The microtidal, wave-dominated coast of the western Gulf of Mexico displays a variety of Holocene geomorphic features indicating higher-than-present water levels that were previously attributed to storm processes while geoidal sea level was at its present position. Field and aerial-photograph examinations of bay margins, barrier islands, and beach-ridge plains following major hurricanes show that the elevated features are inundated periodically by high storm surge. Despite their inundation, these highstand features are not modified by modern storm processes. Instead, storm-related erosion and deposition are always seaward of and lower than the highstand features and are always limited to the extant shorezone, where elevations typically are less than 1.5 m above present sea level.
\nBay-margin and lagoonal highstand indicators include raised marshes and subtidal flats, wave-cut benches, abandoned wave-cut scarps with fringing marshes and/or beach ridges, and accretionary islands and recurved spits. Other emergent marine features include abandoned compound flood-tidal delta and washover fan complexes attached to barrier islands and anomalously high beach ridges within both the barrier-island complexes and beach-ridge plains. The highest beach ridges, raised marshes and flats, and erosional scarps and benches are manifestations of one or more rising phases and highstands in sea level, whereas the lower marshes and accretionary topography are mainly products of the falling phases and shoreface adjustment to present sea level.
\nDifferent elevations of beach-ridge sets, discordant truncation of beach ridges, and elevated marine- and brackish-water faunal assemblages preserved in beach ridges, raised marshes and flats, and natural levees are compelling evidence of sea-level fluctuations of ±1 to 1.5 m from about 5500 to 1200 cal yr BP. Independent evidence from studies of geodynamic, climatic, and glacio-eustatic processes can explain the mid-Holocene highstands and late Holocene lowering of sea level that is observed in tectonically stable coastal regions far from former centers of glaciation.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Sedimentary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Society for Sedimentary Geology","doi":"10.1306/2DC40921-0E47-11D7-8643000102C1865D","issn":"10731318","usgsCitation":"Morton, R., Paine, J.G., and Blum, M.D., 2000, Responses of stable bay-margin and barrier-island systems to Holocene sea-level highstands, western Gulf of Mexico: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 70, no. 3, p. 478-490, https://doi.org/10.1306/2DC40921-0E47-11D7-8643000102C1865D.","startPage":"478","endPage":"490","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233925,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":278543,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1306/2DC40921-0E47-11D7-8643000102C1865D"}],"volume":"70","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaaabe4b0c8380cd86478","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morton, Robert A.","contributorId":88333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morton","given":"Robert A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Paine, Jeffrey G.","contributorId":107071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paine","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blum, Michael D.","contributorId":60821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blum","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1001719,"text":"1001719 - 2000 - Leadership in wolf, Canis lupus, packs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-21T10:59:41","indexId":"1001719","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1163,"text":"Canadian Field-Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Leadership in wolf, Canis lupus, packs","docAbstract":"I examine leadership in Wolf (Canis lupus) packs based on published observations and data gathered during summers from 1986 to 1998 studying a free-ranging pack of Wolves on Ellesmere Island that were habituated to my presence. The breeding male tended to initiate activities associated with foraging and travel, and the breeding female to initiate, and predominate in, pup care and protection. However, there was considerable overlap and interaction during these activities such that leadership could be considered a joint function. In packs with multiple breeders, quantitative information about leadership is needed.","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Field-Naturalist","usgsCitation":"Mech, L.D., 2000, Leadership in wolf, Canis lupus, packs: Canadian Field-Naturalist, v. 114, no. 2, p. 259-263.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"259","endPage":"263","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133738,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"114","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a861f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mech, L. David 0000-0003-3944-7769 david_mech@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3944-7769","contributorId":2518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mech","given":"L.","email":"david_mech@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":311580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1016563,"text":"1016563 - 2000 - Lack of reproduction in muskoxen and arctic hares caused by early winter?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-06T15:57:27.779573","indexId":"1016563","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":894,"text":"Arctic","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lack of reproduction in muskoxen and arctic hares caused by early winter?","docAbstract":"A lack of young muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) and arctic hares (Lepus arcticus) in the Eureka area of Ellesmere Island, Northwest Territories (now Nunavut), Canada, was observed during summer 1998, in contrast to most other years since 1986. Evidence of malnourished muskoxen was also found. Early winter weather and a consequent 50% reduction of the 1997 summer replenishment period appeared to be the most likely cause, giving rise to a new hypothesis about conditions that might cause adverse demographic effects in arctic herbivores.
","language":"English","publisher":"Arctic Institute of North America","doi":"10.14430/arctic836","usgsCitation":"Mech, L.D., 2000, Lack of reproduction in muskoxen and arctic hares caused by early winter?: Arctic, v. 53, no. 1, p. 69-71, https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic836.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"69","endPage":"71","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479290,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic836","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":132662,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"53","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b43a8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mech, L. David 0000-0003-3944-7769 david_mech@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3944-7769","contributorId":2518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mech","given":"L.","email":"david_mech@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":324384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25416,"text":"wri004174 - 2000 - Climatology, hydrology, and simulation of an emergency outlet, Devils Lake basin, North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-07T15:56:05.743739","indexId":"wri004174","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4174","title":"Climatology, hydrology, and simulation of an emergency outlet, Devils Lake basin, North Dakota","docAbstract":"Devils Lake is a natural lake in northeastern North Dakota that is the terminus of a nearly 4,000-square-mile subbasin in the Red River of the North Basin. The lake has not reached its natural spill elevation to the Sheyenne River (a tributary of the Red River of the North) in recorded history. However, geologic evidence indicates a spill occurred sometime within the last 1,800 years. From 1993 to 1999, Devils Lake rose 24.5 feet and, at the present (August 2000), is about 13 feet below the natural spill elevation. The recent lake-level rise has caused flood damages exceeding $300 million and triggered development of future flood-control options to prevent further infrastructure damage and reduce the risk of a potentially catastrophic uncontrolled spill. Construction of an emergency outlet from the west end of Devils Lake to the Sheyenne River is one flood-control option being considered. This report describes the climatologic and hydrologic causes of the recent lake level rise, provides information on the potential for continued lake-level rises during the next 15 years, and describes the potential effectiveness of an emergency outlet in reducing future lake levels and in reducing the risk of an uncontrolled spill. The potential effects of an outlet on downstream water quantity and quality in the upper Sheyenne River also are described.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri004174","usgsCitation":"Wiche, G.J., Vecchia, A.V., Osborne, L., Wood, C.M., and Fay, J.T., 2000, Climatology, hydrology, and simulation of an emergency outlet, Devils Lake basin, North Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4174, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004174.","productDescription":"16 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":156610,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4174/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":403172,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4174/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":400777,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_32189.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Devils Lake basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -99.3548583984375,\n 47.78548011929362\n ],\n [\n -98.2342529296875,\n 47.78548011929362\n ],\n [\n -98.2342529296875,\n 48.295985271707636\n ],\n [\n -99.3548583984375,\n 48.295985271707636\n ],\n [\n -99.3548583984375,\n 47.78548011929362\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d6e4b07f02db5de0df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wiche, Gregg J. gjwiche@usgs.gov","contributorId":1675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiche","given":"Gregg","email":"gjwiche@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":193595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vecchia, A. V.","contributorId":23533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vecchia","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Osborne, Leon","contributorId":82296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Osborne","given":"Leon","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wood, Carrie M.","contributorId":74781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"Carrie","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fay, James T.","contributorId":66675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fay","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70188322,"text":"70188322 - 2000 - Determining timescales for groundwater flow and solute transport","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-10T07:56:00","indexId":"70188322","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Determining timescales for groundwater flow and solute transport","docAbstract":"One of the principal uses of environmental tracers is for determining the ages of soil waters and groundwaters. (We may refer to this as ‘hydrochronology’by analogy with the dating of solid materials known as geochronology.) Information on soil water and groundwater age enables timescales for a range of subsurface processes to be determined. For example, ‘groundwater stratigraphy’is used increasingly to decipher past recharge rates and conditions in unconfined aquifers, in much the same way that sedimentary stratigraphy yields information about past depositional environments. The use of environmental tracers to determine water ages allows groundwater recharge rates and flow velocities to be determined independently, and commonly more accurately, than with traditional hydraulic methods where hydraulic properties of aquifers are poorly known or spatially variable. Studies of groundwater residence times in association with groundwater contamination studies can enable historic release rates of contaminants and contaminant transport rates to be determined. Where input rates are known, measurements of groundwater contaminant concentrations, together with groundwater dating, can sometimes be used for estimating chemical reaction rates. The combination of these dating methods with stable isotope measurements has sometimes allowed changes in contaminant sources over time to be determined.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental tracers in subsurface hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","publisherLocation":"Boston","doi":"10.1007/978-1-4615-4557-6_1","isbn":"978-1-4613-7057-4","usgsCitation":"Cook, P.G., and Bohlke, J., 2000, Determining timescales for groundwater flow and solute transport, chap. of Environmental tracers in subsurface hydrology, p. 1-30, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4557-6_1.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"30","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":342145,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5937bf32e4b0f6c2d0d9c7c6","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Cook, Peter G.","contributorId":192638,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cook","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":697213,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Herczeg, Andrew L.","contributorId":83007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herczeg","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":697214,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Cook, Peter G.","contributorId":192638,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cook","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":697211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bohlke, J.K. 0000-0001-5693-6455 jkbohlke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":191103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohlke","given":"J.K.","email":"jkbohlke@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":697212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1017032,"text":"1017032 - 2000 - Cryptic genetic variation and paraphyly in ravens","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-16T16:12:27.449209","indexId":"1017032","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3174,"text":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cryptic genetic variation and paraphyly in ravens","docAbstract":"Widespread species that are morphologically uniform may be likely to harbour cryptic genetic variation. Common ravens (Corvus corax) have an extensive range covering nearly the entire Northern Hemisphere, but show little discrete phenotypic variation. We obtained tissue samples from throughout much of this range and collected mitochondrial sequence and nuclear microsatellite data. Our study revealed a deep genetic break between ravens from the western United States and ravens from throughout the rest of the world. These two groups, the ‘California clade’ and the ‘Holarctic clade’ are well supported and over 4% divergent in mitochondrial coding sequence. Microsatellites also reveal significant differentiation between these two groups. Ravens from Minnesota, Maine and Alaska are more similar to ravens from Asia and Europe than they are to ravens from California. The two clades come in contact over a huge area of the western United States, with mixtures of the two mitochondrial groups present in Washington, Idaho and California. In addition, the restricted range Chihuahuan raven (Corvus cryptoleucus) of the south–west United States and Mexico is genetically nested within the paraphyletic common raven. Our findings suggest that the common raven may have formerly consisted of two allopatric groups that may be in the process of remerging.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Royal Society Publishing","doi":"10.1098/rspb.2000.1308","usgsCitation":"Omland, K., Tarr, C., Boarman, W., Marzluff, J., and Fleischer, R., 2000, Cryptic genetic variation and paraphyly in ravens: Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, v. 267, p. 2475-2482, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2000.1308.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"2475","endPage":"2482","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479161,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1690844","text":"External Repository"},{"id":133172,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Northern Hemisphere","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -175.078125,\n -4.915832801313164\n ],\n [\n 181.40625,\n -4.915832801313164\n ],\n [\n 181.40625,\n 84.92832092949963\n ],\n [\n -175.078125,\n 84.92832092949963\n ],\n [\n -175.078125,\n -4.915832801313164\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"267","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-12-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acfe4b07f02db680083","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Omland, K.E.","contributorId":48924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Omland","given":"K.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tarr, C.L.","contributorId":25116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tarr","given":"C.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Boarman, W.I.","contributorId":73523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boarman","given":"W.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Marzluff, J.M.","contributorId":15152,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marzluff","given":"J.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fleischer, R.C.","contributorId":82259,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleischer","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1015967,"text":"1015967 - 2000 - Field evaluation of lead effects on Canada geese and mallards in the Coeur d'Alene River Basin, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-21T12:33:10","indexId":"1015967","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Field evaluation of lead effects on Canada geese and mallards in the Coeur d'Alene River Basin, Idaho","docAbstract":"Hatch year (HY) mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) in the Coeur d'Alene (CDA) River Basin had higher concentrations of lead in their blood than HY Western Canada geese (Branta canadensis moffitti) (geometric means 0.98 versus 0.28 μg/g, wet weight). The pattern for adults of both species was similar, although geometric means (1.77 versus 0.41 μg/g) were higher than in HY birds. HY mallards captured in the CDA River Basin in 1987 contained significantly lower lead concentrations in their blood than in 1994–95 (0.36 versus 0.98 μg/g); however, some very young mallards were sampled in 1987, and concentrations in adults were not significantly different in 1987, 1994, or 1995 (1.52, 2.07, 1.55 μg/g, respectively). Both species in the CDA River Basin in 1994–95 showed significantly reduced red blood cell delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity compared to the reference areas: Canada geese (HY −65.4 to −86.0%, adults −82.3%), and mallards (HY −90.7 to −95.5%, adults −94.1%). Canada goose goslings were divided into size classes, and the two smaller classes from the CDA River Basin had significantly elevated free erythrocyte protoporphyrin (protoporphyrin) levels compared to the reference area (15.2× and 6.9×). HY and adult mallards both had significantly elevated protoporphyrin (5.9× and 7.5×). Recognizing that interspecific differences exist in response and sensitivity to lead, it appears (at least for hemoglobin and hematocrit) that Canada geese were more sensitive to lead than mallards, i.e., adverse hematologic effects occur at lower blood lead concentrations. Only Canada geese from the CDA River Basin, in spite of lower blood lead concentrations, had significantly reduced mean hemoglobin and hematocrit values. No euthanized Canada geese (all HYs) from CDA River Basin were classified as clinically lead poisoned, but 38 Canada geese found dead in the CDA River Basin during a concurrent study succumbed to lead poisoning between 1992 and 1997. Only 6 (15.8%) of these 38 contained ingested lead shot, which contrasts greatly with the 75–94% incidence of ingested lead shot when mortality was due to lead shot ingestion. Lead from other contaminated sources (i.e., sediments and vegetation) in the CDA River Basin was strongly implicated in most Canada goose deaths. Based on the 31 live mallards and Canada geese collected in the CDA River Basin, which were representative of the live populations blood sampled only, the prevalence of subclinical and clinical lead poisoning (as determined by liver lead concentrations, excluding birds with ingested lead shot) was higher in mallards: subclinical (4 of 8, 50% HYs and 6 of 11, 55% adults); clinical (0% HYs and 4 of 11, 36% adults), with less data available for Canada geese (only 1 of 9, 11% HYs marginally subclinical). The clinically lead-poisoned mallards had extremely high concentrations of lead in blood (2.69–8.82 μg/g) and liver (6.39–17.89 μg/g). Eight mallards found dead in the CDA River Basin during a concurrent study were diagnosed as lead poisoned, and only one (12.5%) contained ingested lead shot, which again strongly implicates other lead sources. The finding of dead lead poisoned Canada geese together with the high percentage of live mallards classified as subclinically or clinically lead poisoned, in combination with the low incidence of ingested lead shot causes us concern for both of these species, which live in association with lead-contaminated sediment in the CDA River Basin.
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","language":"English","publisher":"South Dakota State University","usgsCitation":"Dechant, J., 2000, A fascination with birds: Prairie Naturalist, v. 31, no. 3, p. 189-190.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"189","endPage":"190","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132635,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6aecbf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dechant, Jill A. 0000-0003-3172-0708","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3172-0708","contributorId":103984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dechant","given":"Jill A.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":324373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1017190,"text":"1017190 - 2000 - Measurement of milt quality and factors affecting viability of fish spermatotzoa; Cryopreservation aquatic species","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-24T12:51:43","indexId":"1017190","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":665,"text":"Advances in World Aquaculture","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Measurement of milt quality and factors affecting viability of fish spermatotzoa; Cryopreservation aquatic species","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Advances in World Aquaculture","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"00-062/NF","usgsCitation":"Honeyfield, D., and Krise, W.F., 2000, Measurement of milt quality and factors affecting viability of fish spermatotzoa; Cryopreservation aquatic species: Advances in World Aquaculture, v. 7, p. 49-58.","productDescription":"p. 49-58","startPage":"49","endPage":"58","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132967,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a28e4b07f02db6110d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Honeyfield, D. 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DDE in spring migrants returning from Latin America for the first time declined significantly from 1979 to 1980. Only about 10% of breeding-age females contained organochlorine residues likely to adversely affect reproduction. The organochlorine pesticide threat in Latin America may be diminishing.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Newsletter of the Declining Amphibian Populations Task Force of the World","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Vredenburg, V., Wang, Y., and Fellers, G.M., 2000, Scientific meeting raises awareness of amphibian decline in Asia: Newsletter of the Declining Amphibian Populations Task Force of the World, v. 42.","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131814,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd26c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vredenburg, Vance","contributorId":13569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vredenburg","given":"Vance","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wang, Yuezhao","contributorId":11164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"Yuezhao","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fellers, Gary M. 0000-0003-4092-0285 gary_fellers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4092-0285","contributorId":3150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fellers","given":"Gary","email":"gary_fellers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":324877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70022596,"text":"70022596 - 2000 - Three-dimensional seismic velocity structure of the San Francisco Bay area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-10-29T15:48:46","indexId":"70022596","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Three-dimensional seismic velocity structure of the San Francisco Bay area","docAbstract":"Seismic travel times from the northern California earthquake catalogue and from the 1991 Bay Area Seismic Imaging Experiment (BASIX) refraction survey were used to obtain a three-dimensional model of the seismic velocity structure of the San Francisco Bay area. Nonlinear tomography was used to simultaneously invert for both velocity and hypocenters. The new hypocenter inversion algorithm uses finite difference travel times and is an extension of an existing velocity tomography algorithm. Numerous inversions were performed with different parameters to test the reliability of the resulting velocity model. Most hypocenters were relocated <2 km from their catalogue locations. Large lateral velocity variations at shallow (<4 km) depth correlate with known surface geology, including low-velocity Cenozoic sedimentary basins, high-velocity Cenozoic volcanic rocks, and outcrop patterns of the major Mesozoic geologic terranes. Salinian arc rocks have higher velocities than the Franciscan melange, which in turn are faster than Great Valley Sequence forearc rocks. The thickess of low-velocity sediment is defined, including >12 km under the Sacramento River Delta, 6 km beneath Livermore Valley, 5 km beneath the Santa Clara Valley, and 4 km beneath eastern San Pablo Bay. The Great Valley Sequence east of San Francisco Bay is 4-6 km thick. A relatively high velocity body exists in the upper 10 km beneath the Sonoma volcanic field, but no evidence for a large intrusion or magma chamber exists in the crust under The Geysers or the Clear Lake volcanic center. Lateral velocity contrasts indicate that the major strike-slip faults extend subvertically beneath their surface locations through most of the crust. Strong lateral velocity contrasts of 0.3-0.6 km/s are observed across the San Andreas Fault in the middle crust and across the Hayward, Rogers Creek, Calaveras, and Greenville Faults at shallow depth. Weaker velocity contrasts (0.1-0.3 km/s) exist across the San Andreas, Hayward, and Rogers Creek Faults at all other depths. Low spatial resolution evidence in the lower crust suggests that the top of high-velocity mafic rocks gets deeper from west to east and may be offset under the major faults. The data suggest that the major strike-slip faults extend subvertically through the middle and perhaps the lower crust and juxtapose differing lithology due to accumulated strike-slip motion. The extent and physical properties of the major geologic units as constrained by the model should be used to improve studies of seismicity, strong ground motion, and regional stress.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000JB900083","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Hole, J., Brocher, T., Klemperer, S., Parsons, T., Benz, H., and Furlong, K., 2000, Three-dimensional seismic velocity structure of the San Francisco Bay area: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 105, no. 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Glacier ice, snow and biota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-20T15:31:44.279778","indexId":"70022603","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1927,"text":"Hydrological Sciences Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Snow crystal imaging using scanning electron microscopy: III. Glacier ice, snow and biota","docAbstract":"Low-temperature scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe metamorphosed snow, glacial firn, and glacial ice obtained from South Cascade Glacier in Washington State, USA. Biotic samples consisting of algae (Chlamydomonas nivalis) and ice worms (a species of oligochaetes) were also collected and imaged. In the field, the snow and biological samples were mounted on copper plates, cooled in liquid nitrogen, and stored in dry shipping containers which maintain a temperature of-196°C. The firn and glacier ice samples were obtained by extracting horizontal ice cores, 8 mm in diameter, at different levels from larger standard glaciological (vertical) ice cores 7.5 cm in diameter. These samples were cooled in liquid nitrogen and placed in cryotubes, were stored in the same dry shipping container, and sent to the SEM facility. In the laboratory, the samples were sputter coated with platinum and imaged by a low-temperature SEM. To image the firn and glacier ice samples, the cores were fractured in liquid nitrogen, attached to a specimen holder, and then imaged. While light microscope images of snow and ice are difficult to interpret because of internal reflection and refraction, the SEM images provide a clear and unique view of the surface of the samples because they are generated from electrons emitted or reflected only from the surface of the sample. In addition, the SEM has a great depth of field with a wide range of magnifying capabilities. The resulting images clearly show the individual grains of the seasonal snowpack and the bonding between the snow grains. Images of firn show individual ice crystals, the bonding between the crystals, and connected air spaces. Images of glacier ice show a crystal structure on a scale of 1–2 mm which is considerably smaller than the expected crystal size. Microscopic air bubbles, less than 15 μm in diameter, clearly marked the boundaries between these crystal-like features. The life forms associated with the glacier were easily imaged and studied. The low-temperature SEM sample collecting and handling methods proved to be operable in the field; the SEM analysis is applicable to glaciological studies and reveals details unattainable by conventional light microscopic methods.
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2000 - Comparison of methods for determining Escherichia coli concentrations in recreational waters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:44","indexId":"70022602","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3716,"text":"Water Research","onlineIssn":"1879-2448","printIssn":"0043-1354","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of methods for determining Escherichia coli concentrations in recreational waters","docAbstract":"Seventy water samples were collected from three Lake Erie beaches to compare recoveries of Escherichia coli (E. coli) using the USEPA-recommended method for recreational waters (mTEC) to recoveries using three alternative methods (MI, modified mTEC, and Colilert). Statistical tests showed no differences in recoveries of E. coli between MI and mTEC; however, statistically-significant differences were found between modified mTEC or Colilert and mTEC. The MI agar method provided the most similar assessment of recreational water quality to mTEC among the three alternative methods tested. The range of differences between Colilert and mTEC was widest among the three alternative methods. In a sample group with a range of values near the single-sample bathing-water standard, recoveries of E. coli were statistically lower using modified mTEC than mTEC; however, MI and Colilert compared well to mTEC in this range. Because samples were collected in a small geographic area, more work is necessary to test within-method variability of the modified mTEC, MI, and Colilert methods and to evaluate these methods as substitutes for the mTEC method in a variety of recreational waters. Copyright (C) 2000.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00031-2","issn":"00431354","usgsCitation":"Francy, D., and Darner, R., 2000, Comparison of methods for determining Escherichia coli concentrations in recreational waters: Water Research, v. 34, no. 10, p. 2770-2778, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00031-2.","startPage":"2770","endPage":"2778","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206762,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00031-2"},{"id":230731,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f873e4b0c8380cd4d0f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Francy, D.S. 0000-0001-9229-3557","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9229-3557","contributorId":86809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Francy","given":"D.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Darner, R.A.","contributorId":19193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Darner","given":"R.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022567,"text":"70022567 - 2000 - Determination of hydrologic pathways during snowmelt for alpine/subalpine basins, Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T16:52:49","indexId":"70022567","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of hydrologic pathways during snowmelt for alpine/subalpine basins, Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado","docAbstract":"Alpine/subalpine ecosystems in Rocky Mountain National Park may be sensitive to atmospherically derived acidic deposition. Two‐ and three‐component hydrograph separation analyses and correlation analyses were performed for six basins to provide insight into streamflow generation during snowmelt and to assess basin sensitivity to acidic deposition. Three‐component hydrograph separation results for five basins showed that streamflow contained from 42 to 57% direct snowmelt runoff, 37 to 54% subsurface water, and 4 to 13% direct rain runoff for the May through October 1994 study period. Subsurface contributions were 89% of total flow for the sixth basin. The reliability of hydrograph separation model assumptions was explored. Subsurface flow was positively correlated with the amount of surficial material in a basin and was negatively correlated with basin slope. Basins with extensive surficial material and shallow slopes are less susceptible to ecosystem changes due to acidic deposition than basins with less surficial material and steeper slopes. This study was initiated to expand the intensive hydrologic research that has been conducted in Loch Vale basin to a more regional scale.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1999WR900296","usgsCitation":"Suecker, J.K., Ryan, J.N., Kendall, C., and Jarrett, R.D., 2000, Determination of hydrologic pathways during snowmelt for alpine/subalpine basins, Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado: Water Resources Research, v. 36, no. 1, p. 63-75, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999WR900296.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"63","endPage":"75","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487328,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1999wr900296","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230767,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ffabe4b0c8380cd4f30a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Suecker, Julie K.","contributorId":124572,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Suecker","given":"Julie","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ryan, Joseph N.","contributorId":54290,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ryan","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":604,"text":"University of Colorado- Boulder","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":394103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kendall, Carol 0000-0002-0247-3405 ckendall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":1462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"Carol","email":"ckendall@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":394100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jarrett, Robert D. rjarrett@usgs.gov","contributorId":2260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jarrett","given":"Robert","email":"rjarrett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":394101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70022563,"text":"70022563 - 2000 - Colloid formation and metal transport through two mixing zones affected by acid mine drainage near Silverton, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-12T08:19:48","indexId":"70022563","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Colloid formation and metal transport through two mixing zones affected by acid mine drainage near Silverton, Colorado","docAbstract":"Stream discharges and concentrations of dissolved and colloidal metals (Al, Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Pb, and Zn), SO4, and dissolved silica were measured to identify chemical transformations and determine mass transports through two mixing zones in the Animas River that receive the inflows from Cement and Mineral Creeks. The creeks were the dominant sources of Al, Cu, Fe, and Pb, whereas the upstream Animas River supplied about half of the Zn. With the exception of Fe, which was present in dissolved and colloidal forms, the metals were dissolved in the acidic, high-SO4 waters of Cement Creek (pH 3.8). Mixing of Cement Creek with the Animas River increased pH to near-neutral values and transformed Al and some additional Fe into colloids which also contained Cu and Pb. Aluminium and Fe colloids had already formed in the mildly acidic conditions in Mineral Creek (pH 6.6) upstream of the confluence with the Animas River. Colloidal Fe continued to form downstream of both mixing zones. The Fe- and Al-rich colloids were important for transport of Cu, Pb, and Zn, which appeared to have sorbed to them. Partitioning of Zn between dissolved and colloidal phases was dependent on pH and colloid concentration. Mass balances showed conservative transports for Ca, Mg, Mn, SO4, and dissolved silica through the two mixing zones and small losses (< 10%) of colloidal Al, Fe and Zn from the water column.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0883-2927(99)00104-3","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Schemel, L., Kimball, B.A., and Bencala, K., 2000, Colloid formation and metal transport through two mixing zones affected by acid mine drainage near Silverton, Colorado: Applied Geochemistry, v. 15, no. 7, p. 1003-1018, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(99)00104-3.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1003","endPage":"1018","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230729,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206760,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(99)00104-3"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","city":"Silverton","volume":"15","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f7b5e4b0c8380cd4cc7a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schemel, L. E.","contributorId":89529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schemel","given":"L. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kimball, B. A.","contributorId":87583,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kimball","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bencala, K.E.","contributorId":105312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bencala","given":"K.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70162395,"text":"70162395 - 2000 - Manipulation of turtle populations for conservation: Half-way technologies or viable options?: Chapter 9","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-18T12:26:55","indexId":"70162395","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Manipulation of turtle populations for conservation: Half-way technologies or viable options?: Chapter 9","docAbstract":"No abstract available
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Turtle conservation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Smithsonian Institute Press","isbn":"1560983728","usgsCitation":"Seigel, R.A., and Dodd, C.K., 2000, Manipulation of turtle populations for conservation: Half-way technologies or viable options?: Chapter 9, chap. of Turtle conservation, p. 218-238.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"218","endPage":"238","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314678,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56a360bfe4b0b28f1183bc05","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Klemens, Michael W.","contributorId":112368,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Klemens","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589381,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Seigel, Richard A.","contributorId":113363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seigel","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dodd, C. Kenneth Jr.","contributorId":89215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dodd","given":"C.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"Kenneth","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70022560,"text":"70022560 - 2000 - The United States Board on Geographic Names: Standardization or regulation?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-18T16:13:31.61126","indexId":"70022560","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2808,"text":"Names","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The United States Board on Geographic Names: Standardization or regulation?","docAbstract":"The United States Board on Geographic Names was created in 1890 to standardize the use of geographic names on federal maps and documents, and was established in its present form in 1947 by public law. The Board is responsible for geographic name usage and application throughout the federal government and its members must approve a name change or new name before it can be applied to federal maps and publications. To accomplish its mission, the Board has developed principles, policies, and procedures for use in the standardization process. The Board is also responsible legally for the promulgation of standardized names, whether or not these names have ever been controversial, and today this is accomplished by the universal availability of electronic databases for domestic and foreign names. This paper examines the development of Board policies and the implementation of these policies to achieve standardization with a view to relating these policies and activities to questions of standardization or regulation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Maney","doi":"10.1179/nam.2000.48.3-4.177","issn":"00277738","usgsCitation":"Payne, R., 2000, The United States Board on Geographic Names: Standardization or regulation?: Names, v. 48, no. 3-4, p. 177-192, https://doi.org/10.1179/nam.2000.48.3-4.177.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"177","endPage":"192","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":489207,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1179/nam.2000.48.3-4.177","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230688,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba95be4b08c986b3221fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Payne, R.L.","contributorId":38162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Payne","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70022594,"text":"70022594 - 2000 - Variation in material transport and water chemistry along a large ephemeral river in the Namib Desert","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:44","indexId":"70022594","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1696,"text":"Freshwater Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variation in material transport and water chemistry along a large ephemeral river in the Namib Desert","docAbstract":"1. The chemical characteristics of floodwaters in ephemeral rivers are little known, particularly with regard to their organic loads. These rivers typically exhibit a pronounced downstream hydrological decay but few studies have documented its effect on chemical characteristics and material transport. To develop a better understanding of the dynamics of floods and associated material transport in large ephemeral rivers, floods of the ephemeral Kuiseb River in south-western Africa were tracked and repeatedly sampled at multiple points along the river's lower 220 km. 2. We quantified the composition and transport of solute and sediment loads in relation to longitudinal hydrological patterns associated with downstream hydrological decay. Source and sink areas for transported materials were identified, and the composition and transport dynamics of the organic matter load were compared to those described from more mesic systems. 3. Concentrations of sediments and solutes transported by floods in the Kuiseb River tended to increase downstream in association with pronounced hydrological decay. The contribution of particulate organic matter to total organic load is among the highest recorded, despite our observation of unusually high levels of dissolved organic matter. Hydrological decay resulted in deposition of all transported material within the lower Kuiseb River, with no discharge of water or materials to the Atlantic Ocean. 4. Our results suggest that longitudinal variation in surface flow and associated patterns of material transport renders the lower Kuiseb River a sink for materials transported from upstream. The downstream transport and deposition of large amounts of labile organic matter provides an important carbon supplement to heterotrophic communities within the river's lower reaches.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Freshwater Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-2427.2000.00604.x","issn":"00465070","usgsCitation":"Jacobson, P., Jacobson, K., Angermeier, P., and Cherry, D., 2000, Variation in material transport and water chemistry along a large ephemeral river in the Namib Desert: Freshwater Biology, v. 44, no. 3, p. 481-491, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.2000.00604.x.","startPage":"481","endPage":"491","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206700,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.2000.00604.x"},{"id":230582,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-04-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc15ce4b08c986b32a533","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jacobson, P.J.","contributorId":18529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacobson","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jacobson, K.M.","contributorId":105465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacobson","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Angermeier, P. 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The main ions that might affect REE are Al3+, F-, SO42-, and PO43-. Fluoride, normally a significant complexer of REEs, is strongly associated with Al3+ in acid waters and consequently has little influence on REEs. The inclusion of aluminum concentrations in speciation calculations for acidic waters is essential for reliable speciation of REEs. Phosphate concentrations are too low (10-4 to 10-7 m) to affect REE speciation. Consequently, SO42- is the only important complexing ligand for REEs under these conditions. According to Millero [Millero, F.J., 1992. Stability constants for the formation of rare earth inorganic complexes as a function of ionic strength. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 56, 3123-3132], the lanthanide sulfate stability constants are nearly constant with increasing atomic number so that no REE fractionation would be anticipated from aqueous complexation in acidic waters. Hence, REE enrichments or depletions must arise from mass transfer reactions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0009-2541(99)00166-7","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Gimeno, S.M., Auque, S.L., and Nordstrom, D.K., 2000, REE speciation in low-temperature acidic waters and the competitive effects of aluminum: Chemical Geology, v. 165, no. 3-4, p. 167-180, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(99)00166-7.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"167","endPage":"180","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230547,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206683,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(99)00166-7"}],"volume":"165","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9339e4b0c8380cd80cb1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gimeno, Serrano M.J.","contributorId":82182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gimeno","given":"Serrano","email":"","middleInitial":"M.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Auque, Sanz L.F.","contributorId":47245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Auque","given":"Sanz","email":"","middleInitial":"L.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":394179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70162387,"text":"70162387 - 2000 - An annotated inventory of the herpetofauna of Everglades National Park, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-22T09:02:56","indexId":"70162387","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1672,"text":"Florida Scientist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An annotated inventory of the herpetofauna of Everglades National Park, Florida","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Florida Academy of Sciences","usgsCitation":"Meshaka, W.E., Loftus, W.F., and Steiner, T.M., 2000, An annotated inventory of the herpetofauna of Everglades National Park, Florida: Florida Scientist, v. 63, p. 84-103.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"84","endPage":"103","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314664,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"63","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56a360b9e4b0b28f1183bbe0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meshaka, Walter E. Jr.","contributorId":29277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meshaka","given":"Walter","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Loftus, William F.","contributorId":138881,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Loftus","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":12560,"text":"Aquatic Research & Communication, LLC, Vero Beach, FL","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":589355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Steiner, T. M.","contributorId":152442,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Steiner","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70162320,"text":"70162320 - 2000 - A landmark publication on the amphibians of northern Eurasia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-21T11:43:37","indexId":"70162320","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":697,"text":"Alytes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A landmark publication on the amphibians of northern Eurasia","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Dodd, C.K., 2000, A landmark publication on the amphibians of northern Eurasia: Alytes, v. 18, p. 91-94.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"91","endPage":"94","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314588,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56a20f41e4b0961cf2811bc1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dodd, C. Kenneth Jr.","contributorId":89215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dodd","given":"C.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"Kenneth","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70022570,"text":"70022570 - 2000 - From safe yield to sustainable development of water resources - The Kansas experience","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:43","indexId":"70022570","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"From safe yield to sustainable development of water resources - The Kansas experience","docAbstract":"This paper presents a synthesis of water sustainability issues from the hydrologic perspective. It shows that safe yield is a flawed concept and that sustainability is an idea that is broadly used but perhaps not well understood. In general, the sustainable yield of an aquifer must be considerably less than recharge if adequate amounts of water are to be available to sustain both the quantity and quality of streams, springs, wetlands, and ground-water-dependent ecosystems. To ensure sustainability, it is imperative that water limits be established based on hydrologic principles of mass balance. To establish water-use policies and planning horizons, the transition curves of aquifer systems from ground-water storage depletion to induced recharge of surface water need to be developed. Present-day numerical models are capable of generating such transition curves. Several idealized examples of aquifer systems show how this could be done. Because of the complexity of natural systems and the uncertainties in characterizing them, the current philosophy underlying sustainable management of water resources is based on the interconnected systems approach and on adaptive management. Examples of water-resources management from Kansas illustrate some of these concepts in a real-world setting. Some of the hallmarks of Kansas water management are the formation of local ground-water management districts, the adoption of minimum streamflow standards, the use of modified safe-yield policies in some districts, the implementation of integrated resource planning by the City of Wichita, and the subbasin water-resources management program in potential problem areas. These are all appropriate steps toward sustainable development. The Kansas examples show that local decision-making is the best way to fully account for local variability in water management. However, it is imperative that public education and involvement be encouraged, so that system complexities and constraints are better understood and overly simplistic solutions avoided. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V.This paper presents a synthesis of water sustainability issues from the hydrologic perspective. It shows that safe yield is a flawed concept and that sustainability is an idea that is broadly used but perhaps not well understood. In general, the sustainable yield of an aquifer must be considerably less than recharge if adequate amounts of water are to be available to sustain both the quantity and quality of streams, springs, wetlands, and ground-water-dependent ecosystems. To ensure sustainability, it is imperative that water limits be established based on hydrologic principles of mass balance. To establish water-use policies and planning horizons, the transition curves of aquifer systems from ground-water storage depletion to induced recharge of surface water need to be developed. Present-day numerical models are capable of generating such transition curves. Several idealized examples of aquifer systems show how this could be done. Because of the complexity of natural systems and the uncertainties in characterizing them, the current philosophy underlying sustainable management of water resources is based on the interconnected systems approach and on adaptive management. Examples of water-resources management from Kansas illustrate some of these concepts in a real-world setting. Some of the hallmarks of Kansas water management are the formation of local ground-water management districts, the adoption of minimum streamflow standards, the use of modified safe-yield policies in some districts, the implementation of integrated resource planning by the City of Wichita, and the subbasin water-resources management program in potential problem areas. These are all appropriate steps toward sustainable development. The Kansas examples show that local decision-making is the best way to fully account for local variability in water management. However, it is imperative that public education and involv","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science B.V.","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00263-8","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Sophocleous, M., 2000, From safe yield to sustainable development of water resources - The Kansas experience: Journal of Hydrology, v. 235, no. 1-2, p. 27-43, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00263-8.","startPage":"27","endPage":"43","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206796,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00263-8"},{"id":230806,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"235","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a13fbe4b0c8380cd54861","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sophocleous, M.","contributorId":13373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sophocleous","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}