The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP), prepared potentiometric surface maps for 10 confined aquifers of the New Jersey Coastal Plain physiographic province based on water-level measurements collected during late 2018 and early 2019 from 951 wells in New Jersey and parts of Pennsylvania and Delaware. Maps were prepared for the confined Cohansey aquifer, Rio Grande water-bearing zone, Atlantic City 800-foot sand, Piney Point aquifer, Vincentown aquifer, Wenonah-Mount Laurel aquifer, Englishtown aquifer system, and the upper, middle, and lower aquifers of the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system.
Potentiometric surface maps indicate regional cones of depression in the following aquifers and the counties in which they are centered: Atlantic City 800-foot sand in Atlantic County, the Piney Point aquifer in Cumberland County, the Wenonah-Mount Laurel aquifer and Englishtown aquifer system in Monmouth and Ocean Counties, the Wenonah-Mount Laurel aquifer in Camden and Gloucester County, the upper aquifer of the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system in Ocean County, and the upper, middle, and lower aquifers of the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system in Camden County. Cones of depression with smaller areal extents were in the confined Cohansey aquifer, the Rio Grande water-bearing zone, the Atlantic City 800-foot sand centered in Cape May County, the Piney Point aquifer centered in Ocean County, the Wenonah-Mount Laurel aquifer in Salem and Burlington Counties, the Englishtown aquifer system in Camden County, the upper aquifer of the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system in Monmouth County, and the middle aquifer of the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system in Monmouth, Ocean, and Salem Counties. No cone of depression was interpreted in the Vincentown aquifer.
Long-term hydrographs are presented for 75 wells spanning each of the 10 confined aquifers, and contain a mix of discrete water-level measurements and daily mean water levels based on continuously recorded 15-minute data. Changes of water levels during 2014–19, as indicated by the hydrographs, were compared with those of previous periods to assess any departures from historical data. During 2014–19, water levels were stable and fluctuated within similar ranges as previous periods in the following aquifers and locations: all wells in the confined Cohansey aquifer, the Rio Grande water-bearing zone, the Vincentown aquifer, the Englishtown aquifer system, the Piney Point aquifer wells in Burlington and Ocean Counties, six of eight wells in the Wenonah-Mount Laurel aquifer, all wells in the upper and lower aquifers of the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system outside NJDEP Critical Areas, and all wells in the middle aquifer of the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system except those within NJDEP Critical Area II. Increasing water levels in 2014–19, ongoing since historical periods, were indicated in the following aquifers and locations: Atlantic County wells in the Piney Point aquifer, all wells in the upper and lower aquifers of the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system outside NJDEP Critical Areas, and all wells in the middle aquifer of the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system within NJDEP Critical Area II. Water levels in the Atlantic City 800-foot sand also increased during 2014–19 in wells in Atlantic County and northern Cape May County closer to the center of the cone of depression in that aquifer, which is a response unique to this period and absent from previous periods. During 2013–19, continued decreasing water levels, ongoing since previous periods, were indicated by hydrographs of Atlantic City 800-foot sand wells in southern Cape May County, Piney Point aquifer wells in Cumberland County where the regional cone of depression is located, and two wells in the Wenonah-Mount Laurel aquifer—070478, which in 2014–19 departed from previous periods, and 330020, which continued a gradual decrease throughout its period of record.
","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20255080","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Fiore, A.R., Cauller, S.J., and Brown, E.J., 2025, Potentiometric surface maps and groundwater-level hydrographs for confined aquifers of the New Jersey Coastal Plain, 2018: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2025–5080, 37 p., 9 pls., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20255080.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 37 p.; 9 Plates: 19.50 x 26.50 inches; Data Release","numberOfPages":"37","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-158226","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":496280,"rank":6,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9AT8Z9B","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Geospatial data representing wells open to, and 2018 potentiometric surface contours of, the confined aquifers of the New Jersey Coastal Plain"},{"id":496298,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5080/sir20255080_plates.pdf","text":"Plates 1–9","size":"69.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":496277,"rank":3,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20255080/full","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"SIR 2025-5080 HTML"},{"id":496276,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5080/sir20255080.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.31 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2025-5080 PDF"},{"id":496279,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5080/images/"},{"id":496275,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5080/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":496278,"rank":4,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5080/sir20255080.XML","linkFileType":{"id":8,"text":"xml"},"description":"SIR 2025-5080 XML"},{"id":497788,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_118951.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","otherGeospatial":"Coastal Plain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.86248123191035,\n 40.48417444667285\n ],\n [\n -74.37454480427728,\n 40.52176772292319\n ],\n [\n -74.76300682469329,\n 40.185368171011504\n ],\n [\n -75.09849675141594,\n 39.98542938463885\n ],\n [\n -75.2574130324954,\n 39.85000334106027\n ],\n [\n -75.46223846144186,\n 39.77133356243843\n ],\n [\n -75.58230854047962,\n 39.61100346658509\n ],\n [\n -75.5363993926121,\n 39.43666527993781\n ],\n [\n -74.85835659334042,\n 38.83679593629347\n ],\n [\n -74.02846045881562,\n 39.676267414234104\n ],\n [\n -73.86248123191035,\n 40.48417444667285\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New Jersey Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3450 Princeton Pike, Suite 110
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This standard operating procedure (SOP) manual describes the collection of standardized, long-term data for aquatic vegetation communities in selected study pools of the Upper Mississippi River System in the United States. The primary intent of the data collection is to assess the status and trends that aid in understanding the unique river ecosystem and to guide large-scale ecological restoration of the river and its biological communities, like aquatic plants and their dependent wildlife. This SOP is an update to the version published in 2000 and reflects modifications to sample sizes and additions of new data collection procedures. All long-term monitoring programs and their SOPs must be adapted to changing conditions and be improved through learning, and this SOP clarifies procedures and adds new elements since the initial SOP was written more than 25 years ago. The SOP is intended for multiple audiences, including vegetation specialists through the Upper Mississippi River Restoration Program, data analysts using the publicly available data generated through this SOP, and natural resource managers and restoration practitioners who need data and science to guide some decisions. This SOP may be transferable and adaptable to other ecosystems when the aquatic plant community is the focus.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/tm2A22","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Long Term Resource Monitoring element of the Upper Mississippi River Restoration Program, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, and Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Larson, D.M., Lund, E., Carhart, A.M., Fopma, S., and Szura, S., 2025, Long Term Resource Monitoring procedures—Aquatic vegetation monitoring: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods, book 2, chap. A22, 40 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tm2A22.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 40 p.; 2 Linked Figures; Pocket Guide","numberOfPages":"50","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-167317","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":496286,"rank":6,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/tm2A22/full"},{"id":496285,"rank":5,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/02/a22/downloads/","text":"Printable versions of figures 2.1 and 7.1"},{"id":496284,"rank":4,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/02/a22/images/"},{"id":496283,"rank":3,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/02/a22/tm2A22.XML"},{"id":496282,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/02/a22/tm2A22.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.0 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"TM 2-A22"},{"id":502240,"rank":7,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/02/a22/tm2A22_pocket_guide.pdf","text":"Pocket guide","size":"2.05 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"- Pocket guide for Long Term Resource Monitoring procedures—Aquatic vegetation monitoring"},{"id":496281,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/02/a22/coverthb2.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Illinois River, Upper Mississippi River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.82084396790316,\n 44.04246451932946\n ],\n [\n -91.50791848601513,\n 38.40902936668505\n ],\n [\n -89.8837153943196,\n 38.45968306709577\n ],\n [\n -89.16595397141731,\n 41.89729975230259\n ],\n [\n -90.33908638801539,\n 43.40513483806296\n ],\n [\n -91.27142102824394,\n 43.92243866259706\n ],\n [\n -91.82084396790316,\n 44.04246451932946\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2630 Fanta Reed Road
La Crosse, Wisconsin 54603
The Upper Mississippi River Restoration Program’s Long Term Resource Monitoring element made updates to the standardized operating procedure manual for collecting standardized data for aquatic vegetation in the Upper Mississippi River System. This updated manual helps users collect data more effectively. The information from the monitoring surveys is used to assess the status and trends of aquatic plants, and helps restoration managers to engineer habitat conditions for this unique river ecosystem.
","publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Larson, Danelle M. 0000-0001-6349-6267","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6349-6267","contributorId":228838,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"Danelle","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":949725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lund, Eric","contributorId":221777,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lund","given":"Eric","affiliations":[{"id":6964,"text":"Minnesota Department of Natural Resources","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":949726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carhart, Alicia M.","contributorId":361967,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Carhart","given":"Alicia","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":6913,"text":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":949727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fopma, Seth","contributorId":360281,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fopma","given":"Seth","affiliations":[{"id":24495,"text":"Iowa Department of Natural Resources","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":949728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Szura, Stephanie","contributorId":360278,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Szura","given":"Stephanie","affiliations":[{"id":6964,"text":"Minnesota Department of Natural Resources","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":949729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70271982,"text":"sir20255031 - 2025 - User’s guide for the National Hydrography Dataset Plus High Resolution (NHDPlus HR)","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70206120,"text":"ofr20191096 - 2019 - User's guide for the national hydrography dataset plus (NHDPlus) high resolution","indexId":"ofr20191096","publicationYear":"2019","noYear":false,"displayTitle":"User’s Guide for the National Hydrography Dataset Plus (NHDPlus) High Resolution","title":"User's guide for the national hydrography dataset plus (NHDPlus) high resolution"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70271982,"text":"sir20255031 - 2025 - User’s guide for the National Hydrography Dataset Plus High Resolution (NHDPlus HR)","indexId":"sir20255031","publicationYear":"2025","noYear":false,"title":"User’s guide for the National Hydrography Dataset Plus High Resolution (NHDPlus HR)"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-03T16:23:33.096091","indexId":"sir20255031","displayToPublicDate":"2025-09-30T13:20:00","publicationYear":"2025","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2025-5031","displayTitle":"User’s Guide for the National Hydrography Dataset Plus High Resolution (NHDPlus HR)","title":"User’s guide for the National Hydrography Dataset Plus High Resolution (NHDPlus HR)","docAbstract":"The National Hydrography Dataset Plus High Resolution (NHDPlus HR) is a scalable hydrologic geospatial fabric or framework, built from (1) the High Resolution (1:24,000-scale or better) National Hydrography Dataset (NHD), (2) nationally complete Watershed Boundary Dataset (WBD), and (3) 1/3-arc-second 3D Elevation Program (3DEP) digital elevation model (DEM) data (at a 10-meter ground spacing; or 5-meter 3DEP DEM in Alaska only). The NHDPlus HR provides a modeling and assessment framework at a local 1:24,000 scale, while nesting seamlessly into the national context.
NHDPlus HR is modeled after the highly successful NHDPlus version 2 (NHDPlusV2). Like NHDPlusV2, the NHDPlus HR includes data for a nationally seamless network of stream reaches, elevation-based catchment areas, flow surfaces, and value-added attributes that enhance stream-network navigation, analysis, and data display. However, NHDPlus HR provides much greater spatial detail than NHDPlusV2, while NHDPlusV2 is, at present, more complete in its attribution of additions, removals, and diversions, as well as stream connectivity. This user’s guide is intended to provide necessary information and guidance in the use of NHDPlus HR data.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20255031","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","programNote":"National Geospatial Program","usgsCitation":"Moore, R.B., McKay, L.D., Rea, A.H., Bondelid, T.R., Price, C.V., Dewald, T.G., and Hayes, L., 2025, User’s guide for the National Hydrography Dataset Plus High Resolution (NHDPlus HR): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2025–5031, 78 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20255031. [Supersedes USGS Open-File Report 2019–1096.]","productDescription":"Report: xiii, 78 p.; 2 Data Releases; Project Site","numberOfPages":"78","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-150034","costCenters":[{"id":423,"text":"National Geospatial Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":496237,"rank":4,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5031/sir20255031.XML","linkFileType":{"id":8,"text":"xml"},"description":"SIR 2025-5031 XML"},{"id":496238,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5031/images"},{"id":496239,"rank":6,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9WFOBQI","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"USGS National Hydrography Dataset Plus High Resolution National Release 1 FileGDB"},{"id":496240,"rank":7,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://apps.nationalmap.gov/downloader/#/","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"The National Map downloader (ver. 2.0)"},{"id":496273,"rank":8,"type":{"id":18,"text":"Project Site"},"url":"https://www.usgs.gov/national-hydrography/nhdplus-high-resolution","text":"NHDPlus High Resolution"},{"id":496236,"rank":3,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20255031/full","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"SIR 2025-5031 HTML"},{"id":496235,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5031/sir20255031.pdf","text":"Report","size":"9.55 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2025-5031 PDF"},{"id":496234,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5031/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Director, National Geospatial Program
Core Science Systems
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive, MS 511
Reston, VA 20192
Fostering a sense of classroom community in earth science classes supports students’ sense of belonging within the classroom and the broader scientific community, helping them build a sense of identity as a geoscientist. This study examines the effects of incorporating a 2-week, collaborative role-playing activity on sense of classroom community and science identity in an introductory hydrology class. Students assumed roles of residents, medical center representatives, government employees, and environmental activists to learn about flooding through a community-centered lens, focusing on a flood event in Harris County, Texas during Tropical Storm Allison. Pre-post-surveys were given immediately before and after the learning module to evaluate classroom community, science identity using Likert scales, and hydrologist identity using a pictorial scale. Qualitative analysis of a short-answer question in which students defined “hydrologist” provided context for quantitative identity data. Post-survey data on classroom community shows an increase in mean agreement as compared to the pre-survey. This increase was statistically significant for four classroom community statements. Paired science identity data show small effect size and no significant change, but pictorial identity as a hydrologist shows significant growth. Social aspects of the role-playing activity did not significantly alter student’s already high science identity but altered their conceptions of the social implications of hydrology and increased identity as hydrologists. The significant increase in classroom community has important implications for using role-playing as an active learning strategy to enhance student learning experience by creating a positive classroom climate and connecting hydrology concepts to community needs.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/10899995.2025.2565990","usgsCitation":"Plenge, M., Dolan, W., Tomlinson, A., Hutson, B., and Pavelsky, T., 2025, Impact of a place-based role-playing exercise on student sense of classroom community and science identity in a hydrology class: Journal of Geoscience Education, https://doi.org/10.1080/10899995.2025.2565990.","ipdsId":"IP-171850","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":498550,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Online First","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plenge, Megan","contributorId":365013,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Plenge","given":"Megan","affiliations":[{"id":27051,"text":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":953582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dolan, Wayana 0000-0001-8405-4302","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8405-4302","contributorId":354442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dolan","given":"Wayana","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":953583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tomlinson, Alexa","contributorId":365016,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tomlinson","given":"Alexa","affiliations":[{"id":27051,"text":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":953584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hutson, Bryant","contributorId":365018,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hutson","given":"Bryant","affiliations":[{"id":27051,"text":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":953585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pavelsky, Tamlin","contributorId":149629,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pavelsky","given":"Tamlin","affiliations":[{"id":590,"text":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","active":false,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":953586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70272021,"text":"70272021 - 2025 - Triple-oxygen isotopic evidence of prolonged direct bioleaching of pyrite with O2","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-11-13T16:38:13.060178","indexId":"70272021","displayToPublicDate":"2025-09-30T09:26:54","publicationYear":"2025","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Triple-oxygen isotopic evidence of prolonged direct bioleaching of pyrite with O2","docAbstract":"Sulfate is often touted as containing atmospheric oxygen whose isotopic signature can constrain redox, environmental conditions, and biological activity. Yet, the amount and isotopic fractionation associated with air-O2 incorporation during sulfate formation is still debated, making its verification difficult. In this study, we identify a distinct, microbially dominated environment with the potential to preserve maximum signals of air-O2 in sulfate. We report triple-oxygen isotope data for sulfate produced from pyrite oxidation in microbial and abiotic experiments, and from natural dissolved sulfate from the Rio Tinto, Spain, an acid mine drainage site. The oxygen isotope systematics of sulfate in these environments define a unique kinetic isotope effect associated with initial stage pyrite oxidation by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans that preserves >80 % oxygen from air-O2 in sulfate. Unlike experiments, which evolve toward water-oxygen dominated sulfate on short time scales, Rio Tinto, Spain hosts a microbe rich environment with distinct geochemistry that maintains high O2-oxygen in sulfate. Therefore, in addition to containing isotopic records from water and air, sulfates can also contain a biosignature that is promising for understanding conditions on Mars and early Earth.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.epsl.2025.119639","usgsCitation":"Kohl, I., Killingsworth, B.A., Zeigler, K., Young, E.D., and Coleman, M., 2025, Triple-oxygen isotopic evidence of prolonged direct bioleaching of pyrite with O2: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 671, 119639, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2025.119639.","productDescription":"119639, 10 p.","ipdsId":"IP-172630","costCenters":[{"id":49175,"text":"Geology, Energy & Minerals Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":496423,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2025.119639","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":496406,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Spain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -9.191561095536457,\n 43.45843865321959\n ],\n [\n -9.220384524245844,\n 41.937249586462514\n ],\n [\n -6.67459696121594,\n 41.76753344172553\n ],\n [\n -7.593667945421032,\n 37.4320694758983\n ],\n [\n -3.984102384259529,\n 35.59998830658435\n ],\n [\n 0.4092648847614413,\n 38.01073133574759\n ],\n [\n 3.171479154976481,\n 42.5594331414778\n ],\n [\n -7.946415250293342,\n 43.84479559131496\n ],\n [\n -9.191561095536457,\n 43.45843865321959\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"671","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kohl, Issaku","contributorId":361971,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kohl","given":"Issaku","affiliations":[{"id":13252,"text":"University of Utah","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":949747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Killingsworth, Bryan Alan 0000-0001-6067-8604","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6067-8604","contributorId":270978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Killingsworth","given":"Bryan","email":"","middleInitial":"Alan","affiliations":[{"id":49175,"text":"Geology, Energy & Minerals Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":949748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zeigler, Karen","contributorId":361972,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zeigler","given":"Karen","affiliations":[{"id":36307,"text":"University of New Mexico","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":949749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Young, Edward D.","contributorId":362021,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Young","given":"Edward","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":12763,"text":"University of California, Los Angeles","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":949828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Coleman, Max","contributorId":361973,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Coleman","given":"Max","affiliations":[{"id":33580,"text":"NASA-JPL","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":949751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70272027,"text":"70272027 - 2025 - Estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) Prediction for Eagle Ford Shale using integrated datasets and artificial neural networks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-11-13T15:56:49.946165","indexId":"70272027","displayToPublicDate":"2025-09-30T08:51:52","publicationYear":"2025","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":10757,"text":"Energies","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) Prediction for Eagle Ford Shale using integrated datasets and artificial neural networks","docAbstract":"The estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) is an important parameter for forecasting oil and gas production and informing decisions regarding field development strategies. In this study, we combined site-specific geologic, completion, and operational parameters with the predictive capabilities of machine learning (ML) models to predict EURs of the wells for the Eagle Ford Marl Continuous Oil Assessment Unit. We developed an extensive dataset of wells that have produced from the lower and upper Eagle Ford Shale intervals and reduced the model complexity using principal component analysis. We tested the ML models and estimated the sensitivities of ML-predicted EURs to changes in the values of different input variables. The results of applying the optimized ML model to the Eagle Ford suggest that the approach developed in this study could be promising. The ML estimates of the EURs fit the DCA-based values with an R2 ~ 0.9 and a mean absolute error of ~36 × 103 bbl. In the lower Eagle Ford Shale, the EUR estimates were found to be most sensitive to changes in porosity, net thickness of the interval, clay volume, and the API gravity of the oil; and that in the upper Eagle Ford Shale they were most sensitive to changes in the total organic carbon and water saturation, which suggests that it could be important to consider these parameters in assessing these intervals or close analogs.
","language":"English","publisher":"MDPI","doi":"10.3390/en18195216","usgsCitation":"Karacan, C.O., Anderson, S.T., and Cahan, S., 2025, Estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) Prediction for Eagle Ford Shale using integrated datasets and artificial neural networks: Energies, v. 18, no. 19, 5216, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.3390/en18195216.","productDescription":"5216, 21 p.","ipdsId":"IP-164247","costCenters":[{"id":49175,"text":"Geology, Energy & Minerals Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":496420,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en18195216","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":496401,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico, United States","state":"Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -99.39816695432742,\n 30.86268720310727\n ],\n [\n -99.39816695432742,\n 27.387197803061596\n ],\n [\n -89.04028077792094,\n 27.387197803061596\n ],\n [\n -89.04028077792094,\n 30.86268720310727\n ],\n [\n -99.39816695432742,\n 30.86268720310727\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"18","issue":"19","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Karacan, C. Ozgen 0000-0002-0947-8241","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0947-8241","contributorId":201991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karacan","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"Ozgen","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":949769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, Steven T. 0000-0003-3481-3424 sanderson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3481-3424","contributorId":2532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Steven","email":"sanderson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":949770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cahan, Steven M. 0000-0002-4776-3668","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4776-3668","contributorId":205929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cahan","given":"Steven M.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":949771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70272111,"text":"70272111 - 2025 - Unique thermal mixing patterns in Lake Ontario revealed by novel year-round observations of thermal stratification","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-12-01T16:52:39.768257","indexId":"70272111","displayToPublicDate":"2025-09-30T08:32:43","publicationYear":"2025","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Unique thermal mixing patterns in Lake Ontario revealed by novel year-round observations of thermal stratification","docAbstract":"Year-round records of thermal stratification in the Great Lakes are rare, and there are few observations of thermal stratification during winter. In this paper, we analyze temperature data from 13 temperature logger chains and from over 130 benthic acoustic receivers that were deployed across Lake Ontario for 2 yr. The timing and duration of the fall overturn correlate with the local average water depth, and shallow sites (< 50 m depth) overturn up to a month before deep sites (> 100 m depths). Likewise, in spring, the shallow sites warm faster. Lake Ontario has partial ice cover, so wind-driven mixing stirs the water column throughout winter, and inverse thermal stratification is largely absent. The depth-averaged winter water temperatures vary between 0°C and 4°C, with the coldest temperatures (near 0.1°C) found in the shallow Kingston basin and warmest temperatures (near 4°C) at sites near the 244 m deep Rochester Basin. Lake Ontario appears to be a warm monomictic lake, rather than having a dimictic mixing pattern as previously described—there is no sustained ice cover or inverse stratification that inhibits vertical mixing in winter. Winter is a poorly understood season for many aquatic processes, including fish bioenergetics, fish distribution, biochemical processes, invertebrate distribution, and production. Moreover, the lack of knowledge of winter has hampered the use of correct initial conditions for running large lake hydrodynamic models.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/lno.70215","usgsCitation":"Wells, M., Johnson, T.B., Robinson, R., Midwood, J., Shi, Y., Larocque, S., Eddie, A., O’Malley, B., Morton, K., Gorsky, D., and Tufts, B., 2025, Unique thermal mixing patterns in Lake Ontario revealed by novel year-round observations of thermal stratification: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 70, no. 11, p. 3401-3416, https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.70215.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"3401","endPage":"3416","ipdsId":"IP-172993","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":496724,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.70215","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":496547,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","otherGeospatial":"Lake Ontario","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": 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Evolution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Different data for different goals: Exploring trade-offs and synergies in the use of spatial data inputs to optimize conservation action in sagebrush ecosystems","docAbstract":"Ecosystems worldwide continue to experience rapid rates of habitat and species loss. Management actions to conserve and restore functional habitats are needed to reduce these declines, but funding and resources for such actions are limited. Spatial conservation prioritization (SCP) can facilitate strategic decision-making for targeted conservation planning and delivery, but complexities arise when management objectives include multiple wildlife species and ecological or management constraints, all of which can be further complicated by data uncertainty and existing conservation plans. The Prioritizing Restoration of Sagebrush Ecosystems Tool (PReSET), an R package-based decision-support tool, supports strategic ecosystem management planning across the sagebrush biome by using SCP. We adapted PReSET to better address the needs of multiple wildlife species, evaluate the effects of different ecological or management constraints on conservation outcomes, assess the influence of data uncertainty, and integrate existing conservation plans. Specifically, we developed optimization problems to identify priority sagebrush protection and restoration across the state of Wyoming, USA, and evaluated the efficacy and trade-offs of various approaches to problem design. We evaluated trade-offs in targeting multiple species compared to a single species, including using greater sage-grouse as a potential umbrella species to benefit other sagebrush-dependent wildlife. We then evaluated multi-species protection and restoration problems aimed at minimizing the risks of inadequate connectivity, climate change, and restoration failure, and accounted for data uncertainty to assess relationships between risk aversion of managers and conservation outcomes. We also developed optimization problems within conservation areas identified by an existing sagebrush conservation plan to evaluate the efficacy of guiding local-scale conservation delivery within more broadly defined conservation areas. Our results demonstrate how SCP methods can leverage novel spatial data to develop targeted decision-support resources that can facilitate landscape conservation planning and improve management outcomes across a wide array of systems and species.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/ece3.72214","usgsCitation":"Shyvers, J.E., Tarbox, B.C., Monroe, A., Van Lanen, N.J., Robb, B.S., Buchholtz, E.K., Duchardt, C.J., Edmunds, D.R., O’Donnell, M.S., Van Schmidt, N.D., Heinrichs, J., and Aldridge, C.L., 2025, Different data for different goals: Exploring trade-offs and synergies in the use of spatial data inputs to optimize conservation action in sagebrush ecosystems: Ecology and Evolution, v. 15, no. 10, e72214, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.72214.","productDescription":"e72214, 25 p.","ipdsId":"IP-150992","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":496709,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.72214","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":496479,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":949963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Duchardt, Courtney J. 0000-0003-4563-0199","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4563-0199","contributorId":239754,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Duchardt","given":"Courtney","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":48000,"text":"U Wyoming","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":949964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Edmunds, David R. 0000-0002-5212-8271 dedmunds@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5212-8271","contributorId":152210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edmunds","given":"David","email":"dedmunds@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":949965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"O’Donnell, Michael S. 0000-0002-3488-003X odonnellm@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3488-003X","contributorId":140876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Donnell","given":"Michael","email":"odonnellm@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":949966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Van Schmidt, Nathan D. 0000-0002-5973-7934","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5973-7934","contributorId":240648,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Van Schmidt","given":"Nathan","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":32898,"text":"U.C. Santa Cruz","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":949967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Heinrichs, Julie A. 0000-0001-7733-5034","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7733-5034","contributorId":240888,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Heinrichs","given":"Julie A.","affiliations":[{"id":6621,"text":"Colorado State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":949968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Aldridge, Cameron L. 0000-0003-3926-6941 aldridgec@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3926-6941","contributorId":191773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aldridge","given":"Cameron","email":"aldridgec@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":949969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":70271935,"text":"fs20253022 - 2025 - Beaver dams and their effects on urban streams in the Tualatin River Basin, northwestern Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-03T16:22:51.589121","indexId":"fs20253022","displayToPublicDate":"2025-09-30T07:55:41","publicationYear":"2025","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2025-3022","displayTitle":"Beaver Dams and Their Effects on Urban Streams in the Tualatin River Basin, Northwestern Oregon","title":"Beaver dams and their effects on urban streams in the Tualatin River Basin, northwestern Oregon","docAbstract":"In response to growing interest in beaver-assisted restoration in the Tualatin River Basin of northwestern Oregon, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in partnership with Clean Water Services, collected data from 2016–17 and completed a series of studies to: (1) inventory known locations of beaver dams and activity in the Tualatin River Basin, (2) estimate the number of beaver dams in the Tualatin River Basin as of 2017 and the potential number of beaver dams that could be supported with riparian vegetation improvements, and (3) assess the effects of beaver dams and ponds on storm hydrology, hydraulics, and floodplain inundation, suspended-sediment transport and deposition, and water quality along two urban stream reaches (Fanno Creek at Greenway Park and Bronson Creek between Kaiser and Saltzman Roads). This fact sheet summarizes the results of these studies and implications for beaver-assisted restoration in the Tualatin River Basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20253022","usgsCitation":"Jones, K.L., Smith, C.D., White, J.S., Rounds, S.A., Doyle, M.C., and Leahy, E.K., Beaver dams and their effects on urban streams in the Tualatin River Basin, northwestern Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2025–3022, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20253022","productDescription":"6 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-138686","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":496063,"rank":3,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2025/3022/fs20253022.XML"},{"id":496061,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2025/3022/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":496062,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2025/3022/fs20253022.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 2025-3022"},{"id":496206,"rank":4,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20255039","text":"SIR 2025-5039","description":"SIR 2025-5039","linkHelpText":"- Beavers in the Tualatin River Basin, Northwestern Oregon"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Tualatin River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.5,\n 45.75\n ],\n [\n -123.5,\n 45.375\n ],\n [\n -122.5,\n 45.375\n ],\n [\n -122.5,\n 45.75\n ],\n [\n -123.5,\n 45.75\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Oregon Water Science Center
601 SW 2nd Ave., Suite 1950
Portland, Oregon 97204
American beavers (Castor canadensis) are native to the Pacific Northwest, and their populations have increased in many locations after being nearly removed by historical trapping. Beaver dams have well-documented effects on water quality in forested streams, but their effects on water quality in urban streams have not been well characterized. The study documented the water-quality effects of beaver dams and beaver activity in selected urban streams of the Tualatin River Basin in northwestern Oregon. Variations in water quality upstream, downstream, and within ponded areas behind beaver dams were quantified with continuous measurements of water temperature, specific conductance, dissolved oxygen, and pH from May 2016 to November 2017 in two intensively monitored reaches of urban streams (Fanno and Bronson Creeks). Five other urban stream reaches were monitored upstream and downstream from beaver ponds using water-temperature sensors to document water-temperature changes in additional beaver-affected reaches. Spatial water-quality variations within a beaver pond along Fanno Creek were characterized in more detail on four hot summer afternoons with numerous measurements of temperature and dissolved oxygen. Results from the study were used to document and derive insights from measured patterns in the water-quality data, such as the following:
Director, Oregon Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
601 SW 2nd Avenue, Suite 1950
Portland, Oregon 97204
This study investigated the effects of natural beaver dams and ponds on sediment transport and deposition in two urban beaver-affected reaches in the Tualatin River Basin, northwestern Oregon. Data were collected during 2016–17 from Fanno Creek at Greenway Park (between SW Hall Boulevard and SW Pearson Court) and Bronson Creek (between NW Laidlaw Road and NW Kaiser Road); each study reach contained multiple beaver dams. Continuous turbidity, discrete suspended-sediment samples, and streamflow measurements were collected during storms and baseflow periods to calculate suspended-sediment loads (SSLs) and to compare differences in SSLs upstream and downstream from the two beaver-affected reaches. Turbidity was measured continuously upstream, within, and downstream from these reaches to evaluate seasonal and longitudinal turbidity patterns and fluctuations. The volume and mass of sediment deposited in a large pond along the Fanno Creek study reach were also estimated. Study results include:
Director, Oregon Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
601 SW 2nd Avenue, Suite 1950
Portland, Oregon 97204
American beaver (Castor canadensis) dams fundamentally alter stream hydraulics and hydrology by temporarily impounding water in stream channels. Water managers are interested in how this impoundment translates to changes in hydrograph dynamics, particularly regarding the magnitude and duration of high flows, the temporary storage of storm water, and the range and spatial distribution of water depths and velocities. High-resolution two-dimensional hydraulic models were developed to compare hydraulic responses to storm events in two 1-kilometer long, relatively small (less than 5-meter-wide channel), urban stream reaches in the Tualatin River Basin (northwestern Oregon) with and without beaver dams. Results from modeling unsteady storm events show that: (1) beaver dams generally attenuate (temporarily impound) more water during storm events than an undammed reach, (2) the timing and dynamics of this attenuation are complicated and thus do not always result in a reduction of peak flows, and (3) the influence of beaver dams on stream hydraulics diminishes as the magnitude of flow events increase. Local geomorphic conditions, specifically the presence of off-channel features, affect the extent to which dams alter hydrograph dynamics. Although the magnitudes of peak flows are not substantially affected by the beaver dams considered in this study, results show that beaver dams temporarily impound a considerable amount of water throughout the duration of storms, which slows water conveyance to downstream reaches. Steady-state streamflow simulations at several streamflow magnitudes were also used to assess how beaver dams affect stream depths, velocities, and inundated areas, which are important factors affecting aquatic habitats. Results show that beaver dams result in a more hydraulically diverse stream, with substantially more inundated area, lower velocities, and greater depths than corresponding undammed scenarios. However, these differences diminish as streamflows increase and the channels overflow their banks and become hydraulically connected to adjacent floodplains. Together, these results confirm that beaver dams can fundamentally change urban stream channel hydraulics, but the influence of these dams is bounded by local geomorphic controls and is diminished at large streamflows.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20255039B","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Clean Water Services","usgsCitation":"White, J.S., Jones, K.L., and Rounds, S.A., 2025, Effects of beaver dams and ponds on hydrologic and hydraulic responses of storm flows in urban streams of the Tualatin River Basin, northwestern Oregon, chap. B of Jones, K.L., and Smith, C.D., eds., Beavers in the Tualatin River Basin, northwestern Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2025–5039–B, 38 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20255039B.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 38 p.; Data Release","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-164816","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":495978,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5039/b/sir20255039b.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6.9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2025-5039-B"},{"id":495981,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5039/b/images","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS data release"},{"id":495982,"rank":6,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5039/b/sir20255039b.XML"},{"id":495977,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5039/b/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":495980,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P1VZGC3Z","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Hydraulic models of two beaver affected reaches in the Tualatin Basin, Oregon"},{"id":495979,"rank":3,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20255039b/full","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"SIR 2025-5039-B"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Tualatin River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.5,\n 45.75\n ],\n [\n -123.5,\n 45.375\n ],\n [\n -122.5,\n 45.375\n ],\n [\n -122.5,\n 45.75\n ],\n [\n -123.5,\n 45.75\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Oregon Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
601 SW 2nd Avenue, Suite 1950
Portland, Oregon 97204
Beaver dams can help streams connect to their floodplains. These floodplain connections can expand the range of available aquatic habitats and aid in the restoration of stream and floodplain function and processes. American beavers (Castor canadensis) occupy a wide variety of aquatic habitats; however, their ability to build dams, the agent of stream and floodplain change, is constrained in large part by three physical variables—local vegetation, topography, and hydrology.
These three physical variables are combined in the Beaver Restoration Assessment Tool (BRAT), a geographic information system-based utility that uses a Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) to estimate the capacity of each reach within a stream network to support beaver dams. In this study, version 1.0 of BRAT was adapted and applied to the entire perennial stream network of Tualatin River Basin in northwestern Oregon. Beaver-dam locations in the Tualatin River Basin were compiled to (1) define the distribution of dams in the basin during 2013–16 and (2) provide necessary data for calibrating and validating BRAT predictions. BRAT was calibrated to the current known distribution of dams, as compiled in the inventory. The input FIS equations of the original BRAT model were adjusted to account for local topographic conditions; specifically, the low gradient of many streams in the basin, although subsequent updates to BRAT may obviate the need for these changes.
Results from this modified BRAT model reasonably simulated the dam inventory. Results show that beavers can currently build the greatest density of dams, defined as number of dams per kilometer of stream, in the higher-gradient forested streams of the basin, whereas they can build the fewest number of dams per kilometer in urban streams along the lower-gradient valley floor. Estimated dam density was generally 5-15 dams per kilometer (km) for forested streams and 2-4 dams/km for urban streams. Improving riparian vegetation along urban streams may allow beavers to build on average four additional dams per kilometer compared to current conditions. Results from this study may help inform local stream and stormwater management by (1) identifying stream reaches with the most potential to support beaver dams, (2) determining the likely factors limiting potential for dam building, and (3) identifying potential areas where dam building may affect human infrastructure.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20255039A","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Clean Water Services","usgsCitation":"White, J.S., Smith, C.D., Jones, K.L., and Rounds, S.A., 2025, Stream network capacity to support beaver dams in the Tualatin River Basin, northwestern Oregon, chap. A of Jones, K.L., and Smith, C.D., eds., Beavers in the Tualatin River Basin, northwestern Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2025–5039–A, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20255039A.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 20 p.; 2 Data Releases","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-102303","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":495854,"rank":7,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5039/a/sir20255039a.XML"},{"id":495853,"rank":6,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5039/a/images"},{"id":495852,"rank":5,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P1SURYZ4","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Stream network capacity to support beaver dams, Tualatin River Basin, northwest Oregon"},{"id":496245,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7PZ57QP","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Beaver dam locations and beaver activity in the Tualatin Basin, Oregon"},{"id":495851,"rank":3,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20255039a/full","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"SIR 2025-5039-A"},{"id":495850,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5039/a/sir20255039a.pdf","size":"5.9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2025-5039-A"},{"id":495849,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5039/a/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Tualatin River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.5,\n 45.75\n ],\n [\n -123.5,\n 45.375\n ],\n [\n -122.5,\n 45.375\n ],\n [\n -122.5,\n 45.75\n ],\n [\n -123.5,\n 45.75\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Oregon Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
601 SW 2nd Avenue, Suite 1950
Portland, Oregon 97204
Growing interest in beaver-assisted restoration in the Tualatin River Basin of northwestern Oregon motivated a series of studies by the U.S. Geological Survey to assess the capacity of the stream network to support beaver dams and to evaluate the effects of beaver dams and ponds on urban streams. This multichapter volume describes the data collection from 2016–17 and the findings of these studies, which were done in partnership with Clean Water Services. Chapter A documents the locations of beaver dams in the Tualatin River Basin and how many beaver dams the stream network could support with existing and improved riparian vegetation. Beaver dam capacity was estimated by modifying existing tools to account for the low gradient of many streams in the Tualatin River Basin. Chapter B describes the effects of beaver dams and ponds on hydrologic and hydraulic responses of storm flows. Hydrologic and hydraulic responses for two urban stream reaches were compared with and without beaver dams and ponds and for a range of streamflow conditions using two-dimensional hydraulic models. Chapter C characterizes the effects of beaver dams and ponds on the transport and deposition of suspended sediment. Continuous turbidity, discrete suspended-sediment samples, and streamflow measurements collected during storms and base-flow periods were used to assess: (1) suspended-sediment loads upstream and downstream from two beaver-affected reaches, and (2) seasonal and longitudinal turbidity patterns. Chapter D describes the effects of beaver dams and ponds on longitudinal, spatial, and seasonal water-quality patterns. Continuous and synoptic water-quality data were collected along urban stream reaches, and net ecosystem production was calculated for two beaver-affected reaches. The findings of these studies illustrate that the effects of beaver dams and ponds on hydrology, hydraulics, suspended-sediment transport and deposition, and water quality are dependent on the characteristics of a stream reach (for example, channel gradient, groundwater exchange, and riparian vegetation) and the characteristics of beaver dams and ponds along that reach. This information can be used to consider the implications of beaver-assisted restoration in the Tualatin River Basin and the effects of beaver dams and ponds in urban streams.
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U.S. Geological Survey
601 SW 2nd Avenue, Suite 1950
Portland, Oregon 97204
The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources and the City of Madison, evaluated how street cleaning frequency influences the pollutant removal efficiency of a stormwater treatment pond in Madison, Wisconsin (2020–24). Paired influent and effluent samples were analyzed for nutrients, sediment, and chloride under a weekly and monthly street cleaning scenario.
Results showed that less frequent cleaning (monthly frequency) led to higher pollutant accumulation on streets, increasing influent concentrations of nitrogen and sediment. This, in turn, allowed the pond to achieve higher overall load-reduction percentage compared to weekly cleaning, particularly for total suspended sediment, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus. Dissolved phosphorus was an exception where removal was significantly greater under weekly cleaning. One explanation could be related to internal phosphorus release from pond sediments under anoxic conditions. Nearly all events showed net export of chloride from the pond, with effluent loads exceeding influent loads for both street cleaning frequencies.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20255096","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources and City of Madison","programNote":"Cooperative Research Units","usgsCitation":"Selbig, W.R., Thiboldeaux, S., and Gaebler, P., 2025, The role of street cleaning on the water-quality performance of a stormwater treatment pond in Madison, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2025–5096, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20255096.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 17 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"28","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-175884","costCenters":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":496075,"rank":6,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20255096/full"},{"id":496073,"rank":4,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5096/images/"},{"id":496071,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5096/sir20255096.pdf","text":"Report","size":"12 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2025-5094"},{"id":496074,"rank":5,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P13JQZXF","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Stormwater treatment pond water-quality load and concentration data at Cherokee Park, Madison, Wisconsin, 2020–24"},{"id":496072,"rank":3,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5096/sir20255096.XML"},{"id":496056,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5096/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","city":"Madison","otherGeospatial":"Cherokee Park stormwater pond","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.26586492676249,\n 43.19105202225663\n ],\n [\n -89.52551265962002,\n 43.19105202225663\n ],\n [\n -89.52551265962002,\n 43.02971686911792\n ],\n [\n -89.26586492676249,\n 43.02971686911792\n ],\n [\n -89.26586492676249,\n 43.19105202225663\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Upper Midwest Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
8505 Research Way
Middleton, WI 53562
This report by the U.S. Geological Survey focuses on describing geomorphic changes in the alluvial segments of the Green River within Echo, Island, and Rainbow Parks of Dinosaur National Monument, between the 1990s and 2019. Substantial channel change occurred within these meandering alluvial segments following the construction and closure of Flaming Gorge Dam in 1962. Geomorphic analyses in the early 1990s documented this change, but variations in dam operations, climate, and the natural sand supply from the Yampa River have since occurred. It was unclear whether channel change within those meandering alluvial segments had continued since the early 1990s; hence, our study provides an update to previous work. This study used three primary methods to quantify the amount and style of channel change that occurred within those alluvial segments of the Green River: (1) digital aerial-photograph analyses, (2) surveys of alluvial topography in the 1990s and 2019 at fixed cross-section locations, and (3) surveys of channel bathymetry in 1998 and 2019. Our analyses show that channel narrowing has continued, with declines in channel width of 4 percent in Echo Park, 16 percent in Island Park, and 15 percent in Rainbow Park from 1993 through 2019. In 11 of the 15 cross sections examined, vertical accretion of sediment on the floodplain and lateral accretion of sediment on the channel margins led to net sediment deposition and a loss of cross-sectional area. Mean changes in bed elevations showed slight erosion; however, bed elevations were considered stable within the bounds of measurement uncertainty and annual variability within the study area.
These results show that channel change has continued to occur in these alluvial segments of the Green River from 1993 through 2019, with the dominant changes including sediment deposition and channel narrowing. Although changes in the operations of Flaming Gorge Dam have occurred, these changes have had little effect on flood peak or duration in the segment of the Green River downstream from its confluence with the Yampa River. Instead, ongoing channel change is likely driven by the amount of sediment supplied from the Yampa River, the duration and magnitude of the combined annual spring snowmelt flood from both the Green River upstream from the Yampa River confluence and the Yampa River, and the capacity of this flood to convey the supplied sediment through these wider alluvial reaches.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20255078","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Dean, D.J., Grams, P.E., Sartain, S.L., Leonard, C.M., Griffiths, R.E., Unema, J.A., Topping, D.J., and Schmidt, J.C., 2025, Channel and floodplain cross-section and bed-elevation analyses of the Green River in Echo, Island, and Rainbow Parks, Dinosaur National Monument, Colorado and Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2025–5078, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20255078.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 36 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"36","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-156670","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":497786,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_118910.htm"},{"id":496222,"rank":7,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20255075","text":"Scientific Investigations Report 2025-5075","description":"SIR 2025-5075","linkHelpText":"- Controls on sediment transport and storage in the Little Snake, Yampa, and Green Rivers in the vicinities of Dinosaur National Monument and Ouray National Wildlife Refuge, Colorado and Utah, with implications for fish habitat in the middle Green River"},{"id":496221,"rank":6,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P13MZCVJ","text":"USGS data release","description":"Dean, D.J., Grams, P.E., Griffiths, R.E., Unema, J.A., Sartain, S.L., and Topping, D.J., 2024, Channel and floodplain cross-section and bed-elevation data for the Green River in Echo, Island, and Rainbow Parks, Dinosaur National Monument, Colorado and Utah: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P13MZCVJ","linkHelpText":"Channel and floodplain cross-section and bed-elevation data for the Green River in Echo, Island, and Rainbow Parks, Dinosaur National Monument, Colorado and Utah"},{"id":496220,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5078/images"},{"id":496219,"rank":4,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5078/sir20255078.XML","linkFileType":{"id":8,"text":"xml"},"description":"SIR 2025-5078 XML"},{"id":496218,"rank":3,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20255078/full","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"SIR 2025-5078 HTML"},{"id":496217,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5078/sir20255078.pdf","size":"4.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2025-5078 PDF"},{"id":496216,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5078/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, Utah","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.5,\n 40.75\n ],\n [\n -109.5,\n 40\n ],\n [\n -108,\n 40\n ],\n [\n -108,\n 40.75\n ],\n [\n -109.5,\n 40.75\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Southwest Biological Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2255 N. Gemini Drive
Flagstaff, AZ 86001
The transport of sand and finer sediment in the Yampa and Green river network is typically in disequilibrium with the local sediment supply because of the partial decoupling of the sources of water and sediment: most of the water is supplied farther upstream than most of the sediment. This decoupling leads to sand being transported in the main-stem rivers as elongating sand waves following sand resupply during tributary floods. Because of the large amount of sand supplied to the Yampa River by the Little Snake River, Yampa River annual floods generate sand waves that migrate downstream in the Green River causing longitudinal patterns in bed-sand grain size that, in turn, lead to large spatial changes in sand transport. These changes in bed-sand grain size dominate over changes in water discharge in regulating sand transport in the sand-bedded reaches of these rivers. Furthermore, at any given discharge, these changes in bed-sand grain size dominate over all other processes in regulating sand transport in both sand- and gravel-bedded reaches of these rivers. Consequently, erosion or deposition of sand, and the associated changes in fish habitat in the Uinta Basin segment of the Green River are only indirectly related to Green River discharge and Flaming Gorge Dam operations. Owing to the longitudinal patterns of bed-sand grain size associated with the downstream migration of sand waves generated by the Yampa River, a multi-year sequence of large, and likely slightly declining, annual floods on the Yampa River is the probable mechanism that increases backwater fish habitat in the Uinta Basin segment of the Green River.
Cross-section resurveys indicate that the Uinta Basin (Jensen to Ouray) segment of the Green River has undergone sand erosion caused by slight channel widening since the 1990s (a channel response in opposition to that observed farther downstream in Canyonlands National Park during this period). These resurveys indicate that sand deposition leads to a decrease in channel complexity whereas sand erosion generally leads to an increase in channel complexity. The backwaters used as native fish nursery habitat consist of deep pools downstream from and adjacent to large bank-attached sandbars; thus, more extensive backwater habitat equates to greater channel complexity. The generation of the sand wave during the first large Yampa River flood in a sequence (that is, the year-1 flood) causes fining of the bed sand near Jensen. The downstream coarsening associated with bed sand that is finer near Jensen than downstream near Ouray causes a downstream decrease in sand transport in the Uinta Basin segment, leading to net sand deposition and decreased channel complexity. Continued downstream migration of this sand wave during the following year’s annual flood (that is, the year-2 flood) then causes downstream fining, leading to erosion of sand and increased channel complexity in this segment.
Although the year-1 Yampa River flood supplies the sand and deposits the large sandbars required to form backwaters, and thereby makes possible future backwater habitat, these floods cause a temporary reduction in backwater habitat in the Uinta Basin segment because they tend to cause net sand deposition. It is the subsequent out-year Yampa River floods of likely equal or lesser magnitude that maintain or increase backwater habitat because these are the floods that convey sand through or erode sand from this segment. These typically smaller out-year Yampa River floods rework the sandbars deposited during the year-1 annual flood, thereby leading to the increases in both backwater area and volume that have been measured upon recession of these floods. Although artificial floods released from Flaming Gorge Dam might be used to simulate the habitat maintenance achieved by out-year Yampa River floods, the limited sand supply and stage associated with such dam releases precludes their use as a replacement for the sandbar-depositing role of year-1 Yampa River floods that is a prerequisite for backwater formation in the Uinta Basin segment of the Green River.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20255075","usgsCitation":"Topping, D.J., Griffiths, R.E., Unema, J.A., and Dean, D.J., 2025, Controls on sediment transport and storage in the Little Snake, Yampa, and Green Rivers in the vicinities of Dinosaur National Monument and Ouray National Wildlife Refuge, Colorado and Utah, with implications for fish habitat in the middle Green River: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2025–5075, 117 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20255075.","productDescription":"Report: xiii, 117 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"117","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-143069","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":497642,"rank":3,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20255075/full","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"SIR 2025-5075 HTML"},{"id":496088,"rank":4,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5075/sir20255075.XML","description":"SIR 2025-5075 XML"},{"id":496089,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5075/images"},{"id":496084,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5075/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":496086,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5075/sir20255075.pdf","text":"Report","size":"15.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2025-5075 PDF"},{"id":496223,"rank":9,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20255078","text":"Scientific Investigations Report 2025-5078","description":"Dean, D.J., Grams, P.E., Sartain, S.L., Leonard, C.M., Griffiths, R.E., Unema, J.A., Topping, D.J., and Schmidt, J.C., 2025, Channel and floodplain cross-section and bed-elevation analyses of the Green River in Echo, Island, and Rainbow Parks, Dinosaur National Monument, Colorado and Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2025–5078, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20255078.","linkHelpText":"- Channel and floodplain cross-section and bed-elevation analyses of the Green River in Echo, Island, and Rainbow Parks, Dinosaur National Monument, Colorado and Utah"},{"id":496242,"rank":8,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20231070","text":"Open-File Report 2023-1070","description":"Griffiths, R.E., Topping, D.J., Leonard, C., and Unema, J.A., 2024, Resurvey of cross sections on the Yampa and Little Snake Rivers in Lily and Deerlodge Parks, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2023–1070, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20231070.","linkHelpText":"- Resurvey of cross sections on the Yampa and Little Snake Rivers in Lily and Deerlodge Parks, Colorado"},{"id":496241,"rank":7,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JF004534","text":"Journal article","description":"Topping, D.J., Mueller, E.R., Schmidt, J.C., Griffiths, R.E., Dean, D.J., and Grams, P.E., 2018, Long-term evolution of sand transport through a river network—Relative influences of a dam versus natural changes in grain size from sand waves: Journal of Geophysical Research—Earth Surface, v. 123, no. 8, p. 1879–1909, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JF004534.","linkHelpText":"- Long-term evolution of sand transport through a river network—Relative influences of a dam versus natural changes in grain size from sand waves"},{"id":496090,"rank":6,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9ND61HI","text":"USGS data release","description":"Griffiths, R.E., Kohl, K.A., and Unema, J.A., 2023, Surveyed coordinates and elevations in a 2020 resurvey of previously established cross sections on the Green River between Jensen and Ouray, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9ND61HI.","linkHelpText":"Surveyed coordinates and elevations in a 2020 resurvey of previously established cross sections on the Green River between Jensen and Ouray, Utah"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, Utah","otherGeospatial":"Green River, Little Snake River, Yampa River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.75,\n 40.75\n ],\n [\n -109.75,\n 40\n ],\n [\n -108,\n 40\n ],\n [\n -108,\n 40.75\n ],\n [\n -109.75,\n 40.75\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Southwest Biological Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2255 N. Gemini Drive
Flagstaff, AZ 86001
The U.S. Geological Survey is working with Federal land management agencies to develop a series of planned structured science syntheses to support environmental effects analyses that agencies conduct under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). This report synthesizes science information relevant to environmental effects analyses concerned with potential increases in the distribution and abundance of invasive annual grasses (IAGs) from proposed vegetation treatments for habitat restoration. The focal environments for this synthesis are rangelands in the intermontane valleys of Montana and the northern Great Plains of Montana, North Dakota, and South Dakota. The synthesis is organized to align with the standard elements of NEPA analyses and provides information on relevant scientific studies, data availability, analysis methods, and mitigation measures. We found that the likelihood of increasing IAGs from vegetation treatments depends on treatment type and environmental context. In sagebrush ecosystems of the focal region, prescribed fire often reduces or does not increase IAGs. Treatments that cause soil disturbances, such as mechanical removals of sagebrush or firebreak constructions, are more likely to increase IAGs than other treatments. Herbicides applied to reduce sagebrush cover have not increased the proportion of IAGs in the plant community. Temperature and precipitation have been strong factors in determining IAG responses to vegetation treatments in sagebrush ecosystems of the focal region, where more precipitation in spring and summer likely provides a competitive edge to native, perennial grasses more than winter annual grasses like Bromus tectorum L. (cheatgrass). In grasslands, prescribed fire often reduces IAGs, but effects depend on the abundance of native species and are often short lived. Mowing can increase or decrease IAGs in grassland ecosystems. Grassland site conditions, such as southeast-facing slopes, sandier or rockier sites, or lower native species cover or richness affect the likelihood of invasion by annual grasses. Maintaining adequate cover of perennial vegetation creates rangelands that are resistant and resilient to annual grass invasions. Managers can minimize invasion potential by focusing on treatment type, placement, and seasonal timing. Herbicides also can provide effective mitigation, especially in combination with other controls such as prescribed fire or grazing. This report can be incorporated by reference in NEPA documentation, included in a project record, or provide a general reference for understanding and identifying literature about increases in IAGs associated with vegetation treatments in rangelands in this focal region.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20255058","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Land Management and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Johnston, A.N., Wood, D.J.A., Ebenhoch, K.G., Rutherford, T.K., Maxwell, L.M., and Carter, S.K., 2025, Potential risks of vegetation treatments to introduce and increase invasive annual grasses in rangelands of Montana, North Dakota, and South Dakota—A science synthesis to inform National Environmental Policy Act analyses: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2025–5058, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20255058.","productDescription":"ix, 36 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-157949","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":496260,"rank":9,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML 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\"}}]}","contact":"Director, Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2327 University Way, Suite 2
Bozeman, MT 59715
Between 1980 and 1986, the U.S. Geological Survey made a series of 1:2,000-scale topographic contour maps from aerial photographic surveys to monitor the eruption. These maps were made for operational purposes and were not intended for publication. Since then, advances in technology made it possible to digitize the original, highly detailed hardcopy maps and derive new digital data elevation models of the surface of the lava dome. These digital elevation models allow for the visualization of the progression of the eruption and reveal the rubbly, chaotic surface of the lava flows and dome. Additionally, these new data help fill gaps in the long-term record of topographic changes that have occurred at the volcano since the May 18, 1980, eruption.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/gip262","usgsCitation":"Bard, J.A., Friedle, C.M., Bartee, L., Dierker, B.C., Ganick, J.M., Gregory, N.M., Hill, K.R., Klug, J.G., Kruger, A., Mooney, D.T., Morrison, R.T., Rojas, I.I., Rollo, P., Stanton, S.A., Stewart, B., Stuhlmuller, B.E., Zyla, A.D., 2025, Rebuilding a volcano one lava flow at a time—Visualizing the lava dome-building eruption in the crater of Mount St. Helens, 1982–1986: U.S. Geological Survey General Information Product 262, https://doi.org/10.3133/gip262.","productDescription":"1 p.","onlineOnly":"N","ipdsId":"IP-180615","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":496232,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/262/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":496233,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/262/gip262.pdf","text":"Document","size":"33.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"GIP 262"},{"id":497787,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_118911.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.38015899040656,\n 46.32565684366381\n ],\n [\n -122.38015899040656,\n 46.080226964619754\n ],\n [\n -122.00665168620951,\n 46.080226964619754\n ],\n [\n -122.00665168620951,\n 46.32565684366381\n ],\n [\n -122.38015899040656,\n 46.32565684366381\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Center Director, Science Analytics and Synthesis Program
U.S. Geological Survey
P.O. Box 25046, Mail Stop 302
Denver, CO 80225
This report describes the techniques and methods for computing the mean-channel velocity and discharge using the entropy-based probability concept (probability concept). The method is an alternative to or augments standard streamgaging methods adopted by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Although sensor technology for measuring the mean velocity and discharge has advanced, standard streamgaging and computational methods have remained relatively unchanged since the USGS established its first streamgage at the Rio Grande at Embudo, New Mexico in 1889.
Standard streamgaging methods rely on integrating velocities and depths measured at multiple verticals at a channel cross section (standard cross section) to compute a discharge. The probability concept computes discharge at a single vertical (y-axis) using the ratio of the mean-channel velocity (mean velocity) and maximum velocity, the measured maximum velocity, and the area as a function of stage at the standard cross section. Proper siting and operation and maintenance are required. If siting is conducted appropriately, the probability concept parameters and the y-axis stationing will be similar for different streamflow conditions. The timing of operation and maintenance visits should be based on hydrologic and meteorologic occurrences and seasonality and should capture low, medium, high, and opportunistic streamflow conditions.
Advantages of the probability concept are the capacity to (1) compute discharge time series immediately after streamgage siting, (2) compute discharge for complex streamflow conditions that cannot be quantified by stage-discharge methods, (3) augment time-series data where gaps exist, and (4) integrate with surface velocity sensors such as Doppler velocity radars and cameras, which are not subject to damage caused by ice, debris, and flood flows. Potential sources of bias in discharge derived from the probability concept include (1) rain, (2) wind, and (3) geomorphologic and hydraulic instabilities. Recommendations to address these biases are provided.
This report guides users through the steps to parameterize the probability concept, process field data, and compute the mean velocity and discharge using the probability concept.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston VA","doi":"10.3133/tm3A26","usgsCitation":"Fulton, J.W., Engel, F.L., Eggleston, J.R., and Chiu, C.-L., 2025, Computing discharge using the entropy-based probability concept: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods book 3, chap. A26, 66 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tm3A26.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 66 p.; Appendix","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-138301","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37786,"text":"WMA - Observing Systems Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":496208,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/03/a26/tm3a26.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6.77 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"T and M 2-A26"},{"id":496210,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/03/a26/Appendix_3_Wind_Bias.csv","text":"Appendix 3","size":"8.0 KB","linkFileType":{"id":7,"text":"csv"},"description":"T and M 2-A26 Appendix 3","linkHelpText":"Correction for Wind Bias"},{"id":496207,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/03/a26/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Director, Colorado Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, Mail Stop 415
Denver, CO 80225
This report describes the steps and the theory to compute the speed and flow of water in streams using the probability concept.
","publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fulton, John W, 0000-0002-5335-0720","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5335-0720","contributorId":213630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fulton","given":"John","middleInitial":"W,","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":949518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Engel, Frank L. 0000-0002-4253-2625","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4253-2625","contributorId":218208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engel","given":"Frank","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":949519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eggleston, Jack R. 0000-0001-6633-3041","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6633-3041","contributorId":204628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eggleston","given":"Jack R.","affiliations":[{"id":37786,"text":"WMA - Observing Systems Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":949520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chiu, Chao-Lin","contributorId":361821,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chiu","given":"Chao-Lin","affiliations":[{"id":86362,"text":"Emeritus - University of Pittsburgh","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":949521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70272101,"text":"70272101 - 2025 - Developing empirical fragility functions for lava flow building damage","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-10T13:33:34.995824","indexId":"70272101","displayToPublicDate":"2025-09-29T09:58:07","publicationYear":"2025","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2036,"text":"International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Developing empirical fragility functions for lava flow building damage","docAbstract":"Fragility functions are vital tools in volcanic risk assessments to evaluate the probability of damage to structures at given hazard intensities. Traditionally, lava flow damage is assumed to be binary, whereby in contact with lava results in complete destruction and not in contact with lava remains undamaged. However, past studies present examples of structures exhibiting resistance to lava and not destruction. Developing empirical fragility functions requires damage data. We collected data from field campaigns and aerial imagery to assess damage across three case studies: 2021 Cumbre Vieja lava flows, La Palma, 2018 lower East Rift Zone lava flows, Kīlauea, Hawaiʻi, and 2014–2015 Fogo lava flows, Cabo Verde. This involved manually digitising 4545 structure footprints and assigning types and damage state categories to 10,439 structures. Of the impacted structures, 6 % were classified as damaged (not destroyed). Using this dataset, we developed the first empirical fragility functions from multiple eruptions for assessing lava flow damage, for masonry, metal, and timber building types. The functions reflect the probability of a structure sustaining any of six levels of damage severity given final lava flow thickness. Lava flows thicker than 6 m generally destroy structures, but some structures, particularly masonry buildings or those with a circular shape, can resist flows thinner than 6 m. The fragility functions reflect that lava flow impacts are not binary, and that structure types and shape are important. These empirical fragility functions can differentiate between structural attributes, thereby enhancing damage, risk, and impact assessments for lava flows, for places with similar building types.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105844","usgsCitation":"Meredith, E.S., Jenkins, S.F., Hayes, J.L., Chee, D.J., Lallemant, D., Deligne, N.I., Meletlidis, S., and Felpeto, A., 2025, Developing empirical fragility functions for lava flow building damage: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, no. 130, 105844, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105844.","productDescription":"105844, 19 p.","ipdsId":"IP-178627","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":496718,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105844","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":496503,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"130","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meredith, Elinor S. 0000-0002-3869-1180","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3869-1180","contributorId":270269,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Meredith","given":"Elinor","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":56128,"text":"Earth Observatory of Singapore, Singapore","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":950066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jenkins, Susanna F. 0000-0002-7523-1423","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7523-1423","contributorId":270268,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jenkins","given":"Susanna","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":56128,"text":"Earth Observatory of Singapore, Singapore","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":950067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hayes, Josh L. 0000-0001-7099-1063","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7099-1063","contributorId":270275,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hayes","given":"Josh","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":56128,"text":"Earth Observatory of Singapore, Singapore","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":950068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chee, Denny J.","contributorId":362125,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chee","given":"Denny","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":16631,"text":"Nanyang Technological University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":950069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lallemant, David","contributorId":334346,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lallemant","given":"David","affiliations":[{"id":16631,"text":"Nanyang Technological University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":950070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Deligne, Natalia I. 0000-0001-9221-8581","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9221-8581","contributorId":257389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deligne","given":"Natalia","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":950071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Meletlidis, Stravos 0000-0002-4629-0344","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4629-0344","contributorId":362128,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Meletlidis","given":"Stravos","affiliations":[{"id":86475,"text":"Centro Geofísico de Canarias, Instituto Geográfico Nacional, Spain","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":950072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Felpeto, Alicia 0000-0002-8152-7394","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8152-7394","contributorId":362129,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Felpeto","given":"Alicia","affiliations":[{"id":86477,"text":"Observatorio Geofísico Central, Instituto Geográfico Nacional, Spain","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":950073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70271933,"text":"sir20255083 - 2025 - Regional hydraulic geometry characteristics of stream channels in the Boston Mountains in Arkansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-03T16:07:29.146923","indexId":"sir20255083","displayToPublicDate":"2025-09-29T08:02:22","publicationYear":"2025","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2025-5083","displayTitle":"Regional Hydraulic Geometry Characteristics of Stream Channels in the Boston Mountains in Arkansas","title":"Regional hydraulic geometry characteristics of stream channels in the Boston Mountains in Arkansas","docAbstract":"Many stream-channel infrastructure, habitat enhancement, and restoration projects are undertaken on streams throughout Arkansas by Federal, State, and local agencies as well as by private organizations and businesses with limited data on local geomorphology and streamflow conditions. Equations that relate drainage area above stable stream reaches to the basin characteristics, bankfull streamflow, and the associated channel dimensions can be used to estimate stream conditions. These equations, along with streambed material particle information, provide information that can be used to improve stream-channel projects. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Little Rock District, completed a study to develop these equations for streams in the Boston Mountains in Arkansas.
Fourteen U.S. Geological Survey streamgages and stream reaches located in the Boston Mountains were selected for analysis. Geomorphic parameters of streams, including the mean bankfull channel dimensions (cross-sectional area, top width, mean depth, and streamflow), and the contributing drainage areas were investigated. Streambed materials were collected at eight of these sites to develop descriptive statistics of the streambed particle-size distributions and percentages of substrate type. Stream reaches at each study site were classified to Rosgen level II stream type based on the averages of stream-channel metrics collected from site cross sections and profiles. Of the 14 selected Boston Mountain stream reaches, 7 were classified as B-type streams, and 7 were classified as C-type streams. For these streams, the significant differences in measured parameters between stream types were that the B-type streams had greater depth, hydraulic radii, and bar D50 and D85 particle sizes, while C-type streams had greater watershed slopes. Streambed material particle size decreased with mean drainage basin elevation and decreased with increasing entrenchment ratios. Bar sediment size exhibited decreasing size with increasing sinuosity. Regional hydraulic geometry curves were constructed for the streams in the Boston Mountains by plotting measured bankfull geometry dimensions from stable reaches and the associated bankfull streamflow against the contributing drainage area.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20255083","issn":"2328-0328","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Little Rock District","usgsCitation":"Kroes, D.E., Ruhl-Whittle, L., Pieri, A.C., and Pugh, A.L., 2025, Regional hydraulic geometry characteristics of stream channels in the Boston Mountains in Arkansas: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2025–5083, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20255083.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 28 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"40","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-166842","costCenters":[{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":497784,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_118903.htm"},{"id":496007,"rank":6,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P1XARR7X","text":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"- Hydraulic geometry of stream channels in the Boston Mountains of Arkansas"},{"id":496006,"rank":5,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20255083/full","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"SIR 2025-5083 HTML"},{"id":496005,"rank":4,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5083/sir20255083.XML","linkFileType":{"id":8,"text":"xml"},"description":"SIR 2025-5083 XML"},{"id":496004,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5083/sir20255083.pdf","size":"2.39 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2025-5083"},{"id":496003,"rank":2,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5083/images"},{"id":496002,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5083/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas, Oklahoma","otherGeospatial":"Boston Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95,\n 36.25\n ],\n [\n -95,\n 35.5\n ],\n [\n -91.5,\n 35.5\n ],\n [\n -91.5,\n 36.25\n ],\n [\n -95,\n 36.25\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
640 Grassmere Park, Suite 100
Nashville, TN 37211
Contact Us- USGS Publications Warehouse
","tableOfContents":"