The Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District (MMSD) Corridor Study is a three-phase project designed to improve the understanding of water resources in the stream corridors of the MMSD planning area by initially compiling existing data and using the compiled information to develop 3-year baseline and long-term monitoring plans. This report is one of the products of Phase I of the Corridor Study.
\nA literature review of surface-water-quality, surface water- quantity, and ecology studies conducted from 1970 through 2001 was completed and is summarized in this report. An inventory of Geographic Information System spatial coverages available for the MMSD planning area has been assembled.
\nA database of water, sediment, and tissue (fish, shellfish, and others) chemistry, macroinvertebrates, fish, algae, habitat, geomorphic, and other physical and ecological data was compiled from data sets from MMSD, U.S. Geological Survey, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. More than 2.7 million results are available in the MMSD Corridor Study database and the compilation of multiple datasets allows for retrieving data from a central database rather than from each of the source datasets. Data for 1970 through 2002 were collected for the 420-square-mile planning area by various agencies using different field data-collection and laboratory analysis methods. Chemical constituents and ecological components that are important to an urban setting and well represented in the database were selected for further investigation. Each constituent or component is described in this report with some or all of the following: a text summary, map of sampling locations, and in some cases median concentrations, statistical distributions of concentrations by subwatershed, table of summary statistics by subwatershed, and graphs of temporal and (or) seasonal trends.
\nPhysical data presented in the report include streamflow, stream stage, and precipitation data. Chemical indicators of water quality presented in the report include field measurements and miscellaneous constituents (pH, alkalinity, specific conductance, hardness, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, and chloride), sediment (total suspended solids and suspended sediment), nutrients (total nitrogen, nitrate, Kjeldahl nitrogen, total phosphorus, and dissolved phosphorus), trace elements (cadmium, mercury, copper, lead, arsenic, chromium, nickel, and zinc), pesticides (historically used pesticides and pesticides still in use), and polychlorinated biphenyls. Ecological indicators of water quality discussed in the report include community surveys of macroinvertebrates and fish, chlorophyll a concentrations, habitat assessments and channel-measurement data, and fecal coliform and E. coli bacterial counts.
\nIn addition to the compilation of the database, a major purpose of this investigation was to identify additional sampling that should be conducted under the baseline monitoring phase, which will be the second phase of the Corridor Study. Additional sampling may include:
\n• Some subwatersheds, such as those in the headwaters.
\n• Emerging contaminants such as pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), human hormones, organic wastewater contaminants, and other constituents that result from human activity.
\n• E. coli, which can serve as an indicator of health risk to swimmers and other recreational water users.
\n• Pesticides in all media.
\n• PCBs.
\n• Trace elements in water, bed sediment, and tissues (fish, shellfish, and others).
\n• Samples during winter months or during early snowmelt episodes to address constituents such as chloride and some nutrients that have seasonal variability and that may be affected by factors such as road deicing during the winter.
\n• Samples for macroinvertebrate and fish-community data and habitat assessments.
\n• Physical data such as stream-channel cross-section profiles, bridge-scour assessments, flood-plain maps, structures, and shoreline conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri034240","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District","usgsCitation":"Schneider, M.A., Lutz, M., and and others, 2004, Water-resources-related information for the Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District planning area, Wisconsin, 1970-2002: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4240, xii, 288 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034240.","productDescription":"xii, 288 p.","numberOfPages":"304","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":87791,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4240/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":122114,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4240/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Milwaukee County, Ozaukee County, Washington County, Waukesha County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.6376953125,\n 42.79540065303723\n ],\n [\n -88.6376953125,\n 43.723474896114816\n ],\n [\n -87.60498046875,\n 43.723474896114816\n ],\n [\n -87.60498046875,\n 42.79540065303723\n ],\n [\n -88.6376953125,\n 42.79540065303723\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4dbe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schneider, Morgan A. moschnei@usgs.gov","contributorId":3867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schneider","given":"Morgan","email":"moschnei@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":248390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lutz, Michelle A.","contributorId":32862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lutz","given":"Michelle A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"and others","contributorId":127886,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"and others","id":532200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":53396,"text":"ofr20041075 - 2004 - Bedrock geology and mineral resources of the Knoxville 1° x 2° quadrangle, Tennessee, North Carolina, and South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-01T21:24:25.958608","indexId":"ofr20041075","displayToPublicDate":"2004-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1075","title":"Bedrock geology and mineral resources of the Knoxville 1° x 2° quadrangle, Tennessee, North Carolina, and South Carolina","docAbstract":"The Knoxville 1°x 2° quadrangle spans the Southern Blue Ridge physiographic province at its widest point from eastern Tennessee across western North Carolina to the northwest corner of South Carolina. The quadrangle also contains small parts of the Valley and Ridge province in Tennessee and the Piedmont province in North and South Carolina. Bedrock in the Valley and Ridge consists of unmetamorphosed, folded and thrust-faulted Paleozoic miogeoclinal sedimentary rocks ranging in age from Cambrian to Mississippian. The Blue Ridge is a complex of stacked thrust sheets divided into three parts: (1) a west flank underlain by rocks of the Late Proterozoic and Early Cambrian Chilhowee Group and slightly metamorphosed Late Proterozoic Ocoee Supergroup west of the Greenbrier fault; (2) a central part containing crystalline basement of Middle Proterozoic age (Grenville), Ocoee Supergroup rocks east of the Greenbrier fault, and rocks of the Murphy belt; and (3) an east flank containing the Helen, Tallulah Falls, and Richard Russell thrust sheets and the amphibolitic basement complex. All of the east flank thrust sheets contain polydeformed and metamorphosed sedimentary and igneous rocks of mostly Proterozoic age. The Blue Ridge is separated by the Brevard fault zone from a large area of rocks of the Inner Piedmont to the east, which contains the Six Mile thrust sheet and the ChaugaWalhalla thrust complex. All of these rocks are also polydeformed and metamorphosed sedimentary and igneous rocks. The Inner Piedmont rocks in this area occupy both the Piedmont and part of the Blue Ridge physiographic provinces.
\nThe intensity of deformation and metamorphism increases from west to east in the Blue Ridge. The west flank is mostly chlorite grade or relatively unmetamorphosed, and the central part of the Blue Ridge is mostly staurolite, garnet, or biotite grade, although sillimanite grade rocks occur along the eastern part of the central Blue Ridge in the vicinity of the leading edge of the Hayesvil Ie fault. The east flank of the Blue Ridge and much of the Inner Piedmont are at kyanite or silli manite grade of Manuscript approved for publication February 22, 1991. regional metamorphism except for a zone of retrograde rocks in the Brevard fault zone and a small area of biotite-grade rocks in the extreme southwest part of the Grandfather Mountain window in the northeast corner of the quadrangle.
\nThe major mineral resources in the Knoxville 1°x2° quadrangle are construction materials and a variety of industrial minerals mostly related to either granite and pegmatite or ultramafic rocks. Past production in the quadrangle of metals, which are of secondary importance relative to construction materials and industrial minerals, include copper in massive sulfides of the Besshi type, gold-bearing quartz veins, and residual iron and manganese deposits. Resources are discussed in relation to the Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, and Piedmont provinces. The following resources are the most important:
\nA. Construction materials:
\nB. Industrial minerals:
\nC. Metals:
\nD. Organic fuels:
\nA base-wide assessment of surface-water quality at the U.S. Army Atterbury Reserve Forces Training Area near Edinburgh, Indiana, examined short-term and long-term quality of surface water flowing into, across, and out of a 33,760-acre study area. The 30-day geometric-mean concentrations of fecal-indicator bacteria (Escherichia coli) in water samples from all 16 monitoring sites on streams in the study area were greater than the Indiana recreational water-quality standard. None of the bacteria concentrations in samples from four lakes exceeded the standard. Half the samples with bacteria concentrations greater than the single-sample standard contained chemical tracers potentially associated with human sewage. Increased turbidity of water samples was related statistically to increased bacteria concentration. Lead concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 micrograms per liter were detected in water samples at seven monitoring sites. Lead in one sample collected during high-streamflow conditions was greater than the calculated Indiana water-quality standard. With the exception of Escherichia coli and lead, 211 of 213 chemical constituents analyzed in water samples did not exceed Indiana water-quality standards. Out of 131 constituents analyzed in streambed-sediment and fish-tissue samples from three sites in the Common Impact Area for weapons training, the largest concentrations overall were detected for copper, lead, manganese, strontium, and zinc. Fish-community integrity, based on diversity and pollution tolerance, was rated poor at one of those three sites. Compared with State criteria, the fish-community data indicated 8 of 10 stream reaches in the study area could be categorized as \"fully supporting\" aquatic-life uses.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Indianapolis, IN","doi":"10.3133/wri034149","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Indiana Army National Guard","usgsCitation":"Risch, M.R., 2004, Chemical and biological quality of surface water at the U.S. Army Atterbury Reserve Forces Training Area near Edinburgh, Indiana, September 2000 through July 2001: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4149, 87 p., 18 figs., 26 tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034149.","productDescription":"87 p., 18 figs., 26 tables","startPage":"1","endPage":"87","numberOfPages":"95","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124533,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_2003_4149.jpg"},{"id":5142,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":247477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":50652,"text":"ofr02238 - 2004 - Mineral commodity profiles: Cadmium","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:25","indexId":"ofr02238","displayToPublicDate":"2004-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-238","title":"Mineral commodity profiles: Cadmium","docAbstract":"Overview -- Cadmium is a soft, low-melting-point metal that has many uses. It is similar in abundance to antimony and bismuth and is the 63d element in order of crustal abundance. Cadmium is associated in nature with zinc (and, less closely, with lead and copper) and is extracted mainly as a byproduct of the mining and processing of zinc. In 2000, it was refined in 27 countries, of which the 8 largest accounted for two-thirds of world production. The United States was the third largest refiner after Japan and China. World production in 2000 was 19,700 metric tons (t) and U.S. production was 1,890 t. In the United States, one company in Illinois and another in Tennessee refined primary cadmium. A Pennsylvania company recovered cadmium from scrap, mainly spent nickel-cadmium (NiCd) batteries. The supply of cadmium in the world and in the United States appears to be adequate to meet future industrial needs; the United States has about 23 percent of the world reserve base.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr02238","usgsCitation":"Butterman, W., and Plachy, J., 2004, Mineral commodity profiles: Cadmium (Version 1.0, online only): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-238, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02238.","productDescription":"25 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":4134,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/of02-238/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":169893,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Version 1.0, online only","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db635889","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Butterman, W. C.","contributorId":13679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butterman","given":"W. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":242010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plachy, Jozef","contributorId":38196,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plachy","given":"Jozef","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":242011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":53443,"text":"ofr20041024 - 2004 - Mineral, Energy, and Fertilizer Resources of the North Coast of Peru: Perspective from the Santa Rita B Archaeological Site","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:54","indexId":"ofr20041024","displayToPublicDate":"2004-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1024","title":"Mineral, Energy, and Fertilizer Resources of the North Coast of Peru: Perspective from the Santa Rita B Archaeological Site","docAbstract":"The Santa Rita B archaeological site is in the Chao Valley, approximately 65 km southeast of Trujillo, northern Peru. Location of Santa Rita B at the emergence of several drainages from the Andean cordillera is an important factor in the almost continuous occupation of the site over the past 3,000 years. \r\n\r\nMineral resources are abundant throughout the Andes; however, the north coast of Peru was an important center for pre-Columbian mining, metallurgy, and craftsmanship. Success of the Chavin, Moche, Chimu, and other north coast cultures is directly related to the availability and exploitation of mineral and energy resources that include: gold (?silver), as electrum, mainly from placers, and copper from local oxide and carbonate occurrences and from sulfides related to copper porphyry occurrences in the cordillera. An alloy of these three metals is referred to as tumbaga, which is the primary material for Andean metalcraft. \r\n\r\nAnthracite was used for mirrors by north coast cultures and is available near Rio Chicama, Rio Santa, and east of Santa Rita B. These outcrops are a part of the Alto Chicama, Peru's largest coalfield, which extends from Rio Chicama, in the north, for 200 km southward to Rio Santa. Charcoal from the algorrobo tree and llama dung are considered to be the common pre-Columbian energy sources for cooking and metalwork; however, availability and the higher heat content of anthracite indicate that it was used in metallurgical applications. Bitumen is available from petroleum seeps near Talara, north of the study area, and may have been used as glue or as cement. \r\n\r\nHematite, goethite, limonite, and manganese oxides from clay-altered volcanic rock may have provided color and material for ceramics. Guano from the Islas Gua?apes, Chinchas, and Ballestas was used as fertilizer for cotton and other crops.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041024","usgsCitation":"Brooks, W.E., Kent, J., and Willett, J.C., 2004, Mineral, Energy, and Fertilizer Resources of the North Coast of Peru: Perspective from the Santa Rita B Archaeological Site: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1024, online only; 15 figs., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041024.","productDescription":"online only; 15 figs.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175145,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5265,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1024/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699f4e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brooks, William E.","contributorId":104061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kent, Jonathan D.","contributorId":107362,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kent","given":"Jonathan D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Willett, Jason C. 0000-0002-7598-3174 jwillett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7598-3174","contributorId":3516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willett","given":"Jason","email":"jwillett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":247605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70035346,"text":"70035346 - 2004 - Hydrology, metals, and aquatic physical habitat in the Upper Animas watershed, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:54","indexId":"70035346","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Hydrology, metals, and aquatic physical habitat in the Upper Animas watershed, Colorado","docAbstract":"The Upper Animas River watershed in southwestern Colorado is a watershed with historic mining districts with many small mines and mills and a few larger mines and mills. The numbers of trout may be limited by high flows during the spring runoff period and by winter streamflows. In some locations there are large particles on the stream surface that may provide cover to trout. but the presence of fines in the substrate in some areas and the presence of large particles on the surface probably limits use of the subsurface by fish. During some parts of the year metals in the interstecial waters are toxic to many aquatic animas when the stream waters are much less toxic. The concentration of copper and zinc appear to be constant during streamflows that cause the bed material would be moved by the high discharges. Copyright 2004 ASCE.","largerWorkTitle":"Watershed Management and Operations Management 2000","conferenceTitle":"Watershed Management and Operations Management 2000","conferenceDate":"20 June 2000 through 24 June 2000","conferenceLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","language":"English","doi":"10.1061/40499(2000)5","isbn":"0784404992; 9780784404997","usgsCitation":"Milhous, R., 2004, Hydrology, metals, and aquatic physical habitat in the Upper Animas watershed, Colorado, in Watershed Management and Operations Management 2000, v. 105, Fort Collins, CO, 20 June 2000 through 24 June 2000, https://doi.org/10.1061/40499(2000)5.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":215403,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40499(2000)5"},{"id":243205,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"105","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-04-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a377ce4b0c8380cd60f02","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Milhous, R.T.","contributorId":106845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milhous","given":"R.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":450284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70027120,"text":"70027120 - 2004 - Influence of natural organic matter source on copper speciation as demonstrated by Cu binding to fish gills, by ion selective electrode, and by DGT gel sampler","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-29T16:41:09","indexId":"70027120","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of natural organic matter source on copper speciation as demonstrated by Cu binding to fish gills, by ion selective electrode, and by DGT gel sampler","docAbstract":"Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, 2 g) were exposed to 0−5 μM total copper in ion-poor water for 3 h in the presence or absence of 10 mg C/L of qualitatively different natural organic matter (NOM) derived from water spanning a large gradient in hydrologic residence time. Accumulation of Cu by trout gills was compared to Cu speciation determined by ion selective electrode (ISE) and by diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) gel sampler technology. The presence of NOM decreased Cu uptake by trout gills as well as Cu concentrations determined by ISE and DGT. Furthermore, the source of NOM influenced Cu binding by trout gills with high-color, allochthonous NOM decreasing Cu accumulation by the gills more than low-color autochthonous NOM. The pattern of Cu binding to the NOM measured by Cu ISE and by Cu accumulation by DGT samplers was similar to the fish gill results. A simple Cu−gill binding model required an NOM Cu-binding factor (F) that depended on NOM quality to account for observed Cu accumulation by trout gills; values of F varied by a factor of 2. Thus, NOM metal-binding quality, as well as NOM quantity, are both important when assessing the bioavailability of metals such as Cu to aquatic organisms.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/es030566y","usgsCitation":"Luider, C., Crusius, J., Playle, R., and Curtis, P., 2004, Influence of natural organic matter source on copper speciation as demonstrated by Cu binding to fish gills, by ion selective electrode, and by DGT gel sampler: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 38, no. 10, p. 2865-2872, https://doi.org/10.1021/es030566y.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"2865","endPage":"2872","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235556,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-04-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3b5ce4b0c8380cd6246d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Luider, C.D.","contributorId":108298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luider","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crusius, John 0000-0003-2554-0831 jcrusius@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2554-0831","contributorId":2155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crusius","given":"John","email":"jcrusius@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":412418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Playle, R.C.","contributorId":98092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Playle","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Curtis, P.J.","contributorId":23737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curtis","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70026766,"text":"70026766 - 2004 - Geochemical characterization of shallow ground water in the Eutaw aquifer, Montgomery, Alabama","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-27T15:54:19.414634","indexId":"70026766","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical characterization of shallow ground water in the Eutaw aquifer, Montgomery, Alabama","docAbstract":"Ground water samples were collected from 30 wells located in, or directly down gradient from, recharge areas of the Eutaw aquifer in Montgomery, Alabama. The major ion content of the water evolves from calcium-sodium-chloride- dominated type in the recharge area to calcium-bicarbonate-dominated type in the confined portion of the aquifer. Ground water in the recharge area was undersaturated with respect to aluminosilicate and carbonate minerals. Ground water in the confined portion of the aquifer was at equilibrium levels for calcite and potassium feldspar. Dissolved oxygen and nitrite-plus-nitrate concentrations decreased as ground water age increased; pH, iron, and sulfate concentrations increased as ground water age increased. Aluminum, copper, and zinc concentrations decreased as ground water age and pH increased. These relations indicate that nitrate, aluminum, copper, and zinc are removed from solution as water moves from recharge areas to the confined areas of the Eutaw aquifer. The natural evolution of ground water quality, which typically increases the pH and decreases the dissolved oxygen content, may be an important limiting factor to the migration of nitrogen based compounds and metals.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2004.tb01050.x","usgsCitation":"Robinson, J., and Journey, C., 2004, Geochemical characterization of shallow ground water in the Eutaw aquifer, Montgomery, Alabama: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 40, no. 4, p. 851-861, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2004.tb01050.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"851","endPage":"861","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478077,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2004.tb01050.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":234106,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama","city":"Montgomery","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.407470703125,\n 32.282488692700504\n ],\n [\n -86.17675781249999,\n 32.282488692700504\n ],\n [\n -86.17675781249999,\n 32.45415593941475\n ],\n [\n -86.407470703125,\n 32.45415593941475\n ],\n [\n -86.407470703125,\n 32.282488692700504\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"40","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a15f0e4b0c8380cd54fc0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinson, J.L.","contributorId":13283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Journey, C.A. 0000-0002-2284-5851","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2284-5851","contributorId":106158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Journey","given":"C.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70027018,"text":"70027018 - 2004 - Mineralogical and geochemical controls on the release of trace elements from slag produced by base- and precious-metal smelting at abandoned mine sites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-29T09:58:46","indexId":"70027018","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Mineralogical and geochemical controls on the release of trace elements from slag produced by base- and precious-metal smelting at abandoned mine sites","docAbstract":"Slag collected from smelter sites associated with historic base-metal mines contains elevated concentrations of trace elements such as Cu, Zn and Pb. Weathering of slag piles, many of which were deposited along stream banks, potentially may release these trace elements into the environment. Slags were sampled from the Ely and Elizabeth mines in the Vermont copper belt, from the copper Basin mining district at Ducktown, Tennessee and from the Clayton silver mine in the Bayhorse mining district, Idaho, in the USA. Primary phases in the slags include: olivine-group minerals, glass, spinels, sulfide minerals and native metals for Vermont samples; glass, sulfide minerals and native metals for the Ducktown sample; and olivine-group minerals, clinopyroxenes, spinels, sulfide minerals, native metals and other unidentified metallic compounds for Clayton slag. Olivine-group minerals and pyroxenes are dominantly fayalitic and hedenbergitic in composition, respectively and contain up to 1.25 wt.% ZnO. Spinel minerals range between magnetite and hercynite in composition and contain Zn (up to 2.07 wt.% ZnO), Ti (up to 4.25 wt.% TiO2) and Cr (up to 1.39 wt.% Cr2O3). Cobalt, Ni, Cu, As, Ag, Sb and Pb occur in the glass phase, sulfides, metallic phases and unidentified metallic compounds. Bulk slag trace-element chemistry shows that the metals of the Vermont and Tennessee slags are dominated by Cu (1900-13,500 mg/kg) and Zn (2310-10,200 mg/kg), whereas the Clayton slag is dominated by Pb (63,000 mg/kg), Zn (19,700 mg/kg), Cu (7550 mg/kg), As (555 mg/kg), Sn (363 mg/kg) and Ag (200 mg/kg). Laboratory-based leach tests indicate metals can be released under simulated natural conditions. Leachates from most slags were found to contain elevated concentrations of Cu and Zn (up to 1800 and 470 ??g/l, respectively), well in excess of the acute toxicity guidelines for aquatic life. For the Idaho slag, the concentration of Pb in the leachate (11,000 ??g/l) is also in excess of the acute toxicity guideline. Geochemical modeling of the leachate chemistry suggests that leachates from the Vermont, Tennessee and Clayton slags are saturated with amorphous silica and Al hydroxide. Therefore, the dissolution of silicate and oxide phases, the oxidation of sulfide phases, as well as the precipitation of secondary phases may control the composition of leachate from slags. The presence of secondary minerals on slag deposits in the field is evidence that these materials are reactive. The petrographic data and results of leaching tests from this study indicate slag may be a source of potentially toxic metals at abandoned mine sites.","largerWorkTitle":"Applied Geochemistry","language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2004.01.005","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Piatak, N., Seal, R., and Hammarstrom, J.M., 2004, Mineralogical and geochemical controls on the release of trace elements from slag produced by base- and precious-metal smelting at abandoned mine sites, in Applied Geochemistry, v. 19, no. 7, p. 1039-1064, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2004.01.005.","startPage":"1039","endPage":"1064","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235549,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209266,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2004.01.005"}],"volume":"19","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5a93e4b0c8380cd6ef97","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Piatak, N.M. 0000-0002-1973-8537","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1973-8537","contributorId":46636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatak","given":"N.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Seal, R.R. II","contributorId":102097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seal","given":"R.R.","suffix":"II","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hammarstrom, J. M.","contributorId":34513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammarstrom","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70026820,"text":"70026820 - 2004 - Urbanization influences on aquatic communities in northeastern Illinois streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-24T17:36:30.487453","indexId":"70026820","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Urbanization influences on aquatic communities in northeastern Illinois streams","docAbstract":"Biotic indices and sediment trace element concentrations for 43 streams in northeastern Illinois (Chicago area) from the 1980s and 1990s were examined along an agricultural to urban land cover gradient to explore the relations among biotic integrity, sediment chemistry, and urbanization. The Illinois fish Alternative Index of Biotic Integrity (AIBI) ranged from poor to excellent in agricultural/rural streams, but streams with more than 10 percent watershed urban land (about 500 people/mi2) had fair or poor index scores. A macroinvertebrate index (MBI) showed similar trends. A qualitative habitat index (PIBI) did not correlate to either urban indicator. The AIBI and MBI correlated with urban associated sediment trace element concentrations. Elevated copper concentrations in sediment occurred in streams with greater than 40 percent watershed urban land. The number of intolerant fish species and modified index of biotic integrity scores increased in some rural, urbanizing, and urban streams from the 1980s to 1990s, with the largest increases occurring in rural streams with loamy/sandy surficial deposits. However, smaller increases also occurred in urban streams with clayey surficial deposits and over 50 percent watershed urban land. These data illustrate the potentially complex spatial and temporal relations among biotic integrity, sediment chemistry, watershed urban land, population density, and regional and local geologic setting.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2004.tb01043.x","usgsCitation":"Fitzpatrick, F., Harris, M., Arnold, T., and Richards, K., 2004, Urbanization influences on aquatic communities in northeastern Illinois streams: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 40, no. 2, p. 461-475, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2004.tb01043.x.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"461","endPage":"475","costCenters":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235245,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.65966796875,\n 40.93011520598305\n ],\n [\n -87.451171875,\n 40.93011520598305\n ],\n [\n -87.451171875,\n 42.52069952914966\n ],\n [\n -88.65966796875,\n 42.52069952914966\n ],\n [\n -88.65966796875,\n 40.93011520598305\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"40","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbe47e4b08c986b3294d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fitzpatrick, F. A. 0000-0002-9748-7075","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9748-7075","contributorId":61446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzpatrick","given":"F. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harris, M.A.","contributorId":101278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Arnold, T.L.","contributorId":11810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arnold","given":"T.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Richards, K.D.","contributorId":28635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richards","given":"K.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70027016,"text":"70027016 - 2004 - The late cretaceous Donlin Creek gold deposit, Southwestern Alaska: Controls on epizonal ore formation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-19T10:34:51","indexId":"70027016","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The late cretaceous Donlin Creek gold deposit, Southwestern Alaska: Controls on epizonal ore formation","docAbstract":"The Donlin Creek gold deposit, southwestern Alaska, has an indicated and inferred resource of approximately 25 million ounces (Moz) Au at a cutoff grade of 1.5 g/t. The ca. 70 Ma deposit is hosted in the Late Cretaceous Kuskokwim flysch basin, which developed in the back part of the arc region of an active continental margin, on previously accreted oceanic terranes and continental fragments. A hypabyssal, mainly rhyolitic to rhyodacitic, and commonly porphyritic, 8- × 3-km dike complex, part of a regional ca. 77 to 58 Ma magmatic arc, formed a structurally competent host for the mineralization. This deposit is subdivided into about one dozen distinct prospects, most of which consist of dense quartz ± carbonate veinlet networks that fill north-northeast–striking extensional fractures in the northeast-trending igneous rocks. The sulfide mineral assemblage is dominated by arsenopyrite, pyrite, and, typically younger, stibnite; gold is refractory within the arsenopyrite. Sericitization, carbonatization, and sulfidation were the main alteration processes.
Fluid inclusion studies of the quartz that hosts the resource indicate dominantly aqueous ore fluids with also about 3 to 7 mol percent CO2 ± CH4 and a few tenths to a few mole percent NaCl + KCl. The gold-bearing fluids were mainly homogeneously trapped at approximately 275° to 300°C and at depths of 1 to 2 km. Some of the younger stibnite may have been deposited by late-stage aqueous fluids at lower temperature. Measured δ18O values for the gold-bearing quartz range between 11 and 25 per mil; the estimated δ18O fluid values range from 7 to12 per mil, suggesting a mainly crustally derived fluid. A broad range of measured δD values for hydrothermal micas, between –150 and –80 per mil, is suggestive of a contribution from devolatilization of organic matter and/or minor amounts of mixing with meteoric fluids. Gold-associated hydrothermal sulfide minerals are characterized by δ34S values mainly between –16 and –10 per mil, with the sulfur derived from diagenetic pyrite and organic matter within the flysch basin. A smaller group of δ34S measurements, which shows values as depleted as –27 per mil, suggests a different local sulfur reservoir in the basin for the later hydrothermal episode dominated by stibnite. Initial ϵNd of –8.7 to –3.1 and 87Sr/86Sr measurements of 0.706 to 0.709 for the ore-hosting dikes also indicate a crustal reservoir for some of the Late Cretaceous magmatism. Overlapping lead isotope data for these intrusive rocks and for sulfide minerals suggest a crustal contribution for the lead in both.
Copper- and gold-bearing stockwork veinlets in hornfels occur at Dome, a prospect located at the northern end of the Donlin Creek deposit. These stockworks are cut by the younger auriferous gold veins that define the main Donlin Creek gold mineralization. Highly saline, gas-rich, heterogeneously trapped fluids deposited the stockworks at temperatures approximately 100°C hotter than those of the main gold-forming event at Donlin Creek. The genetic relationship of the Dome prospect to the main Donlin Creek gold resource is equivocal.
The epizonal Donlin Creek deposit shows affinities to the gold systems interpreted by various workers as orogenic or intrusion related; it shows important differences from typical epithermal and Carlin-like deposits. The ore-forming fluids were derived by either broad-scale metamorphic devolatilization above rising mantle melts or exsolution from a magma that was dominated by a significant flysch melt component.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/99.4.643","usgsCitation":"Goldfarb, R.J., Ayuso, R.A., Miller, M.L., Ebert, S.W., Marsh, E.E., Petsel, S.A., Miller, L.D., Bradley, D., Johnson, C., and McClelland, W.C., 2004, The late cretaceous Donlin Creek gold deposit, Southwestern Alaska: Controls on epizonal ore formation: Economic Geology, v. 99, no. 4, p. 643-671, https://doi.org/10.2113/99.4.643.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"643","endPage":"671","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235512,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"99","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bad87e4b08c986b323c8d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goldfarb, Richard J. goldfarb@usgs.gov","contributorId":1205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldfarb","given":"Richard","email":"goldfarb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":412027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ayuso, Robert A. 0000-0002-8496-9534 rayuso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8496-9534","contributorId":2654,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ayuso","given":"Robert","email":"rayuso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":412032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, Marti L. 0000-0003-0285-4942 mlmiller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0285-4942","contributorId":561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Marti","email":"mlmiller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":412030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ebert, Shane W.","contributorId":57609,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ebert","given":"Shane","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Marsh, Erin E. 0000-0001-5245-9532 emarsh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5245-9532","contributorId":1250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marsh","given":"Erin","email":"emarsh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":412024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Petsel, Scott A.","contributorId":96975,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Petsel","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Miller, Lance D.","contributorId":30287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Lance","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Bradley, Dwight 0000-0001-9116-5289 bradleyorchard2@gmail.com","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9116-5289","contributorId":2358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"Dwight","email":"bradleyorchard2@gmail.com","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":412025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Johnson, Chad","contributorId":88678,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"Chad","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"McClelland, William C.","contributorId":194066,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McClelland","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70027062,"text":"70027062 - 2004 - A hydrogeologic model of stratiform copper mineralization in the Midcontinent Rift System, Northern Michigan, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-23T17:07:07.051902","indexId":"70027062","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1765,"text":"Geofluids","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A hydrogeologic model of stratiform copper mineralization in the Midcontinent Rift System, Northern Michigan, USA","docAbstract":"This paper presents a suite of two-dimensional mathematical models of basin-scale groundwater flow and heat transfer for the middle Proterozoic Midcontinent Rift System. The models were used to assess the hydrodynamic driving mechanisms responsible for main-stage stratiform copper mineralization of the basal Nonesuch Formation during the post-volcanic/pre-compressional phase of basin evolution. Results suggest that compaction of the basal aquifer (Copper Harbor Formation), in response to mechanical loading during deposition of the overlying Freda Sandstone, generated a pulse of marginward-directed, compaction-driven discharge of cupriferous brines from within the basal aquifer. The timing of this pulse is consistent with the radiometric dates for the timing of mineralization. Thinning of the basal aquifer near White Pine, Michigan, enhanced stratiform copper mineralization. Focused upward leakage of copper-laden brines into the lowermost facies of the pyrite-rich Nonesuch Formation resulted in copper sulfide mineralization in response to a change in oxidation state. Economic-grade mineralization within the White Pine ore district is a consequence of intense focusing of compaction-driven discharge, and corresponding amplification of leakage into the basal Nonesuch Formation, where the basal aquifer thins dramatically atop the Porcupine Mountains volcanic structure. Equilibrium geochemical modeling and mass-balance calculations support this conclusion. We also assessed whether topography and density-driven flow systems could have caused ore genesis at White Pine. Topography-driven flow associated with the Ottawan orogeny was discounted because it post-dates main-stage ore genesis and because recent seismic interpretations of basin inversion indicates that basin geometry would not be conductive to ore genesis. Density-driven flow systems did not produce focused discharge in the vicinity of the White Pine ore district.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1468-8123.2004.00062.x","usgsCitation":"Swenson, J., Person, M., Raffensperger, J.P., Cannon, W., Woodruff, L.G., and Berndt, M., 2004, A hydrogeologic model of stratiform copper mineralization in the Midcontinent Rift System, Northern Michigan, USA: Geofluids, v. 4, no. 1, p. 1-22, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-8123.2004.00062.x.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"22","costCenters":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":49175,"text":"Geology, Energy & Minerals Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235125,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Northern Michigan","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.6162109375,\n 44.5278427984555\n ],\n [\n -86.7041015625,\n 43.866218006556394\n ],\n [\n -86.66015624999999,\n 43.229195113965005\n ],\n [\n -82.44140625,\n 43.29320031385282\n ],\n [\n -82.6171875,\n 44.43377984606822\n ],\n [\n -83.0126953125,\n 44.933696389694674\n ],\n [\n -83.27636718749999,\n 45.460130637921004\n ],\n [\n -84.111328125,\n 45.82879925192134\n ],\n [\n -84.990234375,\n 45.79816953017265\n ],\n [\n -85.7373046875,\n 45.521743896993634\n ],\n [\n -86.6162109375,\n 44.5278427984555\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-01-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e429e4b0c8380cd4645b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swenson, J.B.","contributorId":46842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swenson","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Person, M.","contributorId":20876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Person","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Raffensperger, Jeff P. 0000-0001-9275-6646 jpraffen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9275-6646","contributorId":199119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raffensperger","given":"Jeff","email":"jpraffen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":412186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cannon, W.F. 0000-0002-2699-8118","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2699-8118","contributorId":70382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannon","given":"W.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Woodruff, L. G.","contributorId":46999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodruff","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Berndt, M.E.","contributorId":78487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berndt","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70027519,"text":"70027519 - 2004 - Geochemical models of metasomatism in ultramafic systems: Serpentinization, rodingitization, and sea floor carbonate chimney precipitation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:47","indexId":"70027519","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical models of metasomatism in ultramafic systems: Serpentinization, rodingitization, and sea floor carbonate chimney precipitation","docAbstract":"In a series of water-rock reaction simulations, we assess the processes of serpentinization of harzburgite and related calcium metasomatism resulting in rodingite-type alteration, and seafloor carbonate chimney precipitation. At temperatures from 25 to 300??C (P = 10 to 100 bar), using either fresh water or seawater, serpentinization simulations produce an assemblage commonly observed in natural systems, dominated by serpentine, magnetite, and brucite. The reacted waters in the simulations show similar trends in composition with decreasing water-rock ratios, becoming hyper-alkaline and strongly reducing, with increased dissolved calcium. At 25??C and w/r less than ???32, conditions are sufficiently reducing to yield H2 gas, nickel-iron alloy and native copper. Hyperalkalinity results from OH- production by olivine and pyroxene dissolution in the absence of counterbalancing OH- consumption by alteration mineral precipitation except at very high pH; at moderate pH there are no stable calcium minerals and only a small amount of chlorite forms, limited by aluminum, thus allowing Mg2+ and Ca2+ to accumulate in the aqueous phase in exchange for H+. The reducing conditions result from oxidation of ferrous iron in olivine and pyroxene to ferric iron in magnetite. Trace metals are computed to be nearly insoluble below 300??C, except for mercury, for which high pH stabilizes aqueous and gaseous Hg??. In serpentinization by seawater at 300??C, Ag, Au, Pd, and Pt may approach ore-forming concentrations in sulfide complexes. Simulated mixing of the fluid derived from serpentinization with cold seawater produces a mineral assemblage dominated by calcite, similar to recently discovered submarine, ultramafic rock-hosted, carbonate mineral deposits precipitating at hydrothermal vents. Simulated reaction of gabbroic or basaltic rocks with the hyperalkaline calcium- and aluminum-rich fluid produced during serpentinization at 300??C yields rodingite-type mineral assemblages, including grossular, clinozoisite, vesuvianite, prehnite, chlorite, and diopside. ?? 2004 Elsevier Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.gca.2003.08.006","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Palandri, J., and Reed, M., 2004, Geochemical models of metasomatism in ultramafic systems: Serpentinization, rodingitization, and sea floor carbonate chimney precipitation: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 68, no. 5, p. 1115-1133, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2003.08.006.","startPage":"1115","endPage":"1133","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":238300,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211112,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2003.08.006"}],"volume":"68","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1689e4b0c8380cd551a9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Palandri, J.L.","contributorId":50719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palandri","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reed, M.H.","contributorId":91606,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"M.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70026509,"text":"70026509 - 2004 - Stable metal isotopes reveal copper accumulation and loss dynamics in the freshwater bivalve Corbucula","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-14T10:13:15","indexId":"70026509","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stable metal isotopes reveal copper accumulation and loss dynamics in the freshwater bivalve Corbucula","docAbstract":"Characterization of uptake and loss dynamics is critical to understanding risks associated with contaminant exposure in aquatic animals. Dynamics are especially important in addressing questions such as why coexisting species in nature accumulate different levels of a contaminant. Here we manipulated copper (Cu) stable isotopic ratios (as an alternative to radioisotopes) to describe for the first time Cu dynamics in a freshwater invertebrate, the bivalve Corbicula fluminea. In the laboratory, Corbicula uptake and loss rate constants were determined from an environmentally realistic waterborne exposure to 65Cu (5.7 μg L-1). That is, we spiked deionized water with Cu that was 99.4% 65Cu. Net tracer uptake was detectable after 1 day and strongly evident after 4 days. Thus, short-term exposures necessary to determine uptake dynamics are feasible with stable isotopes of Cu. In Corbicula, 65Cu depuration was biphasic. An unusually low rate constant of loss (0.0038 d-1) characterized the slow component of efflux, explaining why Corbicula strongly accumulates copper in nature. We incorporated our estimates of rate constants for dissolved 65Cu uptake and physiological efflux into a bioaccumulation model and showed that dietary exposure to Cu is likely an important bioaccumulation pathway for Corbicula.
Western Sandpipers Calidris mauri are differential migrants on their non-breeding areas, with females wintering farther south. Earlier passage of males in the spring has been explained by sexual differences in winter latitude (male-biased sex ratios at more northerly areas) and onset of migration (males departing earlier). We investigated sex differences during spring migration by capturing and radio-marking Western Sandpipers at two Pacific coast sites, San Francisco Bay, California and Grays Harbor, Washington and at a Great Basin interior wetland, Honey Lake, California. We monitored northward migration of 132 radio-marked birds at a network of 12 major stopover sites and 4 breeding areas. At the banding sites, we observed differences in sex by date and site, with males preceding females. We found sex differences in departure time of radio-marked birds from the banding site. their arrival time at the Copper River Delta, Alaska (our most frequently used stopover site), and in the likelihood that a stopover was used. Our data suggest that by mid to late April, migration timing becomes more compressed and sex differences are less pronounced and harder to detect.
","language":"English","publisher":"Netherlands Ornithologists' Union","usgsCitation":"Bishop, M.A., Warnock, N., and Takekawa, J.Y., 2004, Differential spring migration by male and female Western Sandpipers at interior and coastal stopover sites: Ardea, v. 92, no. 2, p. 185-196.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"185","endPage":"196","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130683,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":329000,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ardea.nou.nu/"}],"volume":"92","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d6d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bishop, Mary Anne","contributorId":10698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bishop","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"Anne","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Warnock, Nils","contributorId":64534,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Warnock","given":"Nils","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Takekawa, John Y. 0000-0003-0217-5907 john_takekawa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0217-5907","contributorId":176168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takekawa","given":"John","email":"john_takekawa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":316725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70026400,"text":"70026400 - 2004 - Measuring mercury and other elemental components in tree rings","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:21","indexId":"70026400","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Measuring mercury and other elemental components in tree rings","docAbstract":"There has been considerable interest in measuring heavy metal pollution, such as mercury, using tree ring analysis. Since 1970, this method has provided a historical snapshot of pollutant concentrations near hazardous waste sites. Traditional methods of analysis have long been used with heavy metal pollutants such as mercury. These methods, such as atomic fluorescence and laser ablation, are sometimes time consuming and expensive to implement. In recent years, ion beam techniques, such as Particle Induced X-Ray Emission (PIXE), have been used to measure large numbers of elements. Most of the existing research in this area has been completed for low to medium atomic number pollutants, such as titanium, cobalt, nickel, and copper. Due to the reduction of sensitivity, it is often difficult or impossible to use traditional low energy (few MeV) PIXE analysis for pollutants with large atomic numbers. For example, the PIXE detection limit for mercury was recently measured to be about 1 ppm for a spiked Southern Magnolia wood sample [ref. 1]. This presentation will compare PIXE and standard chemical concentration results for a variety of wood samples. Copyright 2004 by ISA.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the International Instrumentation Symposium","conferenceTitle":"50th International Instrumentation Symposium","conferenceDate":"10 May 2004 through 13 May 2004","conferenceLocation":"San Antonio, TX","language":"English","issn":"15588041","usgsCitation":"Gillan, C., Hollerman, W., Doyle, T., and Lewis, T., 2004, Measuring mercury and other elemental components in tree rings, in Proceedings of the International Instrumentation Symposium, San Antonio, TX, 10 May 2004 through 13 May 2004, p. 201-208.","startPage":"201","endPage":"208","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234229,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a534de4b0c8380cd6c9a9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gillan, C.","contributorId":101055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gillan","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hollerman, W.A.","contributorId":93253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hollerman","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Doyle, T.W. 0000-0001-5754-0671","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5754-0671","contributorId":16783,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doyle","given":"T.W.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":409348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lewis, T.E.","contributorId":55926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis","given":"T.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70026341,"text":"70026341 - 2004 - Measuring mercury and other elemental components in tree rings","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:24","indexId":"70026341","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Measuring mercury and other elemental components in tree rings","docAbstract":"There has been considerable interest in measuring heavy metal pollution, such as mercury, using tree ring analysis. Since 1970, this method has provided a historical snapshot of pollutant concentrations near hazardous waste sites. Traditional methods of analysis have long been used with heavy metal pollutants such as mercury. These methods, such as atomic fluorescence and laser ablation, are sometimes time consuming and expensive to implement. In recent years, ion beam techniques, such as Particle Induced X-Ray Emission (PIXE), have been used to measure large numbers of elements. Most of the existing research in this area has been completed for low to medium atomic number pollutants, such as titanium, cobalt, nickel, and copper. Due to the reduction of sensitivity, it is often difficult or impossible to use traditional low energy (few MeV) PIXE analysis for pollutants with large atomic numbers. For example, the PIXE detection limit for mercury was recently measured to be about 1 ppm for a spiked Southern Magnolia wood sample [ref. 1]. This presentation will compare PIXE and standard chemical concentration results for a variety of wood samples.","largerWorkTitle":"Technical Papers of ISA","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 50th International Instrumentation Symposium","conferenceDate":"10 May 2004 through 13 May 2004","conferenceLocation":"San Antonio, TX","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Gillan, C., Hollerman, W., Doyle, T., and Lewis, T., 2004, Measuring mercury and other elemental components in tree rings, in Technical Papers of ISA, v. 451, San Antonio, TX, 10 May 2004 through 13 May 2004, p. 201-208.","startPage":"201","endPage":"208","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234436,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"451","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a534ce4b0c8380cd6c9a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gillan, C.","contributorId":101055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gillan","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hollerman, W.A.","contributorId":93253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hollerman","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Doyle, T.W. 0000-0001-5754-0671","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5754-0671","contributorId":16783,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doyle","given":"T.W.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":409081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lewis, T.E.","contributorId":55926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis","given":"T.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70026704,"text":"70026704 - 2004 - Formation of a paleothermal anomaly and disseminated gold deposits associated with the Bingham Canyon porphyry Cu-Au-Mo system, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:24","indexId":"70026704","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Formation of a paleothermal anomaly and disseminated gold deposits associated with the Bingham Canyon porphyry Cu-Au-Mo system, Utah","docAbstract":"The thermal history of the Oquirrh Mountains, Utah, indicates that hydrothermal fluids associated with emplacement of the 37 Ma Bingham Canyon porphyry Cu-Au-Mo deposit extended at least 10 km north of the Bingham pit. An associated paleothermal anomaly enclosed the Barneys Canyon and Melco disseminated gold deposits and several smaller gold deposits between them. Previous studies have shown the Barneys Canyon deposit is near the outer limit of an irregular distal Au-As geochemical halo, about 3 km beyond an intermediate Pb-Zn halo, and 7 km beyond a proximal pyrite halo centered on the Bingham porphyry copper deposit. The Melco deposit also lies near the outer limit of the Au-As halo. Analysis of several geothermometers from samples collected tip to 22 km north of the Bingham Canyon porphyry Cu-Au-Mo deposit indicate that most sedimentary rocks of the Oquirrh Mountains, including those at the gold deposits, have not been regionally heated beyond the \"oil window\" (less than about 150??C). For geologically reasonable heating durations, the maximum sustained temperature at Melco, 6 km north of the Bingham pit, and at Barneys Canyon, 7.5 km north of the pit, was between 100??C and 140??C, as indicated by combinations of conodont color alteration indices of 1.5 to 2, mean random solid bitumen reflectance of about 1.0 percent, lack of annealing of zircon fission tracks, and partial to complete annealing of apatite fission tracks. The pattern of reset apatite fission-track ages indicates that the gold deposits are located approximately on the 120??C isotherm of the 37 Ma paleothermal anomaly assuming a heating duration of about 106 years. The conodont data further constrain the duration of heating to between 5 ?? 104 and 106 years at approximately 120??C. The ??18O of quartzite host rocks generally increases from about 12.6 per mil at the porphyry to about 15.8 per mil approximately 11 km from the Bingham deposit. This change reflects interaction of interstitial clays in the quartzite with circulating meteoric water related to the Bingham Canyon porphyry system. The ??18O and ??13C values of limestone vary with respect to degree of recrystallization and proximity to open fractures. Recrystallized limestone at the Melco and Barneys Canyon gold deposits has the highest ??18O values (about 30???), whereas limestone adjacent to the porphyry copper deposit has the lowest values (about 10???). The high ??18O values for the recrystallized limestone at Barneys Canyon and Melco strongly suggest that mineralization was related to low temperature fluids with exceptionally high ??18OH2O values such as could be derived from water in a crater lake of an active volcano. The age of formation of the gold deposits has been interpreted to range from Jurassic to Eocene. The mineralized rocks at the Barneys Canyon and Melco deposits are likely the same age as the geochemically similar deposits that are present in north-striking, late faults that cut the Bingham Canyon porphyry. The patterns of apatite and zircon fission-track data, conodont color alteration indices, solid bitumen reflectivity, stable isotope data, and mineral zoning are consistent with the gold deposits being genetically related to formation of the 37 Ma Bingham porphyry deposit. We interpret the disseminated gold mineralization to be related to collapse of the Bingham Canyon hydrothermal system in which isotopically heavy, oxidizing, acidic waters, possibly from an internally draining acidic crater lake, mixed with and were entrained into reduced gold-bearing meteoric water fluids in the collapsing main-stage hydrothermal system. Most of this fluid mixing and cooling was probably located close to the hydrologic interface between the sedimentary basement rocks and overlying volcanic rocks. ??2004 by Economic Geology.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Economic Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2113/99.4.789","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Cunningham, C.G., Austin, G., Naeser, C.W., Rye, R.O., Ballantyne, G., Stamm, R., and Barker, C., 2004, Formation of a paleothermal anomaly and disseminated gold deposits associated with the Bingham Canyon porphyry Cu-Au-Mo system, Utah: Economic Geology, v. 99, no. 4, p. 789-806, https://doi.org/10.2113/99.4.789.","startPage":"789","endPage":"806","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208483,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2113/99.4.789"},{"id":234251,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"99","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a134de4b0c8380cd545d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cunningham, C. G.","contributorId":76741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cunningham","given":"C.","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Austin, G.W.","contributorId":20947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Austin","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Naeser, C. W.","contributorId":17582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naeser","given":"C.","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rye, R. O.","contributorId":66208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rye","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ballantyne, G.H.","contributorId":17405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ballantyne","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Stamm, R.G.","contributorId":59476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stamm","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Barker, C.E.","contributorId":69991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barker","given":"C.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70044924,"text":"70044924 - 2004 - Mineral resource of the month: copper","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-05-07T12:04:11","indexId":"70044924","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1829,"text":"Geotimes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mineral resource of the month: copper","docAbstract":"Beryllium metal is lighter than aluminum and stiffer than steel. These and other properties, including its strength, dimensional stability, thermal properties and reflectivity, make it useful for aerospace and defense applications, such as satellite and space-vehicle structural components. Beryllium’s nuclear properties, combined with its low density, make it useful as a neutron reflector and moderator in nuclear reactors. Because it is transparent to most X rays, beryllium is used as X-ray windows in medical, industrial and analytical equipment.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geotimes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geosciences Institute","publisherLocation":"Alexandria, VA","usgsCitation":"Edelstein, D.L., 2004, Mineral resource of the month: copper: Geotimes, v. 2004, no. June, HTML Document.","productDescription":"HTML Document","ipdsId":"IP-026029","costCenters":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":270109,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":270108,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.geotimes.org/june06/resources.html"}],"volume":"2004","issue":"June","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5152c39ce4b01197b08e9cc7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edelstein, Daniel L. dedelste@usgs.gov","contributorId":2894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edelstein","given":"Daniel","email":"dedelste@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":476478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1002945,"text":"1002945 - 2004 - Trace elements in moose (Alces alces) found dead in Northwestern Minnesota, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-22T16:39:08.390214","indexId":"1002945","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Trace elements in moose (Alces alces) found dead in Northwestern Minnesota, USA","title":"Trace elements in moose (Alces alces) found dead in Northwestern Minnesota, USA","docAbstract":"The moose (Alces alces) population in bog and forest areas of Northwestern Minnesota has declined for more than 25 years, and more recently the decline is throughout Northwestern Minnesota. Both deficiencies and elevations in trace elements have been linked to the health of moose worldwide. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether trace element toxicity or deficiency may have contributed to the decline of moose in Northwestern Minnesota. Livers of 81 moose found dead in Northwestern Minnesota in 1998 and 1999 were analyzed for trace elements. With the exception of selenium (Se) and copper (Cu), trace elements were not at toxic or deficient levels based on criteria set for cattle. Selenium concentrations in moose livers based on criteria set for cattle were deficient in 3.7% of livers and at a chronic toxicity level in 16% of livers. Copper concentrations based on criteria set for cattle were deficient in 39.5% of livers, marginally deficient in 29.5% of livers and adequate in 31% of livers. Moose from agricultural areas had higher concentrations, on average, of Cd, Cu, Mo and Se in their livers than moose from bog and forest areas. Older moose had higher concentrations of Cd and Zn, and lower concentrations of Cu than younger moose. Copper deficiency, which has been associated with population declines of moose in Alaska and Sweden, may be a factor contributing to the decline of moose in Northwestern Minnesota. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
","language":"English","publisher":"ScienceDirect","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.03.019","usgsCitation":"Custer, T., Cox, E., and Gray, B., 2004, Trace elements in moose (Alces alces) found dead in Northwestern Minnesota, USA: Science of the Total Environment, v. 330, no. 1-3, p. 81-87, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.03.019.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"81","endPage":"87","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131392,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.6357421875,\n 45.920587344733654\n ],\n [\n -93.8232421875,\n 45.85941212790755\n ],\n [\n -93.91113281249999,\n 48.69096039092549\n ],\n [\n -94.5703125,\n 48.719961222646276\n ],\n [\n -94.7900390625,\n 49.18170338770663\n ],\n [\n -95.09765625,\n 49.26780455063753\n ],\n [\n -95.1416015625,\n 48.980216985374994\n ],\n [\n -97.20703125,\n 48.980216985374994\n ],\n [\n -96.6357421875,\n 45.920587344733654\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"330","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db627e77","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Custer, T. W. 0000-0003-3170-6519","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3170-6519","contributorId":91802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Custer","given":"T. W.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":312383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cox, E.","contributorId":77883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gray, B.","contributorId":96634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}