Salmon populations spawning in the Lake Ozette watershed of northwestern Washington were once sufficiently abundant to support traditional Tribal fisheries, and were later harvested by settlers. However, in 1974 and 1975, the sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) harvest decreased to 0 from a high of more than 17,500 in 1949, thus stimulating research into the causes of decrease, which resulted in eventual listing of the population as threatened under the Endangered Species Act in 1999. The listing status was upheld in 2005 and 2014 following 5-year reviews. Meanwhile, research results were compiled in a limiting factors analysis (LFA) and a recovery plan was developed. Although there has been some improvement in sockeye abundance since listing, the numbers remain too low to allow harvest and it is not yet clear which of the many potential limiting factors are most consequential.
As part of the LFA process, a population model was developed to determine values of life-history parameters that would enable the population to survive for 100 years. The model was based on the best available data, but data are limited for the Lake Ozette system. Results informed the qualitative assessment of the importance of limiting factors used to develop the recovery plan for Lake Ozette sockeye. The model was built in Microsoft Excel® and is difficult to use. The purpose of the model described herein is to synthesize the results of the LFA in a form that can be manipulated by resource managers and the public to create scenarios, test hypotheses, and observe sensitivities of results to changes in parameters. The goal is to provide a tool that enables research, monitoring and management to be focused on the most impactful elements and processes, including identifying the information gaps that are most critical to fill.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191031","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Woodward, A., Haggerty, M., and Crain, P., 2019, Life-history model for sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) at Lake Ozette, northwestern Washington—Users' guide: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019-1031, 79 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191031.","productDescription":"viii, 79 p.","numberOfPages":"92","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-101934","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":362633,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1031/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":362634,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1031/ofr20191031.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1031"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Lake Ozette","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.68074798583986,\n 48.033560004128255\n ],\n [\n -124.59320068359374,\n 48.033560004128255\n ],\n [\n -124.59320068359374,\n 48.15509285476017\n ],\n [\n -124.68074798583986,\n 48.15509285476017\n ],\n [\n -124.68074798583986,\n 48.033560004128255\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
777 NW 9th St., Suite 400
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Understanding the diet of invasive species helps researchers to more accurately assess the health, survivorship, growth, and stability of an invasive fish species, as well as their effects on native populations. Techniques capable of identifying multiple prey species from fish stomach contents have been developed. In this study, a multi-locus metabarcoding approach was used to identify fish and invertebrate prey in stomach samples of Ictalurus furcatus (blue catfish), which were collected from two sites on the Mattawomen Creek and Nanjemoy Creek in Maryland.
The mitochondrial 12S (mt12S) and mitochondrial 16S (mt16S) gene regions were sequenced and compared. First, a mock sample for each gene region was created with the pooled polymerase chain reaction product of known fish species, and quantities of the sample were used to determine efficacy of the amplicon. Results varied between gene regions analyzed. Then, when using the mt12S primers, next-generation sequencing determined that nine fish species were found at levels greater than 1 percent of the diet of blue catfish. The most common species were Perca flavescens (yellow perch) and Cyprinus carpio (common carp). The mt16S gene region analyses found 10 fish species at greater than 1 percent of the diet, which primarily included Orconectes limosus (spinycheek crayfish), Alosa pseudoharengus (alewife), and yellow perch. Partially digested eggs were identified using next-generation sequencing of yellow perch in two of the stomach samples, and a TaqMan® quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay was developed to more economically identify egg species in the future.
The yellow-perch-specific TaqMan® qPCR assay was tested using primers that were developed to detect a 154-base-pair amplicon in the mitochondrial control region. Consumption of yellow perch eggs indicates that blue catfish could potentially negatively affect young-of-year recruitment of this native sportfish. Analyses of two gene regions helped confirm the major prey of the fish sampled and allowed identification of fish species as prey that were not included in a database for the two gene regions. We concluded that the mitochondrial ribosomal-marker-based next-generation sequencing method is useful in determining the prey of fish species.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191021","usgsCitation":"Iwanowicz, D.D., Schill, W.B., Sanders, L.R., Groves, T., and Groves, M.C., 2019, Establishing molecular methods to quantitatively profile gastric diet items of fish—Application to the invasive blue catfish (Ictalurus furcatus): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1021, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191021.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 15 p.; Appendix","numberOfPages":"27","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-103768","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":362344,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1021/ofr20191021.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.89 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1021"},{"id":362345,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1021/ofr20191021_appendix.pdf","size":"660 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":362343,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1021/coverthb2.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Potomac River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.26272583007812,\n 38.396029684120315\n ],\n [\n -77.12059020996094,\n 38.396029684120315\n ],\n [\n -77.12059020996094,\n 38.634036452919226\n ],\n [\n -77.26272583007812,\n 38.634036452919226\n ],\n [\n -77.26272583007812,\n 38.396029684120315\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Eastern Ecological Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
11649 Leetown Road
Kearneysville, WV 25430
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has been working with Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities (ADOT&PF) since 1993 to provide hydraulic assessments of scour for bridges throughout Alaska. The purpose of the program is to evaluate, monitor, and study streambed scour at bridges in Alaska; this includes surveying streambed elevations at regular intervals and monitoring real-time bed elevation changes. Over the duration of the scour program (1994–2017), repeated cross sections have been surveyed along the lengths of 76 bridges. Channel soundings are depth-from-bridge measurements on either the upstream or downstream side of a bridge. Flow, depth, and velocity dictated whether streambed elevations were measured using either USGS sounding weights on cable reels, weighted measuring tapes, or acoustic Doppler current profilers. The soundings were done on an annual basis at most sites. In addition to annual soundings, channel soundings were made during floods or periods of scour. Results show that general scour can be uniform or non-uniform across the channel. The magnitude and distribution of scour across the channel are influenced by several factors that include streambed sediment type, degree of channel contraction at the bridge crossing, influence of instream structures, and bridge pier location and alignment. The data collected from the repeat soundings can be used to identify long-term aggradation or degradation of the streambed, as well as seasonal changes in streambed elevations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191028","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities","usgsCitation":"Dworsky, K.L., and Conaway, J.S., 2019, Measurement of long-term channel change through repeated cross-section surveys at bridge crossings in Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019-1028, 118 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191028.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 118 p.; 2 Appendices","numberOfPages":"130","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-101816","costCenters":[{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":437525,"rank":5,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9G663NX","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Sounding Cross Section Surveys at Alaska Bridge Crossings"},{"id":362475,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1028/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":362477,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1028/ofr20191028_appendix01.xlsx","text":"Appendix 1","size":"2.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"OFR 2019-1028 Appendix 1"},{"id":362476,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1028/ofr20191028.pdf","text":"Report","size":"13.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1028"},{"id":362478,"rank":4,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1028/ofr20191028_appendix02.pdf","text":"Appendix 2","size":"4.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1028 Appendix 2"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","contact":"Director, Alaska Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
4210 University Drive
Anchorage, Alaska 99508
Director, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
600 4th Street South
St. Petersburg, FL 33701
The range of the southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis) spans most of the central California coast from Half Moon Bay to Gaviota. Some coastal areas within this range are heavily developed and highly impacted by humans, while other areas are wild and largely pristine. Determining the relative importance of food resource abundance, environmental conditions, and anthropogenic increases in pathogens and pollutants to population change in sea otters is critical to understanding limitations to population growth. To investigate the causal links between the sluggish population growth of sea otters in central California and factors that could be driving variation in survival and reproduction, we designed a study to compare two distinct subpopulations—one in an area of low human impact (Big Sur) and one in an area of high human impact (Monterey). Between 2008 and 2011, the U.S. Geological Survey and collaborators conducted a telemetry-based study of sea otters at these two locations. The results of this study were not consistent with the hypothesis that sea otters adjacent to human population centers (Monterey) experience higher exposure to pollutants and pathogens than those in lower impacted areas (Big Sur). In fact, based on serological analysis, female sea otters from Big Sur showed higher exposure rates to Toxoplasma gondii than did female otters from Monterey, while domoic acid exposure appeared to be similar at both sites. Gene expression (specifically transcription) analysis did not indicate any consistent differences between the two populations that would have suggested a response to pathogen or toxin exposure, although there were temporal changes in gene transcription for sea otters at Big Sur following potential exposure to run-off from wildfires that occurred during the study. Together, these metrics suggest that variation in exposure to environmental stressors occurred, but patterns were not clearly attributable to differences in human population densities or land-use patterns. When compared to Monterey, sea otters in Big Sur spent more time feeding, had a higher degree of dietary specialization, were in poorer body condition, and had lower survival rates (both pups and adults). Together, these metrics suggest that otters at Big Sur had greater nutritional stress, consistent with lower per-capita resource abundance. Overall, study results indicate that density-dependent population regulation, mediated by per-capita resource abundance, is the most significant factor currently limiting population growth in the center part of the range. Additionally, spatial and temporal variation in environmental and anthropogenic stressors also can affect sea otter health, although patterns of variation are complex and are not simply a function of proximity to human populations. We also found that exposure to environmental stressors (either natural or anthropogenic in origin) often is associated with resource limitation. Finally, our results indicate that sea otter populations are structured at relatively small spatial scales, and the processes that regulate population abundance (including density-dependent resource abundance) also occur at these smaller, more local scales.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191022","usgsCitation":"Tinker, M.T., Tomoleoni, J.A., Weitzman, B.P., Staedler, M., Jessup, D., Murray, M.J., Miller, M., Burgess, T., Bowen, L., Miles, A.K., Thometz, N., Tarjan, L., Golson, E., Batac, F., Dodd, E., Berberich, E., Kunz, J., Bentall, G., Fujii, J., Nicholson, T., Newsome, S., Melli, A., LaRoche, N., MacCormick, H., Johnson, A., Henkel, L., Kreuder-Johnson, C., and Conrad, P., 2019, Southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis) population biology at Big Sur and Monterey, California --Investigating the consequences of resource abundance and anthropogenic stressors for sea otter recovery: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019 -1022, 225 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191022.","productDescription":"xiv, 225 p.","numberOfPages":"244","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-066698","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":437531,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P98B08RO","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Sea Otter Capture Data from the Big Sur-Monterey Study (2008-2011)"},{"id":362213,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1022/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":362214,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1022/ofr20191022.pdf","text":"Report","size":"16.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1022"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Monterey, Big Sur","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.02651977539062,\n 36.488661268293136\n ],\n [\n -121.74774169921875,\n 36.488661268293136\n ],\n [\n -121.74774169921875,\n 36.677230602346214\n ],\n [\n -122.02651977539062,\n 36.677230602346214\n ],\n [\n -122.02651977539062,\n 36.488661268293136\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.95098876953125,\n 36.2165791734887\n ],\n [\n -121.74636840820312,\n 36.2165791734887\n ],\n [\n -121.74636840820312,\n 36.3693276982337\n ],\n [\n -121.95098876953125,\n 36.3693276982337\n ],\n [\n -121.95098876953125,\n 36.2165791734887\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Western Ecological Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3020 State University Drive
Modoc Hall, Room 4004
Sacramento, California 95819
Mercury monitoring results from about 300 Morone saxatilis (striped bass) muscle tissue samples collected by the State of Utah from Lake Powell resulted in a Utah/Arizona fish consumption advisory issued in 2012 for approximately the lower 100 kilometers of the reservoir. Chemical, physical, and biological data were collected during two synoptic sampling cruises on Lake Powell during May/June 2014 and August 2015 to test three hypotheses associated with a conceptual model developed to explain the observed geographic concentration gradient of Hg in fish tissue samples. This model proposes that in the transition from a primarily riverine system to a reservoir, there is a change in the concentration and composition of water-column particulate material, increasing in the proportion of organic content moving downstream, as the larger size fractions of the inorganic particulate load are deposited in the upper reservoir. This change alleviates light limitation of phytoplankton production and leads to a higher proportion of autochthonous primary production in the downstream direction. This, in turn, drives increased microbial methylmercury (MeHg) production in the benthos and potentially the water column, in the downstream direction, and results in the observed elevated fish Hg levels in the lower part of the reservoir. The model also proposes that there are differences between the main stem of Lake Powell and side canyons, embayments, or secondary rivers entering the reservoir, in terms of Hg cycling dynamics and bioaccumulations, driven mainly by differences in hydrology. Finally, seasonal differences in Hg dynamics within the reservoir are proposed, based on seasonal dynamics associated with primary production and the physical process of seasonal stratification.
A total of three statistically testable hypotheses were proposed and postulated that measurable differences in key Hg and non-Hg metrics exist between: (1) the upper and lower reservoir; (2) main stem and river arm/side canyon/embayment sites; and (3) early-season (May/June 2014, less stratified) and late-season (August 2015, stratified) conditions. Statistically modeled least square means in combination with the graphical analysis of Hg and non-Hg parameters were used to examine the data collected during the study and test these hypotheses. Data collected during the study are included in a U.S. Geological Survey data release and are available online at https://doi.org/10.5066/F74X560J.
In general, water-column, plankton, and surface sediment samples collected during the synoptic sampling cruises are supportive of the three hypotheses associated with the conceptual model. In support of hypothesis 1 (comparing upper and lower reservoir sites), the least square mean for turbidity was higher in the upper reservoir. In contrast, surface water particulate organic carbon (as a percentage of total particulate mass), particulate MeHg (by mass [in nanograms per gram] and as a percentage of total mercury [THg]), and particulate-dissolved partitioning coefficients for THg and MeHg were higher in the lower reservoir. Plankton THg concentrations also were significantly (probability [p] less than (<) 0.05) higher in the lower reservoir. Surface sediment metrics in support of hypothesis 1 include higher MeHg production potential rates in the lower reservoir. In contrast, there were no statistically significant differences between the upper and lower reservoir for surface sediment percent of MeHg and MeHg concentration, percent MeHg, or methylation rate constants. These spatial trends associated with hypothesis 1 indicate a pathway for enhanced Hg bioavailability in the lower reservoir.
Hypothesis 2, which tested for differences between main stem and river arm/side canyon/embayment sites, was supported by a number of water-column parameters, including particulate THg and MeHg concentrations by mass (in nanograms per gram) and percent particulate MeHg being significantly (p<0.05) higher in the river arms, side canyons, and embayments relative to the main stem channel. Plankton MeHg concentrations (by mass [in nanograms per gram] and volume [in nanograms per liter] and as a percentage of THg) were elevated in river arm/side canyon/embayment sites compared to main stem sites, indicating an enhanced potential for MeHg bioaccumulation at the base of the pelagic food web in river arms, side canyons, and embayments. In contrast, few of the sediment metrics differed between main stem and river arm/side canyon/embayment sampling sites; however, the potential for MeHg degradation in surface sediment was significantly higher in the main stem. The data indicate that river arm/side canyon/embayment sites may experience enhanced Hg bioaccumulation, compared to the main stem, because of higher MeHg levels at the base of the pelagic food web. This conclusion is supported by the elevated Hg detected in striped bass muscle tissue samples collected in the San Juan Arm during this study (2014). Fish collected from the lower reservoir exhibited a distinct Hg isotopic signature that was enriched in delta (δ)202Hg and capital delta (Δ)199Hg relative to fish samples collected from either Good Hope Bay or the San Juan Arm.
Hypothesis 3 tested for differences between early (May/June) high-flow and late (August) low-flow seasons. This test was supported by a range of non-Hg metrics (nitrate, phosphate, chlorophyll a, dissolved oxygen, fluorescent dissolved organic matter, temperature, and pH) that reflect the increase in chlorophyll a, decrease in nutrients, and buildup of stratified conditions in the transition from early- to late-season sampling periods. Significant seasonal differences also were noted for multiple Hg metrics, including (a) water-column filtered and particulate (by mass) MeHg and THg concentrations; (b) plankton MeHg and THg concentration (by mass); and (c) sediment percent MeHg, Hg(II)-methylation rate constant, and microbial ribosomal ribonucleic acid, small subunit 16 (16S rRNA) abundance, all of which were higher during the late-season synoptic sampling. Overall, the surface sediment metrics are consistent with a seasonal shift from the early-season synoptic results, when the availability of Hg(II) exerts a primary control on MeHg production, to the late-season synoptic sampling, when microbial activity is a dominant driver of MeHg production.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20181159","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Naftz, D.L., Marvin-DiPasquale, M., Krabbenhoft, D.P., Aiken, G., Boyd, E.S., Conaway, C.H., Ogorek, J., and Anderson, G.M., 2019, Biogeochemical and physical processes controlling mercury methylation and bioaccumulation in Lake Powell, Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, Utah and Arizona, 2014 and 2015: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2018–1159, 81 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181159.","productDescription":"Report: xi, 81 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"98","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-095917","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":359576,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1159/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":359577,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1159/ofr20181159.pdf","text":"Report","size":"9.11 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2018–1159"},{"id":359578,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F74X560J","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"Data for Biogeochemical and Physical Processes Controlling Mercury Methylation and Bioaccumulation in Lake Powell, Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, Utah and Arizona, 2014–2015"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, Utah","otherGeospatial":"Glen Canyon, Lake Powell","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.63551330566406,\n 36.75594019674357\n ],\n [\n -111.14044189453124,\n 36.75594019674357\n ],\n [\n -111.14044189453124,\n 37.020646433887805\n ],\n [\n -111.63551330566406,\n 37.020646433887805\n ],\n [\n -111.63551330566406,\n 36.75594019674357\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Utah Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2329 West Orton Circle West
Valley City, UT 84119
About one-quarter of the water supply for the Village of Ruidoso, New Mexico, is derived from groundwater pumping along North Fork Eagle Creek in the Eagle Creek Basin near Alto, New Mexico. Because of concerns regarding the effects of groundwater pumping on surface-water hydrology in the Eagle Creek Basin and the effects of the 2012 Little Bear Fire, which resulted in substantial losses of vegetation in the basin, the monitoring of North Fork Eagle Creek for short-term geomorphic change has been required by the U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Lincoln National Forest, as part of the permitting decision that allows for the continued pumping of the production wells. The monitoring of short-term geomorphic change in North Fork Eagle Creek began in June 2017 with a geomorphic survey of the stream reach located between the North Fork Eagle Creek near Alto, New Mexico, streamflow-gaging station (USGS site 08387550) and the Eagle Creek below South Fork near Alto, New Mexico, streamflow-gaging station (USGS site 08387600). The 2017 geomorphic survey was conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Village of Ruidoso, and was the first in a planned series of five annual geomorphic surveys. The results of the 2017 geomorphic survey are summarized and interpreted in this report and are provided in their entirety in its companion data release.
The study reach is 1.86 miles long, and large sections of the reach are characterized by intermittent streamflow. Where water is normally present (including at the upper and lower portions of the reach near the streamflow-gaging stations), the discharge typically remains below 2 cubic feet per second throughout the year. Therefore, if geomorphic change is to occur, it will likely be driven by seasonal high-flow events. Discharge records from streamflow-gaging stations in the Eagle Creek Basin indicated that high-flow events in the basin (with peaks above 50 cubic feet per second) typically occurred during the North American monsoon months of July, August, and September. Additionally, the records appear to indicate that, as expected, overland runoff and “flashy” responses to rainfall have increased in the 5 years since the 2012 Little Bear Fire.
For the 2017 geomorphic survey of North Fork Eagle Creek, cross sections were established and surveyed at 14 locations along the study reach. Cross-section survey results indicated that channel characteristics (including channel width and area) varied widely along the study reach. Also, as part of the survey, woody debris accumulations and pools in the channel of the study reach were identified, cataloged, photographed, and surveyed for location. There were 58 woody debris accumulations and 14 pools found in the study reach. On the basis that debris jams could be a driver of geomorphic change in North Fork Eagle Creek, woody debris accumulations were classified according to their debris jam potential. The burn marks found on some woody debris indicated that the 2012 Little Bear Fire may be a contributing factor to the volume of debris in North Fork Eagle Creek. However, the woody debris present at the time of the survey did not appear to have substantially affected the geomorphic state of the study reach. Further, the structure and composition of the woody debris accumulations indicated that, under high-flow conditions, most woody debris would likely be transported downstream and out of the study reach without causing substantial geomorphic change through further jamming.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20181187","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Village of Ruidoso, New Mexico","usgsCitation":"Graziano, A.P., 2019, Geomorphic survey of North Fork Eagle Creek, New Mexico, 2017: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2018–1187, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181187.","productDescription":"Report: v., 28 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"37","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-093851","costCenters":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":362041,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7PR7TX3","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"Data supporting the 2017 geomorphic survey of North Fork Eagle Creek, New Mexico"},{"id":362039,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1187/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":362040,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1187/ofr20181187.pdf","text":"Report","size":"18.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2018–1187"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"North Fork Eagle Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.98236083984375,\n 33.02939031998959\n ],\n [\n -104.98260498046875,\n 33.02939031998959\n ],\n [\n -104.98260498046875,\n 33.68549637289138\n ],\n [\n -105.98236083984375,\n 33.68549637289138\n ],\n [\n -105.98236083984375,\n 33.02939031998959\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New Mexico Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6700 Edith Blvd NE
Albuquerque, NM 87113
Geochemical compositions of fine-grained stream sediment from four drainages on the north shore of the island of Kauai, Hawaii, west of Hanalei and two back-beach sites were explored to increase understanding about land-based runoff and ecological risk from runoff to nearshore coral communities. Stream and beach sediment were collected between July 30 and August 2, 2016, and major, minor, and trace elements in the less than 63 micrometer-diameter fraction were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy. The potentially toxic metals Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn exceeded levels at which adverse biological effects could be observed; however, these metals seemed to be largely mineral-bound and thus were unlikely to harm organisms. Cd and Pb were below levels of ecological concern. Only a small amount of fine-grained sediment was retained on beaches west of Hanalei sampled in summer 2016 (mean=8.8 percent, median=0.4 percent, range=0–92.8 percent, n=41). Although the scarcity of fine-grained sediment precluded land-based runoff sourcing to the nearshore region, it did indicate that fine-grained sediment and associated contaminants did not accumulate over the long term in the sampled intertidal, subtidal, and reef-flat environments, which would reduce sediment-related pressures on coral communities there.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191007","usgsCitation":"Takesue, R.K., and Storlazzi, C.D., 2018, Stream sediment geochemistry of four small drainages on the north shore of Kauai west of Hanalei: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1007, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191007.","productDescription":"iv, 11 p.","numberOfPages":"18","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-101369","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":362068,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1007/ofr20191007.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1007"},{"id":362067,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1007/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","city":"Hanalei","otherGeospatial":"Kauai","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -159.6086883544922,\n 22.19233236966165\n ],\n [\n -159.49607849121094,\n 22.19233236966165\n ],\n [\n -159.49607849121094,\n 22.226978081564294\n ],\n [\n -159.6086883544922,\n 22.226978081564294\n ],\n [\n -159.6086883544922,\n 22.19233236966165\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Contact Information, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Pacific Science Center
2885 Mission St.
Santa Cruz, CA 95060
Two hundred adult white sucker (Catostomus commersonii), age 3 years and older, were collected from the lower Sheboygan River Area of Concern in 2017, during the spring spawning run. Fish were euthanized, weighed, and measured, and any visible abnormalities were documented. Pieces of raised skin lesions as well as five to eight pieces of liver were removed and preserved for histopathological analyses. Skin and liver neoplasm prevalence was determined for assessment of the Fish Tumors or Other Deformities Beneficial Use Impairment. Although 45.5 percent of the suckers had raised skin lesions, the prevalence of skin neoplasms, either papilloma or squamous cell carcinoma, was 29.5 percent. This observation was similar to the prevalence (32.6 percent) of skin neoplasms in 2012; however, the percentage of squamous cell carcinoma was higher in 2017 (9.5 percent) than in 2012 (2.1 percent). The prevalence of liver neoplasms in 2017 (8.5 percent) was similar to that in 2012 (8.3 percent).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191014","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Blazer, V.S., Walsh, H.L., Braham, R.P., and Mazik, P.M., 2019, Assessment of skin and liver neoplasms in white sucker (Catostomus commersonii) collected in the Sheboygan River Area of Concern, Wisconsin, in 2017: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1014, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191014.","productDescription":"vi, 18 p.","numberOfPages":"28","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-103639","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":361922,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1014/ofr20191014.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.47 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1014"},{"id":361921,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1014/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Lower Sheboygan River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.82230377197266,\n 43.71801614233635\n ],\n [\n -87.69132614135742,\n 43.71801614233635\n ],\n [\n -87.69132614135742,\n 43.7596885685863\n ],\n [\n -87.82230377197266,\n 43.7596885685863\n ],\n [\n -87.82230377197266,\n 43.71801614233635\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Eastern Ecological Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
11649 Leetown Road
Kearneysville, WV 25430
The Mw 6.0 South Napa earthquake of August 24, 2014, produced complex and extensive surface faulting and other ground deformation features. Following the event, geologists made more than 1,200 field observations at locations where tectonic faulting and ground failure produced visible deformation that fractured and disturbed the ground surface. At a few locations, large-scale, detailed, field-based maps of fault rupture and ground deformation were produced. The South Napa earthquake response was one of the first times when post-earthquake reconnaissance data were mostly collected and disseminated electronically. The advantages and opportunities these new methods bring to our research also pose new challenges to large-scale compilation efforts and demonstrate the value of developing guidelines and better standardization across the community to more optimally utilize developing technology in future post-earthquake investigations. Some suggestions for standardizing the collection and dissemination of post-earthquake field reconnaissance data are provided herein.
Field observations and maps were integrated with airborne imagery, lidar, and InSAR to produce a comprehensive, large-scale digital map of fault rupture and zones of ground deformation. The map, observations, and photo database are summarized here in appendixes and figures and are also available as a series of digital data products within a companion U.S. Geological Survey data release (Ponti and others, 2019); the characteristics of fault rupture and ground deformation features are summarized in detail in the body of this report.
The results of this compilation reveal that faulting occurred within a 2-km-wide zone on six, roughly parallel traces within the West Napa Fault System. Most of the fault slip, and all the afterslip, occurred on the 21-km-long westernmost trace (Trace A). Maximum coseismic slip was greater than 40 cm and possibly as great as 60 cm, with the slip maximum located about 10 km north of the epicenter. Extensive ground deformation also occurred off the principal fault traces. Deformation characteristics of these features were not consistent with either primary faulting or shaking-induced ground failure and remain enigmatic, although this report includes speculation about possible origins.
The use of InSAR was invaluable for identifying and mapping secondary traces with small displacements, and for delineating the overall details of the extensive rupture. InSAR data also highlighted other areas with possible ground deformation—some of which are found coincident with previously mapped fault traces, whereas others are in areas where no faults were previously mapped. Several of these regions had no visible ground deformation, whereas others did produce features that were inconsistent with tectonic faulting, so care must be taken not to over interpret the InSAR data without careful, corroborating field investigations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191018","usgsCitation":"Ponti, D.J, Rosa, C.M, and Blair, J.L., 2019, The Mw 6.0 South Napa earthquake of August 24, 2014—Observations of surface faulting and ground deformation, with recommendations for improving post-earthquake field investigations: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1018, 50 p., 15 appendixes, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191018.","productDescription":"Report: v, 57 p.; Appendixes 1-15","numberOfPages":"64","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-081675","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":361845,"rank":11,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1018/ofr20191018_appendix10.pdf","text":"Appendix 10","size":"5.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1018 Appendix 10","linkHelpText":"— Shaking-related features resulting from lateral spreads and bank failures"},{"id":361841,"rank":7,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1018/ofr20191018_appendix06.pdf","text":"Appendix 6","size":"1.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1018 Appendix 6","linkHelpText":"— Surface faulting along Trace E"},{"id":361846,"rank":13,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1018/ofr20191018_appendix12.pdf","text":"Appendix 12","size":"5.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1018 Appendix 12","linkHelpText":"— Isolated cracking on slopes"},{"id":361838,"rank":4,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1018/ofr20191018_appendix03.pdf","text":"Appendix 3","size":"1.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1018 Appendix 3","linkHelpText":"— Surface faulting along Trace B"},{"id":361840,"rank":6,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1018/ofr20191018_appendix05.pdf","text":"Appendix 5","size":"1.1MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1018 Appendix 5","linkHelpText":"— Surface faulting along Trace D"},{"id":361843,"rank":9,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1018/ofr20191018_appendix08.pdf","text":"Appendix 8","size":"2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1018 Appendix 8","linkHelpText":"— Surface faulting along Trace G"},{"id":361836,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1018/ofr2019-1018.pdf","text":"Report","size":"29.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1018","linkHelpText":" (Includes Appendix 1)"},{"id":361847,"rank":12,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1018/ofr20191018_appendix11.pdf","text":"Appendix 11","size":"2.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1018 Appendix 11","linkHelpText":"— Ridge-top fractures"},{"id":361848,"rank":14,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1018/ofr20191018_appendix13.pdf","text":"Appendix 13","size":"5.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1018 Appendix 13","linkHelpText":"— Fractures associated with UAVSAR lineaments"},{"id":361849,"rank":15,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1018/ofr20191018_appendix14.pdf","text":"Appendix 14","size":"3.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1018 Appendix 14","linkHelpText":"— Areas of extensive curb and sidewalk damage"},{"id":361850,"rank":16,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1018/ofr20191018_appendix15.pdf","text":"Appendix 15","size":"1.9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1018 Appendix 15","linkHelpText":"— Pavement cracks south of the Soda Creek Fault"},{"id":361851,"rank":17,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1018/ofr20191018_appendixes1_15.zip","text":"Appendixes 1–15","size":"81.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"},"description":"OFR 2019-1018 Appendixes 2–15"},{"id":361852,"rank":18,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7P26W84","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"Digital datasets documenting fault rupture and ground deformation features produced by the Mw 6.0 South Napa Earthquake of August 24, 2014"},{"id":361842,"rank":8,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1018/ofr20191018_appendix07.pdf","text":"Appendix 7","size":"2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1018 Appendix 7","linkHelpText":"— Surface faulting along Trace F"},{"id":361835,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1018/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":361844,"rank":10,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1018/ofr20191018_appendix09.pdf","text":"Appendix 9","size":"3.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1018 Appendix 9","linkHelpText":"— Shaking-induced deformation owing to landslide reactivation or fill settlement"},{"id":361837,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1018/ofr20191018_appendix02.pdf","text":"Appendix 2","size":"41.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1018 Appendix 2","linkHelpText":"— Surface faulting along Trace A"},{"id":361839,"rank":5,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1018/ofr20191018_appendix04.pdf","text":"Appendix 4","size":"10.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1018 Appendix 4","linkHelpText":"— Surface faulting along Trace C"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Napa County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.46871948242186,\n 38.1237539824224\n ],\n [\n -122.34100341796875,\n 38.1237539824224\n ],\n [\n -122.21603393554688,\n 38.1237539824224\n ],\n [\n -122.21878051757811,\n 38.3868805698475\n ],\n [\n -122.47009277343749,\n 38.3868805698475\n ],\n [\n -122.46871948242186,\n 38.1237539824224\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Earthquake Science Center—Menlo Park
U.S. Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Road, MS 977
Menlo Park, CA 94025
Enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) technology aims to engineer a productive geothermal reservoir in regions of hot, but low permeability, rocks. In any EGS operation, the rock mass requires stimulation by high pressure injection of fluids, which has the potential to induce seismicity. To address the seismic hazard specifically, a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment (PSHA) is often required and is generally part of an induced seismicity mitigation plan (ISMP). A specific PSHA for the proposed Fallon, Nev., FORGE site is outlined below that relies solely on hypothetical stimulation scenarios and analog sites to assess the hazard of induced seismicity in the absence of local microseismicity. Partially due to the lack of existing seismicity at the site and partially to arrive at conservative estimates of the hazard, the PSHA is calculated for a range of b-values. Results indicate that the conservative estimates of seismic hazard at locations having significant, sensitive infrastructure near the proposed site are very low.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191020","usgsCitation":"Kaven, J.O., Majer, E.L., Foxall, W., Sonnenthal, E.L., Pettitt, W., 2019, Seismic hazard assessment at the Fallon, Nevada, Frontier Observatory for Research in Geothermal Energy site: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1020, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191020.","productDescription":"iv, 16 p.","numberOfPages":"24","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-100995","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":361881,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1020/coverthb2.jpg"},{"id":361882,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1020/ofr20191020.pdf","text":"Report","size":"7.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1020"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","city":"Fallon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.85765075683594,\n 39.40967202224426\n ],\n [\n -118.38661193847655,\n 39.40967202224426\n ],\n [\n -118.38661193847655,\n 39.66755655314589\n ],\n [\n -118.85765075683594,\n 39.66755655314589\n ],\n [\n -118.85765075683594,\n 39.40967202224426\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Earthquake Science Center — Menlo Park
U.S. Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Road, MS 977
Menlo Park, CA 94025
The Florida Coastal Mapping Program is a nascent but highly relevant program that has the potential to greatly enhance the “Blue Economy” of Florida by coordinating and facilitating sea-floor mapping efforts and aligning partner and stakeholder activities for increased efficiency and cost reduction. Sustained acquisition of modern coastal mapping information for Florida may improve management of resources and reduce costs by eliminating redundancy. Economic growth could be aided by improved data to support emerging sectors such as aquaculture and renewable energy.
The present focus of the Florida Coastal Mapping Program is on modern, high-resolution bathymetric and coastal topobathymetric data, which can be immediately used to update navigational charts and identify navigation hazards, provide fundamental baseline data for scientific research, and provide information for use by emergency managers and responders. Derivative products include identifying sand resources for beach nourishment, creating vastly improved models for coastal erosion and flooding, identifying coastal springs, and creating benthic habitat maps. The uses and applications of the data generated could grow over time. The process of creating a steering committee and technical team, conducting an inventory and gaps analysis, soliciting feedback from the stakeholder and partner communities, and developing a prioritization process has provided a framework on which a successful program can develop a sustainable funding strategy that may be an investment the citizens of Florida could benefit from for decades.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191017","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Florida Institute of Oceanography, Florida Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, and Florida Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Hapke, C.J., Kramer, P.A., Fetherston-Resch, E.H., Baumstark, R.D., Druyor, R., Fredericks, X., and Fitos, E., 2019, Florida Coastal Mapping Program—Overview and 2018 workshop report: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1017, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191017.","productDescription":"vii, 19 p.","numberOfPages":"28","ipdsId":"IP-099357","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":361829,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1017/ofr20191017.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.02 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1017"},{"id":361828,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1017/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.00,\n 24.5\n ],\n [\n -80,\n 24.5\n ],\n [\n -80,\n 30.75\n ],\n [\n -88.00,\n 30.75\n ],\n [\n -88.00,\n 24.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
600 Fourth Street South
St. Petersburg, FL 33701
In June, 2017, we acquired seismic data along five linear profiles at three British Columbia Hydro and Power Authority (BC Hydro, a Canadian provincial Crown Corporation) dam sites (John Hart, Ladore, and Strathcona Dams) on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. We also attempted to acquire linear seismic profiles at two additional BC Hydro dam sites (Ruskin Dam and Stave Falls Dam) east of the City of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; however, due to a seismograph programming error, little active-source data from Ruskin Dam and Stave Falls Dam were recorded. Thus, results from Ruskin Dam and Stave Falls Dam are not included in this report. At the three dam sites with successful data acquisition, we acquired both active- and passive-source data. Data acquisition details for each of the three dam sites varied in terms of seismic sources, the number of seismographs, and profile length and orientation. However, for active-source acquisition at each dam site, we acquired one or more linear seismic profiles ranging in length from about 150 to 400 meters (m), and along each profile, seismograph spacing was either 3 m or 5 m (see appendix 1). All data were recorded in three components (vertical and two horizontals). To greatly increase the resolution of the seismic velocity structure along these profiles, we co-located active sources at each seismograph.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191015","usgsCitation":"Catchings, R.D., Addo, K.O., Goldman, M.R., Chan, J.H., Sickler, R.R., and Criley, C.J., 2019, Two-dimensional seismic velocities and structural variations at three British Columbia Hydro and Power Authority (BC Hydro) dam sites, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1015, 125 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191015.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 125 p.; Data release","numberOfPages":"137","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-099439","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":361737,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1015/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":361738,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1015/ofr20191015.pdf","text":"Report","size":"32.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1015"},{"id":361739,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9PRGZ53","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"2017 U.S. Geological Survey/BC Hydro seismic data recorded at three dam sites on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada"}],"country":"Canada","state":"British Columbia","otherGeospatial":"Vancouver Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -125.6036718615,\n 49.90411690637\n ],\n [\n -125.30053124888,\n 49.90411690637\n ],\n [\n -125.30053124888,\n 50.100507966958\n ],\n [\n -125.6036718615,\n 50.100507966958\n ],\n [\n -125.6036718615,\n 49.90411690637\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Earthquake Science Center — Menlo Park
U.S. Geological Survey
345 Middlefield Road, MS 977
Menlo Park, CA 94025
The Arizona hedgehog cactus (Echinocereus triglochidiatus var. arizonicus) is endemic to central Arizona in Gila and Pinal Counties, and has been federally listed as endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) since 1979. Mining, mineral exploration, and highway development have resulted in habitat degradation and loss of individual plants. Therefore, decreases in the population of the cactus are expected to continue. In response to a request from FWS to compile, evaluate, and synthesize data for the cactus, we identified and evaluated existing survey and monitoring data for the cactus and conducted a demographic analysis with suitable data.
Systematic surveys for the Arizona hedgehog cactus did not begin until the late 1970s. Early surveys generally were anecdotal descriptions of cactus populations and precisely georeferenced records of individual cactus occurrence did not occur until global positioning systems were widely used. Much of the georeferenced data have been collected by consultants for mining operations, the Arizona Department of Transportation, the U.S. Forest Service, and independent surveyors. Occurrence records have been compiled by the Arizona Game and Fish Department Heritage Data Management System, but submission of these data may be incomplete, and the attributes reported have varied among the contributing entities. The compilation and management of survey data is essential for field-based evidence of the size, distribution, and range extent of the cactus. In support of consistency in future survey data collection, this report makes several suggestions for future surveys.
Monitoring for the Arizona hedgehog cactus, defined as repeat observations of the status of cactus individuals, has been done by consulting companies for three mines. Demographic monitoring further involves marking individual cacti in consistently defined plots and recording the fate of each cacti through time, including birth, growth, reproduction, and death. We were able to use demographic monitoring data provided by two consulting companies to calculate survival and population growth rates, using several statistical approaches. Resulting models indicate that larger cacti, as measured by their number of stems, have greater survival rates. Larger individuals also had higher probability of producing more flowers. Small cacti had the lowest survivorship, with potentially only 15–20 percent reaching large size. Most populations monitored by the two companies were stable to increasing. However, there were differences in the growth rates among plots and some plots had negative population growth rates. The demographic monitoring data we used represented relatively dense populations of undisturbed cacti. Hence, overall positive population growth rates were not influenced by any large-scale disturbances. Previous analyses with cacti and other species suggest that more than 10 years of data are necessary to accurately forecast long-term population trajectories. As the monitoring intervals we evaluated were shorter, they represent short-term dynamics only. Several suggestions are made in the report to improve collection of monitoring data to support evidence-based estimates of demographic characteristics of the Arizona hedgehog cactus.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191004","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Arizona Ecological Services","usgsCitation":"Thomas, K.A., Shryock, D.F., and Esque, T.C., 2019, Arizona hedgehog cactus (Echinocereus triglochidiatus var. arizonicus)—A systematic data assessment in support of recovery: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019-1004, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191004.","productDescription":"viii, 36 p.","numberOfPages":"48","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-099658","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":361617,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1004/ofr20191004.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1004"},{"id":361616,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1004/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","county":"Gila County, Pinal County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.22421264648438,\n 33.25534082823907\n ],\n [\n -110.9014892578125,\n 33.25534082823907\n ],\n [\n -110.9014892578125,\n 33.48070852506531\n ],\n [\n -111.22421264648438,\n 33.48070852506531\n ],\n [\n -111.22421264648438,\n 33.25534082823907\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Southwest Biological Science Center
520 N. Park Avenue, Suite 221
University of Arizona, Building 120
Tucson, Arizona 85719
The Hartsel quadrangle sits nearly in the center of the complex South Park Laramide structural basin. Generally, the basin can be described as an asymmetrical down-faulted feature, dipping to the east. It is bounded by two northwest-trending uplifts: the Sawatch uplift to the west and the Front Range uplift to the east. The west-verging Elkhorn thrust, which places Proterozoic intrusive and metamorphic rocks within the Front Range uplift over Phanerozoic sediments in the basin, passes just east of the quadrangle. Seismic data and deep oil and gas well logs indicate that a series of imbricate thrust faults extend west, and in front of, the Elk horn thrust fault. The Hartsel uplift is a westward-jutting structural salient of the Front Range uplift that brings Proterozoic rocks farther into the basin south of the town of Hartsel. The quadrangle also spans the late Paleozoic boundary between the central Colorado trough (DeVoto, 1972) to the west and Frontrangia (Mallory, 1958) to the east. The Neogene Rio Grande rift system lies to the west of South Park Basin in the upper Arkansas River valley. Examples of Neogene extension can be found throughout South Park, as described by Stark and others (1949), De Voto (1971), and Ruleman and others (2011). In addition, there is evidence of ongoing local deformation related to dissolution and possible collapse of Paleozoic evaporite deposits across much of the west side of the basin (Kirkham and others, 2012).
","language":"English","publisher":"Colorado Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Barkmann, P.E., Houck, K.J., Dechesne, M., Lovekin, J.R., and Johnson, E.P., 2019, Geologic map of the Hartsel Quadrangle, Park County, Colorado: Open-File Report 17-04.","ipdsId":"IP-086086","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":361730,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":361707,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://store.coloradogeologicalsurvey.org/product/geologic-map-hartsel-quadrangle-park-colorado/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Park County","otherGeospatial":"Hartsel Quadrangle","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barkmann, Peter E.","contributorId":213937,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barkmann","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":12745,"text":"Colorado Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":758726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Houck, Karen J.","contributorId":25623,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Houck","given":"Karen","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":758727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dechesne, Marieke 0000-0002-4468-7495","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4468-7495","contributorId":213936,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dechesne","given":"Marieke","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":758725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lovekin, Jonathan R.","contributorId":213939,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lovekin","given":"Jonathan","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":12745,"text":"Colorado Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":758728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Johnson, Erinn P.","contributorId":213940,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"Erinn","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":12745,"text":"Colorado Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":758729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70202040,"text":"ofr20191008 - 2019 - Bridge scour countermeasure assessments at select bridges in the United States, 2016–18","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-08T12:20:27","indexId":"ofr20191008","displayToPublicDate":"2019-02-27T07:11:46","publicationYear":"2019","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2019-1008","displayTitle":"Bridge Scour Countermeasure Assessments at Select Bridges in the United States, 2016–18","title":" Bridge scour countermeasure assessments at select bridges in the United States, 2016–18","docAbstract":"In 2009, the Federal Highway Administration published Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 23 (HEC-23) to provide specific design and implementation guidelines for bridge scour and stream instability countermeasures. However, the effectiveness of countermeasures implemented over the past decade following those guidelines has not been evaluated. Therefore, in 2013, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration, began a study to assess the current condition of bridge-scour countermeasures at selected sites to evaluate their effectiveness. Bridge-scour countermeasures were assessed during 2016–2018 after additional sites were added following a similar study. Site assessments included reviewing countermeasure design plans, summarizing the peak and daily streamflow history, and assessments at each site. Each site survey included a photo log summary, field form, and topographic and bathymetric geospatial data and metadata. This report documents the study area and site-selection criteria, explains the survey methods used to evaluate the condition of countermeasures, and presents the complete documentation for each countermeasure assessment.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191008","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Dudunake, T.J., Huizinga , R.J., and Fosness, R.L., 2019, Bridge scour countermeasure assessments at select bridges in the United States, 2016–18: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019-1008, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191008.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 12 p.; Data release","numberOfPages":"20","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2016-01-01","temporalEnd":"2018-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-085157","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":361447,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7WW7G4W","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"Geospatial data for bridge scour countermeasure assessments at select bridges in the United States, 2016-2018"},{"id":361446,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1008/ofr20191008.pdf","text":"Report","size":"735 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1008"},{"id":361445,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1008/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut, Idaho, Iowa, Missouri, Montana, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, South Carolina","contact":"Director, Idaho Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
230 Collins Rd
Boise, Idaho 83702-4520
The United States Geological Survey’s (USGS) Planetary Geologic Map Coordination Group (Flagstaff, Ariz.) surveyed planetary geoscience map makers and users to determine the importance, relevance, and usability of such products to their planetary science research and to current and future needs of the planetary science community. This survey was prepared because the planetary science community lacks a modern assessment of the value invested in geoscience map products and processes (including the diverse scientific and technical personnel who add to and maintain this infrastructure) and a strategy that ensures these efforts appropriately prioritize mapping efforts across all solid surface bodies in the Solar System.
A 30-question survey was conducted through an online questionnaire and was designed to (1) take <10 minutes, (2) instill a sense that responses would be acted upon, and (3) encourage community participation through a user-friendly interface. The survey made a distinction between “standardized” geoscience maps (those published by the USGS that require adherence to specific cartographic standards, conventions, and principles) and “non-standardized” geoscience maps (those published by other venues such as peer-reviewed journals that are not required to, but might, adhere to some cartographic standards, conventions, and principles). The survey was opened on Sunday, March 18, 2017 (to coincide with the annual Lunar and Planetary Science Conference in The Woodlands, Tex.) and was closed on Thursday, May 25, 2017. There was a total of 265 unique responses that were formulated into 17 unique findings that were matched with one or more recommendations to be addressed by the planetary science community.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191012","usgsCitation":"Skinner, J.A. Jr., Huff, A.E., Fortezzo, C.M., Gaither, T., Hare, T.M., Hunter, M.A., Buban, H., 2019, Planetary geologic mapping—program status and future needs: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1012, 40 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191012","productDescription":"vi, 39 p.","numberOfPages":"50","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-102821","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":361568,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1012/ofr20191012.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1012"},{"id":361567,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1012/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Astrogeology Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2255 N. Gemini Dr.
Flagstaff, AZ 86001
Director, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
384 Woods Hole Road Quissett Campus
Woods Hole, MA 02543–1598
Cache Creek drains part of northern California’s Coast Ranges and is an important source of mercury (Hg) to the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta. Cache Creek is contaminated with Hg from several sources, including historical Hg and gold mines, native Hg in the soils, and active mineral springs. In laboratory experiments in a study conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the use of coagulants and sorbents to immobilize Hg in water samples from high-concentration sources in the Cache Creek watershed was investigated. Three sites were selected for the collection of surface-water samples containing high and low concentrations of particulate-associated Hg. The high-particulate Hg samples were collected from Cache Creek Settling Basin during stormflow conditions. The low-particulate Hg samples were collected from two geochemically contrasting sites during base-flow conditions (downstream from a geothermal spring and at the emergence point of a connate-water spring). Three coagulants were chosen for laboratory testing with the high-particulate sample— (1) ChitoVanTM HV 1.5 percent (shell based), (2) FerralyteTM 8131 (ferric sulfate based), and (3) UltrionTM 8186 (aluminum based). Each coagulant was tested at various dose amounts to determine the optimum dose rate for the high-particulate sample. The low-particulate source samples were passed through three sorbents—(1) chitosan flakes, (2) coconut shell-based activated carbon, and (3) coal-based activated carbon. In-line columns were packed with each material, and the untreated sample was passed through each column at three different flow rates (0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 liter per minute, L/min).
For dose rates used in this study, ChitoVanTM reduced turbidity of the particulate sample by 85–91 percent, FerralyteTM reduced turbidity by 54–93 percent, and UltrionTM reduced turbidity by greater than 90 percent. At the lowest dose rate, ChitoVanTM achieved a 59- to 61-percent reduction in whole-water methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations and a 71- to 75-percent decrease in whole-water total mercury (THg) concentrations. FerralyteTM achieved a 37- to 48-percent decrease in whole-water MeHg concentrations and a 37- to 48-percent reduction in whole-water THg concentrations. UltrionTM achieved a greater than 90-percent decrease in whole-water MeHg and THg concentrations.
Mercury removal from the low-particulate samples was less efficient for the sorbent materials compared to the coagulants; less than 30 percent of THg was removed from any 500-milliliter aliquot using sorbent materials. The coal-based sorbent was the most versatile of the sorbents, removing THg to a similar extent from both low-particulate source waters. The chitosan sorbent was the most effective at removing THg from the low-particulate stream sample, but less effective for the low-particulate connate-spring sample. The Hg removal efficiency of the coconut sorbent decreased quickly compared to the other two sorbents, indicating that sorption may be limited by the short contact times evaluated in this study.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191001","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"De Parsia, E.R., Fleck, J.A., Krabbenhoft, D.P., Hoang, K., Roth, D., and Randall, P., 2019, Coagulant and sorbent efficacy in removing mercury from surface waters in the Cache Creek watershed, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1001, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191001. ","productDescription":"viii, 46 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-096117","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":361413,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1001/ofr20191001.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1001"},{"id":361412,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1001/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Cache Creek Watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123,\n 38\n ],\n [\n -121.5,\n 38\n ],\n [\n -121.5,\n 39.5\n ],\n [\n -123,\n 39.5\n ],\n [\n -123,\n 38\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, California Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6000 J Street, Placer Hall
Sacramento, California 95819
For the past 36 years, Bulletin 17B, published by the Interagency Committee on Water Data in 1982, has guided flood-frequency analyses in the United States. During this period, much has been learned about both hydrology and statistical methods. In keeping with the tradition of periodically updating the Bulletin 17B guidelines in light of advances in our understanding and methods, the Hydrologic Frequency Analysis Work Group (HFAWG) was charged by the Subcommittee on Hydrology (SOH) of the Advisory Committee on Water Information (ACWI) to consider possible updates to Bulletin 17B.
The purpose of this report is to consider the statistical performance of possible revisions to Bulletin 17B procedures. Of particular interest are procedures designed to accommodate more general forms of flood information. The concern is how the proposed procedures would affect the precision, accuracy and robustness of flood-frequency estimates. The investigations reported here focus on techniques for the following:
The proposed changes, which mostly involve generalizing Bulletin 17B’s method-of-moments procedures by using the Expected Moments Algorithm (EMA), are relatively modest, at least in the sense that they would not affect the main features of Bulletin 17B. The proposed methods include the following:
The hydrological literature already provides extensive support for the theory behind the proposed changes. The remaining question is practical: How well do the proposed methods perform under typical and realistic conditions and, specifically, with difficult records occasionally encountered in practice? In order to answer these questions, the HFAWG commissioned the work reported here. The following four major sets of results are provided:
Collectively, these studies provide a reasonably comprehensive, valid, and robust assessment of the properties of the Bulletin 17B methods and proposed alternatives. The experiments and analysis indicate that the flood quantile estimators, proposed as a revision of Bulletin 17B, do the following:
Chief, Analysis and Prediction Branch
Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division
Water Mission Area
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Mail Stop 415
Reston, VA 20192
A field study was conducted to estimate survival of fry-sized juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in Lookout Point Reservoir, western Oregon, during 2017. The field study consisted of releasing three groups of genetically marked fish in the reservoir and monthly fish sampling. Fish were released during April 18–19 (43,950 fish), May 30–June 2 (44,145 fish), and on June 28, 2017 (3,920 fish). Reservoir sampling began in May and occurred monthly through October, consisting of 5-day events where juvenile Chinook salmon were collected using various gear types (electrofishing, shoreline traps, gill nets). Data were analyzed using two models: (1) a staggered release-recovery model (SRRM), and (2) a parentage-based tagging (PBT) N-mixture model. The SRRM provided survival estimates from two periods: (1) mid-April to late May (SSRRM1), and (2) late May to late June (SSRRM2). Multiple estimates of survival were possible for each period using different combinations of recovery data from the three groups of fish that were released. Survival estimates for SSRRM1 ranged from 0.470 to 0.520. Estimates for SSRRM2 ranged from 0.968 to 0.969; cumulative survival from mid-April to late June (SSRRM2) was estimated at 0.870. We suspect that issues with the third release group led to biased survival results using the SRRM. The PBT N-mixture model provided survival estimates from six periods: (1) mid-April to mid-May (SNMIX1), (2) mid-May to mid-June (SNMIX2), (3) mid-June to mid-July (SNMIX3), (4) mid-July to mid-August (SNMIX4), (5) mid-August to mid-September (SNMIX5), and (6) mid-September to mid-October (SNMIX6). Survival estimates from the PBT N-mixture model were lowest for SNMIX1 (0.461) and increased monthly to a high of 0.970 for SNMIX6. Cumulative survival from mid-April to mid-July was 0.233 and overall survival from mid-April to mid-October was 0.188. This suggests that most mortality occurred early in the study when juvenile Chinook salmon were small. This could be because these fish were most vulnerable to predation in the reservoir at that time. We determined that mortality of juvenile Chinook salmon was high in the reservoir during this study and similar estimates of parr-to-smolt survival have been observed in other systems. Additional analyses are required, including results from the second year of study (2018), and potentially similar evaluations will need to be made at other locations to determine if reservoir mortality is a limiting survival factor for Chinook salmon in the Middle Fork Willamette River.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191011","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and Oregon State University","usgsCitation":"Kock, T.J., Perry, R.W., Hansen, G.S., Haner, P.V., Pope, A.C., Plumb, J.M., Cogliati, K.M., and Hansen, A.C., 2019, Evaluation of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) fry survival at Lookout Point Reservoir, western Oregon, 2017: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019-1011, 42 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191011.","productDescription":"vi, 42 p.","numberOfPages":"52","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-102234","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":361397,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1011/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":361398,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1011/ofr20191011.pdf","text":"Report","size":"12.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1011"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Lookout Point Reservoir","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.89718627929688,\n 43.91768033000405\n ],\n [\n -122.81410217285155,\n 43.98589821991874\n ],\n [\n -122.64244079589842,\n 43.929055415997134\n ],\n [\n -122.5140380859375,\n 43.82808744469062\n ],\n [\n -122.63626098632812,\n 43.77059798257491\n ],\n [\n -122.75711059570312,\n 43.854830911225235\n ],\n [\n -122.89718627929688,\n 43.91768033000405\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Western Fisheries Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6505 NE 65th Street
Seattle, Washington 98115-5016
The recovery of endangered Lost River suckers (Deltistes luxatus) in Upper Klamath Lake, south-central Oregon, has been impeded because juveniles are not recruiting into adult spawning populations. Adult sucker populations spawn each spring but mortality of age-0 suckers during their first summer is excessively high, and recruitment of juveniles into adult populations does not occur in most years. The last significant year class to join spawning aggregations was hatched in 1991. Capture rates for age-0 Lost River suckers decrease so substantially each summer that it is thought that mortality is nearly 100 percent within the first year of life each year. Causes of mortality are not understood but poor water quality, parasites, disease, predation, and non-native species are suspected to contribute to mortality. Upper Klamath Lake is hypereutrophic and summer water-quality conditions have large diurnal and seasonal fluctuations. Photosynthesis of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, the most abundant cyanobacterium in Upper Klamath Lake, is responsible for large fluctuations in dissolved-oxygen (DO) concentrations and pH.
We introduced hatchery-raised, passive integrated transponder-tagged juvenile Lost River suckers into large mesocosms located at Fish Banks, Mid North, and Rattlesnake Point in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, to assess sucker mortality relative to water-quality conditions. We identified the date of death for each sucker by assessing movement patterns among vertically stratified antennas. We modeled daily mortality using known fate models relative to water-quality conditions measured by sondes. Histopathology was used to understand causes of eminent mortality for moribund suckers.
Fish mortality, growth, health, and movement patterns varied among locations, but it was unclear whether this variation was due to water-quality or other factors. Seasonal mortality was 58.8 percent at Fish Banks, 27.4 percent at Mid North, and 11.5 percent at Rattlesnake Point. Growth over the 109-day study period was lowest at Fish Banks (34.5 ±10.0 millimeters [mm] standard length (SL); 18.6 ±7.7 grams [g]), intermediate at Mid North (57.5 ±13.6 mm SL; 40.1 ±15.4 g), and greatest at Rattlesnake Point (78.4 ±13.0 mm SL; 72.5 ±18.7 g). Our ability to assess causes of juvenile sucker mortality in mesocosms using our modelling approach was limited by low daily mortality. Zero to 3 mortalities occurred per day, except on July 30 at Fish Banks when 7 mortalities occurred. Relative to any other measured and tested water-quality condition, mortality was more likely to occur on days with large fluctuations in oxygen percent saturation. When we assessed the fit of the most parsimonious model, performance was poor, which suggested that other factors were contributing to mortality. Our ability to assess the relationship between seasonal patterns in water quality and fish mortality were limited by the absence of substantial differences in water quality among sites, inconsistency in the depth at which measurements were collected, and no clear pattern in conditions leading up to and during mortality events. Except for DO at Rattlesnake Point and diel temperature variations at Fish Banks, seasonally summarized water-quality factors were similar among sites. The locations of water-quality monitors within the water column likely explain the differences in DO at Rattlesnake Point and temperature variation at Fish Banks. Furthermore, DO concentrations and other water-quality factors occurring during and prior to mortality events were inconsistent.
Microscopic assessments indicated severe gill hyperplasia, fusion of the secondary lamellae, and severe Ichthyobodo sp. infestations on the gills of most moribund suckers. Liver glycogen was usually depleted in suckers with severe Ichthyobodo sp. infestations. Ichthyobodo sp. infestations probably were the immediate cause of death and probably originated from the Klamath Tribes Fish Research Facility, although this parasite also is present in Upper Klamath Lake and severe water-quality conditions may have contributed to morbidity. As suckers in the mesocosms died, they were replaced with suckers from the Fish Research Facility that likely were heavily parasitized with Ichthyobodo sp. Therefore, it is possible that the gradient in mortality rate among sites was owing to site-varying differences in inadvertent increases in introduced parasite loads.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20191006","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Hereford, D.M., Conway, C.M., Burdick, S.M., Elliott, D.G., Perry, T.M., Dolan-Caret, A., and Harris, A.C., 2019, Assessing causes of mortality for endangered juvenile Lost River suckers (Deltistes luxatus) in mesocosms in Upper Klamath Lake, south-central Oregon, 2016: U.S. Geological Survey Open -File Report 2019-1006, 80 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191006.","productDescription":"viii, 80 p.","numberOfPages":"92","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-098400","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":361283,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1006/ofr20191006.pdf","text":"Report","size":"12.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2019-1006"},{"id":361282,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2019/1006/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Upper Klamath Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.10273742675781,\n 42.22750046697999\n ],\n [\n -121.79374694824219,\n 42.22750046697999\n ],\n [\n -121.79374694824219,\n 42.595554553719204\n ],\n [\n -122.10273742675781,\n 42.595554553719204\n ],\n [\n -122.10273742675781,\n 42.22750046697999\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Western Fisheries Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6505 NE 65th Street
Seattle, Washington 98115-5016
During 2016, as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Project (NAWQA), the U.S. Geological Survey conducted the Northeast Stream Quality Assessment (NESQA) to investigate stream quality in the northeastern United States. The goal of the NESQA was to assess the health of wadeable streams in the region by characterizing multiple water-quality factors that are stressors to aquatic life and by evaluating the relation between these stressors and the condition of biological communities. Urbanization, agriculture, and human modifications to streamflow are anthropogenic changes that greatly affect water quality in the region; consequently, the study design primarily selected sites and targeted stressors associated with these activities. The NESQA built on a prior NAWQA study conducted in the region in 2014, the Atlantic Highlands flow-ecology study, which investigated the effects of anthropogenically modified flows on aquatic biological communities in primarily forested watersheds. Land-cover data for the NESQA were used to identify and select sites within the region that had watersheds ranging in levels of urban and agricultural development. A total of 95 sites were selected: 67 on streams in watersheds representing a range of urban land use, 13 on streams in watersheds with some degree of agricultural land use, and 15 on streams in predominantly forested watersheds with little development. Depending on land-cover characteristics, sites were sampled weekly for metal and organic contaminants, nutrients, and sediment for either a 9-week period that began the week of June 6, 2016, or a 4-week period that begin the week of July 11, 2016. Beginning August 1, 2016, and for about 2 weeks, an ecological survey was conducted at every site to assess stream habitat, and algal, benthic invertebrate, and fish communities. Additional samples collected during the ecological surveys were streambed sediment for chemical analysis and toxicity testing, and fish tissue for mercury analysis. This report describes the various study components and methods of the NESQA and describes a precursor effort for the Atlantic Highlands flow-ecology study. Details are presented for measurements of water quality, sediment chemistry, streamflow, and ecological surveys of stream biota and habitat, as well as processes of sample analysis, quality assurance and quality control, and data management.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20181183","collaboration":"National Water Quality Program","usgsCitation":"Coles, J.F., Riva-Murray, K., Van Metre, P.C., Button, D.T., Bell, A.H., Qi, S.L., Journey, C.A., and Sheibley, R.W., 2019, Design and methods of the U.S. Geological Survey Northeast Stream Quality Assessment (NESQA), 2016: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2018–1183, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181183.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 46 p.; Appendixes 1 and 2","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-095438","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":361093,"rank":4,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1183/ofr20181183_appendix2.xlsx","text":"Appendix 2, tables 2.1 through 2.10: Excel ","size":"119 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}},{"id":361094,"rank":5,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1183/ofr20181183_appendixes.zip","text":"Appendixes 1 and 2, all tables in CSV format","size":"5.45 GB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"}},{"id":361095,"rank":6,"type":{"id":18,"text":"Project Site"},"url":"https://webapps.usgs.gov/rsqa/#!/"},{"id":361090,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1183/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":361091,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1183/ofr20181183.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.59 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2018-1183"},{"id":361092,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1183/ofr20181183_appendix1.xlsx","text":"Appendix 1, tables 1.1 through 1.4: Excel","size":"777 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -79.9365234375,\n 40.17887331434696\n ],\n [\n -68.291015625,\n 40.17887331434696\n ],\n [\n -68.291015625,\n 47.60616304386874\n ],\n [\n -79.9365234375,\n 47.60616304386874\n ],\n [\n -79.9365234375,\n 40.17887331434696\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New England Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
10 Bearfoot Road
Northborough, MA 01532
A catastrophic flood event on the Missouri River system in 2011 led to substantial changes in abundance and distribution of unvegetated sand habitat. This river system is a major component of the breeding range for interior Least terns (Sternula antillarum; “terns”) and piping plovers (Charadrius melodus; “plovers”), both of which are Federally listed ground-nesting birds that prefer open, unvegetated sand and gravel nesting substrates on sandbars and shorelines. The 2011 flood inundated essentially all tern and plover nesting habitat during 2011, but it had potential to generate post-flood habitat conditions that favored use by terns and plovers in subsequent years. We compared several tern and plover demographic parameters during the pre-flood and post-flood periods on the Garrison Reach and Lake Sakakawea, North Dakota, to determine how this event influenced these species (both species on the Garrison Reach, and plovers only on Lake Sakakawea). The principal parameters we measured (nest survival, chick survival, and breeding population) showed spatial and temporal variation typical of opportunistic species occupying highly variable habitats. There was little evidence that nest survival of least terns differed between pre- and post-flood. During 2012 when habitat was most abundant on the Garrison Reach and Lake Sakakawea, piping plover nest survival was higher than in any other year in the study, but returned to rates comparable to pre-flood years in 2013. Chick survival for terns on the Garrison Reach and plovers on Lake Sakakawea showed a similar pattern to plover nest survival, with the 2012 rate exceeding all other years of the study, and the remaining pre-flood and post-flood years being generally similar but slightly higher in post-flood years. However, plover chick survival on the Garrison Reach in 2012 was similar to pre-flood years, and increased annually thereafter to its highest rate in 2014. Although wide confidence intervals precluded firm conclusions about flood effects on breeding populations, the general pattern suggested lower populations of plovers but higher populations of least terns immediately after the flood. Despite near total absence of breeding habitat on either study area during the flood of 2011, populations of both species persisted after the flood due to their propensity to disperse and/or forgo breeding for at least a year. Tern and plover populations have similarly persisted and recovered after the flood, but their mechanisms for persistence likely differ. Data on tern dispersal is generally lacking, but they are thought to show little fidelity to their natal grounds, have a propensity to disperse potentially long distances, and routinely forgo breeding until their second year, thus a lost opportunity to breed in a given area may be easily overcome. Plovers exhibit stronger demographic ties to the general area in which they previously nested, yet they occupy much broader nesting habitat features than terns and exploit three major landforms in the Dakotas (free-flowing rivers, reservoir shorelines, and wetland shorelines). Consequently, dispersal to and from non-Missouri River habitats and potential to exploit non-traditional habitats likely sustained the Northern Great Plains population through the flood event. Terns and plovers normally occupy similar habitats on the Missouri River and both species experienced similar loss of a breeding season due to the flood. Persistence of these populations after the flood underscores the importance of understanding their unique demographic characteristics and the context within which the Missouri River operates.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20181176","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Anteau, M.J., Sherfy, M.H., Shaffer, T.L., Swift, R.J., Toy, D.L., and Dovichin, C.M., 2019, Demographic responses of least terns and piping plovers to the 2011 Missouri River flood—A large-scale case study: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2018–1176, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181176.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 33 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"46","onlineOnly":"N","ipdsId":"IP-079007","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":360855,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9VHGRDD","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"Least tern and piping plover responses to the 2011 Missouri River flood: Nest, chick, and adult datasets"},{"id":360853,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1176/coverthb2.jpg"},{"id":360854,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1176/ofr20181176.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.71 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2018–1176"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Garrison Reach, Lake Sakakawea","contact":"Director, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
8711 37th Street Southeast
Jamestown, ND 58401
The Wyoming Landscape Conservation Initiative (WLCI) was established in 2008 to address the scientific and conservation questions associated with land use changes because of energy development and other factors in southwest Wyoming. Over the past decade, partners from U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), State and Federal land management agencies, universities, and the public have collaborated to implement a long-term (defined here as more than 10 years), science-based program that assesses and enhances the quality and quantity of wildlife habitats in this region while facilitating responsible development. The USGS Science Team completes scientific research and develops tools that inform and support WLCI partner planning, decision making, and on-the-ground management actions. In fiscal year 2017, USGS published 18 products (including peer-reviewed journal articles, USGS series publications, and data releases), prepared an additional 7 products for publication, and presented 14 talks or posters at professional scientific meetings in addition to numerous informal presentations to WLCI partners at meetings and workshops. In this report, we summarize the science themes that describe USGS science for the WLCI and highlight work completed in fiscal year 2017 for each science theme. We also provide information on how USGS science is being used by land managers to better achieve habitat conservation objectives.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20181188","usgsCitation":"Zeigenfuss, L.C., Aikens, E., Aldridge, C.L., Anderson, P.J., Assal, T.J., Bowen, Z.H., Chalfoun, A.D., Chong, G.W., Eddy-Miller, C.A., Germaine, S.S., Graves, T., Homer, C.G., Huber, C.C., Johnston, A., Kauffman, M.J., Manier, D.J., McShane, R.R., Miller, K.A., Monroe, A.P., Ortega, A., Walters, A.W., and Wyckoff, T.B., 2019, U.S. Geological Survey science for the Wyoming Landscape Conservation Initiative—2017 annual report: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2018–1188, 57 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181188.","productDescription":"ix, 57 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-099017","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science 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U.S. Geological Survey
2150 Centre Ave., Building C
Fort Collins, CO 80526-8118