Bovine rumen fluid and slurried hamster feces completely reduced millimolar levels of arsenate to arsenite upon incubation under anoxic conditions. This activity was strongly inhibited by autoclaving or aerobic conditions, and partially inhibited by tungstate or chloramphenicol. The rate of arsenate reduction was faster in feces from a population of arsenate-watered (100 ppm) hamsters compared to a control group watered without arsenate. Using radioisotope methods, arsenate reductase activity in hamster feces was also detected at very low concentrations of added arsenate (∼10 μM). Bacterial cultures were isolated from these materials, as well as from the termite hindgut, that grew using H2 as their electron donor, acetate as their carbon source, and arsenate as their respiratory electron acceptor. The three cultures aligned phylogenetically either with well-established enteric bacteria, or with an organism associated with feedlot fecal wastes. Because arsenite is transported across the gut epithelium more readily than arsenate, microbial dissimilatory reduction of arsenate in the gut may promote the body's absorption of arsenic and hence potentiate its toxicity.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.1016/S0168-6496(02)00266-0","issn":"01686496","usgsCitation":"Herbel, M., Switzer, B.J., Hoeft, S., Cohen, S., Arnold, L., Lisak, J., Stolz, J., and Oremland, R., 2002, Dissimilatory arsenate reductase activity and arsenate-respiring bacteria in bovine rumen fluid, hamster feces, and the termite hindgut: FEMS Microbiology Ecology, v. 41, no. 1, p. 59-67, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-6496(02)00266-0.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"59","endPage":"67","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478683,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-6496(02)00266-0","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":207776,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0168-6496(02)00266-0"},{"id":232979,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0229e4b0c8380cd4fefe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Herbel, M.J.","contributorId":57232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herbel","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Switzer, Blum J.","contributorId":33076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Switzer","given":"Blum","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hoeft, S.E.","contributorId":24479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoeft","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cohen, S.M.","contributorId":48353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cohen","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Arnold, L.L.","contributorId":36714,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arnold","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lisak, J.","contributorId":36715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisak","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Stolz, J.F.","contributorId":94022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stolz","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Oremland, R.S.","contributorId":97512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oremland","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70024178,"text":"70024178 - 2002 - The role of bedrock topography on subsurface storm flow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-30T10:50:34","indexId":"70024178","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The role of bedrock topography on subsurface storm flow","docAbstract":"We conducted a detailed study of subsurface flow and water table response coupled with digital terrain analysis (DTA) of surface and subsurface features at the hillslope scale in Panola Mountain Research Watershed (PMRW), Georgia. Subsurface storm flow contributions of macropore and matrix flow in different sections along an artificial trench face were highly variable in terms of timing, peak flow, recession characteristics, and total flow volume. The trench flow characteristics showed linkages with the spatial tensiometer response defining water table development upslope. DTA of the ground surface did not capture the observed spatial patterns of trench flow or tensiometric response. However, bedrock surface topographic indices significantly improved the estimation of spatial variation of flow at the trench. Point‐scale tensiometric data were also more highly correlated with the bedrock surface‐based indices. These relationships were further assessed for temporal changes throughout a rainstorm. Linkages between the bedrock indices and the trench flow and spatial water table responses improved during the wetter periods of the rainstorm, when the hillslope became more hydrologically connected. Our results clearly demonstrate that in developing a conceptual framework for understanding the mechanisms of runoff generation, local bedrock topography may be highly significant at the hillslope scale in some catchments where the bedrock surface acts as a relatively impermeable boundary.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001WR000872","usgsCitation":"Freer, J., McDonnell, J.J., Beven, K., Peters, N., Burns, D.A., Hooper, R.P., Aulenbach, B., and Kendall, C., 2002, The role of bedrock topography on subsurface storm flow: Water Resources Research, v. 38, no. 12, p. 5-1-5-16, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001WR000872.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"5-1","endPage":"5-16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478631,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2001wr000872","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":231951,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-12-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baf52e4b08c986b3246ee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Freer, Jim","contributorId":190754,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Freer","given":"Jim","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McDonnell, Jeffery J. 0000-0002-3880-3162","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3880-3162","contributorId":62723,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McDonnell","given":"Jeffery","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Beven, K.J.","contributorId":62759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beven","given":"K.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Peters, N.E.","contributorId":33332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"N.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Burns, Douglas A. 0000-0001-6516-2869","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6516-2869","contributorId":29450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hooper, R. P.","contributorId":26321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hooper","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Aulenbach, B.","contributorId":88121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aulenbach","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Kendall, C. 0000-0002-0247-3405","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":35050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70024128,"text":"70024128 - 2002 - Anaerobic oxidation of arsenite in Mono Lake water and by a facultative, arsenite-oxidizing chemoautotroph, strain MLHE-1","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-05T14:56:21","indexId":"70024128","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":850,"text":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Anaerobic oxidation of arsenite in Mono Lake water and by a facultative, arsenite-oxidizing chemoautotroph, strain MLHE-1","docAbstract":"Arsenite [As(III)]-enriched anoxic bottom water from Mono Lake, California, produced arsenate [As(V)] during incubation with either nitrate or nitrite. No such oxidation occurred in killed controls or in live samples incubated without added nitrate or nitrite. A small amount of biological As(III) oxidation was observed in samples amended with Fe(III) chelated with nitrolotriacetic acid, although some chemical oxidation was also evident in killed controls. A pure culture, strain MLHE-1, that was capable of growth with As(III) as its electron donor and nitrate as its electron acceptor was isolated in a defined mineral salts medium. Cells were also able to grow in nitrate-mineral salts medium by using H2 or sulfide as their electron donor in lieu of As(III). Arsenite-grown cells demonstrated dark 14CO2 fixation, and PCR was used to indicate the presence of a gene encoding ribulose-1,5-biphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. Strain MLHE-1 is a facultative chemoautotroph, able to grow with these inorganic electron donors and nitrate as its electron acceptor, but heterotrophic growth on acetate was also observed under both aerobic and anaerobic (nitrate) conditions. Phylogenetic analysis of its 16S ribosomal DNA sequence placed strain MLHE-1 within the haloalkaliphilic Ectothiorhodospira of the γ-Proteobacteria. Arsenite oxidation has never been reported for any members of this subgroup of the Proteobacteria.
A method is described that allows precise determination of 234U/238U activity ratios (UAR) in most natural waters using commonly available inductively coupled plasma/mass spectrometry (ICP/MS) instrumentation and accessories. The precision achieved by this technique (±0.5% RSD, 1 sigma) is intermediate between thermal ionization mass spectrometry (±0.25% RSD, 1 sigma) and alpha particle spectrometry (±5% RSD, 1 sigma). It is precise and rapid enough to allow analysis of a large number of samples in a short period of time at low cost using standard, commercially available quadrupole instrumentation with ultrasonic nebulizer and desolvator accessories. UARs have been analyzed successfully in fresh to moderately saline waters with U concentrations of from less than 1 μg/L to nearly 100 μg/L. An example of the uses of these data is shown for a study of surface-water mixing in the North Platte River in western Nebraska. This rapid and easy technique should encourage the wider use of uranium isotopes in surface-water and groundwater investigations, both for qualitative (e.g. identifying sources of water) and quantitative (e.g. determining end-member mixing ratios purposes.
The results of general circulation model predictions of the effects of climate change from the Canadian Centre for Climate Modeling and Analysis (model CGCM1) and the United Kingdom Meteorological Office's Hadley Centre (model HadCM2) have been used to derive potential impacts on the water resources of the Great Lakes basin. These impacts can influence the levels of the Great Lakes and the volumes of channel flow among them, thus affecting their value for interests such as riparians, shippers, recreational boaters, and natural ecosystems. On one hand, a hydrological modeling suite using input data from the CGCM1 predicts large drops in lake levels, up to a maximum of 1.38 m on Lakes Michigan and Huron by 2090. This is due to a combination of a decrease in precipitation and an increase in air temperature that leads to an increase in evaporation. On the other hand, using input from HadCM2, rises in lake levels are predicted, up to a maximum of 0.35 m on Lakes Michigan and Huron by 2090, due to increased precipitation and a reduced increase in air temperature. An interest satisfaction model shows sharp decreases in the satisfaction of the interests of commercial navigation, recreational boating, riparians, and hydropower due to lake level decreases. Most interest satisfaction scores are also reduced by lake level increases. Drastic reductions in ice cover also result from the temperature increases such that under the CGCM1 predictions, most of Lake Erie has 96% of its winters ice-free by 2090. Assessment is also made of impacts on the groundwater-dependent region of Lansing, Michigan.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(02)70604-7","usgsCitation":"Lofgren, B.M., Quinn, F.H., Clites, A.H., Assel, R.A., Eberhardt, A.J., and Luukkonen, C.L., 2002, Evaluation of potential impacts on Great Lakes water resources based on climate scenarios of two GCMs: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 28, no. 4, p. 537-554, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(02)70604-7.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"537","endPage":"554","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231976,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","otherGeospatial":"Great Lakes basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.548828125,\n 40.38002840251183\n ],\n [\n -75.05859375,\n 40.38002840251183\n ],\n [\n -75.05859375,\n 50.064191736659104\n ],\n [\n -92.548828125,\n 50.064191736659104\n ],\n [\n -92.548828125,\n 40.38002840251183\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"28","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0cade4b0c8380cd52c54","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lofgren, Brent M.","contributorId":139534,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lofgren","given":"Brent","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":12789,"text":"NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":399603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Quinn, F. H.","contributorId":42753,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Quinn","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clites, A. H.","contributorId":46260,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clites","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Assel, Raymond A.","contributorId":147963,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Assel","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":12448,"text":"U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":399604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Eberhardt, A. J.","contributorId":13780,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Eberhardt","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Luukkonen, Carol L. clluukko@usgs.gov","contributorId":3489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luukkonen","given":"Carol","email":"clluukko@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":399600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70024437,"text":"70024437 - 2002 - Multispecies reactive tracer test in an aquifer with spatially variable chemical conditions, Cape Cod, Massachusetts: Dispersive transport of bromide and nickel","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-26T10:32:07","indexId":"70024437","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multispecies reactive tracer test in an aquifer with spatially variable chemical conditions, Cape Cod, Massachusetts: Dispersive transport of bromide and nickel","docAbstract":"Dispersive transport of groundwater solutes was investigated as part of a multispecies reactive tracer test conducted under spatially variable chemical conditions in an unconfined, sewage‐contaminated sand and gravel aquifer on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Transport of the nonreactive tracer bromide (Br) reflected physical and hydrologic processes. Transport of the reactive tracer nickel (Ni) complexed with an organic ligand (NiEDTA) varied in response to pH and other chemical conditions within the aquifer. A loss of about 14% of the Ni mass was calculated from the distribution of tracers through time. This loss is consistent with reversible adsorption of NiEDTA onto the iron and aluminum oxyhydroxide coatings on the aquifer sediments. The Ni consistently lagged behind Br with a calculated retardation coefficient of 1.2. Longitudinal dispersivities reached constant values of 2.2 and 1.1 m for Br and Ni, respectively, by at least 69 m of travel. The smaller dispersivity for Ni possibly was due to nonlinear or spatially variant adsorption of NiEDTA. In the upper, uncontaminated zone of the aquifer, longitudinal dispersion of Ni was greater than that of Br early in the test as a result of reversible adsorption of NiEDTA. In general, transverse dispersivities were much smaller (horizontal: 1.4–1.5 × 10−2 m; vertical: 0.5–3.8 × 10−3 m) than the longitudinal dispersivities. The Br results are similar to those from a test conducted eight years earlier, suggesting that transport parameters are spatially stationary within the aquifer at the scale of 300 m covered by the spatially overlapping tests. A significant difference between the two tests was the travel distance (69 and 26 m) needed to reach a constant longitudinal dispersivity.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001WR000945","usgsCitation":"Hess, K.M., Davis, J., Kent, D.B., and Coston, J.A., 2002, Multispecies reactive tracer test in an aquifer with spatially variable chemical conditions, Cape Cod, Massachusetts: Dispersive transport of bromide and nickel: Water Resources Research, v. 38, no. 8, p. 36-1-36-17, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001WR000945.","productDescription":"1161; 17 p.","startPage":"36-1","endPage":"36-17","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478703,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2001wr000945","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":231586,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod","volume":"38","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-08-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a60a1e4b0c8380cd715b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hess, Kathryn M.","contributorId":49012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hess","given":"Kathryn","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davis, James A.","contributorId":69289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"James A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kent, Douglas B. 0000-0003-3758-8322 dbkent@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3758-8322","contributorId":1871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kent","given":"Douglas","email":"dbkent@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":401273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Coston, Jennifer A.","contributorId":181925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coston","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":401275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70024331,"text":"70024331 - 2002 - Holocene multidecadal and multicentennial droughts affecting Northern California and Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-13T10:31:15","indexId":"70024331","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Holocene multidecadal and multicentennial droughts affecting Northern California and Nevada","docAbstract":"Continuous, high-resolution δ18O records from cored sediments of Pyramid Lake, Nevada, indicate that oscillations in the hydrologic balance occurred, on average, about every 150 years (yr) during the past 7630 calendar years (cal yr). The records are not stationary; during the past 2740 yr, drought durations ranged from 20 to 100 yr and intervals between droughts ranged from 80 to 230 yr. Comparison of tree-ring-based reconstructions of climate change for the past 1200 yr from the Sierra Nevada and the El Malpais region of northwest New Mexico indicates that severe droughts associated with Anasazi withdrawal from Chaco Canyon at 820 cal yr BP (calendar years before present) and final abandonment of Chaco Canyon, Mesa Verde, and the Kayenta area at 650 cal yr BP may have impacted much of the western United States.During the middle Holocene (informally defined in this paper as extending from 8000 to 3000 cal yr BP), magnetic susceptibility values of sediments deposited in Pyramid Lake's deep basin were much larger than late–Holocene (3000–0 cal yr BP) values, indicating the presence of a shallow lake. In addition, the mean δ18O value of CaCO3 precipitated between 6500 and 3430 cal yr BP was 1.6‰ less than the mean value of CaCO3 precipitated after 2740 cal yr BP. Numerical calculations indicate that the shift in the δ18O baseline probably resulted from a transition to a wetter (>30%) and cooler (3–5°C) climate. The existence of a relatively dry and warm middle-Holocene climate in the Truckee River–Pyramid Lake system is generally consistent with archeological, sedimentological, chemical, physical, and biological records from various sites within the Great Basin of the western United States. Two high-resolution Holocene-climate records are now available from the Pyramid and Owens lake basins which suggest that the Holocene was characterized by five climatic intervals. TIC and δ18O records from Owens Lake indicate that the first interval in the early Holocene (11,600–10,000 cal yr BP) was characterized by a drying trend that was interrupted by a brief (200 yr) wet oscillation centered at 10,300 cal yr BP. This was followed by a second early-Holocene interval (10,000–8000 cal yr BP) during which relatively wet conditions prevailed. During the early part of the middle Holocene (8000–6500 cal yr BP), high-amplitude oscillations in TIC in Owens Lake and δ18O in Pyramid Lake indicate the presence of shallow lakes in both basins. During the latter part of the middle Holocene (6500–3800 cal yr BP), drought conditions dominated, Owens Lake desiccated, and Lake Tahoe ceased spilling to the Truckee River, causing Pyramid Lake to decline. At the beginning of the late Holocene (∼3000 cal yr BP), Lake Tahoe rose to its sill level and Pyramid Lake increased in volume.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00048-8","issn":"02773791","usgsCitation":"Benson, L., Kashgarian, M., Rye, R., Lund, S., Paillet, F., Smoot, J., Kester, C., Mensing, S., Meko, D., and Lindstrom, S., 2002, Holocene multidecadal and multicentennial droughts affecting Northern California and Nevada: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 21, no. 4-6, p. 659-682, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00048-8.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"659","endPage":"682","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231921,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207191,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00048-8"}],"volume":"21","issue":"4-6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a31ece4b0c8380cd5e359","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Benson, L.","contributorId":56793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benson","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kashgarian, Michaele","contributorId":68473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kashgarian","given":"Michaele","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rye, R.","contributorId":19912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rye","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lund, S.","contributorId":84933,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lund","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Paillet, F.","contributorId":73372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paillet","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Smoot, J.","contributorId":21726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smoot","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Kester, C.","contributorId":95427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kester","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Mensing, S.","contributorId":90488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mensing","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Meko, D.","contributorId":99667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meko","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Lindstrom, S.","contributorId":26851,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindstrom","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70024354,"text":"70024354 - 2002 - Inter-annual, seasonal and spatial variability in nutrient limitation of phytoplankton production in a river impoundment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:02","indexId":"70024354","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Inter-annual, seasonal and spatial variability in nutrient limitation of phytoplankton production in a river impoundment","docAbstract":"We characterize seasonal and spatial patterns in phytoplankton abundance, production and nutrient limitation in a mesotrophic river impoundment located in the southeastern United States to assess variation arising from inter-annual differences in watershed inputs. Short-term (48 h) in situ nutrient addition experiments were conducted between May and October at three sites located along the longitudinal axis of the lake. Nutrient limitation was detected in 12 of the 18 experiments conducted over 2 years. Phytoplankton responded to additions of phosphorus alone although highest chlorophyll concentrations were observed in enclosures receiving combined (P and N) additions. Growth responses were greatest at downstream sites and in late summer suggesting that those populations experience more severe nutrient limitation. Interannual variation in nutrient limitation and primary production corresponded to differences in the timing of hydrologic inputs. Above average rainfall and discharge in late-summer (July-October) of 1996 coincided with higher in-lake nutrient concentrations, increased production, and minimal nutrient limitation. During the same period in 1995, discharge was lower, nutrient concentrations were lower, and nutrient limitation of phytoplankton production was more pronounced. Our results suggest that nutrient limitation is common in this river impoundment but that modest inter-annual variability in the timing of hydrologic inputs can substantially influence seasonal and spatial patterns.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrobiologia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1021388315552","issn":"00188158","usgsCitation":"Bukaveckas, P., and Crain, A., 2002, Inter-annual, seasonal and spatial variability in nutrient limitation of phytoplankton production in a river impoundment: Hydrobiologia, v. 481, p. 19-31, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021388315552.","startPage":"19","endPage":"31","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207090,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021388315552"},{"id":231702,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"481","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3c9fe4b0c8380cd62ed1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bukaveckas, P.A.","contributorId":87322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bukaveckas","given":"P.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crain, A.S.","contributorId":10833,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crain","given":"A.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023866,"text":"70023866 - 2002 - Reactivity and mobility of new and old mercury deposition in a boreal forest ecosystem during the first year of the METAALICUS study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-26T09:20:18","indexId":"70023866","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reactivity and mobility of new and old mercury deposition in a boreal forest ecosystem during the first year of the METAALICUS study","docAbstract":"The METAALICUS (Mercury Experiment To Assess Atmospheric Loading In Canada and the US) project is a whole ecosystem experiment designed to study the activity, mobility, and availability of atmospherically deposited mercury. To investigate the dynamics of mercury newly deposited onto a terrestrial ecosystem, an enriched stable isotope of mercury (202Hg) was sprayed onto a Boreal forest subcatchment in an experiment that allowed us, for the first time, to monitor the fate of “new” mercury in deposition and to distinguish it from native mercury historically stored in the ecosystem. Newly deposited mercury was more reactive than the native mercury with respect to volatilization and methylation pathways. Mobility through runoff was very low and strongly decreased with time because of a rapid equilibration with the large native pool of “bound” mercury. Over one season, only ∼8% of the added 202Hg volatilized to the atmosphere and less than 1% appeared in runoff. Within a few months, approximately 66% of the applied 202Hg remained associated with above ground vegetation, with the rest being incorporated into soils. The fraction of 202Hg bound to vegetation was much higher than seen for native Hg (<5% vegetation), suggesting that atmospherically derived mercury enters the soil pool with a time delay, after plants senesce and decompose. The initial mobility of mercury received through small rain events or dry deposition decreased markedly in a relatively short time period, suggesting that mercury levels in terrestrial runoff may respond slowly to changes in mercury deposition rates.
Monthly censusing of reproductive condition of the Asian clam Potamocorbula amurensis at four sites in northern San Francisco Bay over a 9-yr period revealed year-to-year differences in local reproductive activity that are associated with patterns of hydrologic variability. Between 1989 and 1992, Northern California experienced a drought, whereas the period between 1993 and 1998 was marked by a mix of wet and dry years. We took advantage of the extreme year-to-year differences to examine reproductive responses to river inflow patterns. Populations of P. amurensis at the upstream sites in Suisun Bay and Carquinez Strait were more reproductively active during wet years than dry years. Conversely, at the downstream site in San Pablo Bay, the population was more reproductively active during dry years than wet years. We suggest that the different reproductive patterns observed reflect the clam's response to different sources of food. During wet years, organic matter from the rivers augments food supplies in Suisun Bay. During dry years, when inflow into the San Francisco Bay Estuary from the rivers is reduced, water transported from the adjacent ocean into the estuary as far as San Pablo Bay provides a supplemental food supply for the local production. The populations take advantage of these spatially distinct food supplies by initiating and maintaining local reproductive activity. We conclude that the ability of P. amurensis to consume and use various types of food to regulate its reproductive activity is part of the reason for its success as an invasive species.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of Hawaii Press","doi":"10.1353/psc.2002.0027","usgsCitation":"Parchaso, F., and Thompson, J.K., 2002, Influence of hydrologic processes on reproduction of the introduced bivalve Potamocorbula amurensis in northern San Francisco Bay, California: Pacific Science, v. 56, no. 3, p. 329-345, https://doi.org/10.1353/psc.2002.0027.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"329","endPage":"345","numberOfPages":"17","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478800,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10125/2569","text":"External Repository"},{"id":235722,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"northern San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.61016845703124,\n 37.794592824285104\n ],\n [\n -121.92626953124999,\n 37.794592824285104\n ],\n [\n -121.92626953124999,\n 38.236022799686694\n ],\n [\n -122.61016845703124,\n 38.236022799686694\n ],\n [\n -122.61016845703124,\n 37.794592824285104\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"56","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3b43e4b0c8380cd62393","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parchaso, Francis 0000-0002-9471-7787 parchaso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9471-7787","contributorId":150620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parchaso","given":"Francis","email":"parchaso@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":403879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, Janet K. 0000-0002-1528-8452 jthompso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1528-8452","contributorId":1009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Janet","email":"jthompso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":403880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025113,"text":"70025113 - 2002 - Spatial and statistical differences between 1:250,000- and 1:24,000-scale digital soil databases","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:28","indexId":"70025113","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2456,"text":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial and statistical differences between 1:250,000- and 1:24,000-scale digital soil databases","docAbstract":"In this study, 1:250,000- and 1:24,000-scale digital soil databases for Kansas were compared statistically and spatially. The soil attributes used in this comparison were soil permeability, percent clay, and hydrologic group. Results indicate that, although the two databases were correlated, the potential exists for substantial site-specific variability between them. The largest differences between the two databases typically are in and along the stream networks. With distance away from the stream networks, the mean differences generally stabilize. The results also indicate the possibility of systematic bias between the two databases that varies with landscape position. For applications using mean soil attribute values, the two soil databases usually yield similar values for the three soil attributes analyzed, especially for areas of 25 km2 (9.7 mi2) or larger. However, for applications where more detailed information on soil variability and the spatial pattern of soil properties within the landscape is required, such as for studies focused on small areas or areas in and along stream networks, the two soil databases are sufficiently different such that using one or the other may result in substantially different results.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Soil and Water Conservation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00224561","usgsCitation":"Juracek, K.E., and Wolock, D., 2002, Spatial and statistical differences between 1:250,000- and 1:24,000-scale digital soil databases: Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, v. 57, no. 2, p. 89-94.","startPage":"89","endPage":"94","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235684,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9430e4b08c986b31a900","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Juracek, K. E. 0000-0002-2102-8980","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2102-8980","contributorId":44570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Juracek","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolock, D.M. 0000-0002-6209-938X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6209-938X","contributorId":36601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolock","given":"D.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024765,"text":"70024765 - 2002 - Bedform movement recorded by sequential single-beam surveys in tidal rivers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-13T16:27:59","indexId":"70024765","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bedform movement recorded by sequential single-beam surveys in tidal rivers","docAbstract":"A portable system for bedform-mapping was evaluated in the delta of the lower Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers, California, from 1998 to 2000. Bedform profiles were surveyed with a two-person crew using an array of four single-beam transducers on boats about 6 m in length. Methods for processing the bedform profiles into maps with geographic coordinates were developed for spreadsheet programs and surface-contouring software. Straight reaches were surveyed every few days or weeks to determine locations of sand deposition, net transport directions, flow thresholds for bedform regimes, and bedform-transport rates. In one channel of unidirectional flow, the portable system was used to record changes in bedform regime through minor fluctuations of low discharge, and through high discharges near channel capacity. In another channel with reversing flows from tides, the portable system recorded directions of net bedload-transport that would be undetectable by standard bedload sampling alone.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0022-1694(01)00558-3","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Dinehart, R., 2002, Bedform movement recorded by sequential single-beam surveys in tidal rivers: Journal of Hydrology, v. 258, no. 1-4, p. 25-39, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(01)00558-3.","startPage":"25","endPage":"39","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232780,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207647,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(01)00558-3"}],"volume":"258","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f040e4b0c8380cd4a69c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dinehart, R.L.","contributorId":54610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dinehart","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70024618,"text":"70024618 - 2002 - Parasite (Ribeiroia ondatrae) infection linked to amphibian malformations in the western United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-28T08:41:07","indexId":"70024618","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1459,"text":"Ecological Monographs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Parasite (Ribeiroia ondatrae) infection linked to amphibian malformations in the western United States","docAbstract":"Parasites and pathogens can influence the survivorship, behavior, and very structure of their host species. For example, experimental studies have shown that trematode parasites can cause high frequencies of severe limb malformations in amphibians. In a broad-scale field survey covering parts of California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and Montana, we examined relationships between the frequency and types of morphological abnormalities in amphibians and the abundance of trematode parasite infection, pH, concentrations of 61 pesticides, and levels of orthophosphate and total nitrate. We recorded severe malformations at frequencies ranging from 1% to 90% in nine amphibian species from 53 aquatic systems. Infection of larvae by the trematode Ribeiroia ondatrae was associated with, and functionally related to, higher frequencies of amphibian limb malformations than found in uninfected populations (≤5%). Parasites were concentrated around the basal tissue of hind limbs in infected anurans, and malformations associated with infection included skin webbings, supernumerary limbs and digits, and missing or malformed hind limbs. In the absence of Ribeiroia, amphibian populations exhibited low (0-5%) frequencies of abnormalities involving missing digits or distal portions of a hind limb. Species were affected differentially by the parasite, and Ambystoma macrodactylum, Hyla regilla, Rand aurora, R. luteiventris, and Taricha torosa typically exhibited the highest frequencies of abnormalities. None of the water-quality variables measured was associated with malformed amphibians, but aquatic snail hosts (Planorbella spp.) were significant predictors of the presence and abundance of Ribeiroia infection. Morphological comparisons of adult specimens of Ribeiroia collected from different sites and raised in experimental definitive hosts suggested that all samples represented the same species - R. ondatrae. These field results, coupled with experimental research on the effects of Ribeiroia on amphibians, demonstrate that Ribeiroia infection is an important and widespread cause of amphibian limb malformations in the western United States. The relevance of trematode infection to declines of amphibian populations and the influence of habitat modification on the pathology and life cycle of Ribeiroia are emphasized as areas requiring further research.
","language":"English","publisher":"ESA","doi":"10.1890/0012-9615(2002)072[0151:PROILT]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00129615","usgsCitation":"Johnson, P., Lunde, K., Thurman, E., Ritchie, E., Wray, S., Sutherland, D., Kapfer, J., Frest, T., Bowerman, J., and Blaustein, A., 2002, Parasite (Ribeiroia ondatrae) infection linked to amphibian malformations in the western United States: Ecological Monographs, v. 72, no. 2, p. 151-168, https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9615(2002)072[0151:PROILT]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"151","endPage":"168","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233308,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"72","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a74d6e4b0c8380cd77867","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, P.T.J.","contributorId":104255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"P.T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lunde, K.B.","contributorId":10200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lunde","given":"K.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ritchie, E.G.","contributorId":97285,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ritchie","given":"E.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wray, S.N.","contributorId":90505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wray","given":"S.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sutherland, D.R.","contributorId":15376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutherland","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Kapfer, J.M.","contributorId":68505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kapfer","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Frest, T.J.","contributorId":70964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frest","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Bowerman, J.","contributorId":94824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowerman","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Blaustein, A.R.","contributorId":40325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blaustein","given":"A.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70025073,"text":"70025073 - 2002 - Using groundwater levels to estimate recharge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-25T17:53:14.003551","indexId":"70025073","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using groundwater levels to estimate recharge","docAbstract":"Accurate estimation of groundwater recharge is extremely important for proper management of groundwater systems. Many different approaches exist for estimating recharge. This paper presents a review of methods that are based on groundwater-level data. The water-table fluctuation method may be the most widely used technique for estimating recharge; it requires knowledge of specific yield and changes in water levels over time. Advantages of this approach include its simplicity and an insensitivity to the mechanism by which water moves through the unsaturated zone. Uncertainty in estimates generated by this method relate to the limited accuracy with which specific yield can be determined and to the extent to which assumptions inherent in the method are valid. Other methods that use water levels (mostly based on the Darcy equation) are also described. The theory underlying the methods is explained. Examples from the literature are used to illustrate applications of the different methods.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10040-001-0178-0","issn":"14312174","usgsCitation":"Healy, R.W., and Cook, P., 2002, Using groundwater levels to estimate recharge: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 10, no. 1, p. 91-109, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-001-0178-0.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"91","endPage":"109","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235761,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-01-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc059e4b08c986b32a08d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Healy, R. W.","contributorId":89872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Healy","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cook, P.G.","contributorId":103807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cook","given":"P.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023833,"text":"70023833 - 2002 - A multiisotope C and N modeling analysis of soil organic matter turnover and transport as a function of soil depth in a California annual grassland soil chronosequence","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-13T10:32:22","indexId":"70023833","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1836,"text":"Global Biogeochemical Cycles","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A multiisotope C and N modeling analysis of soil organic matter turnover and transport as a function of soil depth in a California annual grassland soil chronosequence","docAbstract":"We examine soil organic matter (SOM) turnover and transport using C and N isotopes in soil profiles sampled circa 1949, 1978, and 1998 (a period spanning pulse thermonuclear 14C enrichment of the atmosphere) along a 3‐million‐year annual grassland soil chronosequence. Temporal differences in soil Δ14C profiles indicate that inputs of recently living organic matter (OM) occur primarily in the upper 20–30 cm but suggest that OM inputs can occur below the primary rooting zone. A three‐pool SOM model with downward transport captures most observed variation in Δ14C, percentages of C and N, δ13C, and δ15N, supporting the commonly accepted concept of three distinct SOM pools. The model suggests that the importance of the decadal SOM pool in N dynamics is greatest in young and old soils. Altered hydrology and possibly low pH and/or P dynamics in highly developed old soils cause changes in soil C and N turnover and transport of importance for soil biogeochemistry models.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/2001GB001823","issn":"08866236","usgsCitation":"Baisden, W., Amundson, R., Brenner, D., Cook, A., Kendall, C., and Harden, J., 2002, A multiisotope C and N modeling analysis of soil organic matter turnover and transport as a function of soil depth in a California annual grassland soil chronosequence: Global Biogeochemical Cycles, v. 16, no. 4, p. 82-1-82-26, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GB001823.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"82-1","endPage":"82-26","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232716,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-12-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e48de4b0c8380cd46703","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baisden, W.T.","contributorId":22536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baisden","given":"W.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Amundson, Ronald","contributorId":59925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Amundson","given":"Ronald","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brenner, D.L.","contributorId":68501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brenner","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cook, A.C.","contributorId":43133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cook","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kendall, C. 0000-0002-0247-3405","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":35050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Harden, J.W. 0000-0002-6570-8259","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6570-8259","contributorId":38585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harden","given":"J.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70023831,"text":"70023831 - 2002 - McCauley Sinks: A compound breccia pipe in evaporite karst, Holbrook Basin, Arizona, U.S.A","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:12","indexId":"70023831","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1184,"text":"Carbonates and Evaporites","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"McCauley Sinks: A compound breccia pipe in evaporite karst, Holbrook Basin, Arizona, U.S.A","docAbstract":"The McCauley Sinks, in the Holbrook basin of northeastern Arizona, are comprised of some 50 individual sinkholes within a 3-km-wide depression. The sinks are grouped in a semi-concentric pattern of three nested rings. The outer ring is an apparent tension zone containing ring fractures. The two inner rings are semi-circular chains of large sinkholes, ranging up to 100 m across and 50 m deep. Several sub-basins within the larger depression show local downwarping and possible incipient sinkholes. Permian Kaibab Formation limestone is the principal surface lithology; the limestone here is less than 15 m thick and is near its easternmost limit. Although surface rillenkarren are present, and the sinks are seen in the Kaibab limestone outcrops, the Kaibab is mainly a passive rock unit that has collapsed into solution cavities developed in underlying salt beds. Beneath the Kaibab is Coconino Sandstone, which overlies the Permian Schnebly Hill Formation, the unit containing the evaporite rocks-principally halite in the Corduroy Member. Evaporite karst in this part of the Holbrook basin is quite different from the eastern part, probably because of the westward disappearance of the Holbrook anticline, a structure that has major joint systems that help channel water down to the salt beds farther to the east. Also, the McCauley Sinks are near the western limits of the evaporites. The structure at McCauley Sinks suggests a compound breccia pipe, with multiple sinks contributing to the inward-dipping major depression. The Richards Lake depression, 5 km southeast of McCauley Sinks, is similar in form and size but contains only a single, central sinkhole. An apparent difference in hydrogeology at McCauley Sinks is their proximity to the adjacent, deeply incised, Chevelon Canyon drainage, but the hydrologic connections are unknown. The 3-km-wide McCauley Sinks karst depression, along with five other nearby depressions, provide substantial hydrologic catchment. Because of widespread piping into karst features and jointed bedrock at shallow depth, runoff water does not pond easily at the surface. There appears to be a greater recharge efficiency here than in alluvial areas; thus concern exists for groundwater users downgradient from the karst area. Accordingly, sinkholes and open fissures should not be used for waste disposal.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Carbonates and Evaporites","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"08912556","usgsCitation":"Neal, J., and Johnson, K., 2002, McCauley Sinks: A compound breccia pipe in evaporite karst, Holbrook Basin, Arizona, U.S.A: Carbonates and Evaporites, v. 17, no. 2, p. 98-106.","startPage":"98","endPage":"106","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232714,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a52aee4b0c8380cd6c5d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Neal, J.T.","contributorId":39550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neal","given":"J.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, K.S.","contributorId":24385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"K.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024834,"text":"70024834 - 2002 - Evaluating remedial alternatives for an acid mine drainage stream: Application of a reactive transport model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-28T09:24:57","indexId":"70024834","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluating remedial alternatives for an acid mine drainage stream: Application of a reactive transport model","docAbstract":"A reactive transport model based on one-dimensional transport and equilibrium chemistry is applied to synoptic data from an acid mine drainage stream. Model inputs include streamflow estimates based on tracer dilution, inflow chemistry based on synoptic sampling, and equilibrium constants describing acid/base, complexation, precipitation/dissolution, and sorption reactions. The dominant features of observed spatial profiles in pH and metal concentration are reproduced along the 3.5-km study reach by simulating the precipitation of Fe(III) and Al solid phases and the sorption of Cu, As, and Pb onto freshly precipitated iron(III) oxides. Given this quantitative description of existing conditions, additional simulations are conducted to estimate the streamwater quality that could result from two hypothetical remediation plans. Both remediation plans involve the addition of CaCO3 to raise the pH of a small, acidic inflow from ∼2.4 to ∼7.0. This pH increase results in a reduced metal load that is routed downstream by the reactive transport model, thereby providing an estimate of post-remediation water quality. The first remediation plan assumes a closed system wherein inflow Fe(II) is not oxidized by the treatment system; under the second remediation plan, an open system is assumed, and Fe(II) is oxidized within the treatment system. Both plans increase instream pH and substantially reduce total and dissolved concentrations of Al, As, Cu, and Fe(II+III) at the terminus of the study reach. Dissolved Pb concentrations are reduced by ∼18% under the first remediation plan due to sorption onto iron(III) oxides within the treatment system and stream channel. In contrast, iron(III) oxides are limiting under the second remediation plan, and removal of dissolved Pb occurs primarily within the treatment system. This limitation results in an increase in dissolved Pb concentrations over existing conditions as additional downstream sources of Pb are not attenuated by sorption.
Following the aggressive invasion of the bivalve, Potamocorbula amurensis, in the San Francisco Bay-Delta in 1986, selenium contamination in the benthic food web increased. Concentrations in this dominant (exotic) bivalve in North Bay were three times higher in 1995–1997 than in earlier studies, and 1990 concentrations in benthic predators (sturgeon and diving ducks) were also higher than in 1986. The contamination was widespread, varied seasonally and was greater in P. amurensis than in co-occurring and transplanted species. Selenium concentrations in the water column of the Bay were enriched relative to the Sacramento River but were not as high as observed in many contaminated aquatic environments. Total Se concentrations in the dissolved phase never exceeded 0.3 μg Se per l in 1995 and 1996; Se concentrations on particulate material ranged from 0.5 to 2.0 μg Se per g dry weight (dw) in the Bay. Nevertheless, concentrations in P. amurensis reached as high as 20 μg Se per g dw in October 1996. The enriched concentrations in bivalves (6–20 μg Se per g dw) were widespread throughout North San Francisco Bay in October 1995 and October 1996. Concentrations varied seasonally from 5 to 20 μg Se per g dw, and were highest during the periods of lowest river inflows and lowest after extended high river inflows. Transplanted bivalves (oysters, mussels or clams) were not effective indicators of either the degree of Se contamination in P. amurensis or the seasonal increases in contamination in the resident benthos. Se is a potent environmental toxin that threatens higher trophic level species because of its reproductive toxicity and efficient food web transfer. Bivalves concentrate selenium effectively because they bioaccumulate the element strongly and lose it slowly; and they are a direct link in the exposure of predaceous benthivore species. Biological invasions of estuaries are increasing worldwide. Changes in ecological structure and function are well known in response to invasions. This study shows that changes in processes such as cycling and effects of contaminants can accompany such invasions.