{"pageNumber":"3283","pageRowStart":"82050","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184904,"records":[{"id":70022683,"text":"70022683 - 2000 - Pyroclast/snow interactions and thermally driven slurry formation. Part 1: Theory for monodisperse grain beds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:05","indexId":"70022683","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pyroclast/snow interactions and thermally driven slurry formation. Part 1: Theory for monodisperse grain beds","docAbstract":"Lahars are often produced as pyroclastic flows move over snow. This phenomenon involves a complicated interplay of mechanical and thermal processes that need to be separated to get at the fundamental physics. The thermal physics of pyroclast/snow interactions form the focus of this paper. A theoretical model is developed of heat- and mass transfer at the interface between a layer of uniformly sized pyroclasts and an underlying bed of snow, for the case in which there is no relative shear motion between pyroclasts and snow. A microscale view of the interface is required to properly specify boundary conditions. The physical model leads to the prediction that the upward flux of water vapor - which depends upon emplacement temperature, pyroclast grain size, pyroclast-layer thickness, and snow permeability - is sometimes sufficient to fluidize the pyroclasts. Uniform fluidization is usually unstable to bubble formation, which leads to vigorous convection of the pyroclasts themselves. Thus, predicted threshold conditions for fluidization are tantamount to predicted thresholds for particle convection. Such predictions are quantitatively in good agreement with results of experiments described in part 2 of this paper. Because particle convection commonly causes scour of the snow bed and transformation of the pyroclast layer to a slurry, there exists a 'thermal scour' process for generating lahars from pyroclastic flows moving over snow regardless of the possible role of mechanical scour.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Volcanology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s004459900069","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Walder, J.S., 2000, Pyroclast/snow interactions and thermally driven slurry formation. Part 1: Theory for monodisperse grain beds: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 62, no. 2, p. 105-118, https://doi.org/10.1007/s004459900069.","startPage":"105","endPage":"118","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208003,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004459900069"},{"id":233344,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-05-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9056e4b0c8380cd7fc90","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walder, J. S.","contributorId":32561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walder","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70022629,"text":"70022629 - 2000 - Physiological status of naturally reared juvenile spring chinook salmon in the Yakima River: Seasonal dynamics and changes associated with smolting","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-25T14:26:32.114225","indexId":"70022629","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Physiological status of naturally reared juvenile spring chinook salmon in the Yakima River: Seasonal dynamics and changes associated with smolting","docAbstract":"Two year-classes of juvenile spring chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha from the Yakima River, Washington, were sampled from July (3-4 months postemergence) through May (yearling smolt out-migration). Physiological characters measured included liver glycogen, body lipid, gill Na+-K+ ATPase, plasma thyroxine (T4), and plasma insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). Distinct physiological changes were found that corresponded to season. Summer and fall were characterized by relatively high body lipid and condition factor. Winter was characterized by decreases in body lipid, condition factor, and plasma hormones. An increase in condition factor and body lipid was found in February and March. Finally, April and May were characterized by dramatic changes characteristic of smolting, including increased gill Na+-K+ ATPase activity, plasma T4, and IGF-I and decreased condition factor, body lipid, and liver glycogen. These results create a physiological template for juvenile spring chinook salmon in the drainage that provides a baseline for comparison with other years, populations, and life history types. In addition, this baseline provides a standard for controlled laboratory experiments and a target for fish culturists who rear juvenile spring chinook salmon for release from conservation hatcheries. The implications of these results for juvenile chinook salmon ecology and life history are discussed.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(2000)129<0727:PSONRJ>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00028487","usgsCitation":"Beckman, B.R., Larsen, D.A., Sharpe, C., Lee-Pawlak, B., Schreck, C.B., and Dickhoff, W.W., 2000, Physiological status of naturally reared juvenile spring chinook salmon in the Yakima River: Seasonal dynamics and changes associated with smolting: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 129, no. 3, p. 727-753, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(2000)129<0727:PSONRJ>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"727","endPage":"753","costCenters":[{"id":517,"text":"Oregon Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233631,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Yakima River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -119.1741943359375,\n              46.20644812194458\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.5255126953125,\n              47.80208652719499\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.2174072265625,\n              47.454094290400015\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.278076171875,\n              46.12274903582433\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.1741943359375,\n              46.20644812194458\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"129","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7b29e4b0c8380cd792ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beckman, Brian R.","contributorId":238013,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Beckman","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":47680,"text":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, Washington 98112, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":394312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Larsen, Donald A.","contributorId":19322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larsen","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sharpe, Cameron","contributorId":178951,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sharpe","given":"Cameron","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lee-Pawlak, Beeda","contributorId":29609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee-Pawlak","given":"Beeda","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schreck, Carl B. 0000-0001-8347-1139 carl.schreck@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8347-1139","contributorId":878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schreck","given":"Carl","email":"carl.schreck@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":394309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Dickhoff, Walton W.","contributorId":85133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickhoff","given":"Walton","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70022704,"text":"70022704 - 2000 - Rapid distribution of earthquake information for everybody","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-12T16:59:13.488906","indexId":"70022704","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rapid distribution of earthquake information for everybody","docAbstract":"<p>No matter who you are, seismologist or regular person on the street, when you feel the Earth move you want to know what's going on. Was it an earthquake? Where was the earthquake? How big was it? As a grad student, many moons ago, when the Earth moved, the Electronic Seismologist (ES) was known to immediately turn on the “AM/FM-Automatic-Earthquake-Locator.” Before the seismograms could be pulled off the photographic drums, developed, and read and an “official” hypocenter determined (using a large map and a piece of string to swing arcs), the radio would usually have reported a location. Individuals feeling the earthquake would have called radio and TV stations (not to mention the police, newspapers, and sometimes the seismograph station), reported feeling something, and described what it was like. Reporters taking these calls got pretty good at estimating roughly where the event was, and they sometimes came up with a fairly good estimate of the magnitude. This seat-of-the-pants radio-seismology is fast becoming a lost art. Reporters now race to their computers and point their Web browsers at the nearest seismic network where they can count on finding, within minutes, an automatic but “official” location and magnitude for the earthquake.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/gssrl.71.3.355","issn":"00128287","usgsCitation":"Jones, A., Michael, A., Simpson, B., Jacob, S., and Oppenheimer, D., 2000, Rapid distribution of earthquake information for everybody: Seismological Research Letters, v. 71, no. 3, p. 355-358, https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.71.3.355.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"355","endPage":"358","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233673,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"71","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a94d7e4b0c8380cd81656","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones, A.","contributorId":18934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Michael, A.","contributorId":56817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michael","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Simpson, B.","contributorId":58429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simpson","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jacob, S.","contributorId":50696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacob","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Oppenheimer, D.","contributorId":66841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oppenheimer","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70022630,"text":"70022630 - 2000 - Nuées ardentes of 22 November 1994 at Merapi volcano, Java, Indonesia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-13T09:34:30","indexId":"70022630","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nuées ardentes of 22 November 1994 at Merapi volcano, Java, Indonesia","docAbstract":"<p>Nu&eacute;es ardentes associated with dome collapse on 22 November 1994, at Merapi volcano traveled to the south&ndash;southwest as far as 6.5&nbsp;km, and collectively accumulated roughly 2.5&ndash;3 million cubic meters of deposits. The damaged area comprises 9.5&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> and is covered by two nu&eacute;e ardente facies, a conventional &ldquo;Merapi-type&rdquo;, valley-fill block-and-ash flow facies and a pyroclastic surge facies. The proximal deposits reflect the accumulation of dozens of nu&eacute;es ardentes, with many subsidiary flow units. The distal deposits are more simply organized, as only a few individual events reached to distances &gt;3.5&nbsp;km. The stratigraphic relationships north of Turgo hill indicate that the surge deposits are a facies of particularly mobile nu&eacute;es ardentes that also deposited channeled block-and-ash flow facies. They further suggest that the surge facies beyond the channel margins correlate laterally with a finer-grained sublayer locally developed at the base of the block-and-ash flow facies. Eyewitness reports suggest that the emplacement of the block-and-ash flow facies in the distal part of the Boyong river may have followed, by a short time interval, the destruction and deposition of the surge facies at Turgo village. The stratigraphy is in accord with the eyewitness reports. The surge facies was emplaced by a dilute surge current, detached from the same dome-collapse nu&eacute;e ardente that, as a separate flow unit, subsequently emplaced the distal block-and-ash deposit in the Boyong valley. The detachment occurred at higher elevations, likely at or above the slope break at about 2000&nbsp;m elevation. This flow separation enabled the surge current to shortcut over the landscape and to emplace its deposit even as the block-and-ash flow continued its tortuous southward movement in the Boyong channel. Dome-collapse nu&eacute;e ardente activity formed the bulk of the eruption, which was accompanied by virtually no significant vertical summit explosive activity.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00144-X","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Abdurachman, E., Bourdier, J., and Voight, B., 2000, Nuées ardentes of 22 November 1994 at Merapi volcano, Java, Indonesia: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 100, no. 1-4, p. 345-361, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00144-X.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"345","endPage":"361","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487454,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://insu.hal.science/hal-00091175","text":"External Repository"},{"id":233668,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"100","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a68d8e4b0c8380cd73a1f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Abdurachman, E.K.","contributorId":17403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abdurachman","given":"E.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bourdier, J.-L.","contributorId":44708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bourdier","given":"J.-L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Voight, B.","contributorId":16575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voight","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70022834,"text":"70022834 - 2000 - Contribution of increasing CO2 and climate to carbon storage by ecosystems in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:05","indexId":"70022834","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Contribution of increasing CO2 and climate to carbon storage by ecosystems in the United States","docAbstract":"The effects of increasing carbon dioxide (CO2) and climate on net carbon storage in terrestrial ecosystems of the conterminous United States for the period 1895-1993 were modeled with new, detailed historical climate information. For the period 1980-1993, results from an ensemble of three models agree within 25%, simulating a land carbon sink from CO2 and climate effects of 0.08 gigaton of carbon per year. The best estimates of the total sink from inventory data are about three times larger, suggesting that processes such as regrowth on abandoned agricultural land or in forests harvested before 1980 have effects as large as or larger than the direct effects of CO2 and climate. The modeled sink varies by about 100% from year to year as a result of climate variability.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1126/science.287.5460.2004","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Schimel, D., Melillo, J., Tian, H., McGuire, A., Kicklighter, D., Kittel, T., Rosenbloom, N., Running, S., Thornton, P., Ojima, D., Parton, W., Kelly, R., Sykes, M., Neilson, R., and Rizzo, B., 2000, Contribution of increasing CO2 and climate to carbon storage by ecosystems in the United States: Science, v. 287, no. 5460, p. 2004-2006, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.287.5460.2004.","startPage":"2004","endPage":"2006","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208081,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.287.5460.2004"},{"id":233496,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"287","issue":"5460","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa83e4b0c8380cd4db40","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schimel, D.","contributorId":38781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schimel","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Melillo, J.","contributorId":33081,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Melillo","given":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":13206,"text":"Sea Education Association, Woods Hole, Massachusetts","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":395071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tian, H.","contributorId":43524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tian","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McGuire, A. D.","contributorId":16552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"A. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kicklighter, D.","contributorId":16709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kicklighter","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kittel, T.","contributorId":59681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kittel","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Rosenbloom, N.","contributorId":60500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenbloom","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Running, S.","contributorId":88215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Running","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Thornton, P.","contributorId":56103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thornton","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Ojima, D.","contributorId":10378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ojima","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Parton, W.","contributorId":93668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parton","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Kelly, R.","contributorId":83390,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelly","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Sykes, M.","contributorId":55691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sykes","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Neilson, R.","contributorId":7864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neilson","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Rizzo, B.","contributorId":19727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rizzo","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15}]}}
,{"id":70022875,"text":"70022875 - 2000 - Mode of occurrence of arsenic in four US coals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-17T21:08:43","indexId":"70022875","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1710,"text":"Fuel Processing Technology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mode of occurrence of arsenic in four US coals","docAbstract":"An integrated analytical approach has been used to determine the mode of occurrence of arsenic in samples of four widely used US coals: the Pittsburgh, Illinois #6, Elkhorn/Hazard, and Wyodak. Results from selective leaching, X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy, and electron microprobe analysis show that pyrite is the principal source of arsenic in the three bituminous coals, but the concentration of As in pyrite varies widely. The Wyodak sample contains very little pyrite; its arsenic appears to be primarily associated with organics, as As3+, or as arsenate. Significant (10-40%) fractions of arsenate, derived from pyrite oxidation, are also present in the three bituminous coal samples. This information is essential in developing predictive models for arsenic behavior during coal combustion and in other environmental settings.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Fuel Processing Technology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/S0378-3820(99)00095-8","issn":"03783820","usgsCitation":"Kolker, A., Huggins, F.E., Palmer, C., Shah, N., Crowley, S., Huffman, G., and Finkelman, R.B., 2000, Mode of occurrence of arsenic in four US coals: Fuel Processing Technology, v. 63, no. 2, p. 167-178, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3820(99)00095-8.","startPage":"167","endPage":"178","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208098,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3820(99)00095-8"},{"id":233538,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"63","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5ba0e4b0c8380cd6f6bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kolker, A. 0000-0002-5768-4533","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5768-4533","contributorId":10947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolker","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Huggins, Frank E.","contributorId":81273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huggins","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Palmer, C.A.","contributorId":81894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palmer","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shah, N.","contributorId":91278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shah","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Crowley, S.S.","contributorId":43754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crowley","given":"S.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Huffman, G.P.","contributorId":12232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huffman","given":"G.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Finkelman, R. B.","contributorId":20341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finkelman","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70022631,"text":"70022631 - 2000 - Ion exchange separation of chromium from natural water matrix for stable isotope mass spectrometric analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-10T10:38:40","indexId":"70022631","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ion exchange separation of chromium from natural water matrix for stable isotope mass spectrometric analysis","docAbstract":"<p>A method has been developed for separating the Cr dissolved in natural water from matrix elements and determination of its stable isotope ratios using solid-source thermal-ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS). The separation method takes advantage of the existence of the oxidized form of Cr as an oxyanion to separate it from interfering cations using anion-exchange chromatography, and of the reduced form of Cr as a positively charged ion to separate it from interfering anions such as sulfate. Subsequent processing of the separated sample eliminates residual organic material for application to a solid source filament. Ratios for 53Cr/52Cr for National Institute of Standards and Technology Standard Reference Material 979 can be measured using the silica gel-boric acid technique with a filament-to-filament standard deviation in the mean 53Cr/52Cr ratio for 50 replicates of 0.00005 or less.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00189-3","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Ball, J., and Bassett, R., 2000, Ion exchange separation of chromium from natural water matrix for stable isotope mass spectrometric analysis: Chemical Geology, v. 168, no. 1-2, p. 123-134, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00189-3.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"123","endPage":"134","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233669,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208161,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00189-3"}],"volume":"168","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3ed5e4b0c8380cd64090","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ball, J.W.","contributorId":67507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ball","given":"J.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bassett, R.L.","contributorId":13233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bassett","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70022684,"text":"70022684 - 2000 - Atmospheric transport, deposition, and fate of triazine herbicides and their metabolites in pristine areas at Isle Royale National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-07T06:29:42","indexId":"70022684","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Atmospheric transport, deposition, and fate of triazine herbicides and their metabolites in pristine areas at Isle Royale National Park","docAbstract":"<div class=\"hlFld-Abstract\"><div id=\"abstractBox\"><p class=\"articleBody_abstractText\">Trace concentrations of triazine herbicides, used in the Midwestern United States, are being transported atmospherically hundreds of kilometers and deposited by precipitation onto pristine areas, such as Isle Royale National Park (Lake Superior). Atrazine, deethylatrazine, deisopropylatrazine, and cyanazine were detected in Isle Royale rainfall from mid-May to early July (1992−1994) at concentrations of less than 0.005 to 1.8 μg/L. Analysis of predominant wind direction indicated that the herbicides originated from the upper Midwestern United States. The annual mass of herbicides deposited by rainfall varied between years, from 13.4 μg/m<sup>2</sup>/yr for 1992, 3.7 μg/m<sup>2</sup>/yr for 1993, and 54 μg/m<sup>2</sup>/yr for 1994. Atrazine and deethylatrazine were found also in concentrations of less than 5−22 ng/L in lakes across Isle Royale. Concentrations of atrazine in the surface layer of the lakes increased during deposition periods and decreased later in the year. The fate of triazines in shallow lakes suggests faster degradation and shorter half-lives, while deeper lakes have residence times for atrazine that may exceed 10 years.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es000995l","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Thurman, E., and Cromwell, A., 2000, Atmospheric transport, deposition, and fate of triazine herbicides and their metabolites in pristine areas at Isle Royale National Park: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 34, no. 15, p. 3079-3085, https://doi.org/10.1021/es000995l.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"3079","endPage":"3085","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233379,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208021,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es000995l"}],"volume":"34","issue":"15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-06-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eec6e4b0c8380cd49f4d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cromwell, A.E.","contributorId":92836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cromwell","given":"A.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70022835,"text":"70022835 - 2000 - Patterns of change in tree islands in Arthur R. Marshall Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge from 1950 to 1991","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-28T14:33:42.899165","indexId":"70022835","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Patterns of change in tree islands in Arthur R. Marshall Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge from 1950 to 1991","docAbstract":"Size, shape, orientation, and distribution of tree islands in a remnant of northern Everglades wetland were examined from 1950 and 1991 aerial photography. The objectives were to quantify the patterns of tree islands in Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge, to determine if the patterns of tree islands had changed between the two dates, and to relate the tree island patterns to modeled pre- and post-drainage hydrologic patterns. There was considerable variation in the patterns of tree islands spatially and temporally. Changes in the size and shape of tree islands from 1950 to 1991 are consistent with changes in the modeled pre- and post-drainage hydrologic patterns. Photo plots along the edges of the refuge, where hydroperiods are longer and depths deeper than they were historically, show a decrease in tree island size and in overall area of tree islands in the plots. Photo plots in the interior, where hydroperiods are shorter than they were pre-drainage, show an increase in tree island area. Overall, there is a tendency for more tree islands to be irregularly shaped in the 1991 photo plots than in the 1950 plots, a reflection of the loss of water flow, reduction of pulse magnitude, and the ponding of water along the perimeter dikes. This study illustrates the importance of considering long-term changes in hydroperiod, depths, and water flows in the restoration of this area.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1672/0277-5212(2000)020[0001:POCITI]2.0.CO;2","issn":"02775212","usgsCitation":"Brandt, L., Portier, K.M., and Kitchens, W.M., 2000, Patterns of change in tree islands in Arthur R. Marshall Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge from 1950 to 1991: Wetlands, v. 20, no. 1, p. 1-14, https://doi.org/10.1672/0277-5212(2000)020[0001:POCITI]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"14","startPage":"1","endPage":"14","costCenters":[{"id":274,"text":"Florida Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233497,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Palm Beach County","otherGeospatial":"Arthur R. Marshall Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge, Everglades, Lake Okeechobee","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -80.44601440429686,\n              26.4711876806674\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.37460327148438,\n              26.377721970428563\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.24894714355469,\n              26.340806769468358\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.24894714355469,\n              26.362342068998764\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.23590087890624,\n              26.38510359603802\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.23590087890624,\n              26.407860638241498\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.21942138671875,\n              26.46565563783836\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.22079467773438,\n              26.51420559869417\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.233154296875,\n              26.543080020962417\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.27778625488281,\n              26.602034978080944\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.33203125,\n              26.632728662035912\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.34713745117188,\n              26.646844988896188\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.36567687988281,\n              26.684275490019488\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.37666320800781,\n              26.6836619742687\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.44876098632812,\n              26.592825266403615\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.44601440429686,\n              26.4711876806674\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"20","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a75c8e4b0c8380cd77d3c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brandt, Laura A.","contributorId":18608,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brandt","given":"Laura A.","affiliations":[{"id":6987,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sevice","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":395081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Portier, Kenneth M.","contributorId":77263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Portier","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kitchens, Wiley M. kitchensw@usgs.gov","contributorId":2851,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kitchens","given":"Wiley","email":"kitchensw@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":395083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70022634,"text":"70022634 - 2000 - Large-scale hydrothermal fluid discharges in the Norris-Mammoth corridor, Yellowstone National Park, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-03T09:29:31","indexId":"70022634","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Large-scale hydrothermal fluid discharges in the Norris-Mammoth corridor, Yellowstone National Park, USA","docAbstract":"Norris–Mammoth corridor is a complex subsidence structure that extends ∼40 km northward from the 0.6 Ma Yellowstone caldera, and contains many hydrothermal features with high fluid discharges totaling ∼1000 l/s. About 150–250 l/s of hydrothermal water, which attains boiling temperature at surface and 360°C at depth, discharge from the Norris Geyser Basin, adjacent to the caldera. The highest thermal water and gas discharges in the corridor are from Mammoth Hot Springs, where 500–600 l/s thermal water with surface temperatures of up to 73°C and calculated subsurface temperatures of ∼100°C issue from ∼100 hot springs scattered over a score of step-like travertine terraces that range in age from ∼0.4 Ma to recent. All the thermal water is meteoric, likely recharged in the Gallatin Range at 2.5–3.0 km elevations. The isotopic and chemical compositions of thermal waters and solutes can be interpreted to indicate a common magmatic source for heat and volatile solutes located near Norris. However, the chemical and isotopic compositions of gases, especially the <sup>3</sup>He/<sup>4</sup>He ratios, provide strong evidence for a separate magmatic source for the Mammoth system.","largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","conferenceTitle":"Geofluids III - 3rd International Conference on Fluid Evolution, Migration and Interaction in Sedimentary Basins and Orogenic Belts","conferenceLocation":"Barcelona, Spain","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/S0375-6742(00)00025-X","issn":"03756742","usgsCitation":"Kharaka, Y., Sorey, M., and Thordsen, J., 2000, Large-scale hydrothermal fluid discharges in the Norris-Mammoth corridor, Yellowstone National Park, USA, v. 69-70, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0375-6742(00)00025-X.","startPage":"201","endPage":"205","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208180,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0375-6742(00)00025-X"},{"id":233705,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"69-70","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4499e4b0c8380cd66c39","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kharaka, Y.K.","contributorId":23568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kharaka","given":"Y.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sorey, M.L.","contributorId":73185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sorey","given":"M.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thordsen, J.J.","contributorId":43121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thordsen","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70022836,"text":"70022836 - 2000 - The Beaver River structure: A cross-strike discontinuity of possible crustal dimensions in the southern Mackenzie Fold Belt, Yukon and Northwest territories, Canada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-30T17:14:54.302831","indexId":"70022836","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1100,"text":"Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Beaver River structure: A cross-strike discontinuity of possible crustal dimensions in the southern Mackenzie Fold Belt, Yukon and Northwest territories, Canada","docAbstract":"<p>A significant cross-strike structural discontinuity, the Beaver River Structure, has been recognized near the boundary between the north-central part of the Mackenzie Fold Belt and its southern part, the Liard Plateau. The Beaver River Structure is the northeast continuation of the Beaver Fault toward the confluence of the South Nahanni and Liard rivers and into the Interior Platform. It is oriented sub-parallel with the Liard Line farther south. Cumulative Laramide-aged dextral movement of 10 to 20 kilometres is inferred to have occurred along the Beaver River Structure. Small dextral offsets occur along the Beaver Fault, a possible surface manifestation of the Beaver River Structure and large, dominantly north-south oriented Laramide-aged folds and faults, such as the Kotaneelee and Liard synclines and the Nahanni Thrust Fault appear to have been locally rotated in a manner consistent with dextral strike-slip of at least 10 to 20 kilometres.</p><p>The absence of Permian and Triassic strata in the Mackenzie Fold Belt north of the Beaver River Structure may indicate that uplift and erosion occurred north of the Beaver River Structure during the Early Cretaceous Columbian Orogeny. It is likely that the Beaver River Structure is an ancient, possibly Precambrian, structure that has been reactivated several times throughout Phanerozoic time.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.2113/48.1.19","issn":"00074802","usgsCitation":"Morrow, D., and Miles, W., 2000, The Beaver River structure: A cross-strike discontinuity of possible crustal dimensions in the southern Mackenzie Fold Belt, Yukon and Northwest territories, Canada: Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, v. 48, no. 1, p. 19-29, https://doi.org/10.2113/48.1.19.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"19","endPage":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233498,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada","state":"British Columbia, Northwest Territories, Yukon","otherGeospatial":"Beaver River Structure","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -128.6279296875,\n              57.98480801923985\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.99267578124999,\n              57.98480801923985\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.99267578124999,\n              62.1655019058381\n            ],\n            [\n              -128.6279296875,\n              62.1655019058381\n            ],\n            [\n              -128.6279296875,\n              57.98480801923985\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"48","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba69ae4b08c986b321203","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morrow, D.W.","contributorId":10958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morrow","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miles, W.C.","contributorId":38331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miles","given":"W.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70023228,"text":"70023228 - 2000 - Mineralogy-swelling potential relationships for expansive shales","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:14","indexId":"70023228","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Mineralogy-swelling potential relationships for expansive shales","docAbstract":"The extent to which mineralogy and swelling potential is correlated in the expansive clays and shales is studied. Sites are selected in Cretaceous shales, including Pierre Shale, that are uplifted into steeply dipping strata near the foothills of the Rocky Mountains. Swelling potentials are obtained on limited suites of samples with conventional and labor-intensive schemes including Seed and Chen's schemes, and with swell-consolidation measurements in response to saturation, consolidation, and rebound in an oedometer. The results showing the percent total smectite provide a useful index of swelling potential concept defined by Seed and correlates well with the swelling potential indices developed by Seed, Chen, and McKeen.","largerWorkTitle":"Geotechnical Special Publication","conferenceTitle":"The GeoDenver 2000 - Unsaturated Soils Sessions 'Advances in Ultrasound Geotechnical'","conferenceDate":"5 August 2000 through 5 August 2000","conferenceLocation":"Denver, CO, USA","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA, United States","issn":"08950563","usgsCitation":"Olsen, H.W., Krosley, L., Nelson, K., Chabrillat, S., Goetz, A.F., and Noe, D., 2000, Mineralogy-swelling potential relationships for expansive shales, <i>in</i> Geotechnical Special Publication, no. 99, Denver, CO, USA, 5 August 2000 through 5 August 2000, p. 361-378.","startPage":"361","endPage":"378","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232594,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"99","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5ae2e4b0c8380cd6f1c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olsen, H. W.","contributorId":10060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olsen","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krosley, L.","contributorId":80457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krosley","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nelson, K.","contributorId":33492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chabrillat, S.","contributorId":82497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chabrillat","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Goetz, Alexander F.H.","contributorId":43747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goetz","given":"Alexander","middleInitial":"F.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Noe, D.C.","contributorId":95215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noe","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70022837,"text":"70022837 - 2000 - Biogeochemical effects of global change on U.S. National Parks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-25T17:08:20.817408","indexId":"70022837","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Biogeochemical effects of global change on U.S. National Parks","docAbstract":"<p><span>Federal parks and other public lands have unique mandates and rules regulating their use and conservation. Because of variation in their response to local, regional, and global-scale disturbance, development of mitigation strategies requires substantial research in the context of long-term inventory and monitoring. In 1982, the National Park Service began long-term, watershed-level studies in a series of national parks. The objective was to provide a more comprehensive database against which the effects of global change and other issues could be quantified. A subset of five sites in North Carolina, Texas, Washington, Michigan, and Alaska, is examined here. During the last 50 years, temperatures have declined at the southern sites and increased at the northern sites with the greatest increase in Alaska. Only the most southern site has shown an increase in precipitation amount. The net effect of these trends, especially for the most northern and southern sites, would likely be an increase in the growing season and especially the time soil processes could continue without moisture or temperature limitations. During the last 18 years, there were few trends in atmospheric ion inputs. The most evident was the decline in SO</span><sub>4</sub><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;deposition. There were no significant relationships between ion input and stream water output. This finding suggests other factors as modification of precipitation or canopy throughfall by soil processes, hydrologic flow path, and snowmelt rates are major processes regulating stream water chemical outputs.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04272.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Herrmann, R., Stottlemyer, R., Zak, J., Edmonds, R., and Van Miegroet, H., 2000, Biogeochemical effects of global change on U.S. National Parks: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 36, no. 2, p. 337-346, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04272.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"337","endPage":"346","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233536,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska, Michigan, North Carolina, Texas, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Asik watershed, Big Bend National Park, Great Smoky Mountains 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]\n}","volume":"36","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f152e4b0c8380cd4abb3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Herrmann, R.","contributorId":12640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herrmann","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stottlemyer, R.","contributorId":44493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stottlemyer","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zak, J.C.","contributorId":82097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zak","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Edmonds, R.L.","contributorId":32335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edmonds","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Van Miegroet, H.","contributorId":47723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Miegroet","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70022702,"text":"70022702 - 2000 - Turbidite megabeds in an Oceanic Rift Valley recording jokulhlaups of late Pleistocene glacial lakes of the western United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:39","indexId":"70022702","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2309,"text":"Journal of Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Turbidite megabeds in an Oceanic Rift Valley recording jokulhlaups of late Pleistocene glacial lakes of the western United States","docAbstract":"Escanaba Trough is the southernmost segment of the Gorda Ridge and is filled by sandy turbidites locally exceeding 500 m in thickness. New results from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Sites 1037 and 1038 that include accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) 14C dates and revised petrographic evaluation of the sediment provenance, combined with high-resolution seismic-reflection profiles, provide a lithostratigraphic framework for the turbidite deposits. Three fining-upward units of sandy turbidites from the upper 365 m at ODP Site 1037 can be correlated with sediment recovered at ODP Site 1038 and Deep Sea Drilling Program (DSDP) Site 35. Six AMS 14C ages in the upper 317 m of the sequence at Site 1037 indicate that average deposition rates exceeded 10 m/k.yr. between 32 and 11 ka, with nearly instantaneous deposition of one ~60-m interval of sand. Petrography of the sand beds is consistent with a Columbia River source for the entire sedimentary sequence in Escanaba Trough. High-resolution acoustic stratigraphy shows that the turbidites in the upper 60 m at Site 1037 provide a characteristic sequence of key reflectors that occurs across the floor of the entire Escanaba Trough. Recent mapping of turbidite systems in the northeast Pacific Ocean suggests that the turbidity currents reached the Escanaba Trough along an 1100-km-long pathway from the Columbia River to the west flank of the Gorda Ridge. The age of the upper fining-upward unit of sandy turbidites appears to correspond to the latest Wisconsinan outburst of glacial Lake Missoula. Many of the outbursts, or jokulhlaups, from the glacial lakes probably continued flowing as hyperpycnally generated turbidity currents on entering the sea at the mouth of the Columbia River.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1086/314404","issn":"00221376","usgsCitation":"Zuffa, G., Normark, W.R., Serra, F., and Brunner, C., 2000, Turbidite megabeds in an Oceanic Rift Valley recording jokulhlaups of late Pleistocene glacial lakes of the western United States: Journal of Geology, v. 108, no. 3, p. 253-274, https://doi.org/10.1086/314404.","startPage":"253","endPage":"274","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233636,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208147,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1086/314404"}],"volume":"108","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb8ebe4b08c986b327b1d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zuffa, G.G.","contributorId":40353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zuffa","given":"G.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Normark, W. R.","contributorId":87137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Normark","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Serra, F.","contributorId":22520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Serra","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brunner, C.A.","contributorId":58642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brunner","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70022792,"text":"70022792 - 2000 - Changes in herbicide concentrations in Midwestern streams in relation to changes in use, 1989-1998","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-07T10:00:50","indexId":"70022792","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5331,"text":"Science of Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Changes in herbicide concentrations in Midwestern streams in relation to changes in use, 1989-1998","docAbstract":"<p><span>Water samples were collected from Midwestern streams in 1994–1995 and 1998 as part of a study to help determine if changes in herbicide use resulted in changes in herbicide concentrations since a previous reconnaissance study in 1989–1990. Sites were sampled during the first significant runoff period after the application of pre-emergent herbicides in 1989–1990, 1994–1995, and 1998. Samples were analyzed for selected herbicides, two atrazine metabolites, three cyanazine metabolites, and one alachlor metabolite. In the Midwestern USA, alachlor use was much greater in 1989 than in 1995, whereas acetochlor was not used in 1989 but was commonly used in 1995. The use of atrazine, cyanazine, and metolachlor was approximately the same in 1989 and 1995. The median concentrations of atrazine, alachlor, cyanazine, and metolachlor were substantially higher in 1989–1990 than in 1994–1995 or 1998. The median acetochlor concentration was higher in 1998 than in 1994 or 1995.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00547-1","issn":"00489697","usgsCitation":"Scribner, E., Battaglin, W., Goolsby, D.A., and Thurman, E., 2000, Changes in herbicide concentrations in Midwestern streams in relation to changes in use, 1989-1998: Science of Total Environment, v. 248, no. 2-3, p. 255-263, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00547-1.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"255","endPage":"263","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233386,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208026,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00547-1"}],"volume":"248","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f418e4b0c8380cd4bb2c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scribner, E.A.","contributorId":50925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scribner","given":"E.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Battaglin, W.A.","contributorId":16376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Battaglin","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goolsby, D. A.","contributorId":50508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goolsby","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70022730,"text":"70022730 - 2000 - Routine determination of sulfonylurea, imidazolinone, and sulfonamide herbicides at nanogram-per-liter concentrations by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-27T16:04:38.413235","indexId":"70022730","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5331,"text":"Science of Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Routine determination of sulfonylurea, imidazolinone, and sulfonamide herbicides at nanogram-per-liter concentrations by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry","docAbstract":"<p><span>Sulfonylurea (SU), imidazolinone (IMI), and sulfonamide (SA) herbicides are new classes of low-application-rate herbicides increasingly used by farmers. Some of these herbicides affect both weed and crop species at low dosages and must be carefully used. Less is known about the effect of these compounds on non-crop plant species, but a concentration of 100 ng/l in water has been proposed as the threshold for possible plant toxicity for most of these herbicides. Hence, analytical methods must be capable of detecting SUs, IMIs, and SAs at concentrations less than 100 ng/l in ambient water samples. The authors developed a two-cartridge, solid-phase extraction method for isolating 12 SU, 3 IMI, and 1 SA herbicides by using high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI-MS) to identify and quantify these herbicides to 10 ng/l. This method was used to analyze 196 surface- and ground-water samples collected from May to August 1998 throughout the Midwestern United States, and more than 100 quality-assurance and quality-control samples. During the 16 weeks of the study, the HPLC/ESI-MS maintained excellent calibration linearity across the calibration range from 5 to 500 ng/l, with correlation coefficients of 0.9975 or greater. Continuing calibration verification standards at 100-ng/l concentration were analyzed throughout the study, and the average measured concentrations for individual herbicides ranged from 93 to 100 ng/l. Recovery of herbicides from 27 reagent-water samples spiked at 50 and 100 ng/l ranged from 39 to 92%, and averaged 73%. The standard deviation of recoveries ranged from 14 to 26%, and averaged 20%. This variability reflects multiple instruments, operators, and the use of automated and manual sample preparation. Spiked environmental water samples had similar recoveries, although for some herbicides, the sample matrix enhanced recoveries by as much as 200% greater than the spiked concentration. This matrix enhancement was sample- and compound-dependent. Concentrations of herbicides in unspiked duplicate environmental samples were typically within 25% of each other. The results demonstrate the usefulness of HPLC/ESI-MS for determining low-application-rate herbicides at ambient concentrations.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00537-9","issn":"00489697","usgsCitation":"Furlong, E., Burkhardt, M., Gates, P.M., Werner, S., and Battaglin, W., 2000, Routine determination of sulfonylurea, imidazolinone, and sulfonamide herbicides at nanogram-per-liter concentrations by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry: Science of Total Environment, v. 248, no. 2-3, p. 135-146, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00537-9.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"135","endPage":"146","costCenters":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233528,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208095,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00537-9"}],"volume":"248","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaeace4b0c8380cd8716c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Furlong, E. T. 0000-0002-7305-4603","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7305-4603","contributorId":98346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Furlong","given":"E. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burkhardt, M.R.","contributorId":70410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burkhardt","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gates, Paul M.","contributorId":31411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gates","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Werner, S.L.","contributorId":82734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Werner","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Battaglin, W.A.","contributorId":16376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Battaglin","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70022816,"text":"70022816 - 2000 - Reevaluation of tsunami formation by debris avalanche at Augustine Volcano, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:39","indexId":"70022816","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3208,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reevaluation of tsunami formation by debris avalanche at Augustine Volcano, Alaska","docAbstract":"Debris avalanches entering the sea at Augustine Volcano, Alaska have been proposed as a mechanism for generating tsunamis. Historical accounts of the 1883 eruption of the volcano describe 6- to 9-meter-high waves that struck the coastline at English Bay (Nanwalek), Alaska about 80 kilometers east of Augustine Island. These accounts are often cited as proof that volcanigenic tsunamis from Augustine Volcano are significant hazards to the coastal zone of lower Cook Inlet. This claim is disputed because deposits of unequivocal tsunami origin are not evident at more than 50 sites along the lower Cook Inlet coastline where they might be preserved. Shallow water (<25 m) around Augustine Island, in the run-out zone for debris avalanches, limits the size of an avalanche-caused wave. If the two most recent debris avalanches, Burr Point (A.D. 1883) and West Island (<500 yr. B.P.) were traveling at velocities in the range of 50 to 100 meters per second, the kinetic energy of the avalanches at the point of impact with the ocean would have been between 1014 and 1015 joules. Although some of this energy would be dissipated through boundary interactions and momentum transfer between the avalanche and the sea, the initial wave should have possessed sufficient kinetic energy to do geomorphic work (erosion, sediment transport, formation of wave-cut features) on the coastline of lowwer Cook Inlet. Because widespread evidence of the effects of large waves cannot be found, it appears that the debris avalanches could not have been traveling very fast when they entered the sea, or they happened during low tide and displaced only small volumes of water. In light of these results, the hazard from volcanigenic tsunamis from Augustine Volcano appears minor, unless a very large debris avalanche occurs at high tide.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pure and Applied Geophysics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00334553","usgsCitation":"Waythomas, C.F., 2000, Reevaluation of tsunami formation by debris avalanche at Augustine Volcano, Alaska: Pure and Applied Geophysics, v. 157, no. 6-8, p. 1145-1188.","startPage":"1145","endPage":"1188","numberOfPages":"44","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233827,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"157","issue":"6-8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a422e4b0e8fec6cdba61","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waythomas, C. F.","contributorId":10065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waythomas","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70022731,"text":"70022731 - 2000 - Detection of persistent organic pollutants in the Mississippi Delta using semipermeable membrane devices","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-12T08:27:28","indexId":"70022731","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5331,"text":"Science of Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Detection of persistent organic pollutants in the Mississippi Delta using semipermeable membrane devices","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id11\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id12\"><p>From semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) placed in five Mississippi Delta streams in 1996 and 1997, the persistent organic pollutants (POPs) aldrin, chlordane, DCPA, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, mirex, nonachlor, and toxaphene were detected. In addition, the insecticides chlorpyriphos, endosulfan, and hexachlorocyclohexanes were detected. Two low-solubility herbicides not detected commonly in surface water, pendimethalin and trifluralin, were also detected.</p></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00540-9","issn":"00489697","usgsCitation":"Zimmerman, L., Thurman, E., and Bastian, K., 2000, Detection of persistent organic pollutants in the Mississippi Delta using semipermeable membrane devices: Science of Total Environment, v. 248, no. 2-3, p. 169-179, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00540-9.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"169","endPage":"179","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233529,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208096,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00540-9"}],"volume":"248","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ff77e4b0c8380cd4f1e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zimmerman, L.R.","contributorId":28624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmerman","given":"L.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bastian, K.C.","contributorId":83694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bastian","given":"K.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70022636,"text":"70022636 - 2000 - Effects of feeding ration on larval swimming speed and responsiveness to predator attacks: Implications for cohort survival","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:38","indexId":"70022636","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of feeding ration on larval swimming speed and responsiveness to predator attacks: Implications for cohort survival","docAbstract":"We conducted laboratory experiments to examine the effects of feeding ration on the routine swimming speed of larval striped bass (Morone saxatilis) and their responsiveness to simulated-predator attacks. Striped bass were reared in low (7 prey ?? L-1), medium (354 prey ?? L-1), or high (740 prey ?? L-1) prey treatments from age 4 to 14 days posthatch. Larvae reared in the low-prey treatment had slower routine swimming speeds and shorter reactive distances and were less responsive to simulated-predator attacks. These differences were most pronounced after age 10 and appeared to be an effect of deteriorating larval condition rather than an effect of size. Simulation models were constructed for two potential fish predators, Alosa aestivalis and Pomoxis nigromaculatus, to examine how variation in growth rate, swimming speed, and responsiveness to predator attacks might influence mortality rate. Our simulations predicted that cohort mortality rate would decrease with increasing larval growth rates, even though faster routine swimming speed and growth rate increased encounter rates with predators. The influence of larval growth rate and responsiveness on mortality rate varied between the two predators, but cohorts experiencing no growth always had the greatest mortality rate.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0706652X","usgsCitation":"Chick, J., and Van Den Avyle, M., 2000, Effects of feeding ration on larval swimming speed and responsiveness to predator attacks: Implications for cohort survival: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 57, no. 1, p. 106-115.","startPage":"106","endPage":"115","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233742,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a06ebe4b0c8380cd514a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chick, J.H.","contributorId":93004,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chick","given":"J.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Van Den Avyle, M.J.","contributorId":32117,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Den Avyle","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70022838,"text":"70022838 - 2000 - Restoring ecological integrity of great rivers: Historical hydrographs aid in defining reference conditions for the Missouri River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:05","indexId":"70022838","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Restoring ecological integrity of great rivers: Historical hydrographs aid in defining reference conditions for the Missouri River","docAbstract":"Restoring the ecological integrity of regulated large rivers necessitates characterizing the natural flow regime. We applied 'Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration' to assess the natural range of variation of the Missouri River's flow regime at 11 locations before (1929-1948) and after (1967-1996) mainstem impoundment. The 3768 km long Missouri River was divided into three sections: upper basin least-altered from flow regulation, including the lower Yellowstone River; middle basin inter-reservoir, and lower basin channelized. Flow regulation was associated with a reduction in magnitude and duration of the annual flood pulse, an increase in magnitude and duration of annual discharge minima, a reduction in frequency of annual low-flow pulses, earlier timing of March-October low-flow pulses, and a general increase in frequency of flow reversals with a reduction in the rate of change in river flows. Hydrologic alterations were smallest at two least-altered upper-basin sites and most frequent and severe in inter-reservoir and upper-channelized river sections. The influence of reservoir operations on depressing the annual flood pulse was partially offset by tributary inflow in the lower 600 km of river. Reservoir operations could be modified to more closely approximate the 1929-1948 flow regime to establish a simulated natural riverine ecosystem. For inter-reservoir and upper channelized-river sections, we recommend periodic controlled flooding through managed reservoir releases during June and July; increased magnitude, frequency and duration of annual high-flow pulses; and increased annual rates of hydrograph rises and falls. All of the regulated Missouri River would benefit from reduced reservoir discharges during August-February, modified timing of reservoir releases and a reduced number of annual hydrograph reversals. Assessment of ecological responses to a reregulation of Missouri River flows that more closely approximates the natural flow regime should then be used in an adaptive fashion to further adjust reservoir operations.","largerWorkTitle":"Hydrobiologia","language":"English","issn":"00188158","usgsCitation":"Galat, D., and Lipkin, R., 2000, Restoring ecological integrity of great rivers: Historical hydrographs aid in defining reference conditions for the Missouri River, <i>in</i> Hydrobiologia, v. 422-423, p. 29-48.","startPage":"29","endPage":"48","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233537,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"422-423","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaadde4b0c8380cd8658f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Galat, D.L.","contributorId":54546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galat","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lipkin, R.","contributorId":21732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lipkin","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70022638,"text":"70022638 - 2000 - Relationships of habitat patch size to predator community and survival of duck nests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-20T14:10:48","indexId":"70022638","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relationships of habitat patch size to predator community and survival of duck nests","docAbstract":"We studied duck nest success and predator community composition in relation to size of discrete patches of nesting cover in the Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) of the United States in 1993-95. We focused on nests in uplands that were seeded to perennial grasses and forbs and enrolled in the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) in Minnesota, North Dakota, and South Dakota. We estimated daily survival rates (DSRs) of upland duck nests and indices of activity for red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), coyotes (Canis latrans), American badgers (Taxidea taxus), striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis), and Franklin's ground squirrels (Spermophilus franklinii), and related these variables to habitat patch size. The effect of patch size (small vs. large) on estimated annual mean DSR was dependent on date of nest initiation (early vs. late) and year. Examination of within-year comparisons for early and late nests suggested that DSR was generally greater in larger habitat patches. Activity indices for the 5 mammalian nest predators were influenced differently by year, location, and patch size. Activity indices of the red fox were greatest in small patches. Coyote indices were the most inconsistent, demonstrating a year X location X patch size interaction. Activity indices of the striped skunk and American badger varied only among years. Franklin's ground squirrel indices were affected by study area location, with higher indices in the southeast than the northwest. Red fox activity was weakly correlated with that of the striped skunk and coyote. Although a positive relationship between habitat patch size and nest success probably exists, we believe the experiment to fully test this hypothesis will continue to be elusive.","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","doi":"10.2307/3802752","issn":"0022541X","usgsCitation":"Sovada, M., Zicus, M., Greenwood, R.J., Rave, D., Newton, W., Woodward, R., and Beiser, J., 2000, Relationships of habitat patch size to predator community and survival of duck nests: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 64, no. 3, p. 820-831, https://doi.org/10.2307/3802752.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"820","endPage":"831","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233778,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"64","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa663e4b0c8380cd84e1b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sovada, M.A.","contributorId":54534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sovada","given":"M.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zicus, M.C.","contributorId":104677,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zicus","given":"M.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Greenwood, R. J.","contributorId":74326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greenwood","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rave, D.P.","contributorId":19341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rave","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Newton, W.E.","contributorId":13567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newton","given":"W.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Woodward, R.O.","contributorId":20687,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodward","given":"R.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Beiser, J.A.","contributorId":101596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beiser","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70022643,"text":"70022643 - 2000 - Origin of the 17 July 1998 Papua New Guinea tsunami: Earthquake or landslide","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-01T07:46:12","indexId":"70022643","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Origin of the 17 July 1998 Papua New Guinea tsunami: Earthquake or landslide","docAbstract":"<div id=\"readSpeaker_12217536\"><div class=\"\"><p>The tsunami that struck Papua New Guinea on 17 July 1998 shortly after a<span>&nbsp;</span><i>M<sub>w</sub></i><span>&nbsp;</span>7.0 earthquake (<a class=\"link link-reveal link-table xref-fig\" data-open=\"FIG1\">Figure 1</a>) was one of the deadliest tsunamis in this century. At least 2,200 people died from this event, essentially destroying an entire generation in some communities. In the months following the tsunami, several international survey teams collected data in an attempt to better understand the cause of this event. Elevations of waterline marks and displaced debris measured by the first International Tsunami Survey Team (ITST;<span>&nbsp;</span><a class=\"link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr\" data-open=\"ref19\">Kawata<span>&nbsp;</span><i>et al.,</i><span>&nbsp;</span>1999</a>) indicated an average runup of 10 m occurring over a 25 km length of coastline in the vicinity of Sissano Lagoon (<a class=\"link link-reveal link-table xref-fig\" data-open=\"FIG2\">Figure 2</a>). The maximum runup from this event was approximately 15 m. Tsunami runup heights of this size are commonly associated either with earthquakes of much larger magnitude or with “tsunami earthquakes” as defined by Kanamori (<a class=\"link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr\" data-open=\"ref17\">1972</a>) and later discussed by Kanamori and Kikuchi (<a class=\"link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr\" data-open=\"ref18\">1993</a>). Even for tsunami earthquakes, however, runup heights of 10-15 m seem only to occur for earthquakes<span>&nbsp;</span><i>M<sub>w</sub></i><span>&nbsp;</span>&gt; 7.5. Because these runup heights appear anomalously high for a<span>&nbsp;</span><i>M</i><span>&nbsp;</span>7 earthquake, other sources have been postulated for the tsunami, including a submarine landslide or mass flow. Earlier this year, the bathymetry north of Papua New Guinea was surveyed by the Japan Marine Science and Technology Center (JAMSTEC) and the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission (SOPAC). In a report describing the preliminary results from these cruises (<a class=\"link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr\" data-open=\"ref36\">Tappin<span>&nbsp;</span><i>et al.</i>, 1999</a>), bathymetric images are presented that show evidence both of a 40-km-long fault scarp and of collapse features within an approximately 10-km-wide bathymetric amphitheater (<a class=\"link link-reveal link-table xref-fig\" data-open=\"FIG2\">Figure 2</a>). The report suggests that a landslide was the sole cause for the tsunami. In this paper, I revisit the common assumption that local tsunami runup scales directly with moment magnitude and demonstrate that the tsunami generated by the earthquake cannot be disregarded to explain the runup observations.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.1785/gssrl.71.3.344","issn":"00128287","usgsCitation":"Geist, E., 2000, Origin of the 17 July 1998 Papua New Guinea tsunami: Earthquake or landslide: Seismological Research Letters, v. 71, no. 3, p. 344-351, https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.71.3.344.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"344","endPage":"351","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233818,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Papua New Guinea","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[155.88003,-6.82],[155.59999,-6.91999],[155.16699,-6.53593],[154.72919,-5.90083],[154.51411,-5.13912],[154.6525,-5.04243],[154.75999,-5.33998],[155.06292,-5.56679],[155.54775,-6.20065],[156.01997,-6.54001],[155.88003,-6.82]]],[[[151.9828,-5.47806],[151.45911,-5.56028],[151.30139,-5.84073],[150.75445,-6.08376],[150.2412,-6.31775],[149.70996,-6.31651],[148.89006,-6.02604],[148.31894,-5.74714],[148.40183,-5.43776],[149.29841,-5.58374],[149.84556,-5.5055],[149.99625,-5.0261],[150.13976,-5.00135],[150.23691,-5.53222],[150.80747,-5.45584],[151.08967,-5.11369],[151.64788,-4.75707],[151.53786,-4.16781],[152.13679,-4.14879],[152.33874,-4.31297],[152.31869,-4.86766],[151.9828,-5.47806]]],[[[147.19187,-7.38802],[148.08464,-8.04411],[148.73411,-9.10466],[149.30684,-9.07144],[149.26663,-9.51441],[150.03873,-9.68432],[149.7388,-9.87294],[150.80163,-10.29369],[150.69057,-10.58271],[150.02839,-10.65248],[149.78231,-10.39327],[148.92314,-10.28092],[147.91302,-10.13044],[147.13544,-9.49244],[146.56788,-8.94255],[146.04848,-8.06741],[144.74417,-7.63013],[143.89709,-7.91533],[143.28638,-8.24549],[143.41391,-8.98307],[142.62843,-9.32682],[142.06826,-9.1596],[141.03385,-9.11789],[141.01706,-5.85902],[141.00021,-2.60015],[142.73525,-3.28915],[144.58397,-3.86142],[145.27318,-4.37374],[145.82979,-4.8765],[145.98192,-5.46561],[147.64807,-6.08366],[147.89111,-6.61401],[146.97091,-6.72166],[147.19187,-7.38802]]],[[[153.14004,-4.49998],[152.82729,-4.76643],[152.63867,-4.17613],[152.40603,-3.78974],[151.95324,-3.46206],[151.38428,-3.03542],[150.66205,-2.74149],[150.93997,-2.5],[151.47998,-2.77999],[151.82002,-2.99997],[152.23999,-3.24001],[152.64002,-3.65998],[153.01999,-3.98002],[153.14004,-4.49998]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Papua New Guinea\"}}]}","volume":"71","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a70f5e4b0c8380cd76375","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Geist, E.L. 0000-0003-0611-1150","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0611-1150","contributorId":71993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geist","given":"E.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70022815,"text":"70022815 - 2000 - An evaluation of the Wyoming Gauge System for snowfall measurement","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-27T17:03:11","indexId":"70022815","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An evaluation of the Wyoming Gauge System for snowfall measurement","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Wyoming snow fence (shield) has been widely used with precipitation gauges for snowfall measurement at more than 25 locations in Alaska since the late 1970s. This gauge's measurements have been taken as the reference for correcting wind‐induced gauge undercatch of snowfall in Alaska. Recently, this fence (shield) was tested in the World Meteorological Organization Solid Precipitation Measurement Intercomparison Project at four locations in the United States of America and Canada for six winter seasons. At the Intercomparison sites an octagonal vertical Double Fence with a Russian Tretyakov gauge or a Universal Belfort recording gauge was installed and used as the Intercomparison Reference (DFIR) to provide true snowfall amounts for this Intercomparison experiment. The Intercomparison data collected were compiled at the four sites that represent a variety of climate, terrain, and exposure. On the basis of these data sets the performance of the Wyoming gauge system for snowfall observations was carefully evaluated against the DFIR and snow cover data. The results show that (1) the mean snow catch efficiency of the Wyoming gauge compared with the DFIR is about 80–90%, (2) there exists a close linear relation between the measurements of the two gauge systems and this relation may serve as a transfer function to adjust the Wyoming gauge records to obtain an estimate of the true snowfall amount, (3) catch efficiency of the Wyoming gauge does not change with wind speed and temperature, and (4) Wyoming gauge measurements are generally compatible to the snowpack water equivalent at selected locations in northern Alaska. These results are important to our effort of determining true snowfall amounts in the high latitudes, and they are also useful for regional hydrologic and climatic analyses.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000WR900158","usgsCitation":"Yang, D., Kane, D.L., Hinzman, L.D., Goodison, B.E., Metcalfe, J.R., Louie, P.Y., Leavesley, G.H., Emerson, D.G., and Hanson, C.L., 2000, An evaluation of the Wyoming Gauge System for snowfall measurement: Water Resources Research, v. 36, no. 9, p. 2665-2677, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000WR900158.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"2665","endPage":"2677","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233790,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea54e4b0c8380cd487b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yang, Daqing","contributorId":203286,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yang","given":"Daqing","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kane, Douglas L.","contributorId":112099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kane","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hinzman, Larry D.","contributorId":97133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinzman","given":"Larry","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Goodison, Barry E.","contributorId":203293,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Goodison","given":"Barry","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Metcalfe, John R.","contributorId":203294,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Metcalfe","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Louie, Paul Y.T.","contributorId":60419,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Louie","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Leavesley, George H. george@usgs.gov","contributorId":1202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leavesley","given":"George","email":"george@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":394998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Emerson, Douglas G.","contributorId":40579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emerson","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Hanson, Clayton L.","contributorId":203290,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hanson","given":"Clayton","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":70022799,"text":"70022799 - 2000 - Pond permanence and the effects of exotic vertebrates on anurans","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-21T12:58:15","indexId":"70022799","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pond permanence and the effects of exotic vertebrates on anurans","docAbstract":"<p>In many permanent ponds throughout western North America, the introduction of a variety of exotic fish and bullfrogs (<i>Rana catesbeiana</i>) correlates with declines in native amphibians. Direct effects of exotics are suspected to be responsible for the rarity of some native amphibians and are one hypothesis to explain the prevalence of amphibian declines in western North America. However, the prediction that the permanent ponds occupied by exotics would be suitable for native amphibians if exotics were absent has not been tested. I used a series of enclosure experiments to test whether survival of northern red-legged frog (<i>Rana aurora aurora</i>) and Pacific treefrog (<i>Hyla regilla</i>) larvae is equal in permanent and temporary ponds in the Puget Lowlands, Washington State, USA. I also examined the direct effects of bullfrog larvae and sunfish. Survival of both species of native anuran larvae was generally lower in permanent ponds. Only one permanent pond out of six was an exception to this pattern and exhibited increased larval survival rates in the absence of direct effects by exotics. The presence of fish in enclosures reduced survival to near zero for both native species. An effect of bullfrog larvae on Pacific treefrog larval survival was not detected, but effects on red-legged frog larvae were mixed. A hypothesis that food limitation is responsible for the low survival of native larvae in some permanent ponds was not supported. My results confirm that direct negative effects of exotic vertebrates on native anurans occur but suggest that they may not be important to broad distribution patterns. Instead, habitat gradients or indirect effects of exotics appear to play major roles. I found support for the role of permanence as a structuring agent for pond communities in the Puget Lowlands, but neither permanence nor exotic vertebrates fully explained the observed variability in larval anuran survival.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[0559:PPATEO]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Adams, M.J., 2000, Pond permanence and the effects of exotic vertebrates on anurans: Ecological Applications, v. 10, no. 2, p. 559-568, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[0559:PPATEO]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"559","endPage":"568","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233533,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7d11e4b0c8380cd79d29","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Adams, M. J. 0000-0001-8844-042X mjadams@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8844-042X","contributorId":3133,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Adams","given":"M.","email":"mjadams@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":394947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70022745,"text":"70022745 - 2000 - Fatal toxoplasmosis in free-ranging endangered 'Alala from Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-04T15:04:17","indexId":"70022745","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fatal toxoplasmosis in free-ranging endangered 'Alala from Hawaii","docAbstract":"<p>The &lsquo;Alala (<i>Corvus hawaiiensis</i>) is the most endangered corvid in the world, and intensive efforts are being made to reintroduce it to its former native range in Hawaii. We diagnosed <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> infection in five free-ranging &lsquo;Alala. One &lsquo;Alala, recaptured from the wild because it was underweight and depressed, was treated with diclazuril (10 mg/kg) orally for 10 days. Antibodies were measured before and after treatment by the modified agglutination test (MAT) using whole <i>T. gondii</i> tachyzoites fixed in formalin and mercaptoethanol. The MAT titer decreased four-fold from an initial titer of 1:1,600 with remarkable improvement in physical condition. Lesions of toxoplasmosis also were seen in two partially scavenged carcasses and in a third fresh intact carcass. <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> was confirmed immunohistochemically by using anti-<i>T. gondii</i> specific serum. The organism was also cultured by bioassay in mice from tissues of one of these birds and the brain of a fifth &lsquo;Alala that did not exhibit lesions. The life cycle of the parasite was experimentally completed in cats. This is the first record of toxoplasmosis in &lsquo;Alala, and the parasite appears to pose a significant threat and management challenge to reintroduction programs for &lsquo;Alala in Hawaii.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-36.2.205","issn":"00903558","usgsCitation":"Work, T.M., Massey, J.G., Rideout, B.A., Gardiner, C.H., Ledig, D.B., Kwok, O.C., and Dubey, J., 2000, Fatal toxoplasmosis in free-ranging endangered 'Alala from Hawaii: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 36, no. 2, p. 205-212, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-36.2.205.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"205","endPage":"212","numberOfPages":"8","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487455,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-36.2.205","text":"Publisher Index 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