{"pageNumber":"329","pageRowStart":"8200","pageSize":"25","recordCount":16506,"records":[{"id":31458,"text":"ofr011 - 2002 - Discharge measurements using a broad-band acoustic Doppler current profiler","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:03","indexId":"ofr011","displayToPublicDate":"2002-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-1","title":"Discharge measurements using a broad-band acoustic Doppler current profiler","docAbstract":"The measurement of unsteady or tidally affected flow has been a problem faced by hydrologists for many years. Dynamic discharge conditions impose an unreasonably short time constraint on conventional current-meter discharge-measurement methods, which typically last a minimum of 1 hour. Tidally affected discharge can change more than 100 percent during a 10-minute period. Over the years, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has developed moving-boat discharge-measurement techniques that are much faster but less accurate than conventional methods. For a bibliography of conventional moving-boat publications, see Simpson and Oltmann (1993, page 17). The advent of the acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) made possible the development of a discharge-measurement system capable of more accurately measuring unsteady or tidally affected flow. In most cases, an ADCP discharge-measurement system is dramatically faster than conventional discharge-measurement systems, and has comparable or better accuracy. In many cases, an ADCP discharge-measurement system is the only choice for use at a particular measurement site. ADCP systems are not yet ?turnkey;? they are still under development, and for proper operation, require a significant amount of operator training. Not only must the operator have a rudimentary knowledge of acoustic physics, but also a working knowledge of ADCP operation, the manufacturer's discharge-measurement software, and boating techniques and safety.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr011","usgsCitation":"Simpson, M.R., 2002, Discharge measurements using a broad-band acoustic Doppler current profiler: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-1, 123 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr011.","productDescription":"123 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":160354,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":2619,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr0101 ","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64aa40","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Simpson, Michael R.","contributorId":90704,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simpson","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":31528,"text":"ofr0244 - 2002 - Magnetotelluric data in the middle Rio Grande basin, Albuquerque volcanoes, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-07T13:12:23","indexId":"ofr0244","displayToPublicDate":"2002-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-44","title":"Magnetotelluric data in the middle Rio Grande basin, Albuquerque volcanoes, New Mexico","docAbstract":"

The population in the Albuquerque-Santa Fe region of New Mexico is rapidly growing. The Santa Fe Group aquifer in the Middle Rio Grande Basin is the main source of municipal water for the greater Albuquerque metropolitan area. The capacity of this aquifer is more limited than previously thought (Thorn et al., 1993). The Middle Rio Grande Basin, as defined hydrologically and used here, is the area within the Rio Grande Valley extending from Cochiti Dam downstream to the community of San Acacia (Figure 1). Because approximately 600,000 people (40 percent of the population of New Mexico) live in the study area (Bartolino, 1999), water shortfalls could have serious consequences. Future growth and land management in the region depends on accurate assessment and protection of the region’s groundwater resources. An important issue in defining the ground water resources is a better understanding of the hydrogeology of the Santa Fe Group and the other sedimentary deposits that fill the Rio Grande rift.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","doi":"10.3133/ofr0244","usgsCitation":"Williams, J.M., and Rodriguez, B.D., 2002, Magnetotelluric data in the middle Rio Grande basin, Albuquerque volcanoes, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-44, 90 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0244.","productDescription":"90 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2718,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/ofr-02-0044/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":160755,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0044/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59797,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0044/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db64944e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, Jackie M.","contributorId":11217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Jackie","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rodriguez, Brian D. 0000-0002-2263-611X brod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2263-611X","contributorId":836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodriguez","given":"Brian","email":"brod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":206315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":31469,"text":"ofr01277 - 2002 - Geologic, hydrologic, and water-quality data from multiple-well monitoring sites in the Central and West Coast basins, Los Angeles County, California, 1995-2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-15T16:07:04.814149","indexId":"ofr01277","displayToPublicDate":"2002-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-277","title":"Geologic, hydrologic, and water-quality data from multiple-well monitoring sites in the Central and West Coast basins, Los Angeles County, California, 1995-2000","docAbstract":"

In 1995, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Water Replenishment District of Southern California (WRDSC), began a study to examine ground-water resources in the Central and West Coast Basins in Los Angeles County, California. The study characterizes the geohydrology and geochemistry of the regional ground-water flow system and provides extensive data for evaluating ground-water management issues. This report is a compilation of geologic, hydrologic, and water-quality data collected from 24 recently constructed multiple-well monitoring sites for the period 1995–2000.

Descriptions of the collected drill cuttings were compiled into lithologic logs, which are summarized along with geophysical logs—including gamma-ray, spontaneous potential, resistivity, electromagnetic induction, and temperature tool logs—for each monitoring site. At selected sites, cores were analyzed for magnetic orientation, physical and thermal properties, and mineralogy. Field and laboratory estimates of hydraulic conductivity are presented for most multiple-well monitoring sites. Periodic water-level measurements are also reported. Water-quality information for major ions, nutrients, trace elements, deuterium and oxygen-18, and tritium is presented for the multiple-well monitoring locations, and for selected existing production and observation wells. In addition, boron-11, carbon-13, carbon-14, sulfur-34, and strontium-87/86 data are presented for selected wells.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr01277","usgsCitation":"Land, M., Everett, R., and Crawford, S., 2002, Geologic, hydrologic, and water-quality data from multiple-well monitoring sites in the Central and West Coast basins, Los Angeles County, California, 1995-2000: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-277, 178 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01277.","productDescription":"178 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2625,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/ofr01277/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":160378,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db68809b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Land, Michael 0000-0001-5141-0307","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5141-0307","contributorId":56613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Land","given":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Everett, R.R.","contributorId":81954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Everett","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Crawford, S.M.","contributorId":39418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crawford","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70161973,"text":"70161973 - 2002 - Exploring the effect of drought extent and interval on the Florida snail kite: Interplay between spatial and temporal scales","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-11T12:40:06","indexId":"70161973","displayToPublicDate":"2002-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1458,"text":"Ecological Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Exploring the effect of drought extent and interval on the Florida snail kite: Interplay between spatial and temporal scales","docAbstract":"

The paper aims at exploring the viability of the Florida snail kite population under various drought regimes in its wetland habitat. The population dynamics of snail kites are strongly linked with the hydrology of the system due to the dependence of this bird species on one exclusive prey species, the apple snail, which is negatively affected by a drying out of habitat. Based on empirical evidence, it has been hypothesised that the viability of the snail kite population critically depends not only on the time interval between droughts, but also on the spatial extent of these droughts. A system wide drought is likely to result in reduced reproduction and increased mortality, whereas the birds can respond to local droughts by moving to sites where conditions are still favourable. This paper explores the implications of this hypothesis by means of a spatially-explicit individual-based model. The specific aim of the model is to study in a factorial design the dynamics of the kite population in relation to two scale parameters, the temporal interval between droughts and the spatial correlation between droughts. In the model high drought frequencies led to reduced numbers of kites. Also, habitat degradation due to prolonged periods of inundation led to lower predicted numbers of kites. Another main result was that when the spatial correlation between droughts was low, the model showed little variability in the predicted numbers of kites. But when droughts occurred mostly on a system wide level, environmental stochasticity strongly increased the stochasticity in kite numbers and in the worst case the viability of the kite population was seriously threatened.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0304-3800(01)00512-9","usgsCitation":"Mooij, W.M., Bennetts, R.E., Kitchens, W.M., and DeAngelis, D., 2002, Exploring the effect of drought extent and interval on the Florida snail kite: Interplay between spatial and temporal scales: Ecological Modelling, v. 149, no. 1-2, p. 25-39, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3800(01)00512-9.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"25","endPage":"39","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314135,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"149","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5694e043e4b039675d005e1f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mooij, Wolf M.","contributorId":94169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooij","given":"Wolf","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bennetts, Robert E.","contributorId":62508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennetts","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kitchens, Wiley M. kitchensw@usgs.gov","contributorId":2851,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kitchens","given":"Wiley","email":"kitchensw@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":588236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"DeAngelis, Donald L. 0000-0002-1570-4057 don_deangelis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1570-4057","contributorId":147289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeAngelis","given":"Donald L.","email":"don_deangelis@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":588237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70185183,"text":"70185183 - 2002 - In-situ evidence for uranium immobilization and remobilization","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-26T09:43:40","indexId":"70185183","displayToPublicDate":"2002-02-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"In-situ evidence for uranium immobilization and remobilization","docAbstract":"

The in-situ microbial reduction and immobilization of uranium was assessed as a means of preventing the migration of this element in the terrestrial subsurface. Uranium immobilization (putatively identified as reduction) and microbial respiratory activities were evaluated in the presence of exogenous electron donors and acceptors with field push−pull tests using wells installed in an anoxic aquifer contaminated with landfill leachate. Uranium(VI) amended at 1.5 μM was reduced to less than 1 nM in groundwater in less than 8 d during all field experiments. Amendments of 0.5 mM sulfate or 5 mM nitrate slowed U(VI) immobilization and allowed for the recovery of 10% and 54% of the injected element, respectively, as compared to 4% in the unamended treatment. Laboratory incubations confirmed the field tests and showed that the majority of the U(VI) immobilized was due to microbial reduction. In these tests, nitrate treatment (7.5 mM) inhibited U(VI) reduction, and nitrite was transiently produced. Further push−pull tests were performed in which either 1 or 5 mM nitrate was added with 1.0 μM U(VI) to sediments that already contained immobilized uranium. After an initial loss of the amendments, the concentration of soluble U(VI) increased and eventually exceeded the injected concentration, indicating that previously immobilized uranium was remobilized as nitrate was reduced. Laboratory experiments using heat-inactivated sediment slurries suggested that the intermediates of dissimilatory nitrate reduction (denitrification or dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonia), nitrite, nitrous oxide, and nitric oxide were all capable of oxidizing and mobilizing U(IV). These findings indicate that in-situ subsurface U(VI) immobilization can be expected to take place under anaerobic conditions, but the permanence of the approach can be impaired by disimilatory nitrate reduction intermediates that can mobilize previously reduced uranium.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es011240x","usgsCitation":"Senko, J.M., Istok, J.D., Suflita, J.M., and Krumholz, L.R., 2002, In-situ evidence for uranium immobilization and remobilization: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 36, no. 7, p. 1491-1496, https://doi.org/10.1021/es011240x.","productDescription":"6 p. ","startPage":"1491","endPage":"1496","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337688,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-02-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ca52d4e4b0849ce97c86fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Senko, John M.","contributorId":187692,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Senko","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Istok, Jonathan D.","contributorId":35468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Istok","given":"Jonathan","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Suflita, Joseph M.","contributorId":187604,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Suflita","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Krumholz, Lee R.","contributorId":187679,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Krumholz","given":"Lee","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":30978,"text":"wri014239 - 2002 - Ground-water discharge determined from measurements of evapotranspiration, other available hydrologic components, and shallow water-level changes, Oasis Valley, Nye County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-12-03T14:02:59.629214","indexId":"wri014239","displayToPublicDate":"2002-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4239","title":"Ground-water discharge determined from measurements of evapotranspiration, other available hydrologic components, and shallow water-level changes, Oasis Valley, Nye County, Nevada","docAbstract":"

Oasis Valley is an area of natural ground-water discharge within the Death Valley regional ground-water flow system of southern Nevada and adjacent California. Ground water discharging at Oasis Valley is replenished from inflow derived from an extensive recharge area that includes the northwestern part of the Nevada Test Site (NTS). Because nuclear testing has introduced radionuclides into the subsurface of the NTS, the U.S. Department of Energy currently is investigating the potential transport of these radionuclides by ground water flow. To better evaluate any potential risk associated with these test-generated contaminants, a number of studies were undertaken to accurately quantify discharge from areas downgradient in the regional ground-water flow system from the NTS. This report refines the estimate of ground-water discharge from Oasis Valley.

Ground-water discharge from Oasis Valley was estimated by quantifying evapotranspiration (ET), estimating subsurface outflow, and compiling ground-water withdrawal data. ET was quantified by identifying areas of ongoing ground-water ET, delineating areas of ET defined on the basis of similarities in vegetation and soil-moisture conditions, and computing ET rates for each of the delineated areas. A classification technique using spectral-reflectance characteristics determined from satellite imagery acquired in 1992 identified eight unique areas of ground-water ET. These areas encompass about 3,426 acres of sparsely to densely vegetated grassland, shrubland, wetland, and open water. Annual ET rates in Oasis Valley were computed with energy-budget methods using micrometeorological data collected at five sites. ET rates range from 0.6 foot per year in a sparse, dry saltgrass environment to 3.1 feet per year in dense meadow vegetation.

Mean annual ET from Oasis Valley is estimated to be about 7,800 acre-feet. Mean annual ground-water discharge by ET from Oasis Valley, determined by removing the annual local precipitation component of 0.5 foot, is estimated to be about 6,000 acre-feet. Annual subsurface outflow from Oasis Valley into the Amargosa Desert is estimated to be between 30 and 130 acre-feet. Estimates of total annual ground-water withdrawal from Oasis Valley by municipal and non-municipal users in 1996 and 1999 are 440 acre-feet and 210 acre-feet, respectively. Based on these values, natural annual ground-water discharge from Oasis Valley is about 6,100 acre-feet. Total annual discharge was 6,500 acre-ft in 1996 and 6,300 acre-ft in 1999. This quantity of natural ground-water discharge from Oasis Valley exceeds the previous estimate made in 1962 by a factor of about 2.5.

Water levels were measured in Oasis Valley to gain additional insight into the ET process. In shallow wells, water levels showed annual fluctuations as large as 7 feet and daily fluctuations as large as 0.2 foot. These fluctuations may be attributed to water loss associated with evapotranspiration. In shallow wells affected by ET, annual minimum depths to water generally occurred in winter or early spring shortly after daily ET reached minimum rates. Annual maximum depths to water generally occurred in late summer or fall shortly after daily ET reached maximum rates. The magnitude of daily water-level fluctuations generally increased as ET increased and decreased as depth to water increased.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri014239","usgsCitation":"Reiner, S.R., Laczniak, R.J., DeMeo, G.A., Smith, J.L., Elliott, P.E., Nylund, W., and Fridrich, C.J., 2002, Ground-water discharge determined from measurements of evapotranspiration, other available hydrologic components, and shallow water-level changes, Oasis Valley, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4239, Report: vi, 65 p., 2 Plates: 25.50 x 32.00 inches and 25.43 x 33.25 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014239.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 65 p., 2 Plates: 25.50 x 32.00 inches and 25.43 x 33.25 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2955,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri014239/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":415598,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_46527.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":159987,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Nye County","otherGeospatial":"Oasis Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.8239,\n 37.0833\n ],\n [\n -116.8239,\n 36.875\n ],\n [\n -116.6667,\n 36.875\n ],\n [\n -116.6667,\n 37.0833\n ],\n [\n -116.8239,\n 37.0833\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66d286","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reiner, S. R.","contributorId":9299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reiner","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Laczniak, R. J.","contributorId":46104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laczniak","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"DeMeo, G. A.","contributorId":96290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeMeo","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, J. LaRue jlsmith@usgs.gov","contributorId":1863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"J.","email":"jlsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"LaRue","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":204508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Elliott, P. E.","contributorId":90351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Nylund, W. E.","contributorId":36966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nylund","given":"W. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Fridrich, C. J.","contributorId":15652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fridrich","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70182138,"text":"70182138 - 2002 - Assessing five national priorities in water resources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-16T14:54:03","indexId":"70182138","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3720,"text":"Water Resources Impact","printIssn":"1522-3175","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessing five national priorities in water resources","docAbstract":"

In 2001, the National Water-QualityAssessment (NAWQA) Program of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) began its second decade of studies. A total of 42 study units (major river basins and aquifers across the nation) will be reassessed in three groups of 14 on a rotating schedule. Each group of study units will be studied intensively for three years, followed by six years of low-intensity assessment. One of the primary goals in the second decade is to improve understanding of the key processes that control water-quality conditions in order to establish the links among the sources of contaminants, their transport through the hydrologic system, and the effects of contaminants and physical alterations on stream biota and ecosystems and on the quality of drinking water. An improved understanding of these links will provide the basis for predicting water-quality conditions in unmonitored areas and for predicting the likely effects of contemplated changes in land- and water-management practices.

","language":"English","publisher":"ProQuest","issn":"1522-3175 ","usgsCitation":"Wilber, W., and Couch, C.A., 2002, Assessing five national priorities in water resources: Water Resources Impact, v. 4, no. 4, p. 17-21.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"17","endPage":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":335775,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a6c83de4b025c4642862ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilber, William","contributorId":48439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilber","given":"William","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":669767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Couch, C. A.","contributorId":36972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Couch","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":669768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70074371,"text":"70074371 - 2002 - Stormflow-hydrograph separation based on isotopes: the thrill is gone--what's next?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-05T10:48:15","indexId":"70074371","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T13:12:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stormflow-hydrograph separation based on isotopes: the thrill is gone--what's next?","docAbstract":"
Beginning in the 1970s, the promise of a new method for separating
stormflow hydrographs using
18
O,
2
H, and
3
Hprovedanirresistible
temptation, and was a vast improvement over graphical separation
and solute tracer methods that were prevalent at the time. Eventu-
ally, hydrologists realized that this new method entailed a plethora
of assumptions about temporal and spatial homogeneity of isotopic
composition (many of which were commonly violated). Nevertheless,
hydrologists forged ahead with dozens of isotope-based hydrograph-
separation studies that were published in the 1970s and 1980s.
Hortonian overland flow was presumed dead. By the late 1980s,
the new isotope-based hydrograph separation technique had moved
into adolescence, accompanied by typical adolescent problems such
as confusion and a search for identity. As experienced hydrologists
continued to use the isotope technique to study stormflow hydrol-
ogy in forested catchments in humid climates, their younger peers
followed obligingly—again and again. Was Hortonian overland flow
really dead and forgotten, though? What about catchments in which
people live and work? And what about catchments in dry climates
and the tropics? How useful were study results when several of the
assumptions about the homogeneity of source waters were commonly
violated? What if two components could not explain the variation of
isotopic composition measured in the stream during stormflow? And
what about uncertainty? As with many new tools, once the initial
shine wore off, the limitations of the method became a concern—one
of which was that isotope-based hydrograph separations alone could
not reveal much about the flow paths by which water arrives at a
stream channel during storms.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological Processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/hyp.5008","usgsCitation":"Burns, D.A., 2002, Stormflow-hydrograph separation based on isotopes: the thrill is gone--what's next?: Hydrological Processes, v. 16, no. 7, p. 1515-1517, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.5008.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"1515","endPage":"1517","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281660,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":281659,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.5008"}],"volume":"16","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-04-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd7430e4b0b29085109661","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burns, Douglas A. 0000-0001-6516-2869 daburns@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6516-2869","contributorId":1237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"Douglas","email":"daburns@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":489541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70216512,"text":"70216512 - 2002 - Hydrologic controls on the subsurface transport of oil-field brine at the Osage-Skiatook Petroleum Environmental Research (OSPER) B Site, Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-25T13:28:22.391851","indexId":"70216512","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T12:29:34","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Hydrologic controls on the subsurface transport of oil-field brine at the Osage-Skiatook Petroleum Environmental Research (OSPER) B Site, Oklahoma","docAbstract":"

As a part of a multidisciplinary study of the impact of oil wells and oil production on the environment, we are investigating the hydrology of the OSPER B site, which is located at Skiatook Lake in Osage County, Oklahoma. Salt and crude oil from oil well brine pits and accidental releases from oil tank batteries have contaminated soil, ground water, and surface water at this site. Preliminary coring near a brine pit at the site showed that beneath 0.5-2 meters of surficial deposits (fill, soil, colluvium, and alluvium), a layer of tight shale that is at least 6 meters thick underlies the site. The land slopes down from the pit at about a 1:10 slope to the lake, which is located about 20 meters from the pit.

We found no evidence to date that the brine has penetrated into the shale. Field cores and water level measurements in boreholes indicated that the surficial deposits were often saturated above the shale, which was powder dry. We hypothesize that water from precipitation infiltrates into the permeable surficial deposits, ponds above the low-permeability shale, and moves laterally toward the lake in the surface layer. Dissolved salt from prior spills present in the surface layer is transported down slope to the lake during and following precipitation events. Chemical analyses of water samples collected from boreholes indicate that salt water that collects in the brine pit also moves into the surface layer and flows to the lake. Overland flow and transport of brine also occurs in response to intense rainfall events. Evapotranspiration concentrates the subsurface brine in dry periods. Our field work indicates that the surfacial deposits are very heterogeneous, and as a result there are preferential pathways for subsurface transport of water and contaminants from the pit to the lake. Our results indicate that near-surface, transient processes dominate the contaminant hydrology at this site.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"9th International Petroleum Environmental Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"9th International Petroleum Environmental Conference","conferenceDate":"October 22-25, 2002","conferenceLocation":"Albuquerque, New Mexico","language":"English","publisher":"Integrated Petroleum Environmental Consortium","usgsCitation":"Herkelrath, W.N., and Kharaka, Y.K., 2002, Hydrologic controls on the subsurface transport of oil-field brine at the Osage-Skiatook Petroleum Environmental Research (OSPER) B Site, Oklahoma, in 9th International Petroleum Environmental Conference, Albuquerque, New Mexico, October 22-25, 2002.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":380752,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","county":"Osage 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William N. 0000-0002-6149-5524 wnherkel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6149-5524","contributorId":2612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herkelrath","given":"William","email":"wnherkel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":805526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kharaka, Yousif K. 0000-0001-9861-8260 ykharaka@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9861-8260","contributorId":1928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kharaka","given":"Yousif","email":"ykharaka@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":805527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70216509,"text":"70216509 - 2002 - Preliminary geophysical characterization of two oil production sites, Osage County, Oklahoma - Osage Skiatook Petroleum Environmental Research Project","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-25T13:29:20.90626","indexId":"70216509","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T12:15:41","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Preliminary geophysical characterization of two oil production sites, Osage County, Oklahoma - Osage Skiatook Petroleum Environmental Research Project","docAbstract":"

Ground electromagnetic and dc resistivity geophysical surveys were used to interpret the subsurface distribution of salinized soil, water, and bedrock at two sites (A and B) and to characterize the larger scale hydrologic setting. Measurements were made on grids of about 1000 square meters using a very shallow penetrating (less than 10 m) electromagnetic (EM) geophysical system (EM31). At site A, high subsurface conductivities (more than 100 millisiemens per meter) found below disposal ponds extended down the local hydrologic gradient to below the normal level of near by Lake Skiatook. At site B, areas of highest subsurface electrical conductivity were offset about 10 m from the center of salt scars. The area of high subsurface electrical conductivity extends in the subsurface below the normal level of Skiatook Lake. DC resistivity soundings were made in and around the two sites in order to characterize deeper (30-60 m) electrical properties of the subsurface lithology and ground water. These soundings indicate that the tight shale that dominates the local lithology is moderately electrically conductive (5 milliseimems per meter). DC soundings done in several areas at the Skiatook Lake shoreline indicate an electrically conductive (less than 10 millisiemens per meter) zone exists below the shore even away from the oil production sites. This conductive zone may indicate a mixing between fresh lake water and local ground water that has high dissolved solids. Borehole geophysical logs at site B and laboratory rock property measurements are currently being used to refine interpretation of ground geophysical measurements.

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","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Methods in soil analysis: Part 4 physical methods","language":"English","publisher":"Soil Science Society of America","publisherLocation":"Madison, Wisconsin","usgsCitation":"Nimmo, J.R., and Winfield, K., 2002, Miscellaneous methods [water retention and storage], chap. of Methods in soil analysis: Part 4 physical methods, 9 p.","productDescription":"9 p.","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":358047,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10f1cfe4b034bf6a806173","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nimmo, John R. 0000-0001-8191-1727 jrnimmo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8191-1727","contributorId":757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimmo","given":"John","email":"jrnimmo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":747150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Winfield, K.A.","contributorId":85396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winfield","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":747151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70199889,"text":"70199889 - 2002 - Guidelines for method selection (water retention and storage)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-03T07:31:53","indexId":"70199889","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T07:28:34","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Guidelines for method selection (water retention and storage)","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Methods of soil analysis: Part 4 physical methods","language":"English","publisher":"Soil Science Society of America","publisherLocation":"Madison, Wisconsin","usgsCitation":"Nimmo, J.R., 2002, Guidelines for method selection (water retention and storage), chap. of Methods of soil analysis: Part 4 physical methods, p. 716-720.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"716","endPage":"720","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":358045,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10f1cfe4b034bf6a806175","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nimmo, John R. 0000-0001-8191-1727 jrnimmo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8191-1727","contributorId":757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimmo","given":"John","email":"jrnimmo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":747148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70188326,"text":"70188326 - 2002 - Using spring-water chemistry to assess groundwater contamination and ages of shallow and deep ground water flow systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-06T11:20:05","indexId":"70188326","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Using spring-water chemistry to assess groundwater contamination and ages of shallow and deep ground water flow systems","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrology and biology of post-paleozoic carbonate aquifers, Karst Waters Institute Special Publication 7","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Karst Waters Institute","usgsCitation":"Katz, B.G., Bohlke, J., and Hornsby, D., 2002, Using spring-water chemistry to assess groundwater contamination and ages of shallow and deep ground water flow systems, chap. of Hydrology and biology of post-paleozoic carbonate aquifers, Karst Waters Institute Special Publication 7, p. 76-78.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"76","endPage":"78","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":342149,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":342148,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://karstwaters.org/publications/sp7-hydrology-and-biology-of-post-paleozoic-carbonate-aquifers/"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5937bf32e4b0f6c2d0d9c7c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Katz, B. G.","contributorId":115372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Katz","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":697229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bohlke, J.K. 0000-0001-5693-6455 jkbohlke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":191103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohlke","given":"J.K.","email":"jkbohlke@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":697230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hornsby, D.","contributorId":192642,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hornsby","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":697231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70188285,"text":"70188285 - 2002 - Hydrogeologic framework, ground-water geochemistry, and assessment of nitrogen yield from base flow in two agricultural watersheds, Kent County, Maryland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-18T19:55:03","indexId":"70188285","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesNumber":"EPA/600/R-02/008","title":"Hydrogeologic framework, ground-water geochemistry, and assessment of nitrogen yield from base flow in two agricultural watersheds, Kent County, Maryland","docAbstract":"

Hydrostratigraphic and geochemical data collected in two adjacent watersheds on the Delmarva Peninsula, in Kent County, Maryland, indicate that shallow subsurface stratigraphy is an important factor that affects the concentrations of nitrogen in ground water discharging as stream base flow. The flux of nitrogen from shallow aquifers can contribute substantially to the eutrophication of streams and estuaries, degrading water quality and aquatic habitats. The information presented in this report includes a hydrostratigraphic framework for the Locust Grove study area, analyses and interpretation of ground-water chemistry, and an analysis of nutrient yields from stream base flow. An understanding of the processes by which ground-water nitrogen discharges to streams is important for optimal management of nutrients in watersheds in which ground-water discharge is an appreciable percentage of total streamflow. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), collected and analyzed hydrostratigraphic and geochemical data in support of ground-water flow modeling by the USEPA.

The adjacent watersheds of Morgan Creek and Chesterville Branch have similar topography and land use; however, reported nitrogen concentrations are generally 6 to 10 milligrams per liter in Chesterville Branch but only 2 to 4 milligrams per liter in Morgan Creek. Ground water in the surficial aquifer in the recharge areas of both streams has high concentrations of nitrate (greater than 10 milligrams per liter as N) and dissolved oxygen. One component of the ground water discharging to Morgan Creek typically is anoxic and contains virtually no dissolved nitrate; most of the ground water discharging to Chesterville Branch is oxygenated and contains moderately high concentrations of nitrate.

The surficial aquifer in the study area is composed of the deeply weathered sands and gravels of the Pensauken Formation (the Columbia aquifer) and the underlying glauconitic sands of the upper Aquia Formation (the Aquia aquifer). The lower 6 to 9 meters of the Aquia Formation is a low-permeability silt-clay with abundant glauconite. The Aquia confining layer underlies the Columbia-Aquia surficial aquifer throughout the study area. The sediment redox transition, identified in cores, that occurs in the upper 0.5 to 1 meter of the Aquia confining layer is thought to be a site for subsurface denitrification of ground water. The first confined aquifer is composed of the glauconitic sands in the upper 9 to 11 meters of the Hornerstown Formation. The Hornerstown aquifer is underlain by 10 to 15 meters of glauconitic silt-clay at the base of the Hornerstown Formation (the Hornerstown confining layer), and 5 meters of low-permeability clay in the underlying Severn Formation.

The Aquia and Hornerstown Formations dip and thicken to the southeast, and the Aquia confining layer subcrops shallowly (within 5 meters of the land surface) in a band that strikes southwest to northeast across the northern edge of the study area. The surficial aquifer is very thin (generally less than 5 meters) north of Morgan Creek, and the alluvial valley of Morgan Creek has incised into the top of the Aquia confining layer. In contrast, the Aquia confining layer lies 22 meters below Chesterville Branch, and the surficial aquifer approaches 30 meters in thickness (away from the creek).

Chemically reduced iron sulfides and glauconite in the Aquia confining layer are likely substrates for denitrification of nitrate in ground water. Evidence from the dissolved concentrations of nitrate, sulfate, iron, argon, and nitrogen gas, and stable nitrogen isotopes support the interpretation that ground water flowing near the top of the Aquia confining layer, or through the confined Hornerstown aquifer, has undergone denitrification. This process appears to have the greatest effect on ground-water chemistry north of Morgan Creek, where the surficial aquifer is thin and a greater percentage of the ground water contacts the Aquia confining layer.

The base-flow discharges of total nitrogen from the two watersheds are of similar magnitude, although Chesterville Branch has somewhat higher loads (29,000 kilograms of nitrogen per year) than Morgan Creek (20,000 kilograms of nitrogen per year), although Morgan Creek has a larger drainage area and a greater discharge of water. The base-flow yield of nitrogen (load per unit area) in Chesterville Branch (median of 0.058 grams per second per square kilometer at the outlet) is more than twice that of Morgan Creek (median of 0.022 grams per second per square kilometer at the outlet), reflecting the higher concentration of nitrate in ground water discharging to Chesterville Branch. Total nitrogen concentrations tend to decrease downstream in Chesterville Branch and increase downstream in Morgan Creek. The downstream trend in Chesterville Branch may be affected by instream nitrogen uptake and denitrification, and an increasing proportion of older, denitrified ground water in downstream discharge. The downstream trends in Morgan Creek may be affected by inflow from tributaries, downstream changes in the source of discharge water, and downstream changes in the riparian zone, which could affect the processes and degree of denitrification.

Although these two watersheds appear to have landscape features (such as topography, land use, and soils) that would produce similar nitrogen discharges, a more detailed examination of landscape features indicates that Chesterville Branch has soils that are slightly better drained, tributary stream outlets at higher altitudes, and a slightly higher percentage of agricultural land. All of these factors have been related to higher nitrogen yields. Nonetheless, most of the data support the interpretation that hydrostratigraphy has the greatest effect in producing the difference in nitrogen yields between the two watersheds.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Bachman, L., Krantz, D., and Bohlke, J., 2002, Hydrogeologic framework, ground-water geochemistry, and assessment of nitrogen yield from base flow in two agricultural watersheds, Kent County, Maryland, 93 p.","productDescription":"93 p.","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":342107,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":342106,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_Report.cfm?dirEntryID=55294"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","county":"Kent County","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59366daee4b0f6c2d0d7d656","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bachman, L. J.","contributorId":47760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bachman","given":"L. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":697128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krantz, D.E.","contributorId":9838,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krantz","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":697129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bohlke, J.K. 0000-0001-5693-6455 jkbohlke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":191103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohlke","given":"J.K.","email":"jkbohlke@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":697130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70185182,"text":"70185182 - 2002 - Atmospheric mercury deposition during the last 270 years: A glacial ice core record of natural and anthropogenic sources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-28T08:24:55","indexId":"70185182","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Atmospheric mercury deposition during the last 270 years: A glacial ice core record of natural and anthropogenic sources","docAbstract":"

Mercury (Hg) contamination of aquatic ecosystems and subsequent methylmercury bioaccumulation are significant environmental problems of global extent. At regional to global scales, the primary mechanism of Hg contamination is atmospheric Hg transport. Thus, a better understanding of the long-term history of atmospheric Hg cycling and quantification of the sources is critical for assessing the regional and global impact of anthropogenic Hg emissions. Ice cores collected from the Upper Fremont Glacier (UFG), Wyoming, contain a high-resolution record of total atmospheric Hg deposition (ca. 1720−1993). Total Hg in 97 ice-core samples was determined with trace-metal clean handling methods and low-level analytical procedures to reconstruct the first and most comprehensive atmospheric Hg deposition record of its kind yet available from North America. The record indicates major atmospheric releases of both natural and anthropogenic Hg from regional and global sources. Integrated over the past 270-year ice-core history, anthropogenic inputs contributed 52%, volcanic events 6%, and background sources 42%. More significantly, during the last 100 years, anthropogenic sources contributed 70% of the total Hg input. Unlike the 2−7-fold increase observed from preindustrial times (before 1840) to the mid-1980s in sediment-core records, the UFG record indicates a 20-fold increase for the same period. The sediment-core records, however, are in agreement with the last 10 years of this ice-core record, indicating declines in atmospheric Hg deposition.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es0157503","usgsCitation":"Schuster, P.F., Krabbenhoft, D.P., Naftz, D.L., Cecil, L.D., Olson, M.L., DeWild, J.F., Susong, D.D., Green, J.R., and Abbott, M.L., 2002, Atmospheric mercury deposition during the last 270 years: A glacial ice core record of natural and anthropogenic sources: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 36, no. 11, p. 2303-2310, https://doi.org/10.1021/es0157503.","productDescription":"8 p. ","startPage":"2303","endPage":"2310","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337687,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-04-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ca52d4e4b0849ce97c86fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schuster, Paul F. 0000-0002-8314-1372 pschuste@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8314-1372","contributorId":1360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuster","given":"Paul","email":"pschuste@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":684635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krabbenhoft, David P. 0000-0003-1964-5020 dpkrabbe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1964-5020","contributorId":1658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krabbenhoft","given":"David","email":"dpkrabbe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":684636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Naftz, David L. 0000-0003-1130-6892 dlnaftz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1130-6892","contributorId":1041,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naftz","given":"David","email":"dlnaftz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":684637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cecil, L. DeWayne","contributorId":72828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cecil","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"DeWayne","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Olson, Mark L.","contributorId":149743,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Olson","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":17808,"text":"University of Illinois, Champaign","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":684639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"DeWild, John F. 0000-0003-4097-2798 jfdewild@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4097-2798","contributorId":2525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeWild","given":"John","email":"jfdewild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":684640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Susong, David D. ddsusong@usgs.gov","contributorId":1040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Susong","given":"David","email":"ddsusong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":684641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Green, Jaromy R.","contributorId":57498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"Jaromy","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Abbott, Michael L.","contributorId":189373,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Abbott","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70185181,"text":"70185181 - 2002 - Editors' message: The past year and thanks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-28T09:32:59","indexId":"70185181","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Editors' message: The past year and thanks","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10040-002-0191-y","usgsCitation":"Schneider, R., and Voss, C.I., 2002, Editors' message: The past year and thanks: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 10, no. 1, p. 1-2, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-002-0191-y.","productDescription":"2 p. ","startPage":"1","endPage":"2","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478795,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-002-0191-y","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":337686,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-01-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ca52d5e4b0849ce97c8700","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schneider, Robert","contributorId":102460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schneider","given":"Robert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Voss, Clifford I. 0000-0001-5923-2752 cvoss@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5923-2752","contributorId":1559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voss","given":"Clifford","email":"cvoss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":684634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185179,"text":"70185179 - 2002 - Field and laboratory investigations of inactivation of viruses (PRD1 and MS2) attached to iron oxide-coated quartz sand","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-26T09:46:11","indexId":"70185179","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Field and laboratory investigations of inactivation of viruses (PRD1 and MS2) attached to iron oxide-coated quartz sand","docAbstract":"

Field and laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate inactivation of viruses attached to mineral surfaces. In a natural gradient transport field experiment, bacteriophage PRD1, radiolabeled with 32P, was injected into a ferric oxyhydroxide-coated sand aquifer with bromide and linear alkylbenzene sulfonates. In a zone of the aquifer contaminated by secondary sewage infiltration, small fractions of infective and 32P-labeled PRD1 broke through with the bromide tracer, followed by the slow release of 84% of the 32P activity and only 0.011% of the infective PRD1. In the laboratory experiments, the inactivation of PRD1, labeled with 35S (protein capsid), and MS2, dual radiolabeled with 35S (protein capsid) and 32P (nucleic acid), was monitored in the presence of groundwater and sediment from the contaminated zone of the field site. Release of infective viruses decreased at a much faster rate than release of the radiolabels, indicating that attached viruses were undergoing surface inactivation. Disparities between 32P and35S release suggest that the inactivated viruses were released in a disintegrated state. Comparison of estimated solution and surface inactivation rates indicates solution inactivation is ∼3 times as fast as surface inactivation. The actual rate of surface inactivation may be substantially underestimated owing to slow release of inactivated viruses.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es011285y","usgsCitation":"Ryan, J.N., Harvey, R.W., Metge, D.W., Elimelech, M., Navigato, T., and Pieper, A.P., 2002, Field and laboratory investigations of inactivation of viruses (PRD1 and MS2) attached to iron oxide-coated quartz sand: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 36, no. 11, p. 2403-2413, https://doi.org/10.1021/es011285y.","productDescription":"11 p. ","startPage":"2403","endPage":"2413","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337684,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-04-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ca52d5e4b0849ce97c8702","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ryan, Joseph N.","contributorId":54290,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ryan","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":604,"text":"University of Colorado- Boulder","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":684622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harvey, Ronald W. 0000-0002-2791-8503 rwharvey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2791-8503","contributorId":564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"Ronald","email":"rwharvey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":684623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Metge, David W. dwmetge@usgs.gov","contributorId":663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Metge","given":"David","email":"dwmetge@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":684624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Elimelech, Menachem","contributorId":189312,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Elimelech","given":"Menachem","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Navigato, Theresa","contributorId":189370,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Navigato","given":"Theresa","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Pieper, Ann P.","contributorId":189371,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pieper","given":"Ann","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70185173,"text":"70185173 - 2002 - Determination of the total oxygen isotopic composition of nitrate and the calibration of a Δ17Ο nitrate reference material","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-04T13:58:21","indexId":"70185173","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":761,"text":"Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Determination of the total oxygen isotopic composition of nitrate and the calibration of a Δ17Ο nitrate reference material","title":"Determination of the total oxygen isotopic composition of nitrate and the calibration of a Δ17Ο nitrate reference material","docAbstract":"

A thermal decomposition method was developed and tested for the simultaneous determination of δ18O and δ17Ο in nitrate. The thermal decomposition of AgNO3 allows for the rapid and accurate determination of 18O/16O and 17O/16O isotopic ratios with a precision of ±1.5‰ for δ18O and ±0.11‰ for Δ17Ο (Δ17Ο = δ17Ο − 0.52 × δ18O). The international nitrate isotope reference material IAEA-NO3 yielded a δ18O value of +23.6‰ and Δ17Ο of −0.2‰, consistent with normal terrestrial mass-dependent isotopic ratios. In contrast, a large sample of NaNO3 from the Atacama Desert, Chile, was found to have Δ17Ο = 21.56 ± 0.11‰ and δ18O = 54.9 ± 1.5‰, demonstrating a substantial mass-independent isotopic composition consistent with the proposed atmospheric origin of the desert nitrate. It is suggested that this sample (designated USGS-35) can be used to generate other gases (CO2, CO, N2O, O2) with the same Δ17Ο to serve as measurement references for a variety of applications involving mass-independent isotopic compositions in environmental studies.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/ac0256282","usgsCitation":"Michalski, G., Savarino, J., Böhlke, J., and Thiemens, M., 2002, Determination of the total oxygen isotopic composition of nitrate and the calibration of a Δ17Ο nitrate reference material: Analytical Chemistry, v. 74, no. 19, p. 4989-4993, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac0256282.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"4989","endPage":"4993","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337678,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"74","issue":"19","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-09-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ca52d5e4b0849ce97c8708","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Michalski, Greg","contributorId":187898,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Michalski","given":"Greg","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":28086,"text":"University of California San Diego","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":684607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Savarino, Joel","contributorId":189366,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Savarino","given":"Joel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Böhlke, J.K. 0000-0001-5693-6455","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":96696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Böhlke","given":"J.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thiemens, Mark","contributorId":187899,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thiemens","given":"Mark","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":28086,"text":"University of California San Diego","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":684610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70185172,"text":"70185172 - 2002 - Relating net nitrogen input in the Mississippi River Basin to nitrate flux in the Lower Mississippi River--A comparison of approaches","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-26T09:01:50","indexId":"70185172","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relating net nitrogen input in the Mississippi River Basin to nitrate flux in the Lower Mississippi River--A comparison of approaches","docAbstract":"

A quantitative understanding of the relationship between terrestrial N inputs and riverine N flux can help guide conservation, policy, and adaptive management efforts aimed at preserving or restoring water quality. The objective of this study was to compare recently published approaches for relating terrestrial N inputs to the Mississippi River basin (MRB) with measured nitrate flux in the lower Mississippi River. Nitrogen inputs to and outputs from the MRB (1951 to 1996) were estimated from state-level annual agricultural production statistics and NO y (inorganic oxides of N) deposition estimates for 20 states that comprise 90% of the MRB. A model with water yield and gross N inputs accounted for 85% of the variation in observed annual nitrate flux in the lower Mississippi River, from 1960 to 1998, but tended to underestimate high nitrate flux and overestimate low nitrate flux. A model that used water yield and net anthropogenic nitrogen inputs (NANI) accounted for 95% of the variation in riverine N flux. The NANI approach accounted for N harvested in crops and assumed that crop harvest in excess of the nutritional needs of the humans and livestock in the basin would be exported from the basin. The U.S. White House Committee on Natural Resources and Environment (CENR) developed a more comprehensive N budget that included estimates of ammonia volatilization, denitrification, and exchanges with soil organic matter. The residual N in the CENR budget was weakly and negatively correlated with observed riverine nitrate flux. The CENR estimates of soil N mineralization and immobilization suggested that there were large (2000 kg N ha−1) net losses of soil organic N between 1951 and 1996. When the CENR N budget was modified by assuming that soil organic N levels have been relatively constant after 1950, and ammonia volatilization losses are redeposited within the basin, the trend of residual N closely matched temporal variation in NANI and was positively correlated with riverine nitrate flux in the lower Mississippi River. Based on results from applying these three modeling approaches, we conclude that although the NANI approach does not address several processes that influence the N cycle, it appears to focus on the terms that can be estimated with reasonable certainty and that are correlated with riverine N flux.

","language":"English","publisher":"ACSESS","doi":"10.2134/jeq2002.1610","usgsCitation":"McIsaac, G.F., David, M.B., Gertner, G.Z., and Goolsby, D.A., 2002, Relating net nitrogen input in the Mississippi River Basin to nitrate flux in the Lower Mississippi River--A comparison of approaches: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 31, no. 5, p. 1610-1622, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2002.1610.","productDescription":"13 p. ","startPage":"1610","endPage":"1622","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337677,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ca52d5e4b0849ce97c870a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McIsaac, Gregory F.","contributorId":189364,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McIsaac","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"David, Mark B.","contributorId":43255,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"David","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":35161,"text":"University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":684604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gertner, George Z.","contributorId":189365,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gertner","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Goolsby, Donald A.","contributorId":46083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goolsby","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70185170,"text":"70185170 - 2002 - A review of bacterial methyl halide degradation: Biochemistry, genetics and molecular ecology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-26T09:25:52","indexId":"70185170","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1548,"text":"Environmental Microbiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A review of bacterial methyl halide degradation: Biochemistry, genetics and molecular ecology","docAbstract":"

Methyl halide‐degrading bacteria are a diverse group of organisms that are found in both terrestrial and marine environments. They potentially play an important role in mitigating ozone depletion resulting from methyl chloride and methyl bromide emissions. The first step in the pathway(s) of methyl halide degradation involves a methyltransferase and, recently, the presence of this pathway has been studied in a number of bacteria. This paper reviews the biochemistry and genetics of methyl halide utilization in the aerobic bacteria Methylobacterium chloromethanicum CM4T, Hyphomicrobium chloromethanicumCM2T, Aminobacter strain IMB‐1 and Aminobacter strain CC495. These bacteria are able to use methyl halides as a sole source of carbon and energy, are all members of the α‐Proteobacteria and were isolated from a variety of polluted and pristine terrestrial environments. An understanding of the genetics of these bacteria identified a unique gene (cmuA) involved in the degradation of methyl halides, which codes for a protein (CmuA) with unique methyltransferase and corrinoid functions. This unique functional gene, cmuA, is being used to develop molecular ecology techniques to examine the diversity and distribution of methyl halide‐utilizing bacteria in the environment and hopefully to understand their role in methyl halide degradation in different environments. These techniques will also enable the detection of potentially novel methyl halide‐degrading bacteria.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1046/j.1462-2920.2002.00290.x","usgsCitation":"McDonald, I., Warner, K., McAnulla, C., Woodall, C., Oremland, R., and Murrell, J., 2002, A review of bacterial methyl halide degradation: Biochemistry, genetics and molecular ecology: Environmental Microbiology, v. 4, no. 4, p. 193-203, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1462-2920.2002.00290.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"193","endPage":"203","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337675,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ca52d5e4b0849ce97c870c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McDonald, I.R.","contributorId":23313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDonald","given":"I.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Warner, K.L.","contributorId":73781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warner","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McAnulla, C.","contributorId":189363,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McAnulla","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Woodall, C.A.","contributorId":33188,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodall","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Oremland, R.S.","contributorId":97512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oremland","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Murrell, J.C.","contributorId":25731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murrell","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70185151,"text":"70185151 - 2002 - Field evidence for a protistan role in an organically-contaminated aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-26T14:10:24","indexId":"70185151","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Field evidence for a protistan role in an organically-contaminated aquifer","docAbstract":"

The association between protists, bacteria, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in an oxygen-depleted, 6 km-long wastewater contaminant plume within a sandy aquifer (Cape Cod, MA) was investigated by comparing abundance patterns along longitudinal and vertical transects and at a control site. Strong linear correlations were observed between unattached bacterial abundance and DOC for much of the upgradient-half of the plume (0.1−2.5 km downgradient from the source) that is characterized by quasi-steady state chemistry. However, a logarithmic decrease was observed between the number of protists supported per mg of DOC and the estimated age of the DOC within the plume. The relatively labile dissolved organic contaminants that characterize the groundwater sampled from the plume ≤0.1 km downgradient from the contaminant source appeared to indirectly support 3−4 times as many protists (per mg of DOC) as the older, more recalcitrant DOC in the alkylbenzene sulfonate (ABS)-contaminated zone at 3 km downgradient (∼30 years travel time). Substantive numbers of protists (>104/cm3) were recovered from suboxic zones of the plume. The higher than expected ratios of protists to unattached bacteria (10 to 100:1) observed in much of the plume suggest that protists may be grazing upon both surface-associated and unattached bacterial communities to meet their nutritional requirements. In closed bottle incubation experiments, the presence of protists caused an increase in bacterial growth rate, which became more apparent at higher amendments of labile DOC (3−20 mgC/L). The presence of protists resulted in an increase in the apparent substrate saturation level for the unattached bacterial community, suggesting an important role for protists in the fate of more-labile aquifer organic contaminants.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es020611m","usgsCitation":"Kinner, N.E., Harvey, R.W., Shay, D.M., Metge, D.W., and Warren, A., 2002, Field evidence for a protistan role in an organically-contaminated aquifer: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 36, no. 20, p. 4312-4318, https://doi.org/10.1021/es020611m.","productDescription":"7 p. ","startPage":"4312","endPage":"4318","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337635,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.609130859375,\n 41.580525125613846\n ],\n [\n -70.44296264648438,\n 41.580525125613846\n ],\n [\n -70.44296264648438,\n 41.72213058512578\n ],\n [\n -70.609130859375,\n 41.72213058512578\n ],\n [\n -70.609130859375,\n 41.580525125613846\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"36","issue":"20","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-09-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ca52d5e4b0849ce97c870e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kinner, Nancy E.","contributorId":189349,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kinner","given":"Nancy","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harvey, Ronald W. 0000-0002-2791-8503 rwharvey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2791-8503","contributorId":564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"Ronald","email":"rwharvey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":684544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shay, David M.","contributorId":189350,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shay","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Metge, David W. dwmetge@usgs.gov","contributorId":663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Metge","given":"David","email":"dwmetge@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":684546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Warren, Alan","contributorId":189351,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Warren","given":"Alan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ]}