A feeding study with mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) was conducted during March to July 1988 in Laurel, Maryland (USA), to identify diagnostic criteria for selenium toxicosis in birds. One-year-old male mallards in groups of 21 were fed diets containing 0, 10, 20, 40, or 80 parts per million (ppm) selenium, as seleno-DL-methionine, for 16 weeks. All ducks receiving 80 ppm died. Ducks receiving 40 or 80 ppm selenium consumed less feed than ducks in the other treatment groups. Body weights of ducks receiving 40 or 80 ppm selenium declined during the study. The post-breeding molt was delayed in ducks receiving 40 ppm; most ducks receiving 80 ppm selenium died prior to the onset of molt. At necropsy, numerous abnormalities were observed in ducks that died but only a small number of abnormalities were observed in ducks surviving to the end of the study in the 40 ppm group. Weights of the heart, spleen, and pancreas were mostly lower and weights of the kidney were higher for ducks dying during the study than for euthanized ducks. Liver weights were unaffected. Selenium accumulated in soft tissues approximately in proportion to dietary concentrations. Selenium concentrations in tissues of all ducks that died were different from those of surviving ducks in the 0, 10, and 20 ppm groups, but were not different from those of surviving ducks in the 40 ppm group. Proposed diagnostic criteria for fatal chronic selenosis were derived from body weight, macroscopic abnormalities, organ weights, and concentrations of selenium in the liver. Proposed diagnostic criteria for non-fatal chronic selenosis were derived from body weight, plumage condition, macroscopic abnormalities, concentrations of selenium in the liver, reproductive failure, and alterations of blood and tissue chemistries. Lead or dioxin poisoning have diagnostic criteria most similar to selenium toxicosis.
The urban centers of our Nation provide our people with seemingly unlimited employment, social, and cultural opportunities as a result of the complex interactions of a diverse population embedded in an highly-engineered environment. Catastrophic events in one or more of the natural earth systems which underlie or envelop urban environment can have radical effects on the integrity and survivability of that environment. Earthquakes have for centuries been the source of cataclysmic events on cities throughout the world. Unlike many other earth processes, the effects of major earthquakes transcend all political, social, and geomorphic boundaries and can have decided impact on cities tens to hundreds of kilometers from the epicenter. In modern cities, where buildings, transportation corridors, and lifelines are complexly interrelated, the life, economic, and social vulnerabilities in the face of a major earthquake can be particularly acute.
\nThe 1994 Northridge Earthquake was a major test for parts of what many consider the most earthquake-prepared and best-engineered metropolitan region in the United States. While the combined efforts of concerned professionals at all levels of government, academia, and the private sector have produced significant advances in our knowledge of the causes and potential effects of earthquakes, and of ways to reduce their impact, it remains unfortunately true that actual earthquakes provide important opportunities to test those advances in our knowledge.
\nIn the hours and days following the Northridge Earthquake, the four Federal member agencies of the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP), the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), the National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST), the National Science Foundation (NSF), and the United States Geological Survey (USGS) laid out a detailed plan for collecting, analyzing, archiving, and reporting information that would benefit the Nation in future earthquake hazards reduction efforts. Congress provided a special appropriation to FEMA to carry out this plan and FEMA distributed those funds to the four NEHRP agencies. The USGS was responsible for conducting geophysical and geological investigations in support of the NEHRP Post-earthquake Study.
\nFor the past 2 years, the USGS has rigorously pursued over 40 tasks focused on the USGS Northridge Earthquake Mission. This document is a summary report of the USGS findings; additional technical reports on specific USGS tasks are appearing in various scientific journals and USGS publications.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","doi":"10.3133/ofr96263","collaboration":"Prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey for the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)","usgsCitation":"Updike, R.G., Brown, W.M., Johnson, M.L., Omdahl, E.M., Powers, P.S., Rhea, S., and Tarr, A.C., 1996, USGS response to an urban earthquake, Northridge '94: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-263, 78 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96263.","productDescription":"78 p.","numberOfPages":"100","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":420957,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_19439.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":286009,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0263/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":286012,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0263/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Fernando Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.753,\n 34.379\n ],\n [\n -118.753,\n 33.5\n ],\n [\n -117.537,\n 33.5\n ],\n [\n -117.537,\n 34.379\n ],\n [\n -118.753,\n 34.379\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60f90f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Updike, Randall G. updike@usgs.gov","contributorId":334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Updike","given":"Randall","email":"updike@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":529097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, William M. III","contributorId":72365,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"William","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Margo L.","contributorId":54626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Margo","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Omdahl, Eleanor M.","contributorId":20417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Omdahl","given":"Eleanor","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Powers, Philip S.","contributorId":102078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powers","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rhea, Susan","contributorId":81110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rhea","given":"Susan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Tarr, Arthur C. atarr@usgs.gov","contributorId":1925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tarr","given":"Arthur","email":"atarr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":577583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70018471,"text":"70018471 - 1996 - Contemporary channel-levee systems in active borderland basin plains, California Continental Borderland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-22T15:50:30.017759","indexId":"70018471","displayToPublicDate":"1999-02-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3368,"text":"Sedimentary Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Contemporary channel-levee systems in active borderland basin plains, California Continental Borderland","docAbstract":"Long-range large-scale side-scan (GLORIA) information, other seismic reflection profiling studies, and data from cores in the California Continental Borderland, have defined active levee-channel systems extending basinward from the lower fan of Hueneme-Mugu Submarine Fan, Redondo Submarine Fan, and Santa Cruz Canyon Fan in Santa Monica, San Pedro and Santa Cruz Basins, respectively. The Holocene distributaries have been created by a series of turbidity current events. These distributaries range in length from 10–25 km, and are wide (2–5 km) and low-relief (1–10 m) in their distal parts. They are also active conduits for nepheloid flows. Distributions of sedimentological parameters typically mimic the pattern of levee-channel systems. Organic carbon and biogenic carbonate content roughly outline the systems.
Channels are incised in the upper to middle fan areas, and become constructional leveed channels in the lower fan and basin plain as the channel gradient adjusts to maintain a graded profile. Thus sediment gravity flows are generally confined to channels in the upper fan zones, but deposit both channelized and over-bank deposits on the lower fan and basin floor.
The deposits show that the canyon-fan activity has continued during a rising sea level phase. It is evident that canyon headward erosion rates have been equal to or greater than the transgression rate, and that the canyon-fan systems have remained linked with their sediment sources.
Frequency of events was probably higher, and volumes of the events were often larger, during the glacially lowered sea level episodes. However, turbidity currents of sufficient volume to reach the basin floors continue to occur at century or multi-century intervals. As one progresses headward in each system, the number of flows per length of core increases. Small flows that do not pass beyond the distributaries are much more frequent, and may be decadal in frequency, or even more frequent in the Santa Monica Basin system.
These California borderland basins are probably typical of narrow active margins where rate of lateral sea level transgression is less than or equal to the rate of canyon headward erosion. The canyons maintain connections with sediment sources during sea level rise, and the systems therefore are active during the entire sea level cycle. Thus sediment supply is not a simple function of eustacy. This contrasts with the simplified sequence model developed on passive margins where canyons turn off as sea level rises.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0037-0738(95)00120-4","issn":"00370738","usgsCitation":"Schwalbach, J., Edwards, B.D., and Gorsline, D., 1996, Contemporary channel-levee systems in active borderland basin plains, California Continental Borderland: Sedimentary Geology, v. 104, no. 1-4, p. 53-72, https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(95)00120-4.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"53","endPage":"72","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227340,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"California Continental Borderland","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.77265268199858,\n 34.62012427965382\n ],\n [\n -120.85227097284806,\n 34.117432268241096\n ],\n [\n -119.74905333674383,\n 32.667862992197186\n ],\n [\n -117.26139719361237,\n 32.446676399045984\n ],\n [\n -116.94072900639466,\n 32.72850062577873\n ],\n [\n -117.61215330204129,\n 33.959668030728366\n ],\n [\n -120.77265268199858,\n 34.62012427965382\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"104","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa4ce4b0c8380cd4da1e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schwalbach, J.R.","contributorId":38722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwalbach","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Edwards, B. D.","contributorId":27056,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gorsline, D.S.","contributorId":56395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gorsline","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":25870,"text":"wri964211 - 1996 - Ground-water quality, water year 1995, and statistical analysis of ground-water-quality data, water years 1994-95, at the chromic acid pit site, U.S. Army Air Defense Artillery Center and Fort Bliss, El Paso, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-12T20:16:20.434334","indexId":"wri964211","displayToPublicDate":"1997-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4211","title":"Ground-water quality, water year 1995, and statistical analysis of ground-water-quality data, water years 1994-95, at the chromic acid pit site, U.S. Army Air Defense Artillery Center and Fort Bliss, El Paso, Texas","docAbstract":"The Chromic Acid Pit site is an inactive waste disposal site \r\nthat is regulated by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of \r\n1976. The 2.2-cubic-yard cement-lined pit was operated from 1980 \r\nto 1983 by a contractor to the U.S. Army Air Defense Artillery \r\nCenter and Fort Bliss. The pit, located on the Fort Bliss military \r\nreservation in El Paso, Texas, was used for disposal and \r\nevaporation of chromic acid waste generated from chrome plating \r\noperations. The site was closed in 1989, and the Texas Natural \r\nResources Conservation Commission issued permit number HW-50296 \r\n(U.S. Environmental Protection Agency number TX4213720101), which \r\napproved and implemented post-closure care for the Chromic Acid \r\nPit site. In accordance with an approved post-closure plan, the \r\nU.S. Geological Survey is cooperating with the U.S. Army in \r\nmonitoring and evaluating ground-water quality at the site. One \r\nupgradient ground-water monitoring well (MW1) and two \r\ndowngradient ground-water monitoring wells (MW2 and MW3), \r\ninstalled adjacent to the chromic acid pit, are monitored on a \r\nquarterly basis. Ground-water sampling of these wells by the U.S. \r\nGeological Survey began in December 1993.\r\n\r\n The ground-water level, measured in a production well located \r\napproximately 1,700 feet southeast of the Chromic Acid Pit site, \r\nhas declined about 29.43 feet from 1982 to 1995. Depth to water at \r\nthe Chromic Acid Pit site in September 1995 was 284.2 to 286.5 \r\nfeet below land surface; ground-water flow at the water table is \r\nassumed to be toward the southeast.\r\n\r\n Ground-water samples collected from monitoring wells at the \r\nChromic Acid Pit site during water year 1995 contained dissolved-\r\nsolids concentrations of 481 to 516 milligrams per liter. Total \r\nchromium concentrations detected above the laboratory reporting \r\nlimit ranged from 0.0061 to 0.030 milligram per liter; dissolved \r\nchromium concentrations ranged from 0.0040 to 0.010 milligram per \r\nliter. Nitrate as nitrogen concentrations ranged from 2.1 to 2.8 \r\nmilligrams per liter; nitrite plus nitrate as nitrogen \r\nconcentrations ranged from 2.4 to 3.2 milligrams per liter. Water \r\nsamples from wells MW1 and MW2 were analyzed for volatile organic \r\ncompounds for the first quarter; no confirmed volatile organic \r\ncompounds were detected above laboratory reporting limits. \r\nDetected chemical concentrations in water from the chromic acid \r\npit monitoring wells during the four sampling periods were below \r\nU.S. Environmental Protection Agency-established maximum \r\ncontaminant levels for public drinking-water supplies. Overall, \r\nwater-quality characteristics of water from the chromic acid pit \r\nground-water monitoring wells are similar to those of other wells \r\nin the surrounding area.\r\n\r\n Statistical analyses were performed on 56 of the chemical \r\nconstituents analyzed for in ground water from the chromic acid \r\npit monitoring wells. Concentrations of chloride, fluoride, \r\nsulfate, and potassium were significantly less in water from one \r\nor both downgradient wells than in water from the upgradient well. \r\nConcentrations of nitrate as nitrogen, nitrite plus nitrate as \r\nnitrogen, and dissolved solids were significantly greater in \r\nwater from the downgradient wells than in water from the \r\nupgradient well. Concentrations of nitrate as nitrogen, chloride, \r\nand potassium were significantly different in water from the two \r\ndowngradient wells. Statistical analysis of chemical constituents \r\nin water from the chromic acid pit monitoring wells did not appear \r\nto indicate a release of hazardous chemicals from the chromic acid \r\npit. There was no indication of ground-water contamination in \r\neither downgradient well.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964211","usgsCitation":"Abeyta, C.G., and Roybal, R., 1996, Ground-water quality, water year 1995, and statistical analysis of ground-water-quality data, water years 1994-95, at the chromic acid pit site, U.S. Army Air Defense Artillery Center and Fort Bliss, El Paso, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4211, vi, 45 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964211.","productDescription":"vi, 45 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394266,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48545.htm"},{"id":125164,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4211/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54623,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4211/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","city":"El Paso","otherGeospatial":"U.S. Army Defense Artillery Center and Fort Bliss","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.3861,\n 31.8178\n ],\n [\n -106.4286,\n 31.8178\n ],\n [\n -106.4286,\n 31.8594\n ],\n [\n -106.3861,\n 31.8594\n ],\n [\n -106.3861,\n 31.8178\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db697524","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Abeyta, Cynthia G.","contributorId":52187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abeyta","given":"Cynthia","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roybal, R. G.","contributorId":67881,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roybal","given":"R. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":23635,"text":"ofr96313 - 1996 - Artificial recharge of ground water by well injection for storage and recovery, Cape May County, New Jersey, 1958-92","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:01","indexId":"ofr96313","displayToPublicDate":"1997-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-313","title":"Artificial recharge of ground water by well injection for storage and recovery, Cape May County, New Jersey, 1958-92","docAbstract":"Artificial recharge is used for storage and recovery of ground water in the estuarine sand and Cohansey aquifers in southern Cape May County and in the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system in northern Cape May County, New Jersey. Wildwood Water Utility has injected ground water for public-supply storage since 1967 and in 1992 had four injection wells. The storage and recovery program began as a way to ensure an adequate supply of water for the summer tourist season. From 1967 through 1992 about 3.8 billion gallons was injected and about 3.3 billion gallons (about 85 percent of the injected water) was recovered. An electric company in Cape May County has used ground water for industrial-supply storage since 1965 and in 1992 had one injection well. The purpose of the storage and recovery program is to prevent saltwater encroachment and to ensure sufficient supply during times of peak demand. From 1967 through 1988 the company injected 100.0 million gallons and withdrew 60.6 million gallons, or about 61 percent of the injected water.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96313","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Lacombe, P., 1996, Artificial recharge of ground water by well injection for storage and recovery, Cape May County, New Jersey, 1958-92: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-313, v, 29 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96313.","productDescription":"v, 29 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154880,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0313/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52911,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0313/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db672be7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lacombe, P.J.","contributorId":67915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lacombe","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":22662,"text":"ofr96555 - 1996 - Hydrologic data for 1994-96 for the Huron Project of the High Plains Ground-Water Demonstration Program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:51","indexId":"ofr96555","displayToPublicDate":"1997-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-555","title":"Hydrologic data for 1994-96 for the Huron Project of the High Plains Ground-Water Demonstration Program","docAbstract":"This report presents data on precipitation, water levels, and water quality that have been collected or compiled for water years 1994 through 1996 for the Huron Project of the High Plains Ground-Water Demonstration Program, under the guidance of the Bureau of Reclamation. This is the second report for the project. The first report (Carter, 1995) presented data collected through water year 1993. The purpose of the Huron Project is to demonstrate the artificial recharge potential of glacial aquifers in eastern South Dakota. High flows from the James River during spring runoff were used as a source of supplemental recharge for the Warren aquifer, which is a buried, glacial aquifer. In 1990, 70 observation wells were installed by the South Dakota Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) specifically for this study, and 15 existing DENR observation wells were incorporated into the study. In 1993, the recharge well was installed. After a trial injection of recharge water in April 1994, continuous injection began in June 1994. Many sites were monitored to obtain information before, during, and after recharging the aquifer. This report presents data that were collected during the three phases of recharge. Precipitation data are collected at two sites within the study area. A site description and daily precipitation for water years 1994-95 are presented for one precipitation site. Water-level hydrographs are presented for the 85 observation wells and the recharge well. Hydrographs are shown for the period from October 1, 1993, through November 29, 1995. Recharge water was injected from June 2, 1994, through July 29, 1994, and from June 14, 1995, through September 13, 1995. The cumulative volume of injected water and the injection rates into the aquifer are presented for the periods of recharge. Water-quality data were collected from screening, detailed, and plume-monitoring sampling programs. Screening water-quality data for six observation wells are presented. These data include primarily field parameters and common ions. The four detailed sampling sites represent the quality of untreated water, treated water, and ground water from the Warren aquifer. Data presented for the detailed sampling program include field parameters, bacteria counts, and concentrations of common ions, solids, nutrients, trace elements, radiometrics, total organic carbon, herbicides, insecticides, and volatile organic compounds. Water-quality data for the plume-monitoring sampling program were collected from 25 sites during injection of recharge water into the Warren aquifer in 1994 and 1995. The data for the plume-monitoring program include primarily field parameters and common ions. Data for quality-assurance samples also are presented.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96555","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Carter, J., 1996, Hydrologic data for 1994-96 for the Huron Project of the High Plains Ground-Water Demonstration Program: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-555, vi, 131 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96555.","productDescription":"vi, 131 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153668,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0555/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52126,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0555/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a25e4b07f02db60eca8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carter, Janet M. 0000-0002-6376-3473","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6376-3473","contributorId":17637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"Janet M.","affiliations":[{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":188659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25871,"text":"wri964035 - 1996 - Hydrogeology and ground-water quality of the chromic acid pit site, U.S. Army Air Defense Artillery Center and Fort Bliss, El Paso, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-12T21:02:40.680211","indexId":"wri964035","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4035","title":"Hydrogeology and ground-water quality of the chromic acid pit site, U.S. Army Air Defense Artillery Center and Fort Bliss, El Paso, Texas","docAbstract":"The Chromic Acid Pit site is an inactive waste disposal site \r\nthat is regulated by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of \r\n1976. The 2.2-cubic-yard cement-lined pit was operated from 1980 \r\nto 1983 by a contractor to the U.S. Army Air Defense Artillery \r\nCenter and Fort Bliss. The pit, located on the Fort Bliss military \r\nreservation, in El Paso, Texas, was used for disposal and \r\nevaporation of chromic acid waste generated from chrome plating \r\noperations. The site was certified closed in 1989 and the Texas \r\nNatural Resources Conservation Commission issued Permit Number \r\nHW-50296 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Permit Number \r\nTX4213720101), which approved and implemented post-closure care \r\nfor the Chromic Acid Pit site. In accordance with an approved \r\npost-closure plan, the U.S. Geological Survey is cooperating with \r\nthe U.S. Army in evaluating hydrogeologic conditions and ground-\r\nwater quality at the site. One upgradient and two downgradient \r\nground-water monitoring wells were installed adjacent to the \r\nchromic acid pit by a private contractor. Quarterly ground-water \r\nsampling of these wells by the U.S. Geological Survey began in \r\nDecember 1993.\r\n\r\n The Chromic Acid Pit site is situated in the Hueco Bolson \r\nintermontane valley. The Hueco Bolson is a primary source of \r\nground water in the El Paso area. City of El Paso and U.S. Army \r\nwater-supply wells are located on all sides of the study area and \r\nare completed 600 to more than 1,200 feet below land surface. The \r\nground-water level in the area of the Chromic Acid Pit site has \r\ndeclined about 25 feet from 1982 to 1993. Depth to water at the \r\nChromic Acid Pit site in September 1994 was about 284 feet below \r\nland surface; ground-water flow is to the southeast.\r\n\r\n Ground-water samples collected from monitoring wells at the \r\nChromic Acid Pit site contained dissolved-solids concentrations \r\nof 442 to 564 milligrams per liter. Nitrate as nitrogen \r\nconcentrations ranged from 2.1 to 2.7 milligrams per liter; \r\nnitrite plus nitrate as nitrogen concentrations ranged from 2.3 \r\nto 3.0 milligrams per liter. Nitrate concentrations are \r\nabnormally high in the Old Mesa well field located about 5,000 \r\nfeet southwest of the Chromic Acid Pit site. Volatile and \r\nsemivolatile organic compounds in water samples were analyzed for \r\nthe first sampling round; no confirmed volatile or semivolatile \r\norganic compounds were detected above the laboratory reporting \r\nlimits. Total chromium concentrations ranged from 0.0099 to 0.092 \r\nmilligram per liter; dissolved chromium concentrations ranged \r\nfrom 0.0068 to 0.0094 milligram per liter. Overall, water-quality \r\ncharacteristics in water from the chromic acid pit ground-water \r\nmonitoring wells are similar to those in the surrounding area. \r\nDetected chemical concentrations in water from the chromic acid \r\npit monitoring wells during the four sampling periods were below \r\nU.S. Environmental Protection Agency-established maximum \r\ncontaminant levels for public drinking water supplies.\r\n\r\n Statistical analyses were performed on 39 of the chemical \r\nconstituents analyzed for in ground water from the chromic acid \r\npit monitoring wells. Concentrations of chloride and fluoride \r\nwere significantly less in water from the downgradient wells than \r\nin water from the upgradient well, whereas concentrations of \r\nnitrate as nitrogen, nitrite plus nitrate as nitrogen, and \r\ndissolved solids were significantly greater in water from the \r\ndowngradient wells than in water from the upgradient well. \r\nConcentrations of nitrate as nitrogen were significantly \r\ndifferent in water from the two downgradient wells. Differences \r\ndetected through statistical analysis of chemical constituents of \r\nwater in the chromic acid pit monitoring wells did not appear to \r\nindicate a release of hazardous chemicals from the chromic acid \r\npit. There was no indication of ground-water contamination in \r\neither downgradient well.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964035","usgsCitation":"Abeyta, C.G., and Thomas, C.L., 1996, Hydrogeology and ground-water quality of the chromic acid pit site, U.S. Army Air Defense Artillery Center and Fort Bliss, El Paso, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4035, vi, 67 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964035.","productDescription":"vi, 67 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":54624,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4035/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":394277,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48400.htm"},{"id":123102,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4035/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","city":"El Paso","otherGeospatial":"U.S. Army Air Defense Artillery Center and Fort Bliss","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.4405,\n 31.8597\n ],\n [\n -106.3728,\n 31.8597\n ],\n [\n -106.3728,\n 31.8178\n ],\n [\n -106.4405,\n 31.8178\n ],\n [\n -106.4405,\n 31.8597\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a2bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Abeyta, Cynthia G.","contributorId":52187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abeyta","given":"Cynthia","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thomas, C. L.","contributorId":43802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28703,"text":"wri964030 - 1996 - Potential for water-quality degradation of interconnected aquifers in west-central Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:46","indexId":"wri964030","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4030","title":"Potential for water-quality degradation of interconnected aquifers in west-central Florida","docAbstract":"Thousands of deep artesian wells were drilled into the Upper Floridan aquifer in west-central Florida prior to well-drilling regulations adopted in the 1970's. The wells were usually completed with a short length of casing through the unconsolidated sediments and were left open to multiple aquifers containing water of varying quality. These open boreholes serve as a potential source of water-quality degradation within the aquifers when vertical internal borehole flow is induced by hydraulic-head differences. Thispotential for water-quality degradation exists in west-central Florida where both the intermediate aquifer system and Upper Floridan aquifer exist. Measurements of caliper, temperature, gamma, fluid conductivity, and flow were obtained in 87 wells throughout west-central Florida to determine the occurrence of interaquifer borehole flow between the intermediate aquifer system and the Upper Floridan aquifer. Flow measurements were made using an impeller flowmeter, a heat-pulse flowmeter, and a video camera with an impeller flowmeter attachment. Of the 87 wells measured with the impeller flowmeter, 17 had internal flow which ranged from 10 to 300 gallons per minute. A heat-pulse flowmeter was used in 19 wells in which flow was not detected using the impeller flowmeter. Of these 19 wells, 18 had internal flow which ranged from 0.3 to 10gallons per minute. Additionally, water-quality samples were collected from specific contributing zones in wells that had internal flow. Analysis of geophysical and water-quality data indicates degradation of water quality has occurred from mineralized ground water flowing upward from the Upper Floridan aquifer into the intermediate aquifer system through both uncased boreholes and corroded black-iron well casings. In areas where there is a downward component of flow, data indicate that potable water from the intermediate aquifer system is artificially recharging the Upper Floridan aquifer through open boreholes. A geographical area was defined where there is a potential for water- quality degradation due to improperly cased wells. This area was delineated based on where there is an upward component of ground-water flow and where there is an occurrence of poor-quality water. The delineated area includes parts of Hillsborough, Manatee, Sarasota, Charlotte, De Soto, and Hardee Counties. To prevent further contamination of the aquifers, the Southwest Florida Water Management District began the Quality of Water Improvement Program in 1974 to restore hydrologic conditions altered by improperly constructed wells or deteriorating casings. As of May 1994, more than 3,000 wells have been inspected and approximately 1,350 have been plugged. To minimize interaquifer contamination, existing wells, especially ones with black-iron casing, should be inspected and, if necessary, repaired with new casing or plugged.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/wri964030","usgsCitation":"Metz, P.A., and Brendle, D., 1996, Potential for water-quality degradation of interconnected aquifers in west-central Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4030, v, 54 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964030.","productDescription":"v, 54 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2275,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri964030/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":125170,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_96_4030.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699bce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Metz, P. A.","contributorId":68706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Metz","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brendle, D. L.","contributorId":68343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brendle","given":"D. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":24683,"text":"ofr96224 - 1996 - Sublake geologic structure from high-resolution seismic-reflection data from four sinkhole lakes in the Lake Wales Ridge, central Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-23T20:05:03.542062","indexId":"ofr96224","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-224","title":"Sublake geologic structure from high-resolution seismic-reflection data from four sinkhole lakes in the Lake Wales Ridge, central Florida","docAbstract":"Seismic-reflection profiles from Lake Wales, Blue Lake, Lake Letta, and Lake Apthorp located along the Lake Wales Ridge in central Florida provide local detail within the regional hydrogeologic framework as described by litho- and hydrostratigraphic cross sections. Lakes located with the mantled karst region have long been considered to be sinkhole lakes, originating from subsidence activity. High-resolution seismic- reflection data confirm this origin for these four lakes. The geologic framework of the Lake Wales Ridge has proven to be a suitable geologic setting for continuous high-resolution seismic-reflection profiling in lakes; however, the nature of the lake-bottom sediments largely controls the quality of the seismic data. In lakes with significant organic-rich bottom deposits, interpretable record was limited to areas where organic deposits were minimal. In lakes with clean, sandy bottoms, the seismic-reflection methods were highly successful in obtaining data that can be correlated with sublake subsidence features. These techniques are useful in examining sublake geology and providing a better understanding of how confining units are affected by subsidence in a region where their continuity is of significant importance to local lake hydrology. Although local geologic control around each lake generally corresponds to the regional geologic framework, local deviations from regional geologic trends occur in sublake areas affected by subsidence activity. Each of the four lakes examined represents a unique set of geologic controls and provides some degree of structural evidence of subsidence activity. Sublake geologic structures identified include: (1) marginal lake sediments dipping into bathymetric lows, (2) lateral discontinuity of confining units including sags and breaches, (3) the disruption and reworking of overlying unconsolidated siliciclastic sediments as they subside into the underlying irregular limestone surface, and (4) sublake regions where confining units appear to remain intact and unaffected by nearby subsidence activity. Each lake likely is underlain by several piping features rather than one large subsidence feature.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96224","usgsCitation":"Tihansky, A., Arthur, J.D., and DeWitt, D., 1996, Sublake geologic structure from high-resolution seismic-reflection data from four sinkhole lakes in the Lake Wales Ridge, central Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-224, vi, 72 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96224.","productDescription":"vi, 72 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":407287,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18595.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":157915,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0224/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53706,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0224/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Lake Wales Ridge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.064,\n 27.034\n ],\n [\n -80.843,\n 27.034\n ],\n [\n -80.843,\n 28.349\n ],\n [\n -82.064,\n 28.349\n ],\n [\n -82.064,\n 27.034\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699c1f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tihansky, A. B. 0000-0003-1681-1601","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1681-1601","contributorId":77956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tihansky","given":"A. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arthur, J. D.","contributorId":67924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arthur","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"DeWitt, D.W.","contributorId":55044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeWitt","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":24266,"text":"ofr95765 - 1996 - Analysis of tests of subsurface injection, storage, and recovery of freshwater in the lower Floridan aquifer, Okeechobee County, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-04T17:58:53.394521","indexId":"ofr95765","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-31T22:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-765","title":"Analysis of tests of subsurface injection, storage, and recovery of freshwater in the lower Floridan aquifer, Okeechobee County, Florida","docAbstract":"A series of freshwater subsurface injection, storage, and recovery tests were conducted at an injection-well site near Lake Okeechobee in Okeechobee County, Florida, to assess the recoverability of injected canal water from the Lower Floridan aquifer. At the study site, the Lower Floridan aquifer is characterized as having four local, relatively independent, high-permeability flow zones (389 to 398 meters, 419 to 424 meters, 456 to 462 meters, and 472 to 476 meters below sea level). Four subsurface injection, storage, and recovery cycles were performed at the Lake Okeechobee injection-well site in which volumes of water injected ranged from about 387,275 to 1,343,675 cubic meters for all the cycles, and volumes of water recovered ranged from about 106,200 to 484,400 cubic meters for cycles 1, 2, and 3. The recovery efficiency for successive cycles 2 and 3 increased from 22 to 36 percent and is expected to continue increasing with additional cycles. A comparison of chloride concentration breakthrough curves at the deep monitor well (located about 171 meters from the injection well) for cycles 1, 4, and test no. 4 (from a previous study) revealed unexpected finings. One significant result was that the concentration asymptote, expected to be reached at concentration levels equivalent or close to the injected water concentration, was instead reached at higher concentration levels. The injection to recovery rate ratio might affect the chloride concentration breakthrough curve at the deep monitor well, which could explain this unexpected behavior. Because there are four high-permeability zones, if the rate of injection is smaller than the rate of recovery (natural artesian flow), the head differential might not be transmitted through the entire open wellbore, and injected water would probably flow only through the upper high- permeability zones. Therefore, observed chloride concentration values at the deep monitor well would be higher than the concentration of the injected water and would represent a mix of water from the different high-permeability zones. A generalized digital model was constructed to simulate the subsurface injection, storage, and recovery of freshwater in the Lower Floridan aquifer at the Lake Okeechobee injection-well site. The model was constructed using a modified version of the Saturated-Unsaturated TRAnsport code (SUTRA), which simulates variable-density advective-dispersive solute transport and variable-density ground-water flow. Satisfactory comparisons of simulated to observed dimensionless chloride concentrations for the deep monitor well were obtained when using the model during the injection and recovery phases of cycle 1, but not for the injection well during the recovery phase of cycle 1 even after several attempts. This precluded the determination of the recovery efficiency values by using the model. The unsatisfactory comparisons of simulated to observed dimensionless chloride concentrations for the injection well and failure of the model to represent the field data at this well could be due to the characteristics of the Lower Floridan aquifer (at the local scale), which is cavernous or conduit in nature. To test this possibility, Reynolds numbers were estimated at varying distances from the injection well, taking into consideration two aquifer types or conceptual systems, porous media and cavernous. For the porous media conceptual system, the Reynolds numbers were greater than 10 at distances less than 1.42 meters from the injection well. Thus, application of Darcy's law to ground-water flow might not be valid at this distance. However, at the deep monitor well (171 meters from the injection well), the Reynolds number was 0.08 which is indicative of laminar porous media flow. For the cavernous conceptual system, the Reynolds numbers were greater than 2,000 at distances less than 1,000 meters from the well. This number represents the upper limit of laminar flow, which is the fundamental assumption","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr95765","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Quinones-Aponte, V., Kotun, K., and Whitley, J.F., 1996, Analysis of tests of subsurface injection, storage, and recovery of freshwater in the lower Floridan aquifer, Okeechobee County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-765, vi, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95765.","productDescription":"vi, 32 p.","numberOfPages":"32","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":53391,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0765/ofr95765.pdf","text":"Report","size":"802 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 95-765"},{"id":155007,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0765/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Okeechobee County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-80.8732,27.6425],[-80.7783,27.6434],[-80.7774,27.5586],[-80.6801,27.5578],[-80.6798,27.5265],[-80.6777,27.3688],[-80.6775,27.3097],[-80.6781,27.2941],[-80.6791,27.2941],[-80.678,27.2443],[-80.6781,27.2406],[-80.6779,27.206],[-80.6777,27.1212],[-80.8855,26.9586],[-80.8689,27.1459],[-80.8865,27.1662],[-80.89,27.1682],[-80.8941,27.1669],[-80.8997,27.1684],[-80.9056,27.1723],[-80.9091,27.1756],[-80.9089,27.1798],[-80.9082,27.1862],[-80.9091,27.1886],[-80.9157,27.1901],[-80.9227,27.194],[-80.9287,27.1984],[-80.9338,27.198],[-80.9368,27.2],[-80.9381,27.2051],[-80.9435,27.2108],[-80.9489,27.2188],[-80.9539,27.2217],[-80.9596,27.2191],[-80.9658,27.2165],[-80.9733,27.2213],[-80.9806,27.2299],[-80.9824,27.2359],[-80.9826,27.2451],[-80.9871,27.248],[-80.9945,27.2552],[-80.9988,27.2654],[-80.9989,27.2751],[-80.9979,27.2903],[-80.9987,27.2968],[-81.0036,27.3006],[-81.0123,27.3009],[-81.0205,27.3016],[-81.0264,27.3063],[-81.0288,27.3119],[-81.03,27.3207],[-81.0334,27.3254],[-81.0384,27.3283],[-81.0434,27.3326],[-81.0447,27.3391],[-81.0419,27.3455],[-81.0378,27.3482],[-81.0331,27.3499],[-81.033,27.354],[-81.0393,27.3625],[-81.0494,27.3651],[-81.0523,27.3702],[-81.0572,27.3777],[-81.0677,27.3831],[-81.0835,27.3854],[-81.1044,27.386],[-81.116,27.3909],[-81.1254,27.3999],[-81.1278,27.406],[-81.1343,27.4103],[-81.1413,27.4142],[-81.1416,27.4216],[-81.1402,27.4317],[-81.142,27.44],[-81.1489,27.4489],[-81.1578,27.457],[-81.1694,27.462],[-81.1723,27.4685],[-81.1771,27.4774],[-81.183,27.484],[-81.1957,27.488],[-81.2032,27.4914],[-81.2041,27.4974],[-81.2017,27.5075],[-81.2025,27.5135],[-81.2069,27.5196],[-81.2096,27.5308],[-81.2032,27.5398],[-81.202,27.5458],[-81.2014,27.5476],[-81.1904,27.5542],[-81.1811,27.5577],[-81.1721,27.5662],[-81.1653,27.5706],[-81.1596,27.5728],[-81.1573,27.581],[-81.1544,27.5892],[-81.149,27.5969],[-81.1427,27.6027],[-81.1413,27.6137],[-81.1419,27.6253],[-81.1421,27.635],[-81.1424,27.6432],[-81.066,27.6421],[-80.8732,27.6425]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Okeechobee\",\"state\":\"FL\"}}]}","contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
Six south Florida populations of the endangered red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis) were sampled to examine genetic diversity and population structure in the southernmost portion of the species' range relative to 14 previously sampled populations from throughout the species range. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analyses were used to evaluate the populations (n= 161 individuals, 13 primers, one band/primer). Results suggested that south Florida populations have significant among-population genetic differentiation (FST= 0.17, P < 0.000), although gene flow may be adequate to offset drift (Nm= 1.26). Comparison of Florida populations with others sampled indicated differentiation was less in Florida (FST for all populations = 0.21). Cluster analyses of all 20 populations did not reflect complete geographical predictions, although clustering of distant populations resulted in a significant correlation between genetic distance and geographical distance. Overall, results suggest populations in south Florida, similar to the remainder of the species, have low genetic diversity and high population fragmentation. Exact clustering of distant populations supports the ability of RAPDs to differentiate populations accurately. Our results further support past management recommendations that translocations of birds among geographically proximate populations is preferable to movement of birds between distant populations.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-294X.1996.tb00369.x","usgsCitation":"Haig, S.M., Bowman, R., and Mullins, T., 1996, Population structure of red-cockaded woodpeckers (Picoides borealis) in south Florida: RAPDs revisited: Molecular Ecology, v. 5, no. 6, p. 725-734, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.1996.tb00369.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"725","endPage":"734","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134176,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"south Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.59267328996975,\n 27.609866975056917\n ],\n [\n -82.59267328996975,\n 25.029782545558533\n ],\n [\n -79.57301487283036,\n 25.029782545558533\n ],\n [\n -79.57301487283036,\n 27.609866975056917\n ],\n [\n -82.59267328996975,\n 27.609866975056917\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"5","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-06-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e4c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haig, Susan M. 0000-0002-6616-7589 susan_haig@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6616-7589","contributorId":719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haig","given":"Susan","email":"susan_haig@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":323061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bowman, R.","contributorId":12012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowman","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mullins, Thomas D.","contributorId":12819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mullins","given":"Thomas D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70033418,"text":"70033418 - 1996 - Recycling of nonmetallics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-21T15:35:20.001584","indexId":"70033418","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2832,"text":"Natural Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1573-8981","printIssn":"1520-7439","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recycling of nonmetallics","docAbstract":"The first factor determining recyclability is the composition of the material itself. Metals, for example, can be reused with little or no loss in quality. Paper and rubber, by this criterion, are less recyclable. Each time paper is recycled, some cellulose fibers are broken. Shorter fibers can mean weaker paper of perceived lower quality and value. Vulcanizing is an irreversible chemical process that precludes recycling rubber in its original form. Both materials may be reused in other applications often of lower value than the original one. To be recyclable, the discarded material must have a collection infrastructure at the source of waste generation, at a central collection site, or at curbside. The recovered material must also have a market. If it is priced noncompetitively or no market exists, if it does not meet specifications, or if it requires special technology investments which cannot be recovered through future sales, the recovered material may be stockpiled or discarded rather than recycled.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1007/BF02257440","usgsCitation":"Kelly, T., 1996, Recycling of nonmetallics: Natural Resources Research, v. 5, no. 4, p. 269-276, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02257440.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"269","endPage":"276","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":240899,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a36de4b0e8fec6cdb87d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kelly, T.D.","contributorId":34297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelly","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":440795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018705,"text":"70018705 - 1996 - Use of archaeology to date liquefaction features and seismic events in the New Madrid seismic zone, Central United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-18T16:44:21.717116","indexId":"70018705","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1750,"text":"Geoarchaeology - An International Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of archaeology to date liquefaction features and seismic events in the New Madrid seismic zone, Central United States","docAbstract":"Prehistoric earthquake-induced liquefaction features occur in association with Native American occupation horizons in the New Madrid seismic zone. Age control of these liquefaction features, including sand-blow deposits, sand-blow craters, and sand dikes, can be accomplished by extensive sampling and flotation processing of datable materials as well as archaeobotanical analysis of associated archaeological horizons and pits. This approach increases both the amount of carbon for radiocarbon dating and the precision dating of artifact assemblages. Using this approach, we dated liquefaction features at four sites northwest of Blytheville, Arkansas, and found that at least one significant earthquake occurred in the New Madrid seismic zone between A.D. 1180 and 1400, probably about A.D. 1300 ± 100 yr. In addition, we found three buried sand blows that formed between 3340 B.C. and A.D. 780. In this region where very large to great earthquakes appear to be closely timed, archaeology is helping to develop a paleoearthquake chronology for the New Madrid seismic zone.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1520-6548(199612)11:6<451::AID-GEA1>3.0.CO;2-5","usgsCitation":"Tuttle, M.P., Lafferty, R.H., Guccione, M.J., Schweig, E.S., Lopinot, N., Cande, R.F., Dyer-Williams, K., and Haynes, M., 1996, Use of archaeology to date liquefaction features and seismic events in the New Madrid seismic zone, Central United States: Geoarchaeology - An International Journal, v. 11, no. 6, p. 451-480, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6548(199612)11:6<451::AID-GEA1>3.0.CO;2-5.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"451","endPage":"480","numberOfPages":"30","costCenters":[{"id":49157,"text":"Rocky Mountain Regional Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227045,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas, Kentucky, Missouri, Tennessee","otherGeospatial":"New Madrid seismic zone","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.5471490389159,\n 37.28048218311753\n ],\n [\n -90.52456626121813,\n 36.15225633811269\n ],\n [\n -90.64186493486928,\n 36.099622542877626\n ],\n [\n -90.5962492311921,\n 35.8147840859061\n ],\n [\n -90.8373584286405,\n 35.26331821427357\n ],\n [\n -90.52456125676353,\n 34.62228415348228\n ],\n [\n -90.10099094301489,\n 35.14084015972182\n ],\n [\n -89.2343237761567,\n 36.57206126433192\n ],\n [\n -89.11703620141296,\n 36.93231579630226\n ],\n [\n -89.214777063086,\n 37.0052067339502\n ],\n [\n -89.29948663045492,\n 36.96877256852157\n ],\n [\n -89.5471490389159,\n 37.28048218311753\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"11","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbebee4b08c986b329767","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tuttle, Martitia P.","contributorId":139388,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tuttle","given":"Martitia","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":12760,"text":"Tuttle and Associates","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":380504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lafferty, Robert H. III","contributorId":51059,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lafferty","given":"Robert","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Guccione, Margaret J.","contributorId":24935,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Guccione","given":"Margaret","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schweig, Eugene S. III 0000-0003-3669-9741","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3669-9741","contributorId":229461,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schweig","given":"Eugene","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":12608,"text":"USGS, retired","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":380500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lopinot, N.","contributorId":84925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lopinot","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Cande, Robert F.","contributorId":90481,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cande","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Dyer-Williams, Kathleen","contributorId":266054,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dyer-Williams","given":"Kathleen","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":54871,"text":"VanLeen and Associates","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":380501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Haynes, Marion","contributorId":72144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haynes","given":"Marion","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70204879,"text":"70204879 - 1996 - Normalization of metal concentrations in estuarine sediments from the Gulf of Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-21T11:22:12","indexId":"70204879","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-30T11:13:11","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1583,"text":"Estuaries","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Normalization of metal concentrations in estuarine sediments from the Gulf of Mexico","docAbstract":"Metal concentrations were examined in sediments from 497 sites within the estuaries of the Gulf of Mexico by the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP). Data were normalized for extant concentrations of aluminum to isolate natural factors from anthropogenic ones. The normalization was based on the hypothesis that metal concentrations vary consistently with the concentration of aluminum, unless metals are of anthropogenic origin. Strong linear correlations (>75% variation explained) were observed between Al and Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni, and Zn. Moderate correlations (50–75% variation explained) were observed between Al and As or Ag. Weak but significant correlations (30–40% variation explained) were observed between Al and Hg or Cd. Based on these results, the spatial extent of contamination was examined. About 39% of sites with contamination by at least one metal occurred near population centers, industrial discharge sites, or military bases. The remainder of the observed contamination represented a dispersed pattern, including the lower Mississippi River (7%) and numerous agricultural watersheds (54%), suggesting that the contamination might be from nonpoint sources.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.2307/1352519","usgsCitation":"Summers, J., Wade, T.L., Engle, V.D., and Malaeb, Z.A., 1996, Normalization of metal concentrations in estuarine sediments from the Gulf of Mexico: Estuaries, v. 19, no. 3, p. 581-594, https://doi.org/10.2307/1352519.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"581","endPage":"594","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":366786,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas ","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.27294921875,\n 25.93828707492375\n ],\n [\n -96.6796875,\n 25.918526162075153\n ],\n [\n -96.56982421875,\n 27.527758206861886\n ],\n [\n -94.28466796874999,\n 29.017748018496047\n ],\n [\n -92.74658203125,\n 29.22889003019423\n ],\n [\n -91.1865234375,\n 28.729130483430154\n ],\n [\n -88.857421875,\n 28.786918085420226\n ],\n [\n -88.154296875,\n 29.859701442126756\n ],\n [\n -86.50634765625,\n 29.99300228455108\n ],\n [\n -85.341796875,\n 29.22889003019423\n ],\n [\n -84.04541015625,\n 29.649868677972304\n ],\n [\n -83.25439453125,\n 28.86391842622456\n ],\n [\n -83.14453125,\n 27.27416111737468\n ],\n [\n -82.4853515625,\n 28.05259082333983\n ],\n [\n -82.4853515625,\n 29.075375179558346\n ],\n [\n -83.5400390625,\n 30.107117887092357\n ],\n [\n -84.35302734375,\n 30.334953881988564\n ],\n [\n -85.078125,\n 30.088107753367257\n ],\n [\n -86.30859375,\n 30.619004797647808\n ],\n [\n -87.47314453125,\n 30.770159115784214\n ],\n [\n -88.39599609375,\n 30.86451022625836\n ],\n [\n -89.8681640625,\n 30.637912028341123\n ],\n [\n -90.63720703125,\n 30.581179257386985\n ],\n [\n -90.8349609375,\n 30.183121842195515\n ],\n [\n -90.90087890624999,\n 29.916852233070173\n ],\n [\n -92.46093749999999,\n 30.183121842195515\n ],\n [\n -93.42773437499999,\n 30.29701788337205\n ],\n [\n -94.482421875,\n 30.183121842195515\n ],\n [\n -95.5810546875,\n 29.859701442126756\n ],\n [\n -97.0751953125,\n 28.825425374477224\n ],\n [\n -98.1298828125,\n 27.01998400798257\n ],\n [\n -97.27294921875,\n 25.93828707492375\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"19","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Summers, J.Kevin","contributorId":25721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Summers","given":"J.Kevin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":768862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wade, Terry L.","contributorId":218277,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wade","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":768863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Engle, Virginia D.","contributorId":218278,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Engle","given":"Virginia","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":768864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Malaeb, Ziad A.","contributorId":215704,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malaeb","given":"Ziad","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":768865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":28395,"text":"wri954189 - 1996 - Ground-water and surface-water relations along the Mojave River, southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-25T08:38:02","indexId":"wri954189","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4189","title":"Ground-water and surface-water relations along the Mojave River, southern California","docAbstract":"The Mojave River and the associated floodplain aquifer are important water supplies in the Mojave Desert of Southern California. The river and aquifer, in many areas, are in excellent hydraulic connection, and when flow conditions change in one, the other almost always is affected.
To better understand these relations, records of gaging stations were analyzed to determine the frequency and duration of historical streamflow. Annual ground-water recharge from the river during water years 1931-94 was estimated from an accounting of all streamflow accretions and losses. Annual recharge ranged from about 24,000 to 460,000 acre-feet and averaged about 96,000 acre-feet. Channel-geometry regression techniques were used to estimate runoff of ungaged ephemeral streams that are tributary to the river. Water-table and gravity changes were used to estimate specific yield of the aquifer and changes in ground-water storage following storm runoff during the winters of 1992-94. In addition, streamflow hydrographs were analyzed to estimate both ground-water discharge to the river (base flow) and historical streamflow depletion caused by ground-water pumping and evapotranspiration. Ground-water pumpage from the flood-plain aquifer was about 120,000 acre-feet during water year 1994. Annual evapotranspiration along the river probably ranges from about 10,000 to 30,000 acre-feet.
Factors controlling the exchange of water are identified in this report on the basis of the historical response of the river-aquifer system to stress (stormflows and pumping). Also identified are reaches of the river that are hydraulically suitable for artificial recharge.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954189","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Mojave Water Agency","usgsCitation":"Lines, G.C., 1996, Ground-water and surface-water relations along the Mojave River, southern California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4189, v, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954189.","productDescription":"v, 43 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":57201,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4189/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123831,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4189/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Mojave River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.75,\n 34\n ],\n [\n -115.25,\n 34\n ],\n [\n -115.25,\n 35.5\n ],\n [\n -117.75,\n 35.5\n ],\n [\n -117.75,\n 34\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b09e4b07f02db69c161","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lines, Gregory C.","contributorId":50502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lines","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26474,"text":"wri954247 - 1996 - Water quality, bed-sediment quality, and simulation of potential contaminant transport in Foster Creek, Berkeley County, South Carolina, 1991-93","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-30T12:42:34","indexId":"wri954247","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4247","title":"Water quality, bed-sediment quality, and simulation of potential contaminant transport in Foster Creek, Berkeley County, South Carolina, 1991-93","docAbstract":"Foster Creek, a freshwater tidal creek in Berkeley County, South Carolina, is located in an area of potential contaminant sources from residential, commercial, light industrial, and military activities. The creek is used as a secondary source of drinking water for the surrounding Charleston area. Foster Creek meets most of the freshwater- quality requirements of State and Federal regulatory agencies, but often contains low concentrations of dissolved oxygen and has been characterized as eutrophic. Investigations of water- and bed-sediment quality were made between 1991 and 1993 to assess the effects of anthropogenic sources of contamination on Foster Creek. Low-flow surface-water samples were generally free of toxic compounds with the exception of laboratory artifacts and naturally occurring trace metals. Storm-runoff samples generally contained very low concentrations (near detection limits) of a small number of volatile and semivolatile organics and naturally occurring trace metals. Concentrations of toxic compounds in excess of current (1995) South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency regulations were not detected in surface-water samples collected from Foster Creek. Chemical analyses of streambed sediments indicated minimal anthropogenic effects on sediment quality. The particle-tracking option of the U.S. Geological Survey one-dimensional unsteady-flow model (BRANCH) indicated that as the simulated volume of rainfall runoff increased in the Foster Creek Basin, simulated particles in Foster Creek were transported greater distances. Simulating flow through the Bushy Park Dam (also known as Back River Dam) had little effect on particle movement in Foster Creek. Simulating typical withdrawal rates at a water-supply intake resulted in a slight attraction of particles toward the intake during conditions of relatively low runoff. These withdrawals had a greater influence on particles downstream of the intake than on those upstream of the intake. Simulations confirmed earlier findings which suggested that the creek would not flush during baseflow conditions, with the exception of the lower 1-mile reach, where flushing results from tidal movements. According to the simulations, Foster Creek will fully flush if a 2-year, 7-day storm occurs. Flushing appears to be affected more by the total volume of storm runoff than by typical municipal withdrawals or tidal effects.","language":"English ","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954247","usgsCitation":"Campbell, T., and Bower, D., 1996, Water quality, bed-sediment quality, and simulation of potential contaminant transport in Foster Creek, Berkeley County, South Carolina, 1991-93: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4247, ix, 136 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954247.","productDescription":"ix, 136 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":55293,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4247/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158340,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4247/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","county":"Berkeley County","otherGeospatial":"Foster 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T.R.","contributorId":99594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"T.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bower, D.E.","contributorId":99592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bower","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70174770,"text":"70174770 - 1996 - Kangaroo rat bone compared to white rat bone after short-term disuse and exercise","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-05T19:05:34","indexId":"70174770","displayToPublicDate":"1996-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5295,"text":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A: Physiology","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Kangaroo rat bone compared to white rat bone after short-term disuse and exercise","docAbstract":"Kangaroo rats (Dipodomys ordii) were used to study the effects of confinement on mechanical properties of bone with a long range objective of proposing an alternative to the white rat model for the study of disuse osteoporosis. Kangaroo rats exhibit bipedal locomotion, which subjects their limbs to substantial accelerative forces in addition to the normal stress of weight bearing. We subjected groups of kangaroo rats and white rats (Rattus norvegicus) to one of two confinement treatments or to an exercise regime; animals were exercised at a rate calculated to replicate their (respective) daily exercise patterns. White laboratory rats were used as the comparison because they are currently the accepted model used in the study of disuse osteoporosis. After 6 weeks of treatment, rats were killed and the long bones of their hind limbs were tested mechanically and examined for histomorphometric changes. We found that kangaroo rats held in confinement had less ash content in their hind limbs than exercised kangaroo rats. In general, treated kangaroo rats showed morphometric and mechanical bone deterioration compared to controls and exercised kangaroo rats appeared to have slightly “stronger” bones than confined animals. White rats exhibited no significant differences between treatments. These preliminary results suggest that kangaroo rats may be an effective model in the study of disuse osteoporosis.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0300-9629(96)00025-4","usgsCitation":"Muths, E., and Reichman, O.J., 1996, Kangaroo rat bone compared to white rat bone after short-term disuse and exercise: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A: Physiology, v. 114, no. 4, p. 355-361, https://doi.org/10.1016/0300-9629(96)00025-4.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"355","endPage":"361","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325317,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"114","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"578a0930e4b0c1aacab7d40c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Muths, E.","contributorId":6394,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muths","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reichman, O. J.","contributorId":172918,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reichman","given":"O.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70178300,"text":"70178300 - 1996 - Development and evaluation of sediment quality guidelines for Florida coastal waters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-10T15:30:49","indexId":"70178300","displayToPublicDate":"1996-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1479,"text":"Ecotoxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Development and evaluation of sediment quality guidelines for Florida coastal waters","docAbstract":"The weight-of-evidence approach to the development of sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) was modified to support the derivation of biological effects-based SQGs for Florida coastal waters. Numerical SQGs were derived for 34 substances, including nine trace metals, 13 individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), three groups of PAHs, total polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), seven pesticides and one phthalate ester. For each substance, a threshold effects level (TEL) and a probable effects level (PEL) was calculated. These two values defined three ranges of chemical concentrations, including those that were (1) rarely, (2) occasionally or (3) frequently associated with adverse effects. The SQGs were then evaluated to determine their degree of agreement with other guidelines (an indicator of comparability) and the percent incidence of adverse effects within each concentration range (an indicator of reliability). The guidelines also were used to classify (using a dichotomous system: toxic, with one or more exceedances of the PELs or non-toxic, with no exceedances of the TELs) sediment samples collected from various locations in Florida and the Gulf of Mexico. The accuracy of these predictions was then evaluated using the results of the biological tests that were performed on the same sediment samples. The resultant SQGs were demonstrated to provide practical, reliable and predictive tools for assessing sediment quality in Florida and elsewhere in the southeastern portion of the United States.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00118995","usgsCitation":"MacDonald, D.D., Carr, R.S., Calder, F.D., Long, E.R., and Ingersoll, C.G., 1996, Development and evaluation of sediment quality guidelines for Florida coastal waters: Ecotoxicology, v. 5, no. 4, p. 253-278, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00118995.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"253","endPage":"278","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330950,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58259565e4b01fad86db2439","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"MacDonald, Donald D.","contributorId":176179,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"MacDonald","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carr, R. Scott","contributorId":14025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Calder, Fred D.","contributorId":176812,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Calder","given":"Fred","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Long, Edward R.","contributorId":106365,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Long","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ingersoll, Christopher G. 0000-0003-4531-5949 cingersoll@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4531-5949","contributorId":2071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"Christopher","email":"cingersoll@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":653569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70204865,"text":"70204865 - 1996 - Seagrass responses to long-term light reduction by brown tide in upper Laguna Madre, Texas: Distribution and biomass patterns","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-16T14:03:46.394606","indexId":"70204865","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-25T10:40:47","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2663,"text":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seagrass responses to long-term light reduction by brown tide in upper Laguna Madre, Texas: Distribution and biomass patterns","docAbstract":"A brown tide caused by a very dense bloom of an as yet undescribed species of the new class Pelagophyceae was first reported in upper Laguna Madre, Texas, USA, in June 1990 and has been there continuously through December 1995. No change in response to reduced light was evident in the distribution of the seagrass Halodulewrightii along transects sampled before the brown tide in 1988 and resampled after initiation of the brown tide in 1991 and 1992; however, in winter 1993-94 losses were documented over 2.6 km2 of bottom and by winter 1994-95 the area of vegetation lost had more than tripled to 9.4 km2. Changes in biomass presaged the changes in distribution. Decreases in biomass at depths >1.4 m were evident 2 yr before bare areas were detected. Reductions in biomass were more pronounced toward the south, in keeping with a gradient of increasing light attenuation from north to south. Support of a diminishing number of new shoots by reclamation of nutrients and stored reserves from senescing shoots and rhizomes may allow H.wrightii to persist under conditions of insufficient light for periods greatly in excess of the life span of any one shoot. This postulated capability would account for the pattern of diminishing biomass over time where the seagrass persists in deeper areas and the long lag between light reduction and change in distribution where the seagrass succumbed.
","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research Science Publisher","doi":"10.3354/meps138219","usgsCitation":"Onuf, C.P., 1996, Seagrass responses to long-term light reduction by brown tide in upper Laguna Madre, Texas: Distribution and biomass patterns: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 138, p. 219-231, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps138219.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"219","endPage":"231","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":490148,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/meps138219","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":366717,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Upper Laguna Madre","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.27020263671875,\n 27.69325634309158\n ],\n [\n -97.42401123046875,\n 27.327855149448382\n ],\n [\n -97.33612060546875,\n 27.301011379979172\n ],\n [\n -97.20428466796875,\n 27.67379895781762\n ],\n [\n -97.27020263671875,\n 27.69325634309158\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"138","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Onuf, Christopher P.","contributorId":55091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Onuf","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":768805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5223138,"text":"5223138 - 1996 - Extremes in ecology: Avoiding the misleading effects of sampling variation in summary analyses","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-14T17:19:00.214932","indexId":"5223138","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T12:17:46","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Extremes in ecology: Avoiding the misleading effects of sampling variation in summary analyses","docAbstract":"Surveys such as the North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) produce large collections of parameter estimates. One's natural inclination when confronted with lists of parameter estimates is to look for the extreme values: in the BBS, these correspond to the species that appear to have the greatest changes in population size through time. Unfortunately, extreme estimates are liable to correspond to the most poorly estimated parameters. Consequently, the most extreme parameters may not match up with the most extreme parameter estimates. The ranking of parameter values on the basis of their estimates is a difficult statistical problem. We use data on 401 species from the BBS and simulations to illustrate the potential misleading effects of sampling variation in rankings of parameters. We describe empirical Bayes and constrained empirical Bayes procedures that provide partial solutions to the problem of ranking in the presence of sampling variation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.2307/2265557","usgsCitation":"Link, W.A., and Sauer, J.R., 1996, Extremes in ecology: Avoiding the misleading effects of sampling variation in summary analyses: Ecology, v. 77, no. 5, p. 1633-1640, https://doi.org/10.2307/2265557.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1633","endPage":"1640","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199840,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"77","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a06e4b07f02db5f89a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Link, William A. 0000-0002-9913-0256 wlink@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9913-0256","contributorId":146920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Link","given":"William","email":"wlink@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":337961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sauer, John R. 0000-0002-4557-3019 jrsauer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-3019","contributorId":146917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"John","email":"jrsauer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":337962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}