interpreting and comparing results between sites. Recognition of these issues is necessary to ensure that decisions regarding the transport of fluids in fractured tills are not based on the assumption that poorly permeable tills are always an inhibitor of subsurface flow.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ohio Journal of Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00300950","usgsCitation":"Haefner, R., 2000, Characterization methods for fractured glacial tills: Ohio Journal of Science, v. 100, no. 3-4, p. 73-87.","startPage":"73","endPage":"87","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230715,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269506,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/handle/1811/23858"}],"volume":"100","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f4b2e4b0c8380cd4be7f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haefner, R.J.","contributorId":72393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haefner","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70022395,"text":"70022395 - 2000 - Methods for accurate estimation of net discharge in a tidal channel","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-26T12:43:07","indexId":"70022395","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1941,"text":"IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Methods for accurate estimation of net discharge in a tidal channel","docAbstract":"Accurate estimates of net residual discharge in tidally affected rivers and estuaries are possible because of recently developed ultrasonic discharge measurement techniques. Previous discharge estimates using conventional mechanical current meters and methods based on stage/discharge relations or water slope measurements often yielded errors that were as great as or greater than the computed residual discharge. Ultrasonic measurement methods consist of: 1) the use of ultrasonic instruments for the measurement of a representative 'index' velocity used for in situ estimation of mean water velocity and 2) the use of the acoustic Doppler current discharge measurement system to calibrate the index velocity measurement data. Methods used to calibrate (rate) the index velocity to the channel velocity measured using the Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler are the most critical factors affecting the accuracy of net discharge estimation. The index velocity first must be related to mean channel velocity and then used to calculate instantaneous channel discharge. Finally, discharge is low-pass filtered to remove the effects of the tides. An ultrasonic velocity meter discharge-measurement site in a tidally affected region of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Rivers was used to study the accuracy of the index velocity calibration procedure. Calibration data consisting of ultrasonic velocity meter index velocity and concurrent acoustic Doppler discharge measurement data were collected during three time periods. Two sets of data were collected during a spring tide (monthly maximum tidal current) and one of data collected during a neap tide (monthly minimum tidal current). The relative magnitude of instrumental errors, acoustic Doppler discharge measurement errors, and calibration errors were evaluated. Calibration error was found to be the most significant source of error in estimating net discharge. Using a comprehensive calibration method, net discharge estimates developed from the three sets of calibration data differed by less than an average of 4 cubic meters per second, or less than 0.5% of a typical peak tidal discharge rate of 750 cubic meters per second.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","publisherLocation":"Piscataway, NJ, United States","doi":"10.1109/48.895351","issn":"03649059","usgsCitation":"Simpson, M., and Bland, R., 2000, Methods for accurate estimation of net discharge in a tidal channel: IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, v. 25, no. 4, p. 437-445, https://doi.org/10.1109/48.895351.","startPage":"437","endPage":"445","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230497,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206664,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/48.895351"}],"volume":"25","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5599e4b0c8380cd6d239","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Simpson, M.R.","contributorId":105340,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simpson","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bland, R.","contributorId":33482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bland","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1017426,"text":"1017426 - 2000 - Pepperweed: a growing threat to western wildlife habitat","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-07-06T01:01:41","indexId":"1017426","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3030,"text":"People, Land, and Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pepperweed: a growing threat to western wildlife habitat","docAbstract":"Counts on photographs and visual estimates of the numbers of territorial gulls are usually reliable indicators of the number of gull nests, but single visual estimates are not adequate to measure the number of nests in individual colonies. To properly interpret gull counts requires that several islands with known numbers of nests be photographed to establish the ratio of gulls to nests applicable for a given local census. Visual estimates are adequate to determine total breeding gull numbers by regions. Neither visual estimates nor photography will reliably detect annual changes of less than about 2.5 percent.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"People, Land, and Water","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Gilmer, D., 2000, Pepperweed: a growing threat to western wildlife habitat: People, Land, and Water, no. July/August.","productDescription":"p. 27","startPage":"27","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131815,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"July/August","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db6887d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gilmer, D.S.","contributorId":22270,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilmer","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}