{"pageNumber":"3275","pageRowStart":"81850","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184904,"records":[{"id":70022081,"text":"70022081 - 2000 - Facies patterns and conodont biogeography in Arctic Alaska and the Canadian Arctic Islands: Evidence against juxtaposition of these areas during early Paleozoic time","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-16T16:52:27.381337","indexId":"70022081","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3097,"text":"Polarforschung","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Facies patterns and conodont biogeography in Arctic Alaska and the Canadian Arctic Islands: Evidence against juxtaposition of these areas during early Paleozoic time","docAbstract":"Differences in lithofacies and biofacies suggest that lower Paleozoic rocks now exposed in Arctic Alaska and the Canadian Arctic Islands did not form as part of a single depositional system. Lithologic contrasts are noted in shallow- and deep-water strata and are especially marked in Ordovician and Silurian rocks. A widespread intraplatform basin of Early and Middle Ordovician age in northern Alaska has no counterpart in the Canadian Arctic, and the regional drowning and backstepping of the Silurian shelf margin in Canada has no known parallel in northern Alaska. Lower Paleozoic basinal facies in northern Alaska are chiefly siliciclastic, whereas resedimented carbonates are volumetrically important in Canada. Micro- and macrofossil assemblages from northern Alaska contain elements typical of both Siberian and Laurentian biotic provinces; coeval Canadian Arctic assemblages contain Laurentian forms but lack Siberian species. Siberian affinities in northern Alaskan biotas persist from at least Middle Cambrian through Mississippian time and appear to decrease in intensity from present-day west to east. Our lithologic and biogeographic data are most compatible with the hypothesis that northern Alaska-Chukotka formed a discrete tectonic block situated between Siberia and Laurentia in early Paleozoic time. If Arctic Alaska was juxtaposed with the Canadian Arctic prior to opening of the Canada basin, biotic constraints suggest that such juxtaposition took place no earlier than late Paleozoic time.","language":"English","publisher":"Copernicus Publishing","doi":"10.2312/polarforschung.68.257","issn":"00322490","usgsCitation":"Dumoulin, J.A., Harris, A., Bradley, D.C., and De Freitas, T.A., 2000, Facies patterns and conodont biogeography in Arctic Alaska and the Canadian Arctic Islands: Evidence against juxtaposition of these areas during early Paleozoic time: Polarforschung, v. 68, no. 1-3, p. 257-266, https://doi.org/10.2312/polarforschung.68.257.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"257","endPage":"266","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230514,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Arctic","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -164.53125,\n              68.39918004344189\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.796875,\n              69.65708627301174\n            ],\n            [\n              -133.2421875,\n              66.93006025862448\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.8671875,\n              66.37275500247455\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.3984375,\n              59.88893689676585\n            ],\n            [\n              -62.9296875,\n              61.938950426660604\n            ],\n            [\n              -59.4140625,\n              67.06743335108298\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.9375,\n              74.49641311694307\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.1796875,\n              78.63000556774836\n            ],\n            [\n              -60.46875,\n              82.40242347938855\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.0390625,\n              83.27770503961696\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.34374999999999,\n              83.52016238353205\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.515625,\n              82.1183836069127\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.22656249999999,\n              79.74993207509453\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.60937499999999,\n              79.10508621944108\n            ],\n            [\n              -126.21093749999999,\n              76.9999351181161\n            ],\n            [\n              -131.1328125,\n              71.85622888185527\n            ],\n            [\n              -137.109375,\n              70.49557354093136\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.1484375,\n              72.39570570653261\n            ],\n            [\n              -166.640625,\n              70.8446726342528\n            ],\n            [\n              -164.53125,\n              68.39918004344189\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"68","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0e8de4b0c8380cd534ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dumoulin, Julie A. 0000-0003-1754-1287 dumoulin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1754-1287","contributorId":203209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dumoulin","given":"Julie","email":"dumoulin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":392299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harris, A. G.","contributorId":39791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"A. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bradley, D. C.","contributorId":17634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"De Freitas, T. A.","contributorId":40077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"De Freitas","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70022244,"text":"70022244 - 2000 - Testing methods to produce landscape-scale presettlement vegetation maps from the U.S. public land survey records","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:47","indexId":"70022244","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2602,"text":"Landscape Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Testing methods to produce landscape-scale presettlement vegetation maps from the U.S. public land survey records","docAbstract":"The U.S. Public Land Survey (PLS) notebooks are one of the best records of the pre-European settlement landscape and are widely used to recreate presettlement vegetation maps. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relative ability of several interpolation techniques to map this vegetation, as sampled by the PLS surveyors, at the landscape level. Field data from Sylvania Wilderness Area, MI (U.S.A.), sampled at the same scale as the PLS data, were used for this test. Sylvania is comprised of a forested landscape similar to that present during presettlement times. Data were analyzed using two Arc/Info interpolation processes and indicator kriging. The resulting maps were compared to a 'correct' map of Sylvania, which was classified from aerial photographs. We found that while the interpolation methods used accurately estimated the relative forest composition of the landscape and the order of dominance of different vegetation types, they were unable to accurately estimate the actual area occupied by each vegetation type. Nor were any of the methods we tested able to recreate the landscape patterns found in the natural landscape. The most likely cause for these inabilities is the scale at which the field data (and hence the PLS data) were recorded. Therefore, these interpolation methods should not be used with the PLS data to recreate pre-European settlement vegetation at small scales (e.g., less than several townships or areas < 104 ha). Recommendations are given for ways to increase the accuracy of these vegetation maps.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Landscape Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1008115200471","issn":"09212973","usgsCitation":"Manies, K., and Mladenoff, D., 2000, Testing methods to produce landscape-scale presettlement vegetation maps from the U.S. public land survey records: Landscape Ecology, v. 15, no. 8, p. 741-754, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008115200471.","startPage":"741","endPage":"754","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206644,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008115200471"},{"id":230449,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba5c9e4b08c986b320c9d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Manies, K.L.","contributorId":23228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manies","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mladenoff, D.J.","contributorId":18881,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mladenoff","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70022454,"text":"70022454 - 2000 - Role of lake regulation on glacier fed rivers in enhancing salmon productivity: The Cook Inlet watershed south central Alaska, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:42","indexId":"70022454","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Role of lake regulation on glacier fed rivers in enhancing salmon productivity: The Cook Inlet watershed south central Alaska, USA","docAbstract":"Rivers fed by glaciers constitute a major part of the freshwater runoff into the Cook Inlet basin of south-central Alaska. This basin is very important to the economy of the State of Alaska because it is home to more than half of the population and it supports multi-million dollar commercial, subsistence and sport fisheries. Hence an understanding of how glacial runoff influences biological productivity is important for managing rivers that drain into Cook Inlet. This paper examines the ways in which the regulation of glacier-fed rivers by proglacial lakes affects salmon productivity, with particular reference to the Kenai River. Salmon escapement per unit channel length on the Kenai River is between two and ten times that found for rain-and-snowmelt dominated rivers and glacier-fed rivers lacking lake regulation. Lakes are shown to influence biological processes in glacier-fed rivers by attenuating peak flows, sustaining high flows throughout the summer, supplementing winter low flows, settling suspended sediment, and increasing river temperatures. Downstream from large lakes, glacier-fed rivers are less disturbed, channels are relatively stable and have well-developed salmonid habitats. The positive influences are indicated by the high diversity and abundances of benthic macroinvertebrates, which are important food resources for juvenile salmonids. High summer flows allow access for up-river salmon runs and lakes also provide both overwintering and rearing habitat. Copyright ?? 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Rivers fed by glaciers constitute a major part of the freshwater runoff into the Cook Inlet basin of south-central Alaska. This basin is very important to the economy of the State of Alaska because it is home to more than half of the population and it supports multi-million dollar commercial, subsistence and sport fisheries. Hence an understanding of how glacial runoff influences biological productivity is important for managing rivers that drain into Cook Inlet. This paper examines the ways in which the regulation of glacier-fed rivers by proglacial lakes affects salmon productivity, with particular reference to the Kenai River. Salmon escapement per unit channel length on the Kenai River is between two and ten times that found for rain-and-snowmelt dominated rivers and glacier-fed rivers lacking lake regulation. Lakes are shown to influence biological processes in glacier-fed rivers by attenuating peak flows, sustaining high flows throughout the summer, supplementing winter low flows, settling suspended sediment, and increasing river temperatures. Downstream from large lakes, glacier-fed rivers are less disturbed, channels are relatively stable and have well-developed salmonid habitats. The positive influences are indicated by the high diversity and abundances of benthic macroinvertebrates, which are important food resources for juvenile salmonids. High summer flows allow access for up-river salmon runs and lakes also provide both overwintering and rearing habitat.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological Processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"John Wiley & Sons Ltd","publisherLocation":"Chichester, United Kingdom","doi":"10.1002/1099-1085(200011/12)14:16/17<3149::AID-HYP139>3.0.CO;2-Y","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Hupp, C., 2000, Role of lake regulation on glacier fed rivers in enhancing salmon productivity: The Cook Inlet watershed south central Alaska, USA: Hydrological Processes, v. 14, no. 16-17, p. 3149-3159, https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1085(200011/12)14:16/17<3149::AID-HYP139>3.0.CO;2-Y.","startPage":"3149","endPage":"3159","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206808,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1099-1085(200011/12)14:16/17<3149::AID-HYP139>3.0.CO;2-Y"},{"id":230834,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"16-17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aae57e4b0c8380cd87096","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hupp, C.R. 0000-0003-1853-9197","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1853-9197","contributorId":78775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hupp","given":"C.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70022487,"text":"70022487 - 2000 - Storm impact scale for barrier islands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:43","indexId":"70022487","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2220,"text":"Journal of Coastal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Storm impact scale for barrier islands","docAbstract":"A new scale is proposed that categorizes impacts to natural barrier islands resulting from tropical and extra-tropical storms. The proposed scale is fundamentally different than existing storm-related scales in that the coupling between forcing processes and the geometry of the coast is explicitly included. Four regimes, representing different levels of impact, are defined. Within each regime, patterns and relative magnitudes of net erosion and accretion are argued to be unique. The borders between regimes represent thresholds defining where processes and magnitudes of impacts change dramatically. Impact level 1 is the 'swash' regime describing a storm where runup is confined to the foreshore. The foreshore typically erodes during the storm and recovers following the storm; hence, there is no net change. Impact level 2 is the 'collision' regime describing a storm where the wave runup exceeds the threshold of the base of the foredune ridge. Swash impacts the dune forcing net erosion. Impact level 3 is the 'overwash' regime describing a storm where wave runup overtops the berm or, if present, the foredune ridge. The associated net landward sand transport contributes to net migration of the barrier landward. Impact level 4 is the 'inundation' regime describing a storm where the storm surge is sufficient to completely and continuously submerge the barrier island. Sand undergoes net landward transport over the barrier island; limited evidence suggests the quantities and distance of transport are much greater than what occurs during the 'overwash' regime.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Coastal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"07490208","usgsCitation":"Sallenger, A.H., 2000, Storm impact scale for barrier islands: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 16, no. 3, p. 890-895.","startPage":"890","endPage":"895","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230684,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9876e4b08c986b31c04d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sallenger, A. H. Jr.","contributorId":8818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sallenger","given":"A.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70022305,"text":"70022305 - 2000 - Entrainment of riparian gravel and cobbles in an alluvial reach of a regulated canyon river","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-23T14:43:55","indexId":"70022305","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3246,"text":"Regulated Rivers: Research & Management","printIssn":"0886-9375","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Entrainment of riparian gravel and cobbles in an alluvial reach of a regulated canyon river","docAbstract":"<p>Many canyon rivers have channels and riparian zones composed of alluvial materials and these reaches, dominated by fluvial processes, are sensitive to alterations in streamflow regime. Prior to reservoir construction in the mid-1960s, banks and bars in alluvial reaches of the Gunnison River in the Black Canyon National Monument, Colorado, USA, periodically were reworked and cleared of riparian vegetation by mainstem floods. Recent interest in maintaining near-natural conditions in the Black Canyon using reservoir releases has created a need to estimate sediment-entraining discharges for a variety of geomorphic surfaces composed of sediment ranging in size from gravel to small boulders.</p><p>Sediment entrainment potential was studied at eight cross-sections in an alluvial reach of the Gunnison River in the Black Canyon in 1994 and 1995. A one-dimensional water-surface profile model was used to estimate water-surface elevations, flow depths, and hydraulic conditions on selected alluvial surfaces for discharges ranging from 57 to 570 m<sup>3</sup>/s. Onsite observations before and after a flood of 270 m<sup>3</sup>/s confirmed sediment entrainment on several surfaces inundated by the flood. Selective entrainment of all but the largest particle sizes on the surface occurred at some locations. Physical evidence of sediment entrainment, or absence of sediment entrainment, on inundated surfaces generally was consistent with critical shear stresses estimated with a dimensionless critical shear stress of 0.030. Sediment-entrainment potential over a range of discharges was summarized by the ratio of the local boundary shear stress to the critical shear stress for<span>&nbsp;</span><i>d</i><sub>50</sub>, given hydraulic geometry and sediment-size characteristics. Differing entrainment potential for similar geomorphic surfaces indicates that estimation of minimum streamflow requirements based on sediment mobility is site-specific and that there is no unique streamflow that will initiate movement of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>d</i><sub>50</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>at every geomorphically similar location in the Black Canyon.<span>&nbsp;</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1099-1646(200001/02)16:1<37::AID-RRR564>3.0.CO;2-V","usgsCitation":"Elliott, J.G., and Hammack, L.A., 2000, Entrainment of riparian gravel and cobbles in an alluvial reach of a regulated canyon river: Regulated Rivers: Research & Management, v. 16, no. 1, p. 37-50, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1646(200001/02)16:1<37::AID-RRR564>3.0.CO;2-V.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"37","endPage":"50","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230826,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Black Canyon National Monument, Gunnison River","volume":"16","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0982e4b0c8380cd51f51","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elliott, John G. jelliott@usgs.gov","contributorId":832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"John","email":"jelliott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":393084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hammack, Lauren A.","contributorId":57898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammack","given":"Lauren","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70022142,"text":"70022142 - 2000 - Characterization of seismic hazard and structural response by energy flux","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:45","indexId":"70022142","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3418,"text":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characterization of seismic hazard and structural response by energy flux","docAbstract":"Seismic safety of structures depends on the structure's ability to absorb the seismic energy that is transmitted from ground to structure. One parameter that can be used to characterize seismic energy is the energy flux. Energy flux is defined as the amount of energy transmitted per unit time through a cross-section of a medium, and is equal to kinetic energy multiplied by the propagation velocity of seismic waves. The peak or the integral of energy flux can be used to characterize ground motions. By definition, energy flux automatically accounts for site amplification. Energy flux in a structure can be studied by formulating the problem as a wave propagation problem. For buildings founded on layered soil media and subjected to vertically incident plane shear waves, energy flux equations are derived by modeling the buildings as an extension of the layered soil medium, and considering each story as another layer. The propagation of energy flux in the layers is described in terms of the upgoing and downgoing energy flux in each layer, and the energy reflection and transmission coefficients at each interface. The formulation results in a pair of simple finite-difference equations for each layer, which can be solved recursively starting from the bedrock. The upgoing and downgoing energy flux in the layers allows calculation of the energy demand and energy dissipation in each layer. The methodology is applicable to linear, as well as nonlinear structures. ?? 2000 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0267-7261(00)00036-1","issn":"02677261","usgsCitation":"Afak, E., 2000, Characterization of seismic hazard and structural response by energy flux: Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, v. 20, no. 1-4, p. 39-43, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0267-7261(00)00036-1.","startPage":"39","endPage":"43","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206801,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0267-7261(00)00036-1"},{"id":230818,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f4d9e4b0c8380cd4bf71","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Afak, E.","contributorId":46729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Afak","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70022273,"text":"70022273 - 2000 - Strong motion from surface waves in deep sedimentary basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-19T13:44:21.426905","indexId":"70022273","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Strong motion from surface waves in deep sedimentary basins","docAbstract":"It is widely recognized that long-period surface waves generated by conversion of body waves at the boundaries of deep sedimentary basins make an important contribution to strong ground motion. The factors controlling the amplitude of such motion, however, are not widely understood. A study of pseudovelocity response spectra of strong-motion records from the Los Angeles Basin shows that late-arriving surface waves with group velocities of about 1 km/sec dominate the ground motion for periods of 3 sec and longer. The rate of amplitude decay for these waves is less than for the body waves and depends significantly on period, with smaller decay for longer periods. The amplitude can be modeled by the equation log y = f(M, RE) + c + bRB where y is the pseudovelocity response, f(M, RE) is an attenuation relation based on a general strong-motion data set, M is moment magnitude, RE is the distance from the source to the edge of the basin, RB is the distance from the edge of the basin to the recording site, and b and c are parameters fit to the data. The equation gives values larger by as much as a factor of 3 than given by the attenuation relationships based on general strong-motion data sets for the same source-site distance. It is clear that surface waves need to be taken into account in the design of long-period structures in deep sedimentary basins. The ground-motion levels specified by the earthquake provisions of current building codes, in California at least, accommodate the long-period ground motions from basin-edge-generated surface waves for periods of 5 sec and less and earthquakes with moment magnitudes of 7.5 or less located more than 20 km outside the basin. There may be problems at longer periods and for earthquakes located closer to the basin edge. The results of this study suggest that anelastic attenuation may need to be included in attempts to model long-period motion in deep sedimentary basins. To obtain better data on surface waves in the future, operators of strong-motion networks should take special care for the faithful recording of the long-period components of ground motion. It will also be necessary to insure that at least some selected recorders, once triggered, continue to operate for a time sufficient for the surface waves to traverse the basin. With velocities of about 1 km/sec, that time will be as long as 100 sec for a basin the size of the Los Angeles Basin.","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120000505","usgsCitation":"Joyner, W.B., 2000, Strong motion from surface waves in deep sedimentary basins: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 90, no. 6B, p. S95-S112, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120000505.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"S95","endPage":"S112","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230335,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"6B","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9b89e4b08c986b31cf57","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Joyner, William B.","contributorId":39786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Joyner","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70022334,"text":"70022334 - 2000 - Single-dilution enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for quantification of antigen-specific salmonid antibody","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-24T17:16:25.733008","indexId":"70022334","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2492,"text":"Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Single-dilution enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for quantification of antigen-specific salmonid antibody","docAbstract":"<p>An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed on the basis of testing a single dilution of serum to quantify the level of antibody to the p57 protein of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Renibacterium salmoninarum</i><span>&nbsp;</span>in sockeye salmon (<i>Oncorhynchus nerka</i>). The levels of antibody were interpolated from a standard curve constructed by relating the optical densities (OD) produced by several dilutions of a high-titer rainbow trout (<i>O. mykiss</i>) antiserum to the p57 protein. The ELISA OD values produced by as many as 36 test sera on each microplate were compared with the standard curve to calculate the antigen-specific antibody activity. Repeated measurements of 36 samples on 3 microplates on each of 6 assay dates indicated that the mean intraassay coefficient of variation (CV) was 6.68% (range, 0–23%) and the mean interassay CV was 8.29% (range, 4–16%). The antibody levels determined for the serum sample from 24 sockeye salmon vaccinated with a recombinant p57 protein generally were correlated with the levels determined by endpoint titration (<i>r</i><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>= 0.936) and with results from another ELISA that was based on extrapolation of antibody levels from a standard curve (<i>r</i><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>= 0.956). The single-dilution antibody ELISA described here increases the number of samples that can be tested on each microplate compared with immunoassays based on analysis of several dilutions of each test serum. It includes controls for interassay standardization and can be used to test fish weighing &lt;3 g.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"SAGE Publications","doi":"10.1177/104063870001200308","issn":"10406387","usgsCitation":"Alcorn, S., and Pascho, R., 2000, Single-dilution enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for quantification of antigen-specific salmonid antibody: Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, v. 12, no. 3, p. 245-252, https://doi.org/10.1177/104063870001200308.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"245","endPage":"252","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479179,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/104063870001200308","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230673,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b90dfe4b08c986b3196b6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alcorn, S.W.","contributorId":37499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alcorn","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pascho, R.J.","contributorId":65796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pascho","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70022352,"text":"70022352 - 2000 - Acute sensitivity of landslide rates to initial soil porosity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:49","indexId":"70022352","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Acute sensitivity of landslide rates to initial soil porosity","docAbstract":"Some landslides move imperceptibly downslope, whereas others accelerate catastrophically. Experimental landslides triggered by rising pore water pressure moved at sharply contrasting rates due to small differences in initial porosity. Wet sandy soil with porosity of about 0.5 contracted during slope failure, partially liquefied, and accelerated within 1 second to speeds over I meter per second. The same soil with porosity of about 0.4 dilated during failure and supped episodically at rates averaging 0.002 meter per second. Repeated slip episodes were induced by gradually rising pore water pressure and were arrested by pore dilation and attendant pore pressure decline.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1126/science.290.5491.513","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Iverson, R., Reid, M., Iverson, N., LaHusen, R., Logan, M., Mann, J., and Brien, D., 2000, Acute sensitivity of landslide rates to initial soil porosity: Science, v. 290, no. 5491, p. 513-516, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.290.5491.513.","startPage":"513","endPage":"516","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487391,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ge_at_pubs/136","text":"External Repository"},{"id":206594,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.290.5491.513"},{"id":230341,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"290","issue":"5491","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e6d7e4b0c8380cd47674","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Iverson, R.M. 0000-0002-7369-3819","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7369-3819","contributorId":16435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iverson","given":"R.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reid, M.E.","contributorId":108130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reid","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Iverson, N.R.","contributorId":19682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iverson","given":"N.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"LaHusen, R.G.","contributorId":105742,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaHusen","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Logan, M.","contributorId":45856,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Logan","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Mann, J.E.","contributorId":78905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mann","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Brien, D.L.","contributorId":43027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brien","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70022399,"text":"70022399 - 2000 - Restoration of biogeochemical function in mangrove forests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:42","indexId":"70022399","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3271,"text":"Restoration Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Restoration of biogeochemical function in mangrove forests","docAbstract":"Forest structure of mangrove restoration sites (6 and 14 years old) at two locations (Henderson Creek [HC] and Windstar [WS]) in southwest Florida differed from that of mixed-basin forests (>50 years old) with which they were once contiguous. However, the younger site (HC) was typical of natural, developing forests, whereas the older site (WS) was less well developed with low structural complexity. More stressful physicochemical conditions resulting from incomplete tidal flushing (elevated salinity) and variable topography (waterlogging) apparently affected plant survival and growth at the WS restoration site. Lower leaf fall and root production rates at the WS restoration site, compared with that at HC were partly attributable to differences in hydroedaphic conditions and structural development. However, leaf and root inputs at each restoration site were not significantly different from that in reference forests within the same physiographic setting. Macrofaunal consumption of tethered leaves also did not differ with site history, but was dramatically higher at HC compared with WS, reflecting local variation in leaf litter processing rates, primarily by snails (Melampus coffeus). Degradation of leaves and roots in mesh bags was slow overall at restoration sites, however, particularly at WS where aerobic decomposition may have been more limited. These findings indicate that local or regional factors such as salinity regime act together with site history to control primary production and turnover rates of organic matter in restoration sites. Species differences in senescent leaf nitrogen content and degradation rates further suggest that restoration sites dominated by Laguncularia racemosa and Rhizophora mangle should exhibit slower recycling of nutrients compared with natural basin forests where Avicennia germinans is more abundant. Structural development and biogeochemical functioning of restored mangrove forests thus depend on a number of factors, but site-specific as well as regional or local differences in hydrology and concomitant factors such as salinity and soil waterlogging will have a strong influence over the outcome of restoration projects.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Restoration Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1046/j.1526-100X.2000.80036.x","issn":"10612971","usgsCitation":"McKee, K., and Faulkner, P., 2000, Restoration of biogeochemical function in mangrove forests: Restoration Ecology, v. 8, no. 3, p. 247-259, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100X.2000.80036.x.","startPage":"247","endPage":"259","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206710,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100X.2000.80036.x"},{"id":230609,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-12-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaac6e4b0c8380cd8650c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKee, K.L. 0000-0001-7042-670X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7042-670X","contributorId":77113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKee","given":"K.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Faulkner, P.L.","contributorId":89688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faulkner","given":"P.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70022346,"text":"70022346 - 2000 - Preface paper to the Semi-Arid Land-Surface-Atmosphere (SALSA) Program special issue","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:47","indexId":"70022346","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Preface paper to the Semi-Arid Land-Surface-Atmosphere (SALSA) Program special issue","docAbstract":"The Semi-Arid Land-Surface-Atmosphere Program (SALSA) is a multi-agency, multi-national research effort that seeks to evaluate the consequences of natural and human-induced environmental change in semi-arid regions. The ultimate goal of SALSA is to advance scientific understanding of the semi-arid portion of the hydrosphere-biosphere interface in order to provide reliable information for environmental decision making. SALSA approaches this goal through a program of long-term, integrated observations, process research, modeling, assessment, and information management that is sustained by cooperation among scientists and information users. In this preface to the SALSA special issue, general program background information and the critical nature of semi-arid regions is presented. A brief description of the Upper San Pedro River Basin, the initial location for focused SALSA research follows. Several overarching research objectives under which much of the interdisciplinary research contained in the special issue was undertaken are discussed. Principal methods, primary research sites and data collection used by numerous investigators during 1997-1999 are then presented. Scientists from about 20 US, five European (four French and one Dutch), and three Mexican agencies and institutions have collaborated closely to make the research leading to this special issue a reality. The SALSA Program has served as a model of interagency cooperation by breaking new ground in the approach to large scale interdisciplinary science with relatively limited resources.","largerWorkTitle":"Agricultural and Forest Meteorology","language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00178-7","issn":"01681923","usgsCitation":"Goodrich, D., Chehbouni, A., Goff, B., MacNish, B., Maddock, T., Moran, S., Shuttleworth, W., Williams, D.G., Watts, C., Hipps, L., Cooper, D., Schieldge, J., Kerr, Y., Arias, H., Kirkland, M., Carlos, R., Cayrol, P., Kepner, W., Jones, B., Avissar, R., Begue, A., Bonnefond, J., Boulet, G., Branan, B., Brunel, J., Chen, L., Clarke, T., Davis, M., DeBruin, H., Dedieu, G., Elguero, E., Eichinger, W., Everitt, J., Garatuza-Payan, J., Gempko, V., Gupta, H., Harlow, C., Hartogensis, O., Helfert, M., Holifield, C., Hymer, D., Kahle, A., Keefer, T., Krishnamoorthy, S., Lhomme, J., Lagouarde, J., Lo, S.D., Luquet, D., Marsett, R., Monteny, B., Ni, W., Nouvellon, Y., Pinker, R., Peters, C., Pool, D., Qi, J., Rambal, S., Rodriguez, J., Santiago, F., Sano, E., Schaeffer, S., Schulte, M., Scott, R., Shao, X., Snyder, K., Sorooshian, S., Unkrich, C., Whitaker, M., and Yucel, I., 2000, Preface paper to the Semi-Arid Land-Surface-Atmosphere (SALSA) Program special issue, <i>in</i> Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, v. 105, no. 1-3, p. 3-20, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00178-7.","startPage":"3","endPage":"20","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479217,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/31t015cx","text":"External Repository"},{"id":206805,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00178-7"},{"id":230828,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"105","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8213e4b0c8380cd7b8ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goodrich, D.C.","contributorId":98492,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Goodrich","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chehbouni, A.","contributorId":37095,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chehbouni","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goff, B.","contributorId":101843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goff","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"MacNish, B.","contributorId":97276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacNish","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Maddock, T.","contributorId":83698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maddock","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Moran, S.","contributorId":39972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moran","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Shuttleworth, W.J.","contributorId":13772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shuttleworth","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Williams, D. G.","contributorId":68276,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Williams","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Watts, C.","contributorId":11368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watts","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Hipps, L.H.","contributorId":11369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hipps","given":"L.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Cooper, D.I.","contributorId":80851,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"D.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Schieldge, J.","contributorId":59980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schieldge","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Kerr, Y.H.","contributorId":38301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kerr","given":"Y.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Arias, H.","contributorId":50316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arias","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Kirkland, M.","contributorId":12231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirkland","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Carlos, 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,{"id":70022341,"text":"70022341 - 2000 - Regional interdisciplinary paleoflood approach to assess extreme flood potential","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-27T17:00:06","indexId":"70022341","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Regional interdisciplinary paleoflood approach to assess extreme flood potential","docAbstract":"<p><span>In the past decade, there has been a growing interest of dam safety officials to incorporate a risk‐based analysis for design‐flood hydrology. Extreme or rare floods, with probabilities in the range of about 10</span><sup>−3</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>to 10</span><sup>−7</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>chance of occurrence per year, are of continuing interest to the hydrologic and engineering communities for purposes of planning and design of structures such as dams [</span><i>National Research Council</i><span>, 1988]. The National Research Council stresses that as much information as possible about floods needs to be used for evaluation of the risk and consequences of any decision. A regional interdisciplinary paleoflood approach was developed to assist dam safety officials and floodplain managers in their assessments of the risk of large floods. The interdisciplinary components included documenting maximum paleofloods and a regional analyses of contemporary extreme rainfall and flood data to complement a site‐specific probable maximum precipitation study [</span><i>Tomlinson and Solak</i><span>, 1997]. The cost‐effective approach, which can be used in many other hydrometeorologic settings, was applied to Elkhead Reservoir in Elkhead Creek (531 km</span><sup>2</sup><span>) in northwestern Colorado; the regional study area was 10,900 km</span><sup>2</sup><span>. Paleoflood data using bouldery flood deposits and noninundation surfaces for 88 streams were used to document maximum flood discharges that have occurred during the Holocene. Several relative dating methods were used to determine the age of paleoflood deposits and noninundation surfaces. No evidence of substantial flooding was found in the study area. The maximum paleoflood of 135 m</span><sup>3</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>s</span><sup>−1</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>for Elkhead Creek is about 13% of the site‐specific probable maximum flood of 1020 m</span><sup>3</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>s</span><sup>−1</sup><span>. Flood‐frequency relations using the expected moments algorithm, which better incorporates paleoflood data, were developed to assess the risk of extreme floods. Envelope curves encompassing maximum rainfall (181 sites) and floods (218 sites) were developed for northwestern Colorado to help define maximum contemporary and Holocene flooding in Elkhead Creek and in a regional frequency context. Study results for Elkhead Reservoir were accepted by the Colorado State Engineer for dam safety certification.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000WR900098","usgsCitation":"Jarrett, R.D., and Tomlinson, E.M., 2000, Regional interdisciplinary paleoflood approach to assess extreme flood potential: Water Resources Research, v. 36, no. 10, p. 2957-2984, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000WR900098.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"2957","endPage":"2984","ipdsId":"IP-027734","costCenters":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479207,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2000wr900098","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230791,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a532e4b0e8fec6cdbd74","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jarrett, Robert D. rjarrett@usgs.gov","contributorId":2260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jarrett","given":"Robert","email":"rjarrett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":393243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tomlinson, Edward M.","contributorId":195306,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tomlinson","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70022348,"text":"70022348 - 2000 - Spreading volcanoes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:46","indexId":"70022348","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":806,"text":"Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spreading volcanoes","docAbstract":"As volcanoes grow, they become ever heavier. Unlike mountains exhumed by erosion of rocks that generally were lithified at depth, volcanoes typically are built of poorly consolidated rocks that may be further weakened by hydrothermal alteration. The substrates upon which volcanoes rest, moreover, are often sediments lithified by no more than the weight of the volcanic overburden. It is not surprising, therefore, that volcanic deformation includes-and in the long term is often dominated by-spreading motions that translate subsidence near volcanic summits to outward horizontal displacements around the flanks and peripheries. We review examples of volcanic spreading and go on to derive approximate expressions for the time volcanoes require to deform by spreading on weak substrates. We also demonstrate that shear stresses that drive low-angle thrust faulting from beneath volcanic constructs have maxima at volcanic peripheries, just where such faults are seen to emerge. Finally, we establish a theoretical basis for experimentally derived scalings that delineate volcanoes that spread from those that do not.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1146/annurev.earth.28.1.539","issn":"00846597","usgsCitation":"Borgia, A., Delaney, P., and Denlinger, R., 2000, Spreading volcanoes: Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, v. 28, p. 539-570, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.28.1.539.","startPage":"539","endPage":"570","numberOfPages":"32","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230869,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206821,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.28.1.539"}],"volume":"28","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9610e4b08c986b31b28f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Borgia, A.","contributorId":84090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borgia","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Delaney, P.T.","contributorId":69980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delaney","given":"P.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Denlinger, R.P.","contributorId":49367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denlinger","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70022118,"text":"70022118 - 2000 - The significance of microbial processes in hydrogeology and geochemistry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-07T07:08:17","indexId":"70022118","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The significance of microbial processes in hydrogeology and geochemistry","docAbstract":"Microbial processes affect the chemical composition of groundwater and the hydraulic properties of aquifers in both contaminated and pristine groundwater systems. The patterns of water-chemistry changes that occur depend upon the relative abundance of electron donors and electron acceptors. In many pristine aquifers, where microbial metabolism is limited by the availability of electron donors (usually organic matter), dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) accumulates slowly along aquifer flow paths and available electron acceptors are consumed sequentially in the order dissolved oxygen > nitrate > Fe(III) > sulfate > CO2 (methanogenesis). In aquifers contaminated by anthropogenic contaminants, an excess of available organic carbon often exists, and microbial metabolism is limited by the availability of electron acceptors. In addition to changes in groundwater chemistry, the solid matrix of the aquifer is affected by microbial processes. The production of carbon dioxide and organic acids can lead to increased mineral solubility, which can lead to the development of secondary porosity and permeability. Conversely, microbial production of carbonate, ferrous iron, and sulfide can result in the precipitation of secondary calcite or pyrite cements that reduce primary porosity and permeability in groundwater systems.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/PL00010973","issn":"14312174","usgsCitation":"Chapelle, F.H., 2000, The significance of microbial processes in hydrogeology and geochemistry: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 8, no. 1, p. 41-46, https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00010973.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"41","endPage":"46","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230442,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb031e4b08c986b324cb5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chapelle, F. H.","contributorId":101697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapelle","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70022402,"text":"70022402 - 2000 - Topography and Stratigraphy of the Northern Martian Polar Layered Deposits Using Photoclinometry, Stereogrammetry, and MOLA Altimetry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-29T16:07:13","indexId":"70022402","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Topography and Stratigraphy of the Northern Martian Polar Layered Deposits Using Photoclinometry, Stereogrammetry, and MOLA Altimetry","docAbstract":"<p>We present two photoclinometric profiles across a trough in the martian northern polar layered terrain. Complications caused by albedo variations were avoided by using an early springtime<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Viking</i><span>&nbsp;</span>image with a thin cover of seasonal CO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>frost. The topographic profiles were constrained with stereogrammetric elevations derived from summertime<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Viking</i><span>&nbsp;</span>images of the same region.</p><p>We find that the photoclinometric profiles are consistent with a nearby MOLA (Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter) track crossing the same polar trough. The trough is asymmetric, with higher relief and a steeper slope on the equatorward-facing wall. Individual layers are subdued and difficult to observe in the profiles. A decrease in both relief and elevation toward the eastern end of the trough suggests that layers become thinner to the east. Declining equatorward slopes in the eastern portion of the trough imply that erosion rates have varied along the trough. The variation in erosion rate may be linked to the change in layer thickness along the trough.</p><p>Layers have an average thickness of 19±8 m in the center of the trough and 59±32 m on the northern wall. The northern wall is most likely composed of thinner layers that are obscured. To first order, we find that a 19-m layer requires 16,000 years of deposition to form. Although this timescale does not coincide with orbital variation periods of 10<sup>5</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>and 10<sup>6</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>years, deposition rates may not be constant and thus the 16,000-year layer formation time does not preclude layer formation during part of each orbital oscillation.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Icarus","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1006/icar.2000.6459","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Fenton, L.K., and Herkenhoff, K.E., 2000, Topography and Stratigraphy of the Northern Martian Polar Layered Deposits Using Photoclinometry, Stereogrammetry, and MOLA Altimetry: Icarus, v. 147, no. 2, p. 433-443, https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.2000.6459.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"433","endPage":"443","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230644,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"147","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb4e7e4b08c986b3265f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fenton, Lori K.","contributorId":208682,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fenton","given":"Lori","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":37319,"text":"SETI Institute","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":393507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Herkenhoff, Kenneth E. 0000-0002-3153-6663 kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3153-6663","contributorId":2275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herkenhoff","given":"Kenneth","email":"kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":393506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70022171,"text":"70022171 - 2000 - Using an analytical geometry method to improve tiltmeter data presentation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-16T16:08:57.143452","indexId":"70022171","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1574,"text":"Environmental & Engineering Geoscience","printIssn":"1078-7275","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using an analytical geometry method to improve tiltmeter data presentation","docAbstract":"The tiltmeter is a useful tool for geologic and geotechnical applications. To obtain full benefit from the tiltmeter, easy and accurate data presentations should be used. Unfortunately, the most commonly used method for tilt data reduction now may yield inaccurate and low-resolution results. This article describes a simple, accurate, and high-resolution approach developed at the Illinois State Geological Survey for data reduction and presentation. The orientation of tiltplates is determined first by using a trigonometric relationship, followed by a matrix transformation, to obtain the true amount of rotation change of the tiltplate at any given time. The mathematical derivations used for the determination and transformation are then coded into an integrated PC application by adapting the capabilities of commercial spreadsheet, database, and graphics software. Examples of data presentation from tiltmeter applications in studies of landfill covers, characterizations of mine subsidence, and investigations of slope stability are also discussed.","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.2113/gseegeosci.6.3.227","issn":"10787275","usgsCitation":"Su, W., 2000, Using an analytical geometry method to improve tiltmeter data presentation: Environmental & Engineering Geoscience, v. 6, no. 3, p. 227-245, https://doi.org/10.2113/gseegeosci.6.3.227.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"227","endPage":"245","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230632,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc02ee4b08c986b329f96","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Su, Wen-June","contributorId":42719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Su","given":"Wen-June","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70022116,"text":"70022116 - 2000 - Late Albian Kiowa-Skull Creek marine transgression, lower Dakota Formation, eastern margin of Western Interior Seaway, U.S.A","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-29T20:00:30.130018","indexId":"70022116","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2451,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Research","onlineIssn":"1938-3681","printIssn":"1527-1404","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Albian Kiowa-Skull Creek marine transgression, lower Dakota Formation, eastern margin of Western Interior Seaway, U.S.A","docAbstract":"<p>An integrated geochemical-sedimentological project is studying the paleoclimatic and paleogeographic characteristics of the mid-Cretaceous greenhouse world of western North America. A critical part of this project, required to establish a temporal framework, is a stratigraphic study of depositional relationships between the Albian-Cenomanian Dakota and the Upper Albian Kiowa formations of the eastern margin of the Western Interior Seaway (WIS). Palynostratigraphic and sedimentologic analyses provide criteria for the Dakota Formation to be divided into three sedimentary sequences bounded by unconformities (D<sub>0</sub>, D<sub>1</sub>, and D<sub>2</sub>) that are recognized from western Iowa to westernmost Kansas. The lowest of these sequences, defined by unconformities D<sub>0</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>and D<sub>1</sub>, is entirely Upper Albian, and includes the largely nonmarine basal Dakota (lower part of the Nishnabotna Member) strata in western Iowa and eastern Nebraska and the marine Kiowa Formation to the southwest in Kansas. The gravel-rich fluvial deposits of the basal part of the Nishnabotna Member of the Dakota Formation correlate with transgressive marine shales of the Kiowa Formation. This is a critical relationship to establish because of the need to correlate between marine and nonmarine strata that contain both geochronologic and paleoclimatic proxy data.</p><p>The basal gravel facies (up to 40 m thick in western Iowa) aggraded in incised valleys during the Late Albian Kiowa-Skull Creek marine transgression. In southeastern Nebraska, basal gravels intertongue with carbonaceous mudrocks that contain diverse assemblages of Late Albian palynomorphs, including marine dinoflagellates and acritarchs. This palynomorph assemblage is characterized by occurrences of palynomorph taxa not known to range above the Albian Kiowa-Skull Creek depositional cycle elsewhere in the Western Interior, and correlates to the lowest of four generalized palynostratographic units that are comparable to other palynological sequences elsewhere in North America.</p><p>Tidal rhythmites in mudrocks at the Ash Grove Cement Quarry in Louisville (Cass County), Nebraska record well-developed diurnal and semimonthly tidal cycles, and moderately well developed semiannual cycles. These tidal rhythmites are interpreted to have accumulated during rising sea level at the head of a paleoestuary that experienced at least occasional mesotidal conditions. This scenario places the gravel-bearing lower part of the Nishnabotna Member of the Dakota Formation in the mouth of an incised valley of an Upper Albian transgressive systems tract deposited along a tidally influenced coast. Furthermore, it provides a depositional setting consistent with the biostratigraphic correlation of the lower part of the Nishnabotna Member of the Dakota Formation to the marine Kiowa Formation of Kansas.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Sedimentary Geology","doi":"10.1306/2DC4093E-0E47-11D7-8643000102C1865D","issn":"15271404","usgsCitation":"Brenner, R.L., Ludvigson, G.A., Witzke, B., Zawistoski, A., Kvale, E., Ravn, R., and Joeckel, R.M., 2000, Late Albian Kiowa-Skull Creek marine transgression, lower Dakota Formation, eastern margin of Western Interior Seaway, U.S.A: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 70, no. 4, p. 868-878, https://doi.org/10.1306/2DC4093E-0E47-11D7-8643000102C1865D.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"868","endPage":"878","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230404,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","geographicExtents":"{\n  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Box 669, Cordova, AK  99574","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":392428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ludvigson, Greg A.","contributorId":80803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ludvigson","given":"Greg","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Witzke, B.J.","contributorId":12976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Witzke","given":"B.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zawistoski, A.N.","contributorId":76901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zawistoski","given":"A.N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kvale, E.P.","contributorId":76076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvale","given":"E.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ravn, R.L.","contributorId":39155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ravn","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Joeckel, R. M.","contributorId":37103,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Joeckel","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70022383,"text":"70022383 - 2000 - Annual bed-elevation regime in the alluvial channel of Squamish River, southwestern British Columbia Canada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:49","indexId":"70022383","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1425,"text":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Annual bed-elevation regime in the alluvial channel of Squamish River, southwestern British Columbia Canada","docAbstract":"The aim of this study is to examine the annual regime of channel scour and fill by monitoring bed-elevation changes in a reach of Squamish River in southwestern British Columbia, Canada. Sonar surveys of 13 river cross-sections in a sandy gravel-bed single-channel study reach were repeated biweekly over a full hydrologic year (1995/6). The survey results show that bedload movement occurs as waves or pulses forming bedwaves that appear to maintain an overall coherence with movement downstream. These bedwaves propagate downstream by a mode here termed pulse scour and pulse fill, a process distinguished from the conventional mode of scour and fill commonly associated with flood events (here termed local scour and local fill). Bedwave celerity was estimated to be about 15.5 m d-1 corresponding to a bedwave residence time in the study reach of almost one hydrologic year. The total amount of local bed-elevation change ranged between 0.22 m and 2.41 m during the period of study. Analysis of the bed-elevation and flow data reveals that, because of the bedware phenomenon, there is no simple relation between the mean bed-elevation and discharge nor any strong linear correlation among cross-sectional behaviour. The bed-elevation data also suggest that complex changes to the bed within a cross-section are masked when the bed is viewed in one dimension, although no definitive trends in bed behaviour were found in the two-dimensional analysis. Although a weak seasonal effect is evident in this study, the bed-elevation regime is dominated by sediment supply-driven fluctuations in bedload transport occurring at timescales shorter than the seasonal fluctuation in discharge. The study also indicates that bed-elevation monitoring on Squamish River, and others like it, for purposes of detecting and measuring aggradation/degradation must take into account very considerable and normal channel-bed variability operating at timescales from hours to months. Copyright (C) 2000 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/1096-9837(200008)25:9<991::AID-ESP113>3.0.CO;2-W","issn":"01979337","usgsCitation":"Stanford, S., Seidl, M., and Ashley, G., 2000, Annual bed-elevation regime in the alluvial channel of Squamish River, southwestern British Columbia Canada: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, v. 25, no. 9, p. 991-1009, https://doi.org/10.1002/1096-9837(200008)25:9<991::AID-ESP113>3.0.CO;2-W.","startPage":"991","endPage":"1009","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206583,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1096-9837(200008)25:9<991::AID-ESP113>3.0.CO;2-W"},{"id":230300,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ec1ee4b0c8380cd490b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stanford, S.D.","contributorId":79932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanford","given":"S.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Seidl, M.A.","contributorId":84532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seidl","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ashley, G.M.","contributorId":99313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ashley","given":"G.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70022245,"text":"70022245 - 2000 - Frequent non-storm washover of barrier islands, Pacific coast of Colombia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:47","indexId":"70022245","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2220,"text":"Journal of Coastal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Frequent non-storm washover of barrier islands, Pacific coast of Colombia","docAbstract":"Barrier islands of the Pacific coast of Colombia repeatedly experience severe washover even when breaking waves in the eastern Pacific are low and onshore winds are calm. On the barrier island of El Choncho, recent non-storm washover events have breached a new inlet, caused rapid beach retreat, destroyed a shoreline protection structure, and flooded a small village of indigenous people so frequently that it had to be relocated. Barrier washover may be augmented by lowered land elevations associated with earthquake-induced subsidence or long-term beach retreat, but temporally it is most closely associated with a 20 to 30 cm regional increase in sea level caused by El Nino. The contradiction of a tranquil tropical island scene simultaneously disturbed by hostile turbulent washover may be unique at present, but it exemplifies how coastal plains throughout the world would be affected if sea level were to rise rapidly as a result of global warming.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Coastal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"07490208","usgsCitation":"Morton, R., Gonzalez, J., Lopez, G., and Correa, I., 2000, Frequent non-storm washover of barrier islands, Pacific coast of Colombia: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 16, no. 1, p. 82-87.","startPage":"82","endPage":"87","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230450,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a13d7e4b0c8380cd547d9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morton, R.A.","contributorId":53849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morton","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gonzalez, J.L.","contributorId":67685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gonzalez","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lopez, G.I.","contributorId":39540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lopez","given":"G.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Correa, I.D.","contributorId":100569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Correa","given":"I.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70022272,"text":"70022272 - 2000 - Deep magmatic structures of Hawaiian volcanoes, imaged by three-dimensional gravity models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-06T20:52:51.710554","indexId":"70022272","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deep magmatic structures of Hawaiian volcanoes, imaged by three-dimensional gravity models","docAbstract":"<p><span>A simplified three-dimensional model for the island of Hawai'i, based on 3300 gravity measurements, provides new insights on magma pathways within the basaltic volcanoes. Gravity anomalies define dense cumulates and intrusions beneath the summits and known rift zones of every volcano. Linear gravity anomalies project southeast from Kohala and Mauna Kea summits and south from Hualālai and Mauna Loa; these presumably express dense cores of previously unrecognized rift zones lacking surface expression. The gravity-modeled dense cores probably define tholeiitic shield–stage structures of the older volcanoes that are now veneered by late alkalic lavas. The three-dimensional gravity method is valuable for characterizing the magmatic systems of basaltic oceanic volcanoes and for defining structures related to landslide and seismic hazards.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<883:DMSOHV>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Kauahikaua, J., Hildenbrand, T., and Webring, M., 2000, Deep magmatic structures of Hawaiian volcanoes, imaged by three-dimensional gravity models: Geology, v. 28, no. 10, p. 883-886, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<883:DMSOHV>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"Article: 4 p.; Data Release","startPage":"883","endPage":"886","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230295,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":342323,"rank":2,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<883:DMSOHV>2.0.CO;2.","text":"Gravity data for Island of Hawai`i"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -156.544189453125,\n              18.786717314577007\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.4732666015625,\n              18.786717314577007\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.4732666015625,\n              20.349777349829886\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.544189453125,\n              20.349777349829886\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.544189453125,\n              18.786717314577007\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"28","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe27e4b0c8380cd4eb55","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kauahikaua, J. 0000-0003-3777-503X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3777-503X","contributorId":26087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauahikaua","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hildenbrand, T.","contributorId":10207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildenbrand","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Webring, M.","contributorId":67662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webring","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70022370,"text":"70022370 - 2000 - Mercury mine drainage and processes that control its environmental impact","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:42","indexId":"70022370","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mercury mine drainage and processes that control its environmental impact","docAbstract":"Mine drainage from mercury mines in the California Coast Range mercury mineral belt is an environmental concern because of its acidity and high sulfate, mercury, and methylmercury concentrations. Two types of mercury deposits are present in the mineral belt, silica-carbonate and hot-spring type. Mine drainage is associated with both deposit types but more commonly with the silica-carbonate type because of the extensive underground workings present at these mines. Mercury ores consisting primarily of cinnabar were processed in rotary furnaces and retorts and elemental mercury recovered from condensing systems. During the roasting process mercury phases more soluble than cinnabar are formed and concentrated in the mine tailings, commonly termed calcines. Differences in mineralogy and trace metal geochemistry between the two deposit types are reflected in mine drainage composition. Silica-carbonate type deposits have higher iron sulfide content than hot- spring type deposits and mine drainage from these deposits may have extreme acidity and very high concentrations of iron and sulfate. Mercury and methylmercury concentrations in mine drainage are relatively low at the point of discharge from mine workings. The concentration of both mercury species increases significantly in mine drainage that flows through and reacts with calcines. The soluble mercury phases in the calcines are dissolved and sulfate is added such that methylation of mercury by sulfate reducing bacteria is enhanced in calcines that are saturated with mine drainage. Where mercury mine drainage enters and first mixes with stream water, the addition of high concentrations of mercury and sulfate generates a favorable environment for methylation of mercury. Mixing of oxygenated stream water with mine drainage causes oxidation of dissolved iron(II) and precipitation of iron oxyhydroxide that accumulates in the streambed. Both mercury and methylmercury are strongly adsorbed onto iron oxyhydroxide over the pH range of 3.2-7.1 in streams impacted by mine drainage. The dissolved fraction of both mercury species is depleted and concentrated in iron oxyhydroxide such that the amount of iron oxyhydroxide in the water column reflects the concentration of mercury species. In streams impacted by mine drainage, mercury and methylmercury are transported and adsorbed onto particulate phases. During periods of low stream flow, fine-grained iron hydroxide sediment accumulates in the bed load of the stream and adsorbs mercury and methylmercury such that both forms of mercury become highly enriched in the iron oxyhydroxide sediment. During high-flow events, mercury- and methylmercury-enriched iron hydroxide sediment is transported into larger aquatic systems producing a high flux of bioavailable mercury. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science of the Total Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00541-6","issn":"00489697","usgsCitation":"Rytuba, J.J., 2000, Mercury mine drainage and processes that control its environmental impact: Science of the Total Environment, v. 260, no. 1-3, p. 57-71, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00541-6.","startPage":"57","endPage":"71","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206739,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00541-6"},{"id":230677,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"260","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5424e4b0c8380cd6cec3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rytuba, J. J.","contributorId":83082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rytuba","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70022410,"text":"70022410 - 2000 - Sediment distribution and transport along a rocky, embayed coast: Monterey Peninsula and Carmel Bay, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:42","indexId":"70022410","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sediment distribution and transport along a rocky, embayed coast: Monterey Peninsula and Carmel Bay, California","docAbstract":"Field measurements of beach morphology and sedimentology were made along the Monterey Peninsula and Carmel Bay, California, in the spring and summer of 1997. These data were combined with low-altitude aerial imagery, high-resolution bathymetry, and local geology to understand how coastal geomorphology, lithology, and tectonics influence the distribution and transport of littoral sediment in the nearshore and inner shelf along a rocky shoreline over the course of decades. Three primary modes of sediment distribution in the nearshore and on the inner shelf off the Monterey Peninsula and in Carmel Bay were observed. Along stretches of the study area that were exposed to the dominant wave direction, sediment has accumulated in shore-normal bathymetric lows interpreted to be paleo-stream channels. Where the coastline is oriented parallel to the dominant wave direction and streams channels trend perpendicular to the coast, sediment-filled paleo-stream channels occur in the nearshore as well, but here they are connected to one another by shore-parallel ribbons of sediment at depths between 2 and 6 m. Where the coastline is oriented parallel to the dominant wave direction and onshore stream channels are not present, only shore-parallel patches of sediment at depths greater than 15 m are present. We interpret the distribution and interaction or transport of littoral sediment between pocket beaches along this coastline to be primarily controlled by the northwest-trending structure of the region and the dominant oceanographic regime. Because of the structural barriers to littoral transport, peaks in wave energy appear to be the dominant factor controlling the timing and magnitude of sediment transport between pocket beaches, more so than along long linear coasts. Accordingly, the magnitude and timing of sediment transport is dictated by the episodic nature of storm activity. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0025-3227(00)00100-6","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Storlazzi, C., and Field, M., 2000, Sediment distribution and transport along a rocky, embayed coast: Monterey Peninsula and Carmel Bay, California: Marine Geology, v. 170, no. 3-4, p. 289-316, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(00)00100-6.","startPage":"289","endPage":"316","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206752,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(00)00100-6"},{"id":230719,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"170","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8986e4b08c986b316e09","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Storlazzi, C. D. 0000-0001-8057-4490","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8057-4490","contributorId":98905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Storlazzi","given":"C. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Field, M.E.","contributorId":27052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Field","given":"M.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70022476,"text":"70022476 - 2000 - Microscopic character of marine sediment containing disseminated gas hydrate. Examples from the Blake Ridge and the Middle America Trench","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:43","indexId":"70022476","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Microscopic character of marine sediment containing disseminated gas hydrate. Examples from the Blake Ridge and the Middle America Trench","docAbstract":"The presence of disseminated gas hydrate was inferred based on pore fluid geochemistry and downhole logging data, but was rarely observed at Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 164 (Blake Ridge), and Leg 170 (Middle America Trench, offshore from Costa Rica) drilling sites. Gas hydrate nucleation is likely to occur first in larger voids rather than in constricted pore space, where capillary forces depress the temperature-pressure stability field for gas hydrate formation. Traditional macroscopic descriptions of sediment fail to detect the microscopic character of primary and secondary porosity in sediment hosting disseminated gas hydrate. Light transmission and scanning electron microscopy of sediments within and below the depth of gas hydrate occurrences reveal at least four general types of primary and secondary porosity: (1) microfossils (diatoms, foraminifera, and spicules) void of infilling sediment, but commonly containing small masses of pyrite framboids; (2) infauna burrows filled with unconsolidated sand and or microfossil debris; (3) irregularly shaped pods of nonconsolidated framboidial pyrite; and (4) nonlithified volcanic ash.","largerWorkTitle":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","language":"English","issn":"00778923","usgsCitation":"Lorenson, T., 2000, Microscopic character of marine sediment containing disseminated gas hydrate. Examples from the Blake Ridge and the Middle America Trench, <i>in</i> Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, v. 912, p. 189-194.","startPage":"189","endPage":"194","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230539,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"912","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a56a5e4b0c8380cd6d71e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lorenson, T.D.","contributorId":7715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lorenson","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70022375,"text":"70022375 - 2000 - Orbital and suborbital variability in North Atlantic bottom water temperature obtained from deep-sea ostracod Mg/Ca ratios","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-10T16:18:58","indexId":"70022375","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Orbital and suborbital variability in North Atlantic bottom water temperature obtained from deep-sea ostracod Mg/Ca ratios","docAbstract":"<p id=\"\">Magnesium/calcium (Mg/Ca) ratios were measured in the deep-sea ostracod (Crustacea) genus <i>Krithe</i> from <i>Chain</i> core 82-24-4PC from the western mid-Atlantic Ridge (3427&nbsp;m) in order to estimate ocean circulation and bottom water temperature (BWT) variability over the past 200,000&nbsp;years. Mg/Ca ratios have been used as a paleothermometer because the ratios are controlled primarily by ambient water temperatures at the time the organism secretes its adult carapace. Over the past two glacial–interglacial cycles, Mg/Ca values oscillated between about 7&nbsp;mmol/mol and 12&nbsp;mmol/mol, equivalent to a BWT range of 0 to &gt;3.5°C. The lowest values were obtained on specimens from glacial marine isotope stages (MISs) 2, 4 and 6; the highest values were obtained from specimens from the early part of the Holocene interglacial (MIS 1), and also from MISs 5 and 7. These trends suggest that BWTs in the North Atlantic Ocean fluctuate over orbital time scales.</p><p id=\"\">Suborbital variability in Mg/Ca ratios and BWT was also observed for the past 100,000&nbsp;years. Ratios rose from ∼8&nbsp;mmol/mol to ∼10&nbsp;mmol/mol (implying a BWT increase of ∼1 to 3°C) during 14 Mg/Ca excursions. The highest ratios were found in <i>Krithe</i> dated at approximately 32, 36–38, 43, 48, 73, 85 and 93&nbsp;ka. Although the age model for the <i>Chain</i> 82-24-4PC and temporal resolution do not allow precise correlation, some of these deep-sea bottom temperature excursions appear to correspond to Heinrich events recorded in other regions of the North Atlantic and perhaps Dansgaard–Oeschger interstadial events recorded in Greenland ice cores. If confirmed, this would support the hypothesis that millennial-scale oscillations of climate in the North Atlantic are capable of affecting global climate via thermohaline circulation changes.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0031-0182(00)00104-8","issn":"00310182","usgsCitation":"Cronin, T.M., Dwyer, G.S., Baker, P., Rodriguez-Lazaro, J., and DeMartino, D., 2000, Orbital and suborbital variability in North Atlantic bottom water temperature obtained from deep-sea ostracod Mg/Ca ratios: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 162, no. 1-2, p. 45-57, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(00)00104-8.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"45","endPage":"57","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487322,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10161/6479","text":"External Repository"},{"id":230754,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"162","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6f2de4b0c8380cd75994","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cronin, T. M. 0000-0002-2643-0979","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2643-0979","contributorId":42613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":393421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dwyer, G. S.","contributorId":39951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dwyer","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baker, P.A.","contributorId":55148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rodriguez-Lazaro, J.","contributorId":92002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodriguez-Lazaro","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"DeMartino, D.M.","contributorId":11789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeMartino","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70022377,"text":"70022377 - 2000 - Acoustic properties of a crack containing magmatic or hydrothermal fluids","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-07T15:04:42.885399","indexId":"70022377","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Acoustic properties of a crack containing magmatic or hydrothermal fluids","docAbstract":"<p>We estimate the acoustic properties of a crack containing magmatic or hydrothermal fluids to quantify the source properties of long-period (LP) events observed in volcanic areas assuming that a crack-like structure is the source of LP events. The tails of synthetic waveforms obtained from a model of a fluid-driven crack are analyzed by the Sompi method to determine the complex frequencies of one of the modes of crack resonance over a wide range of the model parameters α/<i>a</i><span>&nbsp;</span>and ρ<sub><i>f</i></sub>/ρ<sub><i>s</i></sub>, where αis the<span>&nbsp;</span><i>P</i><span>&nbsp;</span>wave velocity of the rock matrix,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>a</i><span>&nbsp;</span>is the sound speed of the fluid, and ρ<sub><i>f</i></sub><span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>p<sub>s</sub></i><span>&nbsp;</span>are the densities of the fluid and rock matrix, respectively. The quality factor due to radiation loss (<i>Q<sub>r</sub></i>) for the selected mode almost monotonically increases with increasing α/<i>a</i>, while the dimensionless frequency (<i>v</i>) of the mode decreases with increasing α/<i>a</i><span>&nbsp;</span>and ρ<sub><i>f</i></sub>/ρ<sub><i>s</i></sub>. These results are used to estimate<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Q</i><span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>v</i><span>&nbsp;</span>for a crack containing various types of fluids (gas-gas mixtures, liquid-gas mixtures, and dusty and misty gases) for values of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>a</i>, ρ<sub><i>f</i></sub>, and quality factor due to intrinsic losses (<i>Q<sub>i</sub></i>) appropriate for these types of fluids, in which<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Q</i><span>&nbsp;</span>is given by<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Q</i><sup>−l</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>=<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Q</i><sub>r</sub><sup>−l</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>+<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Q</i><sub>i</sub><sup>−1</sup>. For a crack containing such fluids, we obtain<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Q</i><span>&nbsp;</span>ranging from almost unity to several hundred, which consistently explains the wide variety of quality factors measured in LP events observed at various volcanoes. We underscore the importance of dusty and misty gases containing small-size particles with radii around 1 μm to explain long-lasting oscillations with<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Q</i><span>&nbsp;</span>significantly larger than 100. Our results may provide a basis for the interpretation of spatial and temporal variations in the observed complex frequencies of LP events in terms of fluid compositions beneath volcanoes.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000JB900273","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Kumagai, H., and Chouet, B., 2000, Acoustic properties of a crack containing magmatic or hydrothermal fluids: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 105, no. B11, p. 25493-25512, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JB900273.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"25493","endPage":"25512","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230796,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"105","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-11-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e69fe4b0c8380cd4753c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kumagai, Hiroyuki","contributorId":71337,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kumagai","given":"Hiroyuki","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chouet, B. A.","contributorId":31813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chouet","given":"B. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
]}