{"pageNumber":"3278","pageRowStart":"81925","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184904,"records":[{"id":70022514,"text":"70022514 - 2000 - Trace element geochemistry of altered volcanic ash layers (tonsteins) in late Permian coal-bearing formations of eastern Yunnan and western Guizhou Provinces, China","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:44","indexId":"70022514","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trace element geochemistry of altered volcanic ash layers (tonsteins) in late Permian coal-bearing formations of eastern Yunnan and western Guizhou Provinces, China","docAbstract":"Trace element compositions were determined (by instrumental neutron activation analysis; INAA) in 30 samples of synsedimentary volcanic ash-derived tonsteins and detrital claystones from coal seams within the late Permian coal-bearing formation of eastern Yunnan and western Guizhou Provinces, China. The characteristics of trace-element geochemistry in the tonsteins can be distinguished from those of detrital claystones because of the former's unique volcanic-ash origin. The detrital claystones are characterized by their relatively high content of V, Ti, Sc, Cr, Co and Ni, relatively low content of Th and U, Th/U ratio, and small negative Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu* 0.63-0.93). Overall, these trace element characteristics are consistent with a mafic source similar to the composition of basalt rocks in the erosional region on the western edge of the study area. In contrast, the tonsteins are low in V, Ti, Sc, Cr, Co and Ni contents and have a high Th/U ratio with a distinct negative Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu* normally in the range of 0.2-0.4), consistent with a silicic magmatic source. Within the group of tonsteins, those from the lower section (P2.1) of the coal-bearing formation are relatively high in Ti, Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta and rare earth elements (REE), as compared to those from the middle and upper sections (P2.2+3). In trace-element discrimination diagrams (scatter plots) of Hf-Ta, Ti-Ta, Ti-V, Hf-Sc, Lu-Hf and Lu-Th, tonsteins from the P2.1 horizon always fall in isolated distribution areas, separate from the tonsteins of the P2.2+3 horizon. These results suggest that the source materials of tonsteins from the two separate horizons were probably derived from volcanic ash falls of two distinctly different natures. Based on a comparison of the concentrations and assemblages of trace elements between various magmatic rocks, the source materials of tonsteins from P2.1 horizon were mostly composed of calc-alkalic, silica-poor volcanic ash (similar to rhyodacitic magma), whereas those from P2.+3 were apparently more siliceous and K-rich (rhyolitic magma). Thus, tonsteins from the two different horizons are characterized by unique geochemical properties, which remain constant over a wide lateral extent. Integration of trace-elemental compositions with mineralogical and textural observations makes possible the establishment of tonstein stratigraphy, thus, facilitating more precise and reliable coal-seam correlations. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.Trace element compositions were determined in 30 samples of synsedimentary volcanic ash-derived tonsteins and detrital claystones from coal seams within the late Permian coal-bearing formation of eastern Yunnan and western Guizhou Provinces, China. The characteristics of trace-element geochemistry in the tonsteins can be distinguished from those of detrital claystones because of the former's unique volcanic-ash origin. The detrital claystones are characterized by their relatively high content of V, Ti, Sc, CR, Co and Ni, relatively low content of Th and U, Th/U ratio, and small negative Eu anomaly.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Elsevier Science B.V.","doi":"10.1016/S0166-5162(00)00017-3","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Zhou, Y., Bohor, B., and Ren, Y., 2000, Trace element geochemistry of altered volcanic ash layers (tonsteins) in late Permian coal-bearing formations of eastern Yunnan and western Guizhou Provinces, China: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 44, no. 3-4, p. 305-324, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(00)00017-3.","startPage":"305","endPage":"324","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206699,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(00)00017-3"},{"id":230579,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb63ce4b08c986b326b52","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zhou, Y.","contributorId":70526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhou","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bohor, B.F.","contributorId":96351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohor","given":"B.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ren, Y.","contributorId":88106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ren","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70175194,"text":"70175194 - 2000 - Exposure of delta smelt to dissolved pesticides in 1998 and 1999","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-25T10:16:51","indexId":"70175194","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3914,"text":"Interagency Ecological Program Newsletter","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Exposure of delta smelt to dissolved pesticides in 1998 and 1999","docAbstract":"<p>Delta smelt is a threatened species in the San Francisco Bay Estuary. Pesticide toxicity is a possible cause for the need to list this fish (Bennett and Moyle 1996; Moyle and others 1996). Numerous pesticides are transported into the estuary from area rivers (MacCoy and others 1995). However, there are minimal data to document the presence, or absence, of pesticides within delta smelt habitat, especially during their vulnerable early life stages. This study, conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), documents the occurrence of pesticides within delta smelt habitat; specifically, the length and variability of their potential exposure to multiple dissolved pesticides.</p>\n<p>This article reviews delta smelt habitat and early life stages followed by an explanation of the study design for assessing pesticide exposure. Results show the co-occurrence of multiple pesticides and delta smelt in their native habitat; these results are presented within the context of possible toxic effects to delta smelt. Finally, the annual variability of pesticide distributions is discussed.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Interagency Ecological Program for the San Francisco Estuary","usgsCitation":"Moon, G.E., Kuivila, K., Ruhl, C., and Schoellhamer, D., 2000, Exposure of delta smelt to dissolved pesticides in 1998 and 1999: Interagency Ecological Program Newsletter, v. 13, no. 4, p. 27-33.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"27","endPage":"33","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325929,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":325928,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.water.ca.gov/iep/newsletters/2000/IEPNewsletter_Fall2000.pdf"}],"volume":"13","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57a1c42fe4b006cb45552c12","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moon, G. Edward","contributorId":173325,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moon","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"Edward","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":644290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kuivila, Kathryn","contributorId":56752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuivila","given":"Kathryn","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":644291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ruhl, Catherine A. 0000-0002-7989-8815","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7989-8815","contributorId":53414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruhl","given":"Catherine A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":644292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schoellhamer, David H. 0000-0001-9488-7340 dschoell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9488-7340","contributorId":631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoellhamer","given":"David H.","email":"dschoell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":644293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70174750,"text":"70174750 - 2000 - Paradise confounded: the status of Alaska's instream flow program. Review of \"Annual Summary of Instream Flow Reservations and Protection in Alaska\" by Christopher E. Estes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-15T09:39:52","indexId":"70174750","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3303,"text":"Rivers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paradise confounded: the status of Alaska's instream flow program. Review of \"Annual Summary of Instream Flow Reservations and Protection in Alaska\" by Christopher E. Estes","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Burkardt, N., 2000, Paradise confounded: the status of Alaska's instream flow program. Review of \"Annual Summary of Instream Flow Reservations and Protection in Alaska\" by Christopher E. Estes: Rivers, v. 7, no. 4, p. 361-363.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"361","endPage":"363","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325303,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"578a0931e4b0c1aacab7d41c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burkardt, Nina 0000-0002-9392-9251 burkardtn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9392-9251","contributorId":2781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burkardt","given":"Nina","email":"burkardtn@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":642564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70022117,"text":"70022117 - 2000 - Application of a PCR-based approach to identify sex in Hawaiian honeycreepers (Drepanidinae)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-17T15:16:00.132174","indexId":"70022117","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2984,"text":"Pacific Conservation Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of a PCR-based approach to identify sex in Hawaiian honeycreepers (Drepanidinae)","docAbstract":"The application of molecular techniques to conservation genetics issues can provide important guidance criteria for management of endangered species. The results from this study establish that PCR-based approaches for sex determination developed in other bird species (Griffiths and Tiwari 1995; Griffiths et al. 1996, 1998; Ellegren 1996) can be applied with a high degree of confidence to at least four species of Hawaiian honeycreepers. This provides a rapid, reliable method with which population managers can optimize sex ratios within populations of endangered species that are subject to artificial manipulation through captive breeding programmes or geographic translocation.","language":"English","publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","doi":"10.1071/PC000014","issn":"10382097","usgsCitation":"Jarvi, S., and Banko, P., 2000, Application of a PCR-based approach to identify sex in Hawaiian honeycreepers (Drepanidinae): Pacific Conservation Biology, v. 6, no. 1, p. 14-17, https://doi.org/10.1071/PC000014.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"14","endPage":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230441,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-155.778234,20.245743],[-155.772734,20.245409],[-155.746893,20.232325],[-155.737004,20.222773],[-155.735822,20.212417],[-155.732704,20.205392],[-155.653966,20.16736],[-155.630382,20.146916],[-155.624565,20.145911],[-155.607797,20.137987],[-155.600909,20.126573],[-155.598033,20.124539],[-155.590923,20.122497],[-155.58168,20.123617],[-155.568368,20.130545],[-155.558933,20.13157],[-155.523661,20.120028],[-155.516795,20.11523],[-155.502561,20.114155],[-155.468211,20.104296],[-155.443957,20.095318],[-155.405459,20.078772],[-155.4024,20.075541],[-155.387578,20.067119],[-155.33021,20.038517],[-155.29548,20.024438],[-155.282629,20.021969],[-155.270316,20.014525],[-155.240933,19.990173],[-155.204486,19.969438],[-155.194593,19.958368],[-155.179939,19.949372],[-155.149215,19.922872],[-155.144394,19.920523],[-155.131235,19.906801],[-155.124618,19.897288],[-155.12175,19.886099],[-155.107541,19.872467],[-155.098716,19.867811],[-155.095032,19.867882],[-155.086341,19.855399],[-155.084357,19.849736],[-155.085674,19.838584],[-155.088979,19.826656],[-155.094414,19.81491],[-155.09207,19.799409],[-155.091216,19.776368],[-155.093517,19.771832],[-155.093387,19.737751],[-155.087118,19.728013],[-155.079426,19.726193],[-155.063972,19.728917],[-155.045382,19.739824],[-155.006423,19.739286],[-154.997278,19.72858],[-154.987168,19.708524],[-154.981102,19.690687],[-154.984718,19.672161],[-154.983778,19.641647],[-154.974342,19.633201],[-154.963933,19.627605],[-154.950359,19.626461],[-154.947874,19.62425],[-154.947718,19.621947],[-154.951014,19.613614],[-154.947106,19.604856],[-154.93394,19.597505],[-154.928205,19.592702],[-154.924422,19.586553],[-154.903542,19.570622],[-154.875,19.556797],[-154.852618,19.549172],[-154.837384,19.538354],[-154.826732,19.537626],[-154.814417,19.53009],[-154.809561,19.522377],[-154.809379,19.519086],[-154.822968,19.48129],[-154.838545,19.463642],[-154.86854,19.438126],[-154.887817,19.426425],[-154.928772,19.397646],[-154.944185,19.381852],[-154.964619,19.365646],[-154.980861,19.349291],[-155.020537,19.331317],[-155.061729,19.316636],[-155.113272,19.290613],[-155.1337,19.276099],[-155.159635,19.268375],[-155.172413,19.26906],[-155.187427,19.266156],[-155.19626,19.261295],[-155.205892,19.260907],[-155.243961,19.271313],[-155.264619,19.274213],[-155.296761,19.266289],[-155.303808,19.261835],[-155.31337,19.250698],[-155.341268,19.234039],[-155.349148,19.217756],[-155.360631,19.20893],[-155.378638,19.202435],[-155.390701,19.201171],[-155.417369,19.187858],[-155.427093,19.179546],[-155.432519,19.170623],[-155.453516,19.151952],[-155.465663,19.146964],[-155.505281,19.137908],[-155.51474,19.132501],[-155.51214,19.128174],[-155.512137,19.124296],[-155.519652,19.117025],[-155.526136,19.115889],[-155.528902,19.11371],[-155.544806,19.091059],[-155.551129,19.08878],[-155.557817,19.08213],[-155.555326,19.069377],[-155.555177,19.053932],[-155.557371,19.046565],[-155.566446,19.032531],[-155.576599,19.027412],[-155.581903,19.02224],[-155.596032,18.998833],[-155.596521,18.980654],[-155.601866,18.971572],[-155.613966,18.970399],[-155.625256,18.961951],[-155.625,18.959934],[-155.638054,18.941723],[-155.658486,18.924835],[-155.672005,18.917466],[-155.681825,18.918694],[-155.687716,18.923358],[-155.690171,18.932195],[-155.693117,18.940542],[-155.726043,18.969437],[-155.763598,18.981837],[-155.806109,19.013967],[-155.853943,19.023762],[-155.88155,19.036644],[-155.884077,19.039266],[-155.886278,19.05576],[-155.903693,19.080777],[-155.908355,19.081138],[-155.921389,19.121183],[-155.917292,19.155963],[-155.903339,19.217792],[-155.90491,19.230147],[-155.902565,19.258427],[-155.895435,19.274639],[-155.890842,19.298905],[-155.887356,19.337101],[-155.888701,19.348031],[-155.898792,19.377984],[-155.913849,19.401107],[-155.909087,19.415455],[-155.921707,19.43055],[-155.924269,19.438794],[-155.925166,19.468081],[-155.922609,19.478611],[-155.924124,19.481406],[-155.930523,19.484921],[-155.935641,19.485628],[-155.936403,19.481905],[-155.939145,19.481577],[-155.95149,19.486649],[-155.952897,19.488805],[-155.953663,19.510003],[-155.960457,19.546612],[-155.962264,19.551779],[-155.965211,19.554745],[-155.96935,19.555963],[-155.970969,19.586328],[-155.978206,19.608159],[-155.997728,19.642816],[-156.028982,19.650098],[-156.032928,19.653905],[-156.034994,19.65936],[-156.033326,19.66923],[-156.027427,19.672154],[-156.029281,19.678908],[-156.036079,19.690252],[-156.04796,19.698938],[-156.051652,19.703649],[-156.052485,19.718667],[-156.064364,19.730766],[-156.05722,19.742536],[-156.052315,19.756836],[-156.049651,19.780452],[-156.021732,19.8022],[-156.006267,19.81758],[-155.982821,19.845651],[-155.976651,19.85053],[-155.964817,19.855183],[-155.949251,19.857034],[-155.945297,19.853443],[-155.940311,19.852305],[-155.925843,19.858928],[-155.926938,19.870221],[-155.92549,19.875],[-155.915662,19.887126],[-155.901987,19.912081],[-155.894099,19.923135],[-155.894474,19.926927],[-155.892533,19.932162],[-155.866919,19.954172],[-155.856588,19.968885],[-155.840708,19.976952],[-155.838692,19.975527],[-155.835312,19.976078],[-155.831948,19.982775],[-155.828965,19.995542],[-155.825473,20.025944],[-155.828182,20.035424],[-155.850385,20.062506],[-155.866931,20.078652],[-155.88419,20.10675],[-155.899149,20.145728],[-155.906035,20.205157],[-155.901452,20.235787],[-155.890663,20.25524],[-155.882631,20.263026],[-155.873921,20.267744],[-155.853293,20.271548],[-155.811459,20.26032],[-155.783242,20.246395],[-155.778234,20.245743]]],[[[-157.789581,21.438396],[-157.789734,21.437679],[-157.789276,21.435833],[-157.790543,21.434313],[-157.791718,21.434881],[-157.793045,21.43391],[-157.793167,21.43574],[-157.791565,21.43651],[-157.791779,21.437752],[-157.793289,21.437658],[-157.791779,21.438435],[-157.791092,21.438442],[-157.790741,21.43874],[-157.789581,21.438396]]],[[[-160.125,21.95909],[-160.122262,21.962881],[-160.112746,21.995245],[-160.09645,22.001489],[-160.072123,22.003334],[-160.058543,21.99638],[-160.051992,21.983681],[-160.052729,21.980321],[-160.056336,21.977939],[-160.060549,21.976729],[-160.063349,21.978354],[-160.065811,21.976562],[-160.078393,21.955153],[-160.085787,21.927295],[-160.080012,21.910808],[-160.079065,21.89608],[-160.098897,21.884711],[-160.124283,21.876789],[-160.147609,21.872814],[-160.16162,21.864746],[-160.174796,21.846923],[-160.189782,21.82245],[-160.205211,21.789053],[-160.200427,21.786479],[-160.205851,21.779518],[-160.218044,21.783755],[-160.23478,21.795418],[-160.24961,21.815145],[-160.244943,21.848943],[-160.231028,21.886263],[-160.228965,21.889117],[-160.21383,21.899193],[-160.205528,21.907507],[-160.202716,21.912422],[-160.190158,21.923592],[-160.167471,21.932863],[-160.13705,21.948632],[-160.127302,21.955508],[-160.125,21.95909]]],[[[-159.431707,22.220015],[-159.40732,22.230555],[-159.388119,22.223252],[-159.385977,22.220009],[-159.367563,22.214906],[-159.359842,22.214831],[-159.357227,22.217744],[-159.353795,22.217669],[-159.339964,22.208519],[-159.315613,22.186817],[-159.308855,22.155555],[-159.297808,22.149748],[-159.295875,22.144547],[-159.295271,22.13039],[-159.297143,22.113815],[-159.317451,22.080944],[-159.321667,22.063411],[-159.324775,22.05867],[-159.333267,22.054639],[-159.337996,22.046575],[-159.341401,22.028978],[-159.333224,21.973005],[-159.333109,21.964176],[-159.334714,21.961099],[-159.350828,21.950817],[-159.356613,21.939546],[-159.382349,21.924479],[-159.408284,21.897781],[-159.425862,21.884527],[-159.446599,21.871647],[-159.471962,21.88292],[-159.490914,21.888898],[-159.517973,21.890996],[-159.555415,21.891355],[-159.574991,21.896585],[-159.577784,21.900486],[-159.584272,21.899038],[-159.610241,21.898356],[-159.637849,21.917166],[-159.648132,21.93297],[-159.671872,21.957038],[-159.681493,21.960054],[-159.705255,21.963427],[-159.72014,21.970789],[-159.758218,21.980694],[-159.765735,21.986593],[-159.788139,22.018411],[-159.790932,22.031177],[-159.786543,22.06369],[-159.780096,22.072567],[-159.748159,22.100388],[-159.741223,22.115666],[-159.733457,22.142756],[-159.726043,22.152171],[-159.699978,22.165252],[-159.66984,22.170782],[-159.608794,22.207878],[-159.591596,22.219456],[-159.583965,22.22668],[-159.559643,22.229185],[-159.554166,22.228212],[-159.548594,22.226263],[-159.54115,22.216764],[-159.534594,22.219403],[-159.523769,22.217602],[-159.51941,22.215646],[-159.518348,22.211182],[-159.515574,22.208008],[-159.507811,22.205987],[-159.501055,22.211064],[-159.500821,22.225538],[-159.488558,22.23317],[-159.480158,22.232715],[-159.467007,22.226529],[-159.45619,22.228811],[-159.441809,22.226321],[-159.431707,22.220015]]],[[[-157.014553,21.185503],[-156.999108,21.182221],[-156.991318,21.18551],[-156.987768,21.18935],[-156.982343,21.207798],[-156.984464,21.210063],[-156.984032,21.212198],[-156.974002,21.218503],[-156.969064,21.217018],[-156.962847,21.212131],[-156.951654,21.191662],[-156.950808,21.182636],[-156.946159,21.175963],[-156.918248,21.168279],[-156.903466,21.16421],[-156.898174,21.16594],[-156.89613,21.169561],[-156.896537,21.172208],[-156.867944,21.16452],[-156.841592,21.167926],[-156.821944,21.174693],[-156.771495,21.180053],[-156.742231,21.176214],[-156.738341,21.17202],[-156.736648,21.16188],[-156.719386,21.163911],[-156.712696,21.161547],[-156.714158,21.152238],[-156.726033,21.13236],[-156.748932,21.1086],[-156.775995,21.089751],[-156.790815,21.081686],[-156.794136,21.075796],[-156.835351,21.06336],[-156.865795,21.057801],[-156.877137,21.0493],[-156.891946,21.051831],[-156.89517,21.055771],[-156.953719,21.067761],[-157.00295,21.083282],[-157.02617,21.089015],[-157.032045,21.091094],[-157.037667,21.097864],[-157.079696,21.105835],[-157.095373,21.10636],[-157.125,21.1026],[-157.143483,21.096632],[-157.254061,21.090601],[-157.298054,21.096917],[-157.313343,21.105755],[-157.299187,21.132488],[-157.299471,21.135972],[-157.293774,21.146127],[-157.284346,21.157755],[-157.276474,21.163175],[-157.274504,21.162762],[-157.259911,21.174875],[-157.254709,21.181376],[-157.251007,21.190952],[-157.25026,21.207739],[-157.256935,21.215665],[-157.261457,21.217661],[-157.263163,21.220873],[-157.26069,21.225684],[-157.257085,21.227268],[-157.241534,21.220969],[-157.226445,21.220185],[-157.212082,21.221848],[-157.202125,21.219298],[-157.192439,21.207644],[-157.185553,21.205602],[-157.157103,21.200706],[-157.148125,21.200745],[-157.144627,21.202555],[-157.128207,21.201488],[-157.113438,21.197375],[-157.097971,21.198012],[-157.064264,21.189076],[-157.053053,21.188754],[-157.047757,21.190739],[-157.039987,21.190909],[-157.014553,21.185503]]],[[[-156.544169,20.522802],[-156.550016,20.520273],[-156.559994,20.521892],[-156.586238,20.511711],[-156.603844,20.524372],[-156.631143,20.514943],[-156.642347,20.508285],[-156.647464,20.512017],[-156.668809,20.504738],[-156.682939,20.506775],[-156.703673,20.527237],[-156.702265,20.532451],[-156.696662,20.541646],[-156.6801,20.557021],[-156.651567,20.565574],[-156.614598,20.587109],[-156.610734,20.59377],[-156.576871,20.60657],[-156.56714,20.604895],[-156.553604,20.594729],[-156.543034,20.580115],[-156.542808,20.573674],[-156.548909,20.56859],[-156.556021,20.542657],[-156.553018,20.539382],[-156.540189,20.534741],[-156.539643,20.527644],[-156.544169,20.522802]]],[[[-156.612012,21.02477],[-156.612065,21.027273],[-156.606238,21.034371],[-156.592256,21.03288],[-156.580448,21.020172],[-156.562773,21.016167],[-156.549813,21.004939],[-156.546291,21.005082],[-156.528246,20.967757],[-156.518707,20.954662],[-156.512226,20.95128],[-156.510391,20.940358],[-156.507913,20.937886],[-156.49948,20.934577],[-156.495883,20.928005],[-156.493263,20.916011],[-156.481055,20.898199],[-156.474796,20.894546],[-156.422668,20.911631],[-156.386045,20.919563],[-156.374297,20.927616],[-156.370729,20.932669],[-156.352649,20.941414],[-156.345655,20.941596],[-156.342365,20.938737],[-156.332817,20.94645],[-156.324578,20.950184],[-156.307198,20.942739],[-156.286332,20.947701],[-156.275116,20.937361],[-156.263107,20.940888],[-156.242555,20.937838],[-156.230159,20.931936],[-156.230089,20.917864],[-156.226757,20.916677],[-156.222062,20.918309],[-156.217953,20.916573],[-156.216341,20.907035],[-156.173103,20.876926],[-156.170458,20.874605],[-156.166746,20.865646],[-156.132669,20.861369],[-156.129381,20.847513],[-156.115735,20.827301],[-156.100123,20.828502],[-156.090291,20.831872],[-156.059788,20.81054],[-156.033287,20.808246],[-156.003532,20.795545],[-156.002947,20.789418],[-155.987944,20.776552],[-155.984587,20.767496],[-155.986851,20.758577],[-155.985413,20.744245],[-155.987216,20.722717],[-155.991534,20.713654],[-156.00187,20.698064],[-156.01415,20.685681],[-156.020044,20.686857],[-156.030702,20.682452],[-156.040341,20.672719],[-156.043786,20.664902],[-156.053385,20.65432],[-156.059753,20.652044],[-156.081472,20.654387],[-156.089365,20.648519],[-156.120985,20.633685],[-156.129898,20.627523],[-156.142665,20.623605],[-156.144588,20.624032],[-156.148085,20.629067],[-156.156772,20.629639],[-156.169732,20.627358],[-156.173393,20.6241],[-156.184556,20.629719],[-156.192938,20.631769],[-156.210258,20.628518],[-156.225338,20.62294],[-156.236145,20.61595],[-156.265921,20.601629],[-156.284391,20.596488],[-156.288037,20.59203],[-156.293454,20.588783],[-156.302692,20.586199],[-156.322944,20.588273],[-156.351716,20.58697],[-156.359634,20.581977],[-156.370725,20.57876],[-156.377633,20.578427],[-156.415313,20.586099],[-156.417523,20.589728],[-156.415746,20.594044],[-156.417799,20.598682],[-156.423141,20.602079],[-156.427708,20.598873],[-156.431872,20.598143],[-156.438385,20.601337],[-156.444242,20.607941],[-156.442884,20.613842],[-156.450651,20.642212],[-156.445894,20.64927],[-156.443673,20.656018],[-156.448656,20.704739],[-156.451038,20.725469],[-156.452895,20.731287],[-156.458438,20.736676],[-156.462242,20.753952],[-156.462058,20.772571],[-156.464043,20.781667],[-156.473562,20.790756],[-156.489496,20.798339],[-156.501688,20.799933],[-156.506026,20.799463],[-156.515994,20.794234],[-156.525215,20.780821],[-156.537752,20.778408],[-156.631794,20.82124],[-156.678634,20.870541],[-156.688969,20.888673],[-156.687804,20.89072],[-156.688132,20.906325],[-156.691334,20.91244],[-156.697418,20.916368],[-156.69989,20.920629],[-156.69411,20.952708],[-156.680905,20.980262],[-156.665514,21.007054],[-156.652419,21.008994],[-156.645966,21.014416],[-156.642592,21.019936],[-156.644167,21.022312],[-156.642809,21.027583],[-156.619581,21.027793],[-156.612012,21.02477]]],[[[-157.010001,20.929757],[-156.989813,20.932127],[-156.971604,20.926254],[-156.937529,20.925274],[-156.91845,20.922546],[-156.897169,20.915395],[-156.837047,20.863575],[-156.825237,20.850731],[-156.809576,20.826036],[-156.808469,20.820396],[-156.809463,20.809169],[-156.817427,20.794606],[-156.838321,20.764575],[-156.846413,20.760201],[-156.851481,20.760069],[-156.869753,20.754701],[-156.890295,20.744855],[-156.909081,20.739533],[-156.949009,20.738997],[-156.96789,20.73508],[-156.984747,20.756677],[-156.994001,20.786671],[-156.988933,20.815496],[-156.991834,20.826603],[-157.006243,20.849603],[-157.010911,20.854476],[-157.054552,20.877219],[-157.059663,20.884634],[-157.061128,20.890635],[-157.062511,20.904385],[-157.05913,20.913407],[-157.035789,20.927078],[-157.025626,20.929528],[-157.010001,20.929757]]],[[[-158.044485,21.306011],[-158.0883,21.2988],[-158.1033,21.2979],[-158.1127,21.3019],[-158.1211,21.3169],[-158.1225,21.3224],[-158.111949,21.326622],[-158.114196,21.331123],[-158.119427,21.334594],[-158.125459,21.330264],[-158.13324,21.359207],[-158.1403,21.3738],[-158.149719,21.385208],[-158.161743,21.396282],[-158.1792,21.4043],[-158.181274,21.409626],[-158.181,21.420868],[-158.182648,21.430073],[-158.192352,21.44804],[-158.205383,21.459793],[-158.219446,21.46978],[-158.233,21.4876],[-158.231171,21.523857],[-158.23175,21.533035],[-158.234314,21.540058],[-158.250671,21.557373],[-158.27951,21.575794],[-158.277679,21.578789],[-158.254425,21.582684],[-158.190704,21.585892],[-158.17,21.5823],[-158.12561,21.586739],[-158.10672,21.596577],[-158.106689,21.603024],[-158.1095,21.6057],[-158.108185,21.607487],[-158.079895,21.628101],[-158.0668,21.6437],[-158.066711,21.65234],[-158.0639,21.6584],[-158.0372,21.6843],[-158.018127,21.699955],[-157.9923,21.708],[-157.98703,21.712494],[-157.968628,21.712704],[-157.947174,21.689568],[-157.939,21.669],[-157.9301,21.6552],[-157.924591,21.651183],[-157.9228,21.6361],[-157.9238,21.6293],[-157.910797,21.611183],[-157.900574,21.605885],[-157.87735,21.575277],[-157.878601,21.560181],[-157.872528,21.557568],[-157.8669,21.5637],[-157.85614,21.560661],[-157.85257,21.557514],[-157.836945,21.529945],[-157.837372,21.512085],[-157.849579,21.509598],[-157.852625,21.499971],[-157.84549,21.466747],[-157.84099,21.459483],[-157.82489,21.455379],[-157.8163,21.4502],[-157.8139,21.4403],[-157.8059,21.4301],[-157.786513,21.415633],[-157.779846,21.417309],[-157.774455,21.421352],[-157.772209,21.431236],[-157.774905,21.453698],[-157.772209,21.457741],[-157.764572,21.461335],[-157.754239,21.461335],[-157.737617,21.459089],[-157.731777,21.455944],[-157.731328,21.444713],[-157.73582,21.438424],[-157.740762,21.424048],[-157.741211,21.414614],[-157.7386,21.4043],[-157.730191,21.401871],[-157.728221,21.402104],[-157.726421,21.402845],[-157.724324,21.403311],[-157.723794,21.40329],[-157.723286,21.403227],[-157.722735,21.403121],[-157.722544,21.403036],[-157.721845,21.401596],[-157.721083,21.399541],[-157.7189,21.3961],[-157.7089,21.3833],[-157.7087,21.3793],[-157.7126,21.3689],[-157.7106,21.3585],[-157.7088,21.3534],[-157.6971,21.3364],[-157.6938,21.3329],[-157.6619,21.3131],[-157.6518,21.3139],[-157.652629,21.308709],[-157.6537,21.302],[-157.6946,21.2739],[-157.6944,21.2665],[-157.7001,21.264],[-157.7097,21.2621],[-157.7139,21.2638],[-157.7142,21.2665],[-157.7114,21.272],[-157.7122,21.2814],[-157.7143,21.2845],[-157.7213,21.2869],[-157.7572,21.278],[-157.765,21.2789],[-157.7782,21.2735],[-157.7931,21.2604],[-157.8096,21.2577],[-157.8211,21.2606],[-157.8241,21.2646],[-157.8253,21.2714],[-157.8319,21.2795],[-157.8457,21.29],[-157.89,21.3065],[-157.894518,21.319632],[-157.898969,21.327391],[-157.90482,21.329172],[-157.918939,21.318615],[-157.917921,21.313781],[-157.913469,21.310983],[-157.910925,21.305768],[-157.952263,21.306531],[-157.950736,21.312509],[-157.951881,21.318742],[-157.967971,21.327986],[-157.973334,21.327426],[-157.989424,21.317984],[-158.0245,21.3093],[-158.044485,21.306011]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Hawaii\",\"nation\":\"USA  \"}}]}","volume":"6","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ec8ae4b0c8380cd49321","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jarvi, S.I.","contributorId":60341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jarvi","given":"S.I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Banko, P.C. 0000-0002-6035-9803","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6035-9803","contributorId":99531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banko","given":"P.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70174922,"text":"70174922 - 2000 - Winter-spring 2001 United States streamflow probabilities based on anticipated neutral ENSO conditions and recent NPO status","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-26T16:17:06.556512","indexId":"70174922","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5147,"text":"Experimental Long-Lead Forecast Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Winter-spring 2001 United States streamflow probabilities based on anticipated neutral ENSO conditions and recent NPO status","docAbstract":"<p>An analysis of historical floods and seasonal streamflows during years with neutral El Ni&ntilde;oSouthern Oscillation (ENSO) conditions in the tropical Pacific and &ldquo;negative&rdquo; states of the North Pacific Oscillation (NPO) in the North Pacific&mdash;like those expected next year&mdash;indicates that (1) chances of having maximum-daily flows next year that are near the longterm averages in many rivers are enhanced, especially in the western states, (2) chances of having near-average seasonal-average flows also may be enhanced across the country, and (3) locally, chances of large floods and winter-season flows may be enhanced in the extreme Northwest, chances of large winter flows may be diminished in rivers in and around Wisconsin, and chances of large spring flows may be diminished in the interior southwest and southeastern coastal plain. The background, methods, and forecast results that lead to these statements are detailed below, followed by a summary of the successes and failures of last year&rsquo;s streamflow forecast by Dettinger et al. (1999).</p>","language":"English","publisher":"California Applications Program","usgsCitation":"Dettinger, M.D., Cayan, D., McCabe, G.J., and Redmond, K., 2000, Winter-spring 2001 United States streamflow probabilities based on anticipated neutral ENSO conditions and recent NPO status: Experimental Long-Lead Forecast Bulletin, v. 9, no. 3, p. 55-60.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"55","endPage":"60","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325524,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":407333,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://meteora.ucsd.edu/~meyer/http/capclimate.html"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-66.28243,18.51476],[-65.7713,18.42668],[-65.591,18.22803],[-65.84716,17.97591],[-66.59993,17.98182],[-67.18416,17.94655],[-67.24243,18.37446],[-67.10068,18.5206],[-66.28243,18.51476]]],[[[-155.54211,19.08348],[-155.68817,18.91619],[-155.93665,19.05939],[-155.90806,19.33888],[-156.07347,19.70294],[-156.02368,19.81422],[-155.85008,19.97729],[-155.91907,20.17395],[-155.86108,20.26721],[-155.78505,20.2487],[-155.40214,20.07975],[-155.22452,19.99302],[-155.06226,19.8591],[-154.80741,19.50871],[-154.83147,19.45328],[-155.22217,19.23972],[-155.54211,19.08348]]],[[[-156.07926,20.64397],[-156.41445,20.57241],[-156.58673,20.783],[-156.70167,20.8643],[-156.71055,20.92676],[-156.61258,21.01249],[-156.25711,20.91745],[-155.99566,20.76404],[-156.07926,20.64397]]],[[[-156.75824,21.17684],[-156.78933,21.06873],[-157.32521,21.09777],[-157.25027,21.21958],[-156.75824,21.17684]]],[[[-157.65283,21.32217],[-157.70703,21.26442],[-157.7786,21.27729],[-158.12667,21.31244],[-158.2538,21.53919],[-158.29265,21.57912],[-158.0252,21.71696],[-157.94161,21.65272],[-157.65283,21.32217]]],[[[-159.34512,21.982],[-159.46372,21.88299],[-159.80051,22.06533],[-159.74877,22.1382],[-159.5962,22.23618],[-159.36569,22.21494],[-159.34512,21.982]]],[[[-94.81758,49.38905],[-94.64,48.84],[-94.32914,48.67074],[-93.63087,48.60926],[-92.61,48.45],[-91.64,48.14],[-90.83,48.27],[-89.6,48.01],[-89.27292,48.01981],[-88.37811,48.30292],[-87.43979,47.94],[-86.46199,47.55334],[-85.65236,47.22022],[-84.87608,46.90008],[-84.77924,46.6371],[-84.54375,46.53868],[-84.6049,46.4396],[-84.3367,46.40877],[-84.14212,46.51223],[-84.09185,46.27542],[-83.89077,46.11693],[-83.61613,46.11693],[-83.46955,45.99469],[-83.59285,45.81689],[-82.55092,45.34752],[-82.33776,44.44],[-82.13764,43.57109],[-82.43,42.98],[-82.9,42.43],[-83.12,42.08],[-83.142,41.97568],[-83.02981,41.8328],[-82.69009,41.67511],[-82.43928,41.67511],[-81.27775,42.20903],[-80.24745,42.3662],[-78.93936,42.86361],[-78.92,42.965],[-79.01,43.27],[-79.17167,43.46634],[-78.72028,43.62509],[-77.73789,43.62906],[-76.82003,43.62878],[-76.5,44.01846],[-76.375,44.09631],[-75.31821,44.81645],[-74.867,45.00048],[-73.34783,45.00738],[-71.50506,45.0082],[-71.405,45.255],[-71.08482,45.30524],[-70.66,45.46],[-70.305,45.915],[-69.99997,46.69307],[-69.23722,47.44778],[-68.905,47.185],[-68.23444,47.35486],[-67.79046,47.06636],[-67.79134,45.70281],[-67.13741,45.13753],[-66.96466,44.8097],[-68.03252,44.3252],[-69.06,43.98],[-70.11617,43.68405],[-70.64548,43.09024],[-70.81489,42.8653],[-70.825,42.335],[-70.495,41.805],[-70.08,41.78],[-70.185,42.145],[-69.88497,41.92283],[-69.96503,41.63717],[-70.64,41.475],[-71.12039,41.49445],[-71.86,41.32],[-72.295,41.27],[-72.87643,41.22065],[-73.71,40.9311],[-72.24126,41.11948],[-71.945,40.93],[-73.345,40.63],[-73.982,40.628],[-73.95232,40.75075],[-74.25671,40.47351],[-73.96244,40.42763],[-74.17838,39.70926],[-74.90604,38.93954],[-74.98041,39.1964],[-75.20002,39.24845],[-75.52805,39.4985],[-75.32,38.96],[-75.07183,38.78203],[-75.05673,38.40412],[-75.37747,38.01551],[-75.94023,37.21689],[-76.03127,37.2566],[-75.72205,37.93705],[-76.23287,38.31921],[-76.35,39.15],[-76.54272,38.71762],[-76.32933,38.08326],[-76.99,38.23999],[-76.30162,37.91794],[-76.25874,36.9664],[-75.9718,36.89726],[-75.86804,36.55125],[-75.72749,35.55074],[-76.36318,34.80854],[-77.39763,34.51201],[-78.05496,33.92547],[-78.55435,33.86133],[-79.06067,33.49395],[-79.20357,33.15839],[-80.30132,32.50935],[-80.86498,32.0333],[-81.33629,31.44049],[-81.49042,30.72999],[-81.31371,30.03552],[-80.98,29.18],[-80.53558,28.47213],[-80.53,28.04],[-80.05654,26.88],[-80.08801,26.20576],[-80.13156,25.81677],[-80.38103,25.20616],[-80.68,25.08],[-81.17213,25.20126],[-81.33,25.64],[-81.71,25.87],[-82.24,26.73],[-82.70515,27.49504],[-82.85526,27.88624],[-82.65,28.55],[-82.93,29.1],[-83.70959,29.93656],[-84.1,30.09],[-85.10882,29.63615],[-85.28784,29.68612],[-85.7731,30.15261],[-86.4,30.4],[-87.53036,30.27433],[-88.41782,30.3849],[-89.18049,30.31598],[-89.59383,30.15999],[-89.41373,29.89419],[-89.43,29.48864],[-89.21767,29.29108],[-89.40823,29.15961],[-89.77928,29.30714],[-90.15463,29.11743],[-90.88022,29.14854],[-91.62678,29.677],[-92.49906,29.5523],[-93.22637,29.78375],[-93.84842,29.71363],[-94.69,29.48],[-95.60026,28.73863],[-96.59404,28.30748],[-97.14,27.83],[-97.37,27.38],[-97.38,26.69],[-97.33,26.21],[-97.14,25.87],[-97.53,25.84],[-98.24,26.06],[-99.02,26.37],[-99.3,26.84],[-99.52,27.54],[-100.11,28.11],[-100.45584,28.69612],[-100.9576,29.38071],[-101.6624,29.7793],[-102.48,29.76],[-103.11,28.97],[-103.94,29.27],[-104.45697,29.57196],[-104.70575,30.12173],[-105.03737,30.64402],[-105.63159,31.08383],[-106.1429,31.39995],[-106.50759,31.75452],[-108.24,31.75485],[-108.24194,31.34222],[-109.035,31.34194],[-111.02361,31.33472],[-113.30498,32.03914],[-114.815,32.52528],[-114.72139,32.72083],[-115.99135,32.61239],[-117.12776,32.53534],[-117.29594,33.04622],[-117.944,33.62124],[-118.4106,33.74091],[-118.51989,34.02778],[-119.081,34.078],[-119.43884,34.34848],[-120.36778,34.44711],[-120.62286,34.60855],[-120.74433,35.15686],[-121.71457,36.16153],[-122.54747,37.55176],[-122.51201,37.78339],[-122.95319,38.11371],[-123.7272,38.95166],[-123.86517,39.76699],[-124.39807,40.3132],[-124.17886,41.14202],[-124.2137,41.99964],[-124.53284,42.76599],[-124.14214,43.70838],[-124.02053,44.6159],[-123.89893,45.52341],[-124.07963,46.86475],[-124.39567,47.72017],[-124.68721,48.18443],[-124.5661,48.37971],[-123.12,48.04],[-122.58736,47.096],[-122.34,47.36],[-122.5,48.18],[-122.84,49],[-120,49],[-117.03121,49],[-116.04818,49],[-113,49],[-110.05,49],[-107.05,49],[-104.04826,48.99986],[-100.65,49],[-97.22872,49.0007],[-95.15907,49],[-95.15609,49.38425],[-94.81758,49.38905]]],[[[-153.00631,57.11584],[-154.00509,56.73468],[-154.5164,56.99275],[-154.67099,57.4612],[-153.76278,57.81657],[-153.22873,57.96897],[-152.56479,57.90143],[-152.14115,57.59106],[-153.00631,57.11584]]],[[[-165.57916,59.90999],[-166.19277,59.75444],[-166.84834,59.94141],[-167.45528,60.21307],[-166.46779,60.38417],[-165.67443,60.29361],[-165.57916,59.90999]]],[[[-171.73166,63.78252],[-171.11443,63.59219],[-170.49111,63.69498],[-169.68251,63.43112],[-168.68944,63.29751],[-168.77194,63.1886],[-169.52944,62.97693],[-170.29056,63.19444],[-170.67139,63.37582],[-171.55306,63.31779],[-171.79111,63.40585],[-171.73166,63.78252]]],[[[-155.06779,71.14778],[-154.34417,70.69641],[-153.90001,70.88999],[-152.21001,70.82999],[-152.27,70.60001],[-150.73999,70.43002],[-149.72,70.53001],[-147.61336,70.21403],[-145.68999,70.12001],[-144.92001,69.98999],[-143.58945,70.15251],[-142.07251,69.85194],[-140.98599,69.712],[-140.9925,66.00003],[-140.99777,60.3064],[-140.013,60.27684],[-139.039,60.00001],[-138.34089,59.56211],[-137.4525,58.905],[-136.47972,59.46389],[-135.47583,59.78778],[-134.945,59.27056],[-134.27111,58.86111],[-133.35555,58.41029],[-132.73042,57.69289],[-131.70781,56.55212],[-130.00778,55.91583],[-129.97999,55.285],[-130.53611,54.80275],[-131.08582,55.17891],[-131.96721,55.49778],[-132.25001,56.37],[-133.53918,57.17889],[-134.07806,58.12307],[-135.03821,58.18771],[-136.62806,58.21221],[-137.80001,58.5],[-139.86779,59.53776],[-140.82527,59.72752],[-142.57444,60.08445],[-143.95888,59.99918],[-145.92556,60.45861],[-147.11437,60.88466],[-148.22431,60.67299],[-148.01807,59.97833],[-148.57082,59.91417],[-149.72786,59.70566],[-150.60824,59.36821],[-151.71639,59.15582],[-151.85943,59.74498],[-151.40972,60.7258],[-150.34694,61.03359],[-150.62111,61.28442],[-151.89584,60.7272],[-152.57833,60.06166],[-154.01917,59.35028],[-153.28751,58.86473],[-154.23249,58.14637],[-155.30749,57.72779],[-156.30833,57.42277],[-156.5561,56.97998],[-158.11722,56.46361],[-158.43332,55.99415],[-159.60333,55.56669],[-160.28972,55.64358],[-161.22305,55.36473],[-162.23777,55.02419],[-163.06945,54.68974],[-164.78557,54.40417],[-164.94223,54.57222],[-163.84834,55.03943],[-162.87,55.34804],[-161.80417,55.89499],[-160.5636,56.00805],[-160.07056,56.41806],[-158.68444,57.01668],[-158.4611,57.21692],[-157.72277,57.57],[-157.55027,58.32833],[-157.04167,58.91888],[-158.19473,58.6158],[-158.51722,58.78778],[-159.05861,58.42419],[-159.71167,58.93139],[-159.98129,58.57255],[-160.35527,59.07112],[-161.355,58.67084],[-161.96889,58.67166],[-162.05499,59.26693],[-161.87417,59.63362],[-162.51806,59.98972],[-163.81834,59.79806],[-164.66222,60.26748],[-165.34639,60.5075],[-165.35083,61.0739],[-166.12138,61.50002],[-165.73445,62.075],[-164.91918,62.63308],[-164.56251,63.14638],[-163.75333,63.21945],[-163.06722,63.05946],[-162.26056,63.54194],[-161.53445,63.45582],[-160.77251,63.76611],[-160.95834,64.2228],[-161.51807,64.40279],[-160.77778,64.7886],[-161.39193,64.77724],[-162.45305,64.55944],[-162.75779,64.33861],[-163.54639,64.55916],[-164.96083,64.44695],[-166.42529,64.68667],[-166.845,65.0889],[-168.11056,65.67],[-166.70527,66.08832],[-164.47471,66.57666],[-163.65251,66.57666],[-163.7886,66.07721],[-161.67777,66.11612],[-162.48971,66.73557],[-163.71972,67.11639],[-164.43099,67.61634],[-165.39029,68.04277],[-166.76444,68.35888],[-166.20471,68.88303],[-164.43081,68.91554],[-163.16861,69.37111],[-162.93057,69.85806],[-161.9089,70.33333],[-160.9348,70.44769],[-159.03918,70.89164],[-158.11972,70.82472],[-156.58082,71.35776],[-155.06779,71.14778]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"United States\"}}]}","volume":"9","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5791f234e4b0a1ebd3ad4ca9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dettinger, M. D. 0000-0002-7509-7332","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7509-7332","contributorId":93069,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dettinger","given":"M.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":16196,"text":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":643153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cayan, D.R.","contributorId":25961,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cayan","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16196,"text":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":643154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McCabe, G. J. Jr.","contributorId":77551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCabe","given":"G.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Redmond, K.T.","contributorId":12865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Redmond","given":"K.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70174767,"text":"70174767 - 2000 - Floods, flood control, and bottomland vegetation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-15T11:00:27","indexId":"70174767","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Floods, flood control, and bottomland vegetation","docAbstract":"<p><span>Bottomland plant communities are typically dominated by the effects of floods. Floods create the surfaces on which plants become established, transport seeds and nutrients, and remove establish plants. Floods provide a moisture subsidy that allows development of bottomland forests in arid regions and produce anoxic soils, which can control bottomland plant distribution in humid regions. Repeated flooding produces a mosaic of patches of different age, sediment texture, and inundation duration; this mosaic fosters high species richness.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Inland flood hazards: human, riparian and aquatic communities","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","usgsCitation":"Friedman, J.M., and Auble, G.T., 2000, Floods, flood control, and bottomland vegetation, chap. <i>of</i> Inland flood hazards: human, riparian and aquatic communities, p. 219-237.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"219","endPage":"237","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325312,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":325311,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/earth-and-environmental-science/hydrology-hydrogeology-and-water-resources/inland-flood-hazards-human-riparian-and-aquatic-communities"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"578a092fe4b0c1aacab7d405","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friedman, Jonathan M. 0000-0002-1329-0663 friedmanj@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1329-0663","contributorId":2473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"Jonathan","email":"friedmanj@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":642585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Auble, Gregor T. 0000-0002-0843-2751 aubleg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0843-2751","contributorId":2187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Auble","given":"Gregor","email":"aubleg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":642586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70022931,"text":"70022931 - 2000 - Determination of organophosphorus pesticides in water samples using solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:39","indexId":"70022931","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":610,"text":"ACS Division of Environmental Chemistry, Preprints","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of organophosphorus pesticides in water samples using solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry","docAbstract":"[No abstract available]","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"ACS Division of Environmental Chemistry, Preprints","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"conferenceTitle":"219th ACS National Meeting","conferenceDate":"26 March 2000 through 30 March 2000","conferenceLocation":"San Francisco, CA","language":"English","issn":"00933066","usgsCitation":"Lindsey, M., and Thurman, E., 2000, Determination of organophosphorus pesticides in water samples using solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry: ACS Division of Environmental Chemistry, Preprints, v. 40, no. 1, p. 428-430.","startPage":"428","endPage":"430","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233899,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ffbae4b0c8380cd4f373","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lindsey, M.E.","contributorId":6627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindsey","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70022934,"text":"70022934 - 2000 - Surface properties of Mars' polar layered deposits and polar landing sites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-29T16:36:00","indexId":"70022934","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Surface properties of Mars' polar layered deposits and polar landing sites","docAbstract":"On December 3, 1999, the Mars Polar Lander and Mars Microprobes will land on the planet's south polar layered deposits near (76°S, 195°W) and conduct the first in situ studies of the planet's polar regions. The scientific goals of these missions address several poorly understood and globally significant issues, such as polar meteorology, the composition and volatile content of the layered deposits, the erosional state and mass balance of their surface, their possible relationship to climate cycles, and the nature of bright and dark aeolian material. Derived thermal inertias of the southern layered deposits are very low (50-100 J m<sup>-2</sup> s<sup>-1/2</sup> K<sup>-1</sup>), suggesting that the surface down to a depth of a few centimeters is generally fine grained or porous and free of an appreciable amount of rock or ice. The landing site region is smoother than typical cratered terrain on ∼1 km pixel<sup>-1</sup> Viking Orbiter images but contains low-relief texture on ∼5 to 100 m pixel<sup>-1</sup> Mariner 9 and Mars Global Surveyor images. The surface of the southern deposits is older than that of the northern deposits and appears to be modified by aeolian erosion or ablation of ground ice.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/1999JE001108","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Vasavada, A., Williams, J., Paige, D.A., Herkenhoff, K.E., Bridges, N.T., Greeley, R., Murray, B.C., Bass, D.S., and McBride, K.S., 2000, Surface properties of Mars' polar layered deposits and polar landing sites: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 105, no. E3, p. 6961-6969, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JE001108.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"6961","endPage":"6969","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487443,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1999je001108","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":233902,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"105","issue":"E3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9fb9e4b08c986b31e7cf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vasavada, Ashwin R.","contributorId":84125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vasavada","given":"Ashwin R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, Jean-Pierre","contributorId":90507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Jean-Pierre","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Paige, David A.","contributorId":107891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paige","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Herkenhoff, Kenneth E. 0000-0002-3153-6663 kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3153-6663","contributorId":2275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herkenhoff","given":"Kenneth","email":"kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":395519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bridges, Nathan T.","contributorId":45005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bridges","given":"Nathan","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Greeley, Ronald","contributorId":20833,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greeley","given":"Ronald","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Murray, Bruce C.","contributorId":61992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Bass, Deborah S.","contributorId":36718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bass","given":"Deborah","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"McBride, Karen S.","contributorId":9817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McBride","given":"Karen","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":70022935,"text":"70022935 - 2000 - Orbital radar studies of paleodrainages in the central Namib Desert","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:07","indexId":"70022935","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Orbital radar studies of paleodrainages in the central Namib Desert","docAbstract":"Orbital radar images of the central Namib Desert show clearly the extent of relict fluvial deposits associated with former courses of the Tsondab and Kuiseb rivers. South of the Kuiseb River, radar data show the existence of a drainage network developed in calcrete-cemented late Tertiary fluvial deposits. The sand-filled paleovalleys are imaged as radar-dark tones in contrast to the radar-bright interfluves where the calcreted gravels occur. The drainage network developed as a result of local runoff from indurated gravels and channeled surface and subsurface flow to the sites of the many interdune lacustrine deposits found in the area. (C) Elsevier Science Inc., 2000.Orbital radar images of the central Namib Desert show clearly the extent of relict fluvial deposits associated with former courses of the Tsondab and Kuiseb rivers. South of the Kuiseb River, radar data show the existence of a drainage network developed in calcrete-cemented late Tertiary fluvial deposits. The sand-filled paleovalleys are imaged as radar-dark tones in contrast to the radar-bright interfluves where the calcreted gravels occur. The drainage network developed as a result of local runoff from indurated gravels and channeled surface and subsurface flow to the sites of the many interdune lacustrine deposits found in the area.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Remote Sensing of Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science Inc","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","doi":"10.1016/S0034-4257(99)00088-7","issn":"00344257","usgsCitation":"Lancaster, N., Schaber, G.G., and Teller, J., 2000, Orbital radar studies of paleodrainages in the central Namib Desert: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 71, no. 2, p. 216-225, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(99)00088-7.","startPage":"216","endPage":"225","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208011,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(99)00088-7"},{"id":233359,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"71","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6f30e4b0c8380cd759ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lancaster, N.","contributorId":36330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lancaster","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schaber, G. G.","contributorId":68300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaber","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Teller, J.T.","contributorId":8243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Teller","given":"J.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70022915,"text":"70022915 - 2000 - Genetic diversity and epidemiology of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-19T15:28:40","indexId":"70022915","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1396,"text":"Diseases of Aquatic Organisms","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Genetic diversity and epidemiology of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>Forty-two infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) isolates from Alaska were analyzed using the ribonuclease protection assay (RPA) and nucleotide sequencing. RPA analyses, utilizing 4 probes, N5, N3 (N gene), GF (G gene), and NV (NV gene), determined that the haplotypes of all 3 genes demonstrated a consistent spatial pattern. Virus isolates belonging to the most common haplotype groups were distributed throughout Alaska, whereas isolates in small haplotype groups were obtained from only 1 site (hatchery, lake, etc.). The temporal pattern of the GF haplotypes suggested a 'genetic acclimation' of the G gene, possibly due to positive selection on the glycoprotein. A pairwise comparison of the sequence data determined that the maximum nucleotide diversity of the isolates was 2.75% (10 mismatches) for the NV gene, and 1.99% (6 mismatches) for a 301 base pair region of the G gene, indicating that the genetic diversity of IHNV within Alaska is notably lower than in the more southern portions of the IHNV North American range. Phylogenetic analysis of representative Alaskan sequences and sequences of 12 previously characterized IHNV strains from Washington, Oregon, Idaho, California (USA) and British Columbia (Canada) distinguished the isolates into clusters that correlated with geographic origin and indicated that the Alaskan and British Columbia isolates may have a common viral ancestral lineage. Comparisons of multiple isolates from the same site provided epidemiological insights into viral transmission patterns and indicated that viral evolution, viral introduction, and genetic stasis were the mechanisms involved with IHN virus population dynamics in Alaska. The examples of genetic stasis and the overall low sequence heterogeneity of the Alaskan isolates suggested that they are evolutionarily constrained. This study establishes a baseline of genetic fingerprint patterns and sequence groups representing the genetic diversity of Alaskan IHNV isolates. This information could be used to determine the source of an IHN outbreak and to facilitate decisions in fisheries management of Alaskan salmonid stocks.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","issn":"01775103","usgsCitation":"Emmenegger, E., Meyers, T., Burton, T., and Kurath, G., 2000, Genetic diversity and epidemiology of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in Alaska: Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, v. 40, no. 3, p. 163-176.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"163","endPage":"176","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233578,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":265884,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.int-res.com/articles/dao/40/d040p163.pdf"}],"volume":"40","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1573e4b0c8380cd54e01","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Emmenegger, E.G","contributorId":168722,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Emmenegger","given":"E.G","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meyers, T.R.","contributorId":108283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyers","given":"T.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burton, T.O.","contributorId":96874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"T.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kurath, Gael 0000-0003-3294-560X gkurath@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3294-560X","contributorId":100522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kurath","given":"Gael","email":"gkurath@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":395389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70022904,"text":"70022904 - 2000 - New site coefficients and site classification system used in recent building seismic code provisions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-28T11:57:17.226483","indexId":"70022904","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1436,"text":"Earthquake Spectra","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"New site coefficients and site classification system used in recent building seismic code provisions","docAbstract":"<p><span>Recent code provisions for buildings and other structures (1994 and 1997&nbsp;</span><i>NEHRP Provisions, 1997 UBC</i><span>) have adopted new site amplification factors and a new procedure for site classification. Two amplitude-dependent site amplification factors are specified: F</span><sub><span class=\"smallcaps smallerCapital\">a</span></sub><span>&nbsp;for short periods and F</span><sub><span class=\"smallcaps smallerCapital\">v</span></sub><span>&nbsp;for longer periods. Previous codes included only a long period factor S and did not provide for a short period amplification factor. The new site classification system is based on definitions of five site classes in terms of a representative average shear wave velocity to a depth of 30 m (V¯</span><sub><span class=\"smallcaps smallerCapital\">s</span></sub><span>). This definition permits sites to be classified unambiguously. When the shear wave velocity is not available, other soil properties such as standard penetration resistance or undrained shear strength can be used. The new site classes denoted by letters A - E, replace site classes in previous codes denoted by S1 - S4. Site classes A and B correspond to hard rock and rock, Site Class C corresponds to soft rock and very stiff / very dense soil, and Site Classes D and E correspond to stiff soil and soft soil. A sixth site class, F, is defined for soils requiring site-specific evaluations. Both F</span><sub><span class=\"smallcaps smallerCapital\">a</span></sub><span>&nbsp;and F</span><sub><span class=\"smallcaps smallerCapital\">v</span></sub><span>&nbsp;are functions of the site class, and also of the level of seismic hazard on rock, defined by parameters such as A</span><sub><span class=\"smallcaps smallerCapital\">a</span></sub><span>&nbsp;and A</span><sub><span class=\"smallcaps smallerCapital\">v</span></sub><span>&nbsp;(</span><i>1994 NEHRP Provisions</i><span>), S</span><sub><span class=\"smallcaps smallerCapital\">s</span></sub><span>&nbsp;and S</span><sub><span class=\"smallcaps smallerCapital\">l</span></sub><span>&nbsp;(</span><i>1997 NEHRP Provisions</i><span>) or Z (</span><i>1997 UBC</i><span>). The values of F</span><sub><span class=\"smallcaps smallerCapital\">a</span></sub><span>&nbsp;and F</span><sub><span class=\"smallcaps smallerCapital\">v</span></sub><span>&nbsp;decrease as the seismic hazard on rock increases due to soil nonlinearity. The greatest impact of the new factors F</span><sub><span class=\"smallcaps smallerCapital\">a</span></sub><span>&nbsp;and F</span><sub><span class=\"smallcaps smallerCapital\">v</span></sub><span>&nbsp;as compared with the old S factors occurs in areas of low-to-medium seismic hazard. This paper summarizes the new site provisions, explains the basis for them, and discusses ongoing studies of site amplification in recent earthquakes that may influence future code developments.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Sage Publications","doi":"10.1193/1.1586082","issn":"87552930","usgsCitation":"Dobry, R., Borcherdt, R., Crouse, C., Idriss, I., Joyner, W.B., Martin, G.R., Power, M., Rinne, E., and Seed, R., 2000, New site coefficients and site classification system used in recent building seismic code provisions: Earthquake Spectra, v. 16, no. 1, p. 41-67, https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1586082.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"41","endPage":"67","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233358,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6537e4b0c8380cd72b37","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dobry, R.","contributorId":41190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dobry","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Borcherdt, R. D. 0000-0002-8668-0849","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8668-0849","contributorId":32165,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borcherdt","given":"R. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Crouse, C.B.","contributorId":76012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crouse","given":"C.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Idriss, I.M.","contributorId":105412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Idriss","given":"I.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Joyner, W. B.","contributorId":70746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Joyner","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Martin, G. R.","contributorId":14004,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Power, M.S.","contributorId":102896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Power","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Rinne, E.E.","contributorId":70965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rinne","given":"E.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Seed, R.B.","contributorId":34691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seed","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":70022881,"text":"70022881 - 2000 - Invasion by a Japanese marine microorganism in western North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-27T12:34:15","indexId":"70022881","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Invasion by a Japanese marine microorganism in western North America","docAbstract":"<p>The earliest record in western North America of Trochammina hadai Uchio, a benthic foraminifer common in Japanese estuaries, is from sediment collected in Puget Sound in 1971. It was first found in San Francisco Bay in sediment samples taken in 1983, and since 1986 has been collected at 91% of the sampled sites in the Bay, constituting up to 93% of the foraminiferal assemblage at individual sites. The species is also present in recent sediment samples from 12 other sites along the west coast of North America. The evidence indicates that T. hadai is a recent introduction to San Francisco Bay, and is probably also not native to the other North American sites. Trochammina hadai was probably transported from Japan in ships' ballast tanks, in mud associated with anchors, or in sediments associated with oysters imported for mariculture. Its remarkable invasion of San Francisco Bay suggests the potential for massive, rapid invasions by other marine microorganisms.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrobiologia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1003808517945","issn":"00188158","usgsCitation":"McGann, M., Sloan, D., and Cohen, A., 2000, Invasion by a Japanese marine microorganism in western North America: Hydrobiologia, v. 421, no. 1-3, p. 25-30, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1003808517945.","startPage":"25","endPage":"30","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233611,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208132,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003808517945"}],"volume":"421","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3e1be4b0c8380cd63ae5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGann, M. 0000-0002-3057-2945","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3057-2945","contributorId":49125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGann","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sloan, D.","contributorId":22512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sloan","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cohen, A.N.","contributorId":84544,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cohen","given":"A.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70022889,"text":"70022889 - 2000 - A surface-associated activity trap for capturing water-surface and aquatic invertebrates in wetlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-28T15:04:27.267015","indexId":"70022889","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A surface-associated activity trap for capturing water-surface and aquatic invertebrates in wetlands","docAbstract":"We developed a surface-associated activity trap (SAT) for sampling aquatic invertebrates in wetlands. We compared performance of this trap with that of a conventional activity trap (AT) based on non-detection rates and relative abundance estimates for 13 taxa of common wetland invertebrates and for taxon richness using data from experiments in constructed wetlands. Taxon-specific non-detection rates for ATs generally exceeded those of SATs, and largest improvements using SATs were for Chironomidae and Gastropoda. SATs were efficient at capturing cladocera, Chironomidae, Gastropoda, total Crustacea, and multiple taxa (taxon richness) but were only slightly better than ATs at capturing Dytiscidae. Temporal differences in capture rates were observed only for cladocera, Chironomidae, Dytiscidae, and total Crustacea, with capture efficiencies of SATs usually decreasing from mid-June through mid-July for these taxa. We believe that SATs may be useful for characterizing wetland invertebrate communities and for developing improved measures of prey available to foraging waterfowl and other aquatic birds.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1672/0277-5212(2000)020[0205:ASAATF]2.0.CO;2","issn":"02775212","usgsCitation":"Hanson, M.A., Roy, C.C., Euliss, N., Zimmer, K.D., Riggs, M.R., and Butler, M.G., 2000, A surface-associated activity trap for capturing water-surface and aquatic invertebrates in wetlands: Wetlands, v. 20, no. 1, p. 205-212, https://doi.org/10.1672/0277-5212(2000)020[0205:ASAATF]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"205","endPage":"212","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233756,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","city":"Jamestown","otherGeospatial":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","volume":"20","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e5d9e4b0c8380cd46fcd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hanson, Mark A.","contributorId":174743,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hanson","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roy, Christiane C.","contributorId":80592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roy","given":"Christiane","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Euliss, Ned ceuliss@usgs.gov","contributorId":192021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Euliss","given":"Ned","email":"ceuliss@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":395296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zimmer, Kyle D.","contributorId":174744,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zimmer","given":"Kyle","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Riggs, Michael R.","contributorId":174745,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Riggs","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Butler, Malcolm G.","contributorId":56188,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Butler","given":"Malcolm","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":12813,"text":"Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":395297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70022902,"text":"70022902 - 2000 - A new global 1-km dataset of percentage tree cover derived from remote sensing","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-07T16:02:04","indexId":"70022902","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1837,"text":"Global Change Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A new global 1-km dataset of percentage tree cover derived from remote sensing","docAbstract":"Accurate assessment of the spatial extent of forest cover is a crucial requirement for quantifying the sources and sinks of carbon from the terrestrial biosphere. In the more immediate context of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, implementation of the Kyoto Protocol calls for estimates of carbon stocks for a baseline year as well as for subsequent years. Data sources from country level statistics and other ground-based information are based on varying definitions of 'forest' and are consequently problematic for obtaining spatially and temporally consistent carbon stock estimates. By combining two datasets previously derived from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) at 1 km spatial resolution, we have generated a prototype global map depicting percentage tree cover and associated proportions of trees with different leaf longevity (evergreen and deciduous) and leaf type (broadleaf and needleleaf). The product is intended for use in terrestrial carbon cycle models, in conjunction with other spatial datasets such as climate and soil type, to obtain more consistent and reliable estimates of carbon stocks. The percentage tree cover dataset is available through the Global Land Cover Facility at the University of Maryland at http://glcf.umiacs.umd.edu.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00296.x","issn":"13541013","usgsCitation":"DeFries, R., Hansen, M., Townshend, J., Janetos, A., and Loveland, T., 2000, A new global 1-km dataset of percentage tree cover derived from remote sensing: Global Change Biology, v. 6, no. 2, p. 247-254, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00296.x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"247","endPage":"254","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233897,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208266,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00296.x"}],"volume":"6","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-12-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4a2e4b0c8380cd467b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeFries, R.S.","contributorId":61549,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeFries","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hansen, M.C.","contributorId":69690,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hansen","given":"M.C.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":33433,"text":"University of Maryland, College Park","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":395336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Townshend, J.R.G.","contributorId":15321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Townshend","given":"J.R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Janetos, A.C.","contributorId":31172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Janetos","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Loveland, Thomas R. 0000-0003-3114-6646","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3114-6646","contributorId":106125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loveland","given":"Thomas R.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":395337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70022909,"text":"70022909 - 2000 - North-south geological differences between the residual polar caps on Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:05","indexId":"70022909","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"North-south geological differences between the residual polar caps on Mars","docAbstract":"Polar processes can be sensitive indicators of global climate, and the geological features associated with polar ice caps can therefore indicate evolution of climate with time. The polar regions on Mars have distinctive morphologic and climatologic features: thick layered deposits, seasonal CO2 frost caps extending to mid latitudes, and near-polar residual frost deposits that survive the summer. The relationship of the seasonal and residual frost caps to the layered deposits has been poorly constrained, mainly by the limited spatial resolution of the available data. In particular, it has not been known if the residual caps represent simple thin frost cover or substantial geologic features. Here we show that the residual cap on the south pole is a distinct geologic unit with striking collapse and erosional topography; this is very different from the residual cap on the north pole, which grades into the underlying layered materials. These findings indicate that the differences between the caps are substantial (rather than reflecting short-lived differences in frost cover), and so support the idea of long-term asymmetry in the polar climates of Mars.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nature","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1038/35004528","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Thomas, P., Malin, M.C., Edgett, K., Carr, M.H., Hartmann, W., Ingersoll, A., James, P., Soderblom, L., Veverka, J., and Sullivan, R., 2000, North-south geological differences between the residual polar caps on Mars: Nature, v. 404, no. 6774, p. 161-164, https://doi.org/10.1038/35004528.","startPage":"161","endPage":"164","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208064,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35004528"},{"id":233462,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"404","issue":"6774","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a682ae4b0c8380cd7364b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, P.C.","contributorId":32690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"P.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Malin, M. C.","contributorId":68830,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Malin","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Edgett, K.S.","contributorId":66028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edgett","given":"K.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Carr, M. H.","contributorId":84727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":395371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hartmann, W.K.","contributorId":96002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartmann","given":"W.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ingersoll, A.P.","contributorId":54735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"A.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"James, P.B.","contributorId":88913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"James","given":"P.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Soderblom, L.A. 0000-0002-0917-853X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0917-853X","contributorId":6139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soderblom","given":"L.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Veverka, J.","contributorId":71689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Veverka","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Sullivan, R.","contributorId":63134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sullivan","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}}
,{"id":70022950,"text":"70022950 - 2000 - Mode of occurrence of chromium in four US coals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-17T21:09:46","indexId":"70022950","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1710,"text":"Fuel Processing Technology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mode of occurrence of chromium in four US coals","docAbstract":"The mode of occurrence of chromium in three US bituminous coals and one US subbituminous has been examined using both X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy and a selective leaching protocol supplemented by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron microprobe measurements. A synthesis of results from both methods indicates that chromium occurs principally in two forms in the bituminous coals: the major occurrence of chromium is associated with the macerals and is not readily leached by any reagent, whereas a second, lesser occurrence, which is leachable in hydrofluoric acid (HF), is associated with the clay mineral, illite. The former occurrence is believed to be a small particle oxyhydroxide phase (CrO(OH)). One coal also contained a small fraction (<5%) of the chromium in the form of a chromian magnetite, and the leaching protocol indicated the possibility of a similar small fraction of chromium in sulfide form in all three coals. There was little agreement between the two techniques on the mode of occurrence of chromium in the subbituminous coal; however, only a limited number of subbituminous coals have been analyzed by either technique. The chromium in all four coals was trivalent as no evidence was found for the Cr6+ oxidation state in any coal.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Fuel Processing Technology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/S0378-3820(99)00090-9","issn":"03783820","usgsCitation":"Huggins, F.E., Shah, N., Huffman, G., Kolker, A., Crowley, S., Palmer, C., and Finkelman, R.B., 2000, Mode of occurrence of chromium in four US coals: Fuel Processing Technology, v. 63, no. 2, p. 79-92, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3820(99)00090-9.","startPage":"79","endPage":"92","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208102,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3820(99)00090-9"},{"id":233544,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"63","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5ba1e4b0c8380cd6f6c6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huggins, Frank E.","contributorId":81273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huggins","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shah, N.","contributorId":91278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shah","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Huffman, G.P.","contributorId":12232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huffman","given":"G.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kolker, A. 0000-0002-5768-4533","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5768-4533","contributorId":10947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolker","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Crowley, S.","contributorId":98506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crowley","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Palmer, C.A.","contributorId":81894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palmer","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Finkelman, R. B.","contributorId":20341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finkelman","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70022899,"text":"70022899 - 2000 - Modeling annual mallard production in the prairie-parkland region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-19T17:14:29.929745","indexId":"70022899","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling annual mallard production in the prairie-parkland region","docAbstract":"<p>Biologists have proposed several environmental factors that might influence production of mallards (<i>Anas platyrhynchos</i>) nesting in the prairie-parkland region of the United States and Canada. These factors include precipitation, cold spring temperatures, wetland abundance, and upland breeding habitat. I used long-term historical data sets of climate, wetland numbers, agricultural land use, and size of breeding mallard populations in multiple regression analyses to model annual indices of mallard production. Models were constructed at 2 scales: a continental scale that encompassed most of the mid-continental breeding range of mallards and a stratum-level scale that included 23 portions of that same breeding range. The production index at the continental scale was the estimated age ratio of mid-continental mallards in early fall; at the stratum scale my production index was the estimated number of broods of all duck species within an aerial survey stratum. Size of breeding mallard populations in May, and pond numbers in May and July, best modeled production at the continental scale. Variables that best modeled production at the stratum scale differed by region. Crop variables tended to appear more in models for western Canadian strata; pond variables predominated in models for United States strata; and spring temperature and pond variables dominated models for eastern Canadian strata. An index of cold spring temperatures appeared in 4 of 6 models for aspen parkland strata, and in only 1 of 11 models for strata dominated by prairie. Stratum-level models suggest that regional factors influencing mallard production are not evident at a larger scale. Testing these potential factors in a manipulative fashion would improve our understanding of mallard population dynamics, improving our ability to manage the mid-continental mallard population.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"The Wildlife Society","doi":"10.2307/3803254","issn":"0022541X","usgsCitation":"Miller, M., 2000, Modeling annual mallard production in the prairie-parkland region: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 64, no. 2, p. 561-575, https://doi.org/10.2307/3803254.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"561","endPage":"575","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233867,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Alberta, Manitoba, Montana, North Dakota, Saskatchewan, South Dakota","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -111.181640625,\n              45.089035564831036\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.150390625,\n              44.96479793033101\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.0625,\n              42.97250158602597\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.5693359375,\n              42.97250158602597\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.998046875,\n              42.74701217318067\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.3388671875,\n              42.84375132629021\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.45996093749999,\n              42.48830197960227\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.50390625,\n              42.8115217450979\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.416015625,\n              43.16512263158296\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.416015625,\n              43.51668853502906\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.3720703125,\n              45.336701909968134\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.6357421875,\n              45.583289756006316\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.5478515625,\n              45.89000815866184\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.591796875,\n              46.6795944656402\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.0751953125,\n              48.19538740833338\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.0751953125,\n              49.009050809382046\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.3056640625,\n              50.51342652633956\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.1845703125,\n              51.72702815704774\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.6455078125,\n              52.61639023304539\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.0390625,\n              53.904338156274704\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.12597656249999,\n              53.98193516209167\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.169921875,\n              49.03786794532644\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.181640625,\n              45.089035564831036\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"64","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5bdbe4b0c8380cd6f85e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, M.W.","contributorId":57012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"M.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70022897,"text":"70022897 - 2000 - Development of Maximum Considered Earthquake Ground Motion Maps","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-04T18:20:30.584886","indexId":"70022897","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1436,"text":"Earthquake Spectra","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Development of Maximum Considered Earthquake Ground Motion Maps","docAbstract":"<p><span>The&nbsp;</span><i>1997 NEHRP Recommended Provisions for Seismic Regulations for New Buildings</i><span>&nbsp;use a design procedure that is based on spectral response acceleration rather than the traditional peak ground acceleration, peak ground velocity, or zone factors. The spectral response accelerations are obtained from maps prepared following the recommendations of the Building Seismic Safety Council's (BSSC) Seismic Design Procedures Group (SDPG). The SDPG-recommended maps, the Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE) Ground Motion Maps, are based on the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) probabilistic hazard maps with additional modifications incorporating deterministic ground motions in selected areas and the application of engineering judgement. The MCE ground motion maps included with the&nbsp;</span><i>1997 NEHRP Provisions</i><span>&nbsp;also serve as the basis for the ground motion maps used in the seismic design portions of the&nbsp;</span><i>2000 International Building Code</i><span>&nbsp;and the&nbsp;</span><i>2000 International Residential Code</i><span>. Additionally the design maps prepared for the&nbsp;</span><i>1997 NEHRP Provisions</i><span>, combined with selected USGS probabilistic maps, are used with the&nbsp;</span><i>1997 NEHRP Guidelines for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings</i><span>.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"SAGE Publishing","doi":"10.1193/1.1586081","issn":"87552930","usgsCitation":"Leyendecker, E.V., Hunt, R.J., Frankel, A., and Rukstales, K., 2000, Development of Maximum Considered Earthquake Ground Motion Maps: Earthquake Spectra, v. 16, no. 1, p. 21-40, https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1586081.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"21","endPage":"40","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233865,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a002be4b0c8380cd4f612","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leyendecker, E. V.","contributorId":87162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leyendecker","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hunt, R. J.","contributorId":40164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Frankel, A.D.","contributorId":53828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frankel","given":"A.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rukstales, K.S.","contributorId":98799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rukstales","given":"K.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1002991,"text":"1002991 - 2000 - Whole-lake burdens and spatial distribution of cadmium in sediments of Wisconsin seepage lakes, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-28T18:47:31.740537","indexId":"1002991","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Whole-lake burdens and spatial distribution of cadmium in sediments of Wisconsin seepage lakes, USA","docAbstract":"<p><span>Cadmium was quantified in the surface sediments of six seepage lakes ranging from 8 to 70 ha in surface area, 6 to 20 m in maximum depth, 5.2 to 7.0 in mean epilimnetic pH, and 1.7 to 6.8 mg·L</span><sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;in dissolved organic carbon. Within each lake, dry-weight concentrations of cadmium (range, 0.02–7.17 μg·g</span><sup>−1</sup><span>) were positively correlated with volatile matter content of the sediments, which increased with water depth. Volumetric concentrations (i.e., mass per volume of wet sediment) were correlated with water depth in only one lake, and they more accurately represented the spatial distribution of sedimentary cadmium within the lakes. Analysis of sediment cores from two of the lakes indicated that surface sediments were enriched with cadmium. The source of cadmium and the within-lake processes controlling deposition to the sediments were presumably similar among the lakes, as demonstrated by the strong correlation between lake area and whole-lake burdens of cadmium in the surface sediments (range, 625–5785 g/lake). Hence, cadmium in these lakes appears to be derived largely from atmospheric deposition. When normalized for lake area, cadmium burdens in the surface sediments ranged from 62 to 92 g·ha</span><sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;and were strongly correlated with dissolved organic carbon, but not with lake pH, which suggests a link between the transport of cadmium and organic matter to the sediments.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","publisherLocation":"Auburn, MI","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620190608","issn":"07307268","usgsCitation":"Powell, D., Rada, R., Wiener, J., and Atchison, G., 2000, Whole-lake burdens and spatial distribution of cadmium in sediments of Wisconsin seepage lakes, USA: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 19, no. 6, p. 1523-1531, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620190608.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1523","endPage":"1531","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199214,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Vilas County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-88.9879,46.0971],[-88.9329,46.0746],[-88.9332,45.9822],[-89.0478,45.9822],[-89.0477,45.8953],[-89.1091,45.8973],[-89.1752,45.8993],[-89.1754,45.859],[-89.3008,45.8606],[-89.3007,45.9014],[-89.3628,45.8987],[-89.4256,45.8987],[-89.5498,45.8988],[-89.6741,45.8987],[-89.7571,45.8985],[-89.797,45.898],[-89.8199,45.8984],[-89.9212,45.8981],[-89.9846,45.8974],[-90.0428,45.8972],[-90.0442,45.9823],[-90.0134,45.9824],[-89.9853,45.9821],[-89.9289,45.9818],[-89.9282,46.0693],[-89.9288,46.1558],[-89.9287,46.2428],[-89.929,46.3],[-89.7599,46.268],[-89.7368,46.2636],[-89.5829,46.2347],[-89.5331,46.2252],[-89.5133,46.2215],[-89.4272,46.2048],[-89.3759,46.1949],[-89.2666,46.1737],[-89.2302,46.1662],[-89.0854,46.1365],[-88.9879,46.0971]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Vilas\",\"state\":\"WI\"}}]}","volume":"19","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-06-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49c8e4b07f02db5d63d9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Powell, D.E.","contributorId":72093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rada, R.G.","contributorId":7651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rada","given":"R.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wiener, J.G.","contributorId":44107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiener","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Atchison, G.J.","contributorId":59406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Atchison","given":"G.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70022906,"text":"70022906 - 2000 - Consequences of slow growth for 230Th/U dating of Quaternary opals, Yucca Mountain, NV, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:06","indexId":"70022906","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Consequences of slow growth for 230Th/U dating of Quaternary opals, Yucca Mountain, NV, USA","docAbstract":"Thermal ionization mass-spectrometry 234U/238U and 230Th/238U data are reported for uranium-rich opals coating fractures and cavities within the silicic tuffs forming Yucca Mountain, NV, the potential site of a high-level radioactive waste repository. High uranium concentrations (up to 207 ppm) and extremely high 230Th/232Th activity ratios (up to about 106) make microsamples of these opals suitable for precise 230Th/U dating. Conventional 230Th/U ages range from 40 to greater than 600 ka, and initial 234U/238U activity ratios between 1.03 and 8.2. Isotopic evidence indicates that the opals have not experienced uranium mobility; however, wide variations in apparent ages and initial 234U/238U ratios for separate subsamples of the same outermost mineral surfaces, positive correlation between ages and sample weights, and negative correlation between 230Th/U ages and calculated initial 234U/238U are inconsistent with the assumption that all minerals in a given subsample was deposited instantaneously. The data are more consistent with a conceptual model of continuous deposition where secondary mineral growth has occurred at a constant, slow rate up to the present. This model assumes that individual subsamples represent mixtures of older and younger material, and that calculations using the resulting isotope ratios reflect an average age. Ages calculated using the continuous-deposition model for opals imply average mineral growth rates of less than 5 mm/m.y. The model of continuous deposition also predicts discordance between ages obtained using different radiometric methods for the same subsample. Differences in half-lives will result in younger apparent ages for the shorter-lived isotope due to the greater influence of younger materials continuously added to mineral surfaces. Discordant 14C, 230Th/U and U-Pb ages obtained from outermost mineral surfaces at Yucca Mountain support this model. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0009-2541(99)00142-4","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Neymark, L., and Paces, J., 2000, Consequences of slow growth for 230Th/U dating of Quaternary opals, Yucca Mountain, NV, USA: Chemical Geology, v. 164, no. 1-2, p. 143-160, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(99)00142-4.","startPage":"143","endPage":"160","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208031,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(99)00142-4"},{"id":233394,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"164","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f9d6e4b0c8380cd4d7ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Neymark, L.A. 0000-0003-4190-0278","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4190-0278","contributorId":56673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neymark","given":"L.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Paces, J.B. 0000-0002-9809-8493","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9809-8493","contributorId":27482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paces","given":"J.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1003012,"text":"1003012 - 2000 - Mapping forest canopy gaps using air-photo interpretation and ground surveys","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-02T17:16:05","indexId":"1003012","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mapping forest canopy gaps using air-photo interpretation and ground surveys","docAbstract":"Canopy gaps are important structural components of forested habitats for many wildlife species. Recent improvements in the spatial accuracy of geographic information system tools facilitate accurate mapping of small canopy features such as gaps. We compared canopy-gap maps generated using ground survey methods with those derived from air-photo interpretation. We found that maps created from high-resolution air photos were more accurate than those created from ground surveys. Errors of omission were 25.6% for the ground-survey method and 4.7% for the air-photo method. One variable of inter est in songbird research is the distance from nests to gap edges. Distances from real and simulated nests to gap edges were longer using the ground-survey maps versus the air-photo maps, indicating that gap omission could potentially bias the assessment of spatial relationships. If research or management goals require location and size of canopy gaps and specific information about vegetation structure, we recommend a 2-fold approach. First, canopy gaps can be located and the perimeters defined using 1:15,000-scale or larger aerial photographs and the methods we describe. Mapped gaps can then be field-surveyed to obtain detailed vegetation data.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","issn":"00917648","usgsCitation":"Fox, T., Knutson, M.G., and Hines, R.K., 2000, Mapping forest canopy gaps using air-photo interpretation and ground surveys: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 28, no. 4, p. 882-889.","productDescription":"pp. 882-889","startPage":"882","endPage":"889","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133926,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b0be4b07f02db69df23","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fox, T.J.","contributorId":50477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fox","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knutson, M. G.","contributorId":55375,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Knutson","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hines, R. K.","contributorId":27819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70022862,"text":"70022862 - 2000 - Trapping and migration of methane associated with the gas hydrate stability zone at the Blake Ridge Diapir: New insights from seismic data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-13T16:59:55","indexId":"70022862","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Trapping and migration of methane associated with the gas hydrate stability zone at the Blake Ridge Diapir: New insights from seismic data","docAbstract":"The Blake Ridge Diapir is the southernmost of a line of salt diapirs along the Carolina trough. Diapirs cause faulting of the superjacent sediments, creating pathways for migration of fluids and gas to the seafloor. We analyzed reflection seismic data from the Blake Ridge Diapir, which is located in a region with known abundant gas hydrate occurrence. A striking feature in these data is a significant shallowing of the base of gas hydrate stability (BGHS) over the center of the diapir. The seafloor is warped up by about 100 m above the diapir, from about 2300 m to about 2200 m. The BGHS, as indicated by a bottom simulating reflection (BSR), is about 4.5 s off the flanks of the diapir, rising to about 4.15 s at the center. Above the diapir, a fault system appears to rise vertically from the BGHS to about 0.05 s below the seafloor (40-50 m); it then diverges into several steeply dipping faults that breach the seafloor and cover an area ~700 m in diameter. Other secondary faults diverge from the main fault or emerge directly from the BGHS near the crest of the diapir. Gas and other fluids may migrate upward through the faults. We performed complex trace analysis to compare the reflection strength and instantaneous frequency along individual reflections. A low-frequency anomaly over the center of the diapir indicates high seismic attenuation. This is interpreted to be caused by migration of fluids (probably methane) along fault pathways. The migration of gas (i.e. probably mainly methane) through the gas hydrate stability zone is not yet understood. We speculate that pore fluids in the faults may be too warm and too salty to form gas hydrate, even at depths where gas hydrate is stable away from the diapir. Alternatively, gas hydrates may seal the fault walls such that water supply is too low to transform all the gas into gas hydrates. The shallowing of the BSR may reflect increased heatflow above the diapir either caused by the high thermal conductivity of the underlying salt or by advective heat transport along with fluids. High pore water salinity shifts the gas hydrate stability to lower temperatures and may also play a significant role in BSR shallowing. We, therefore, investigated the possible effect of pore water salinity on shallowing of the BSR. We found that BSR shallowing may theoretically be entirely caused by increased salinity over the diapir, although geologically this would not be reasonable. This observation demonstrates the potential importance of pore water salinity for lateral variations of BSR depths, in particular, above salt structures: (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V.","largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geology","language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0025-3227(99)00128-0","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Taylor, M., Dillon, W.P., and Pecher, I., 2000, Trapping and migration of methane associated with the gas hydrate stability zone at the Blake Ridge Diapir: New insights from seismic data, <i>in</i> Marine Geology, v. 164, no. 1-2, p. 79-89, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(99)00128-0.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"79","endPage":"89","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233893,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208264,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(99)00128-0"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Blake Ridge Diapir","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -82,\n              30.107117887092357\n            ],\n            [\n              -74,\n              30.107117887092357\n            ],\n            [\n              -74,\n              35.31736632923788\n            ],\n            [\n              -82,\n              35.31736632923788\n            ],\n            [\n              -82,\n              30.107117887092357\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"164","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb76de4b08c986b327276","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Taylor, M.H.","contributorId":37108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"M.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dillon, William P. bdillon@usgs.gov","contributorId":79820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dillon","given":"William","email":"bdillon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":395186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pecher, I.A.","contributorId":14011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pecher","given":"I.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70022916,"text":"70022916 - 2000 - Hydrogen defects in α-Al2O3 and water weakening of sapphire and alumina ceramics between 600°C and 1000°C: II. Mechanical properties","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-17T15:12:59.506485","indexId":"70022916","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":637,"text":"Acta Materialia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Hydrogen defects in α-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and water weakening of sapphire and alumina ceramics between 600°C and 1000°C: II. Mechanical properties","title":"Hydrogen defects in α-Al2O3 and water weakening of sapphire and alumina ceramics between 600°C and 1000°C: II. Mechanical properties","docAbstract":"<p><span>Hydrogen impurities in alumina have been introduced by hydrothermal annealing (see part I). In this paper, we report on reductions in the flow strength of&nbsp;</span><i>α</i><span>-Al</span><sub>2</sub><span>O</span><sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;single crystals and polycrystals associated with hydrogen incorporation. Prior to deformation,&nbsp;</span><i>α</i><span>-Al</span><sub>2</sub><span>O</span><sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;single crystal and ceramic specimens were annealed in the presence of supercritical water at 850° or 900°C, under 1500 MPa pressure. Sapphire and alumina ceramics were plastically deformed between 600° and 1000°C under 1500 MPa pressure, by the addition of a uniaxial stress. Flow stresses are reduced by a factor of two, due to the presence of water, for sapphire and large grain (30–50&nbsp;μm) polycrystals, as a result of enhanced dislocation mobility. Flow stresses of fine-grained (3–5&nbsp;μm) polycrystals are reduced by water by a factor of six. This large reduction in strength is attributed to a change in mechanism from dislocation glide under dry conditions to grain boundary sliding under hydrothermal conditions.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S1359-6454(99)00449-8","usgsCitation":"Castaing, J., Kronenberg, A.K., Kirby, S.H., and Mitchell, T.E., 2000, Hydrogen defects in α-Al2O3 and water weakening of sapphire and alumina ceramics between 600°C and 1000°C: II. Mechanical properties: Acta Materialia, v. 48, no. 7, p. 1495-1504, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6454(99)00449-8.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1495","endPage":"1504","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233579,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a334be4b0c8380cd5eeb4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Castaing, J.","contributorId":34299,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Castaing","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kronenberg, A. K.","contributorId":94787,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kronenberg","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kirby, S. H.","contributorId":51721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirby","given":"S.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mitchell, T. E.","contributorId":15799,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mitchell","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70022865,"text":"70022865 - 2000 - Effects of implantation method and temperature on mortality and loss of simulated transmitters in hybrid striped bass","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-25T14:40:23.707613","indexId":"70022865","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of implantation method and temperature on mortality and loss of simulated transmitters in hybrid striped bass","docAbstract":"<p>To determine the effects of surgical implantation method and temperature on mortality and transmitter loss, we compared two antenna placements (trailing antenna versus shielded needle) and two suture materials (absorbable versus nonabsorbable) in hybrid striped bass<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Morone saxitilis</i><span>&nbsp;</span>×<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Morone chrysops</i><span>&nbsp;</span>(227–410 mm total length) that had been surgically implanted with simulated transmitters and held at high (22–29°C) and low (12–18°C) temperatures for 120 d. Fish were individually examined after 7, 30, 60, 90, and 120 d to evaluate suture and wound condition as well as transmitter loss. Neither suture material nor antenna placement affected transmitter loss, mortality, or growth at either high or low temperatures. Absorbable sutures were lost more quickly than were nonabsorbable sutures, but they persisted beyond incision closure at both high and low temperatures. At high temperatures, 50% suture loss occurred by 30 d for absorbable sutures and by 60 d for nonabsorbable sutures. Mortality occurred only at high temperatures but was delayed and was likely caused by peritoneal infection. Transmitter loss was not significant; it occurred only in the low-temperature trial and was caused by pressure necrosis at the incision rather than by suture failure. Temperature significantly affected all responses examined in this study. Significant irritation, infection, and mortality occurred in all treatment groups at high temperatures.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(2000)129<0539:EOIMAT>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00028487","usgsCitation":"Walsh, M., Bjorgo, K.A., and Isely, J.J., 2000, Effects of implantation method and temperature on mortality and loss of simulated transmitters in hybrid striped bass: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 129, no. 2, p. 539-544, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(2000)129<0539:EOIMAT>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"539","endPage":"544","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233356,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"129","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0722e4b0c8380cd5158c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walsh, Maureen 0000-0001-7846-5025 mwalsh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7846-5025","contributorId":3659,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walsh","given":"Maureen","email":"mwalsh@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":395205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bjorgo, Kimberly A.","contributorId":90067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bjorgo","given":"Kimberly","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Isely, J. Jeffery","contributorId":97224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Isely","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Jeffery","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1003529,"text":"1003529 - 2000 - Patterns of artificial nest depredation in a large floodplain forest","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-24T16:59:02.142422","indexId":"1003529","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Patterns of artificial nest depredation in a large floodplain forest","docAbstract":"We used artificial bird nests to examine the relative effects of local habitat features and the surrounding landscape on the probability of songbird nest depredation in floodplain forests of the Upper Mississippi River. We found that the probability of depredation increased with size of floodplain forest plots. In small plots, the probability of depredation tended to increase away from the forest edge. Small patches of floodplain forest within a large river system can provide valuable nesting habitat for songbirds. We suggest that depredation pressure may be lower due to isolation effects. The probability of nest depredation increased with increasing canopy cover surrounding the nest tree and decreasing cover around the nest. Managers seeking to discourage nest predators in floodplain forests should consider managing for habitats that supply dense cover for nest concealment and an open tree canopy.","language":"English","publisher":"The Wildlife Society","doi":"10.2307/3803255","usgsCitation":"Knutson, M.G., Gutreuter, S.J., and Klaas, E.E., 2000, Patterns of artificial nest depredation in a large floodplain forest: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 64, no. 2, p. 576-583, https://doi.org/10.2307/3803255.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"576","endPage":"583","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":489174,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3803255","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":129954,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin","city":"Lansing, Winona","otherGeospatial":"Mississippi River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -91.71936035156249,\n              44.044167353572185\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.41448974609375,\n              43.91768033000405\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.307373046875,\n              43.75919263886012\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.307373046875,\n              43.60823944964323\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.3018798828125,\n              43.375108633273086\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.22222900390625,\n              43.3351671567243\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.087646484375,\n              43.36712244111069\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.131591796875,\n              43.41302868475145\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.1920166015625,\n              43.54854811091286\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.153564453125,\n              43.83452678223682\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.29638671875,\n              44.008620115415354\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.6204833984375,\n              44.10336537791152\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.71936035156249,\n              44.044167353572185\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"64","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae2e4b07f02db688ae2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knutson, Melinda G.","contributorId":74338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knutson","given":"Melinda","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gutreuter, Steven J.","contributorId":99089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gutreuter","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Klaas, Erwin E.","contributorId":101219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klaas","given":"Erwin","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
]}