{"pageNumber":"330","pageRowStart":"8225","pageSize":"25","recordCount":10450,"records":[{"id":70017690,"text":"70017690 - 1996 - Effect of whole catchment liming on the episodic acidification of two Adirondack streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-25T16:07:28.376187","indexId":"70017690","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1007,"text":"Biogeochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of whole catchment liming on the episodic acidification of two Adirondack streams","docAbstract":"<p>During the fall of 1989 7.7Mg/ha of calcium carbonate was applied on two tributary catchments (40 ha and 60 ha) to Woods Lake, a small (25 ha) acidic headwater lake in the western Adirondack region of New York. Stream-water chemistry in both catchment tributaries responded immediately. Acid-neutralizing capacity (ANC) increased by more than 200 μeq/L in one of the streams and more than 1000 μeq/L in the other, from pre-liming values which ranged from −25 to +40 μeq/L. The increase in ANC was primarily due to increases in dissolved Ca<sup>2+</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>concentrations. Most of the initial response of the streams was due to the dissolution of calcite that fell directly into the stream channels and adjacent wetlands. A small beaver impoundment and associated wetlands were probably responsible for the greater response observed in one of the streams.</p><p>After the liming of subcatchmentIV (60 ha), Ca<sup>2+</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>concentrations increased with increasing stream discharge in the stream during fall rain events, suggesting a contribution from calcite dissolved within the soil and transported to the stream by surface runoff or shallow interflow. Concentrations of other ions not associated with the calcite (e.g. Na<sup>+</sup>) decreased during fall rain events, presumably due to mixing of solute-rich base flow with more dilute shallow interflow. The strong relation between changes in Ca<sup>2+</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>and changes in NO<span class=\"c-stack\"><span>&nbsp;</span><sup>−</sup><sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;</span></span>concentrations during spring snowmelt, (r<sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>= 0.93, slope = 0.96, on an equivalent basis) suggests that both solutes had a common source in the organic horizon of the soil. Increases in NO<span class=\"c-stack\"><span>&nbsp;</span><sup>−</sup><sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;</span></span>concentrations during snowmelt were balanced by increases in Ca<sup>2+</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>that was released either directly from the calcite or from exchange sites, mitigating episodic acidification of the stream. However, high ambient NO<span class=\"c-stack\"><span>&nbsp;</span><sup>−</sup><sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;</span></span>concentrations and relatively low ambient Ca<sup>2+</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>concentrations in the stream during the spring caused the stream to become acidic despite the CaCO<sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>treatment.</p><p>In stream WO2 (40ha), Ca<sup>2+</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>concentrations were much higher than in stream WO4 because of the dissolution of calcite which fell directly into the upstream beaver pond and its associated wetlands. Calcium concentrations decreased as both NO<span class=\"c-stack\"><span>&nbsp;</span><sup>−</sup><sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;</span></span>concentrations and stream discharge increased, due to the dilution of Ca-enriched beaver pond water by shallow interflow. Despite this dilution, Ca<sup>2+</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>concentrations were high enough to more than balance strong acid anion (SO<span class=\"c-stack\"><span>&nbsp;</span><sup>−</sup><sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;</span></span>, NO<span class=\"c-stack\"><span>&nbsp;</span><sup>−</sup><sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;</span></span>, Cl<sup>−</sup>) concentrations, resulting in a positive ANC in this stream throughout the year. These data indicate that liming of wetlands and beaver ponds is more effective than whole catchment liming in neutralizing acidic surface waters.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF02187143","usgsCitation":"Newton, R.M., Burns, D.A., Blette, V.L., and Driscoll, C.T., 1996, Effect of whole catchment liming on the episodic acidification of two Adirondack streams: Biogeochemistry, v. 32, no. 3, p. 299-322, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02187143.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"299","endPage":"322","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228897,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a062fe4b0c8380cd51139","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Newton, R. M.","contributorId":66741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newton","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burns, Douglas A. 0000-0001-6516-2869","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6516-2869","contributorId":29450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blette, V. L.","contributorId":61191,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blette","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Driscoll, C. T.","contributorId":47530,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Driscoll","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1013475,"text":"1013475 - 1996 - Population delineation of polar bears using satellite collar data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-29T21:29:03","indexId":"1013475","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Population delineation of polar bears using satellite collar data","docAbstract":"To produce reliable estimates of the size or vital rates of a given population, it is important that the boundaries of the population under study are clearly defined. This is particularly critical for large, migratory animals where levels of sustainable harvest are based on these estimates, and where small errors may have serious long-term consequences for the population. Once populations are delineated, rates of exchange between adjacent populations can be determined and accounted/corrected for when calculating abundance (e.g., based on mark-recapture data). Using satellite radio-collar locations for polar bears in the western Canadian Arctic, we illustrate one approach to delineating wildlife populations that integrates cluster analysis methods for determining group membership with home range plotting procedures to define spatial utilization. This approach is flexible with respect to the specific procedures used and provides an objective and quantitative basis for defining population boundaries.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/2269574","usgsCitation":"Bethke, R., Taylor, M.K., Amstrup, S.C., and Messier, F., 1996, Population delineation of polar bears using satellite collar data: Ecological Applications, v. 6, no. 1, p. 311-317, https://doi.org/10.2307/2269574.","productDescription":"pp. 311-317","startPage":"311","endPage":"317","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134388,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa7e4b07f02db6670bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bethke, R.","contributorId":30594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bethke","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Taylor, Mitchell K.","contributorId":131049,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Taylor","given":"Mitchell","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Amstrup, Steven C.","contributorId":67034,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Amstrup","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":13182,"text":"Polar Bears International","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":318691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Messier, Francois","contributorId":179093,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Messier","given":"Francois","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13248,"text":"University of Saskatchewan","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":318689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1015685,"text":"1015685 - 1996 - Science and management of Rocky Mountain grizzly bears","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-17T12:21:32.876467","indexId":"1015685","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1321,"text":"Conservation Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Science and management of Rocky Mountain grizzly bears","docAbstract":"<p><span>The science and management of grizzly bears (</span><i>Ursus arctos horribilis</i><span>) in the Rocky Mountains of North America have spawned considerable conflict and controversy. Much of this can be attributed to divergent public values, but the narrow perceptions and incomplete and fragmented problem definitions of those involved have exacerbated an inherently difficult situation. We present a conceptual model that extends the traditional description of the grizzly bear conservation system to include facets of the human domain such as the behavior of managers, elected officials, and the public. The model focuses on human-caused mortality, the key determinant of grizzly bear population growth in this region and the interactions and feedback loops among humans that have a major potential influence on bear mortality. We also briefly evaluate existing information and technical methods relevant to understanding this complex human-biophysical system. We observe not only that the extant knowledge is insufficient for prediction (and in some cases for description), but also that traditional positivistic science alone is not adequate for dealing with the problems of grizzly bear conservation. We recommend changes in science and management that could improve learning and responsiveness among the involved individuals and organizations, clarify some existing uncertainty, and thereby increase the effectiveness of grizzly bear conservation and management. Although adaptive management is a promising approach, we point out some key—as yet unfulfilled—contingencies for implementation of a method such as this one that relies upon social processes and structures that promote open learning and flexibility in all facets of the policy process.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10041013.x","usgsCitation":"Mattson, D., Herrero, S., Wright, R., and Pease, C.M., 1996, Science and management of Rocky Mountain grizzly bears: Conservation Biology, v. 10, no. 4, p. 1013-1025, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10041013.x.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1013","endPage":"1025","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133195,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, Utah, Washington, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Rocky Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -105.10942309597596,\n              35.25171732219319\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.11989198963784,\n              35.806793362578375\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.69050262915277,\n              36.360259842036314\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.98097021974172,\n              36.645561608953514\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.92833329918602,\n              37.13779260179794\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.671706427321,\n              37.37209729595908\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.75589640561537,\n              38.09921616369553\n            ],\n            [\n              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M.","contributorId":44507,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pease","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1000799,"text":"1000799 - 1996 - Otoliths reveal a diverse age structure for humper lake trout in Lake Superior","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-11T13:30:46","indexId":"1000799","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Otoliths reveal a diverse age structure for humper lake trout in Lake Superior","docAbstract":"<p><span>Humpers are one of at least three morphological variants of wild lake trout&nbsp;</span><i>Salvelinus namaycush</i><span>&nbsp;that maintain self-sustaining populations in Lake Superior. In an early study, bumpers from Isle Royale were shown to have a sharply truncated age distribution that was attributed to high mortality after age 11, but we suspected that these fish were underaged. In August of 1989 and 1992 we collected spawning humper lake trout from the same area and estimated their ages using both scales and sagittal otoliths. Humpers in our sample ranged from 5 to 13 years, based on scale annuli, but counts of sagitta annuli revealed ages of 8 to 28 years. Individual discrepancies between ages from scales and sagittae varied from &ndash;2 to 20 years, but differences between scale and otolith ages did not increase with individual age. We applied the von Bertalanffy growth model to the humper length-at-age data to indirectly assess the accuracy of aging estimates. The model significantly overestimated mean asymptotic length when scale ages were used, but the mean asymptotic length estimate was more similar to observed lengths when sagitta ages were used. Our results corroborate evidence that bumpers in Lake Superior grow more slowly and mature at a smaller size than lean lake trout; however, the age composition of bumpers is more diverse than previously thought. This particular population experiences little or no exploitation; the presence of older fish provides one standard by which the success of lake trout rehabilitation programs can be evaluated and emphasizes the need for accurate aging techniques.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1996)125<0844:ORADAS>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Burnham-Curtis, M.K., and Bronte, C.R., 1996, Otoliths reveal a diverse age structure for humper lake trout in Lake Superior: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 125, no. 6, p. 844-851, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1996)125<0844:ORADAS>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"844","endPage":"851","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133368,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"125","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68a4b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burnham-Curtis, Mary K.","contributorId":78267,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burnham-Curtis","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bronte, Charles R.","contributorId":83050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bronte","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1015686,"text":"1015686 - 1996 - Factors leading to different viability predictions for a grizzly bear data set","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-17T12:05:11.677611","indexId":"1015686","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1321,"text":"Conservation Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Factors leading to different viability predictions for a grizzly bear data set","docAbstract":"<p><span>Population viability analysis programs are being used increasingly in research and management applications, but there has not been a systematic study of the congruence of different program predictions based on a single data set. We performed such an analysis using four population viability analysis computer programs: GAPPS, INMAT, RAMAS/AGE, and VORTEX. The standardized demographic rates used in all programs were generalized from hypothetical increasing and decreasing grizzly bear (</span><i>Ursus arctos horribilis</i><span>) populations. Idiosyncracies of input format for each program led to minor differences in intrinsic growth rates that translated into striking differences in estimates of extinction rates and expected population size. In contrast, the addition of demographic stochasticity, environmental stochasticity, and inbreeding costs caused only a small divergence in viability predictions. But, the addition of density dependence caused large deviations between the programs despite our best attempts to use the same density-dependent functions. Population viability programs differ in how density dependence is incorporated, and the necessary functions are difficult to parameterize accurately. Thus, we recommend that unless data clearly suggest a particular density-dependent model, predictions based on population viability analysis should include at least one scenario without density dependence. Further, we describe output metrics that may differ between programs; development of future software could benefit from standardized input and output formats across different programs.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10030863.x","usgsCitation":"Mills, L.S., Hayes, S., Wisdom, M., Citta, J., Mattson, D., and Murphy, K., 1996, Factors leading to different viability predictions for a grizzly bear data set: Conservation Biology, v. 10, no. 3, p. 863-873, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10030863.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"863","endPage":"873","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":135478,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-02-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd5901e4b0b290850f8741","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mills, L. S.","contributorId":100318,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mills","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hayes, S.G.","contributorId":97043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"S.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wisdom, M.J.","contributorId":102830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wisdom","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Citta, J.","contributorId":91464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Citta","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mattson, D.J.","contributorId":57022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mattson","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Murphy, K.","contributorId":89865,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Murphy","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":1015701,"text":"1015701 - 1996 - Chemical solute mass balance of Crater Lake, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-08T14:50:20.033766","indexId":"1015701","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2365,"text":"Journal of Lake and Reservoir Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical solute mass balance of Crater Lake, Oregon","docAbstract":"<p><span>Crater Lake covers the floor of the caldera at the top of Mount Mazama. Surrounded by steep walls, the water surface of the lake occupies 78 percent of the catchment basin. No major rivers empty into the lake, and there is no surface outlet Based on a chemical solute mass balance model, mass inputs of major solute chemical components (Na, Ca, K, Mg, SO</span><sub>4</sub><span>, Cl, Si, and HCO</span><sub>3</sub><span>) from atmospheric deposition and caldera springs do not equal the mass output in seepage from the lake. One or more previously unquantified sources must be present in the lake or watershed system to account for the calculated deficits of mass inputs which range from 50 to 90 percent of mass outputs. A hydrothermal source, with a flow rate of approximately 6 percent of me seepage rate and chemical composition similar to saline fluids found in isolated pockets on the bottom of Crater Lake and to hydrothermal springs in die Cascade Mountain Range, could account for the calculated input mass deficits for major solute chemical components. Atmospheric bulk deposition (wet plus dry) may account for up to 90 percent of nitrogen and 30 percent of phosphorus inputs to Crater Lake. A net removal of nutrients from the lake water column occurs through internal processes, most likely burial of cellular debris in sediments.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/07438149609354071","usgsCitation":"Nelson, P.O., Reilly, J., and Larson, G.L., 1996, Chemical solute mass balance of Crater Lake, Oregon: Journal of Lake and Reservoir Management, v. 12, no. 2, p. 248-258, https://doi.org/10.1080/07438149609354071.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"248","endPage":"258","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480145,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07438149609354071","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":133698,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dfe4b07f02db5e3277","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, Peter O.","contributorId":15981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reilly, J.F.","contributorId":77110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reilly","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Larson, Gary L. gary_l._larson@usgs.gov","contributorId":2990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"Gary","email":"gary_l._larson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":323114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1000787,"text":"1000787 - 1996 - Bathythermal distribution, maturity, and growth of lake trout strains stocked in U.S. waters of Lake Ontario, 1978-1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-05T15:43:59","indexId":"1000787","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bathythermal distribution, maturity, and growth of lake trout strains stocked in U.S. waters of Lake Ontario, 1978-1993","docAbstract":"Bathythermal distributions, sexual maturity, and growth of lake trout (<i>Salvelinus namaycush</i>) strains stocked in Lake Ontario were determined for fish collected with trawls and gill nets in 1978-93.  The purpose was to augment the basis for deciding which strains to continue stocking in an effort to reestablish a self-sustaining population.  The Clearwater Lake (CWL) strain was found in shallower, warmer water than all other strains; the Seneca Lake (SEN) strain was usually shallower than the Jenny Lake (JEN) and Lake Superior (SUP) strains at ages 1 and 2 but was usually deeper at age 3 and older.  Depth distribution of the 'Ontario strain'--from gametes of several strains that survived to maturity in Lake Ontario-- was similar to that of the SEN and SUP strains.  About half the males matured at age 4 and half the females at age 5; males < 500 mm and females < 600 mm long were rarely mature.  Least-sqaures mean lengths and weights of the CWL strain were greater than those of all other strains through age 4.  At age 7 and older, CWL and JEN fish were generally smaller than all other strains.  Means lengths and weights of males and females of the same age and strain frequently differed at age 4 and older.  Growth in weight at age 4 and older was not associated with biomass indices of prey fishes.  Differences in growth rates among strains were associated with bathythermal distribution which is a heritable trait.  Weight-length regressions differed by year, sex, and stage of maturity but were rarely different among strains.  Competition for space appeared to affect condition of large lake trout.  Growth rates and maturity schedules provide little basis for recommending stocking one strain in preference to another.  Depth ranges of strains overlapped widely, but lake trout occupied only about one-fourth of available bottom habitat.  Stocking several strains should be continued to maximize use of sustainable habitat.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(96)70992-9","usgsCitation":"Elrod, J.H., O’Gorman, R., and Schneider, C.P., 1996, Bathythermal distribution, maturity, and growth of lake trout strains stocked in U.S. waters of Lake Ontario, 1978-1993: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 22, no. 3, p. 722-743, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(96)70992-9.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"722","endPage":"743","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134031,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267056,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(96)70992-9"}],"volume":"22","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6ce4b07f02db63e4cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elrod, Joseph H.","contributorId":72737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elrod","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Gorman, Robert rogorman@usgs.gov","contributorId":3451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Gorman","given":"Robert","email":"rogorman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":309431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schneider, Clifford P.","contributorId":45251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schneider","given":"Clifford","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1007472,"text":"1007472 - 1996 - A new assay for quantifying brown algal phlorotannins and comparisons to previous methods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-16T22:51:17.554902","indexId":"1007472","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2205,"text":"Journal of Chemical Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A new assay for quantifying brown algal phlorotannins and comparisons to previous methods","docAbstract":"<p><span>Quantitative measurement of phlorotannins (polyphenolics) in brown algae (Phaeophyta) by colorimetric assays can be confounded because: (1) most such assays also react to nonphlorotannin substances (interferences) and (2) the appropriate reference compound for such assays is not always clear, although phloroglucinol is typically used. We developed a new assay in which 2,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde (DMBA) reacts specifically with 1,3-and 1,3,5-substituted phenols (e.g., phlorotannins) to form a colored product. This new assay, as well as eliminating the problem of measuring interferences, is inexpensive, rapid, and can be used with small sample volumes. We recommend it for all assays of phlorotannins from one or a set of closely related species where the structural types of phlorotannins present are likely to be similar among samples. It is also appropriate for broader surveys of phlorotannin levels across many species, but in this case a reference must be chosen with care. We also compared the DMBA assay to existing assays, including the Folin-Denis [both before and after the samples were mixed with polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP)] and the Prussian blue assays. PVPP was not 100% efficient (and often much less) at removing phlorotannins from solution, and its effectiveness varied among different phlorotannins. Thus, in contrast to previous studies, measuring phenolic levels in extracts before and after treatment with PVPP will not necessarily result in an interference-free measure of phlorotannins. Based on an analysis of reactive substances in red and green algae (which do not contain phlorotannins) in the Folin-Denis and Prussian blue assays, we estimate that the average level of interferences (nonphlorotannins) in brown algae measured in these two assays is on the order of 0.5% by dry weight.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/bf02266965","usgsCitation":"Stern, J., Hagerman, A., Steinberg, P., Winter, F., and Estes, J.A., 1996, A new assay for quantifying brown algal phlorotannins and comparisons to previous methods: Journal of Chemical Ecology, v. 22, p. 1273-1293, https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02266965.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"1273","endPage":"1293","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129975,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b20e4b07f02db6abe72","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stern, J.L.","contributorId":41377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stern","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hagerman, A.E.","contributorId":105261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hagerman","given":"A.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Steinberg, P.D.","contributorId":89086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steinberg","given":"P.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Winter, F.C.","contributorId":18313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winter","given":"F.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Estes, J. A.","contributorId":53319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estes","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70017722,"text":"70017722 - 1996 - The 1993 Mississippi river flood: A one hundred or a one thousand year event?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-17T15:23:13.064792","indexId":"70017722","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1574,"text":"Environmental & Engineering Geoscience","printIssn":"1078-7275","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The 1993 Mississippi river flood: A one hundred or a one thousand year event?","docAbstract":"Power-law (fractal) extreme-value statistics are applicable to many natural phenomena under a wide variety of circumstances. Data from a hydrologic station in Keokuk, Iowa, shows the great flood of the Mississippi River in 1993 has a recurrence interval on the order of 100 years using power-law statistics applied to partial-duration flood series and on the order of 1,000 years using a log-Pearson type 3 (LP3) distribution applied to annual series. The LP3 analysis is the federally adopted probability distribution for flood-frequency estimation of extreme events. We suggest that power-law statistics are preferable to LP3 analysis. As a further test of the power-law approach we consider paleoflood data from the Colorado River. We compare power-law and LP3 extrapolations of historical data with these paleo-floods. The results are remarkably similar to those obtained for the Mississippi River: Recurrence intervals from power-law statistics applied to Lees Ferry discharge data are generally consistent with inferred 100- and 1,000-year paleofloods, whereas LP3 analysis gives recurrence intervals that are orders of magnitude longer. For both the Keokuk and Lees Ferry gauges, the use of an annual series introduces an artificial curvature in log-log space that leads to an underestimate of severe floods. Power-law statistics are predicting much shorter recurrence intervals than the federally adopted LP3 statistics. We suggest that if power-law behavior is applicable, then the likelihood of severe floods is much higher. More conservative dam designs and land-use restrictions Nay be required.","language":"English","publisher":"Environmental Engineering Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gseegeosci.II.4.479","issn":"10787275","usgsCitation":"Malamud, B., Turcotte, D., and Barton, C., 1996, The 1993 Mississippi river flood: A one hundred or a one thousand year event?: Environmental & Engineering Geoscience, v. 2, no. 4, p. 479-486, https://doi.org/10.2113/gseegeosci.II.4.479.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"479","endPage":"486","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228672,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba634e4b08c986b320f70","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Malamud, B.D.","contributorId":97653,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malamud","given":"B.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Turcotte, D.L.","contributorId":82475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turcotte","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barton, C.C.","contributorId":93063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barton","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1003197,"text":"1003197 - 1996 - Federal-state aquaculture drug registration partnership: A success story in the making","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-05T01:04:01.794901","indexId":"1003197","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1657,"text":"Fisheries","onlineIssn":"1548-8446","printIssn":"0363-2415","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Federal-state aquaculture drug registration partnership: A success story in the making","docAbstract":"During the past 20 years, aquaculture has grown both as a vital tool for fisheries management and as a  viable industry. But now a crisis has arisen from the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) increased  regulation of drug use in aquaculture in response to public concerns about human food safety, human health,  and environmental effects. Lack of approved drugs and chemicals has dramatically reduced the effectiveness  and increased the cost of fish production for natural resource management agencies. To make badly needed  therapeutants available, the FDA is requiring an array of specialized laboratory research studies and clinical  field trials. Pharmaceutical manufacturers are reluctant to undertake any major efforts to gain approval of  aquaculture drugs because each (i.e., use on one species for one purpose) is estimated to cost a minimum of $3.5  million. Hence, the expenditure is not warranted by the apparent market potential. Only three therapeutants  and one anesthetic are currently approved and available to hatchery managers.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","issn":"03632415","usgsCitation":"Schnick, R.A., Gingerich, W., and Koltes, K., 1996, Federal-state aquaculture drug registration partnership: A success story in the making: Fisheries, v. 21, no. 5, p. 4-4.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"4","endPage":"4","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423204,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8446-21-5"},{"id":196690,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fde4b07f02db5f5f6b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schnick, R. A.","contributorId":106079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schnick","given":"R.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gingerich, W.H.","contributorId":83481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gingerich","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Koltes, K.H.","contributorId":73709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koltes","given":"K.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1003051,"text":"1003051 - 1996 - A comparison of solids collected in sediment traps and automated water samplers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-22T11:04:47.570771","indexId":"1003051","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comparison of solids collected in sediment traps and automated water samplers","docAbstract":"<div id=\"Abs1-section\" class=\"c-article-section\"><div id=\"Abs1-content\" class=\"c-article-section__content\"><p>Sediment traps are being used in some pollution monitoring programs in the USA to sample suspended solids for contaminant analyses. This monitoring approach assumes that the characteristics of solids obtained in sediment traps are the same as those collected in whole-water sampling devices. We tested this assumption in the upper Mississippi River, based on the inorganic particle-size distribution (determined with a laser particle-analyzer) and volatile matter content of solids (a Surrogate for organic matter). Cylindrical sediment traps (aspect ratio 3) were attached to a rigid mooring device and deployed in a flowing side channel in Navigation Pool 7 of the upper Mississippi River. On each side of the mooring device, a trap was situated adjacent to a port of an autosampler that collected raw water samples hourly to form 2-d composite samples. Paired samples (one trap and one raw water, composite sample) were removed from each end of the mooring device at 2-d intervals during the 30-d study period and compared. The relative particle collection efficiency of paired samples did not vary temporally. Particle-size distributions of inorganic solids from sediment traps and water samples were not significantly different. The volatile matter content of solids was lesser in sediment traps (mean, 9.5%) than in corresponding water samples (mean, 22.7%). This bias may have been partly due to under-collection of phytoplankton (mainly cyanobacteria), which were abundant in the water column during the study. The poisoning of water samplers and sediment traps in the mooring device did not influence the particle-size distribution or total solids of samples. We observed a small difference in the amount of organic matter collected by water samplers situated at opposite ends of the mooring device.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00020547","issn":"00188158","usgsCitation":"Bartsch, L., Rada, R., and Sullivan, J., 1996, A comparison of solids collected in sediment traps and automated water samplers: Hydrobiologia, v. 323, no. 1, p. 61-66, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00020547.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"61","endPage":"66","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133912,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"323","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b27e4b07f02db6b0f31","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bartsch, L.A.","contributorId":7675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartsch","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rada, R.G.","contributorId":7651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rada","given":"R.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sullivan, J.F.","contributorId":73972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sullivan","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1002905,"text":"1002905 - 1996 - Prevention of zebra mussel infestation and dispersal during aquaculture operations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-23T15:23:34.294284","indexId":"1002905","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Prevention of zebra mussel infestation and dispersal during aquaculture operations","docAbstract":"<p><span>The zebra mussel&nbsp;</span><i>Dreissena polymorpha</i><span>, an exotic invasive species, poses a major threat to North American fish management programs and the aquaculture industry. Fish hatcheries may become infected with zebra mussels from a variety of sources, including the water supply, fish shipments, boats, and equipment. The hatcheries could then serve as agents for the overland dispersal of zebra mussels into stocked waters and to other fish hatcheries. We evaluated the effectiveness and safety of aquaculture chemicals for use in controlling zebra mussels in fish hatcheries and preventing dispersal of veligers during fish transport. Chemicals were evaluated for use in fish transport and as disinfectants for ponds and equipment. Standardized static toxicity tests were conducted with representative species of warmwater, coolwater, and coldwater fishes and with larval (3‐d‐old veligers), early juvenile (settling larvae), and adult zebra mussels. Chemical concentrations and exposure durations were based on recommended treatment levels for fish, eggs, and ponds. Recommended treatment levels were also exceeded, if necessary, to establish lethal levels for zebra mussels of different developmental stages. Our results indicate that some chemicals currently in use in hatcheries may be effective for controlling zebra mussels in various operations. Chloride salts were the safest and most effective therapeutants tested for use in fish transport. The toxicity of chloride salts to fish varied among species and with temperature: only one treatment regime (sodium chloride at 10,000 mg/L) was safe to all fish species that we tested, but it was only effective on veliger and settler stages of the zebra mussel. Effective disinfectants were benzalkonium chloride for use on equipment and rotenone for use in ponds after fish are harvested. The regulatory status of the identified chemicals is discussed as well as several nonchemical control alternatives.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1996)058%3C0077:POZMIA%3E2.3.CO;2","issn":"00330779","usgsCitation":"Waller, D.L., Fisher, S., and Dabrowska, H., 1996, Prevention of zebra mussel infestation and dispersal during aquaculture operations: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 58, no. 2, p. 77-84, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1996)058%3C0077:POZMIA%3E2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"77","endPage":"84","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199657,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a90e4b07f02db655ea8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waller, D. L.","contributorId":43704,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waller","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fisher, S.W.","contributorId":14079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dabrowska, H.","contributorId":100978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dabrowska","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70018438,"text":"70018438 - 1996 - Rheology of water ices V and VI","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-13T17:29:09.357676","indexId":"70018438","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rheology of water ices V and VI","docAbstract":"<p><span>We have measured the mechanical strength (σ) of pure water ices V and VI under steady state deformation conditions. Constant displacement rate compressional tests were conducted in a gas apparatus at confining pressures from 400 &lt;&nbsp;</span><i>P</i><span>&nbsp;&lt; 800 MPa, temperatures from 209 &lt;&nbsp;</span><i>T</i><span>&nbsp;&lt; 270 K, and strain rates 7 × 10</span><sup>−7</sup><span>&nbsp;&lt;&nbsp;</span><img class=\"section_image\" src=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/cms/asset/2383c03b-91b1-47c5-93c6-84e4ae0e5dd0/jgrb10416-math-0001.gif\" alt=\"equation image\" data-mce-src=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/cms/asset/2383c03b-91b1-47c5-93c6-84e4ae0e5dd0/jgrb10416-math-0001.gif\"><span>&nbsp;&lt; 7 × 10</span><sup>−4</sup><span>&nbsp;s</span><sup>−1</sup><span>. Most of the results fit to an empirical flow law of the form&nbsp;</span><img class=\"section_image\" src=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/cms/asset/2383c03b-91b1-47c5-93c6-84e4ae0e5dd0/jgrb10416-math-0001.gif\" alt=\"equation image\" data-mce-src=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/cms/asset/2383c03b-91b1-47c5-93c6-84e4ae0e5dd0/jgrb10416-math-0001.gif\"><span>&nbsp;=&nbsp;</span><i>A</i><span>&nbsp;σ</span><sup><i>n</i></sup><span>&nbsp;exp {−(</span><i>E</i><span>* +&nbsp;</span><i>PV</i><span>*)/</span><i>RT</i><span>}, where the four material constants&nbsp;</span><i>A</i><span>,&nbsp;</span><i>n</i><span>,&nbsp;</span><i>E</i><span>*, and&nbsp;</span><i>V</i><span>* are (for&nbsp;</span><img class=\"section_image\" src=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/cms/asset/2383c03b-91b1-47c5-93c6-84e4ae0e5dd0/jgrb10416-math-0001.gif\" alt=\"equation image\" data-mce-src=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/cms/asset/2383c03b-91b1-47c5-93c6-84e4ae0e5dd0/jgrb10416-math-0001.gif\"><span>&nbsp;in inverse seconds and&nbsp;</span><i>P</i><span>&nbsp;and σ in megapascals) 10</span><sup>23.0</sup><span>, 6.0, 136 kJ/mol, and 29 cm</span><sup>3</sup><span>/mol, respectively, for ice V; and 10</span><sup>6.7</sup><span>, 4.5, 66 kJ/mol, and 11 cm</span><sup>3</sup><span>/mol, respectively, for ice VI. Ice VI may weaken to a mechanism of higher&nbsp;</span><i>E</i><span>* at&nbsp;</span><i>T</i><span>&nbsp;&gt; 250 K. Ices V and VI are thus rheologically distinct but by coincidence have approximately the same strength under the conditions chosen for these experiments. To avoid misidentification, these tests are therefore accompanied by careful observations of the occurrences and characteristics of phase changes. One sample each of ice V and VI was quenched at pressure to metastably retain the high-pressure phase and the acquired deformation microstructures; X ray diffraction analysis of these samples confirmed the phase identification. Surface replicas of the deformed and quenched samples suggest that ice V probably deforms largely by dislocation creep, while ice VI deforms by a more complicated process involving substantial grain size reduction through recrystallization.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95JB03542","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Durham, W., Stern, L., and Kirby, S.H., 1996, Rheology of water ices V and VI: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 101, no. 2, p. 2989-3001, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JB03542.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"2989","endPage":"3001","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227472,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-02-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aad40e4b0c8380cd86e80","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Durham, W.B.","contributorId":72135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Durham","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stern, L.A.","contributorId":38293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stern","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kirby, S. H.","contributorId":51721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirby","given":"S.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017723,"text":"70017723 - 1996 - Simulation of spring discharge from a limestone aquifer in Iowa, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-06T12:19:33.239865","indexId":"70017723","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulation of spring discharge from a limestone aquifer in Iowa, USA","docAbstract":"<div id=\"Abs1-section\" class=\"c-article-section\"><div id=\"Abs1-content\" class=\"c-article-section__content\"><p>A lumped-parameter model and least-squares method were used to simulate temporal variations of discharge from Big Spring, Iowa, USA, from 1983 to 1994. The simulated discharge rates poorly match the observed one when precipitation is taken as the sole input. The match is improved significantly when the processes of evapotranspiration and infiltration are considered. The best results are obtained when snowmelt is also included in the model. Potential evapotranspiration was estimated with Thornthwaite's formula, infiltration was calculated through a water-balance approach, and snowmelt was generated by a degree-day model. The results show that groundwater in the limestone aquifer is mainly recharged by snowmelt in early spring and by infiltration from rainfall in later spring and early summer. Simulated discharge was visually calibrated against measured discharge; the similarity between the two supports the validity of this approach. The model can be used to study the effects of climate change on groundwater resources and their quality.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s100400050087","issn":"14312174","usgsCitation":"Zhang, Y., Bai, E., Libra, R., Rowden, R., and Liu, H., 1996, Simulation of spring discharge from a limestone aquifer in Iowa, USA: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 4, no. 4, p. 41-54, https://doi.org/10.1007/s100400050087.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"41","endPage":"54","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228719,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-11-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9087e4b08c986b319567","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zhang, Y.-K.","contributorId":44309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"Y.-K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bai, E.-W.","contributorId":69315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bai","given":"E.-W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Libra, R.","contributorId":82476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Libra","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rowden, R.","contributorId":88509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowden","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Liu, H.","contributorId":12222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":2000051,"text":"2000051 - 1996 - Seasonal bathymetric distributions of 16 fishes in Lake Superior, 1958-75","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:55","indexId":"2000051","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":9,"text":"Biological Science Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"7","title":"Seasonal bathymetric distributions of 16 fishes in Lake Superior, 1958-75","docAbstract":"The bathymetric distributions of fishes in Lake Superior, which is one of the largest and deepest lakes in the world, has not been studied on a lakewide scale.  Knowledge about the bathymetric distributions will aid in designing fish sampling programs, estimating absolute abundances, and modeling energy flow in the lake.  Seasonal bathymetric distributions were determined , by 10-m depth intervals, for 16 fishes collected with bottom trawls and bottom-set gill nets within the upper 150 m of Lake Superior during 1958-75.  In spring trawl catches, maximum abundance occurred at these depths: 15 m for round whitefish (Prosopium cylindraceum); 25m for longnose sucker (Catostomus catostomus); 35 m for lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) and rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax); 45 m for lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush); 65 m for pygmy whitefish (Prospoium coulteri) and bloater (Coregonus hoyi); 75 m for trout- perch (Percopsis omiscomaycus); 105 m for shortjaw cisco (Coregonus zenithicus); and 115 m for ninespine stickleback (Pungitius pungitius), burbot (Lota lota), slimy sculpin (Cottus cogantus), spoonhead sculpin (Cottus ricei), and deepwater sculpin (Myoxcephalus thompsoni).  Bathymetric distributions in spring gill nets were similar to those in trawls, except that depths of maximum abundances in gill nets were shallower than those in trawls for lake trout, rainbow smelt, longnose sucker, and burbot.  Lake herring (Coregonus artedi) and kiyi (Coregonus kiyi) were rarely caught in trawls, and their maximum abundances in spring gill net collections were at depths of 25 and 145 m, respectively.  In summer, pygmy whitefish, shortjaw cisco, lake herring, kiyi, longnose sucker, burbot, ninespine stickleback, trout-perch, slimy sculpin, and spponhead sculpin were at shallower depths than in spring, whereas rainbow smelt were found in deeper water; there was no change for other species.  In fall, shortjaw cisco was at shallower depths than in summer, whereas the remaining species were found deeper, except for lake whitefish and lake trout whose modal depths did not change.  Distributions of lake trout and lake whitefish were analyzed by age group, and the young (ages 1-3) of both species were often found in shallower water than were older fish.  The shallow-water species exhibited little seasonal changes in bathymetric distributions, whereas the species that inhabited the middepths of deeper water generally moved shallower as the seasons progressed.  Most of the more pronounced seasaonl changes in bathymetric distribution were associated with spawning movements.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Selgeby, J.H., and Hoff, M.H., 1996, Seasonal bathymetric distributions of 16 fishes in Lake Superior, 1958-75: Biological Science Report 7, 14 p.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"0","endPage":"14","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198770,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc3df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Selgeby, James H.","contributorId":89828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Selgeby","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hoff, Michael H.","contributorId":23878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoff","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018141,"text":"70018141 - 1996 - Mineralogy and petrology of cretaceous subsurface lamproite sills, southeastern Kansas, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-22T20:46:48","indexId":"70018141","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2588,"text":"LITHOS","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mineralogy and petrology of cretaceous subsurface lamproite sills, southeastern Kansas, USA","docAbstract":"Cores and cuttings of lamproite sills and host sedimentary country rocks in southeastern Kansas from up to 312 m depth were analyzed for major elements in whole rocks and minerals, certain trace elements in whole rocks (including the REE) and Sr isotopic composition of the whole rocks. The lamproites are ultrapotassic (K2O/Na2O = 2.0-19.9), alkalic [molecular (K2O/Na2O)/Al2O3 = 1.3-2.8], enriched in mantle-incompatible elements (light REE, Ba, Rb, Sr, Th, Hf, Ta) and have nearly homogeneous initial Sr isotopic compositions (0.707764-0.708114). These lamproites could have formed by variable degrees of partial melting of harzburgite country rock and cross-cutting veins composed of phlogopite, K-Ti richterite, titanite, diopside, K-Ti silicates, or K-Ba-phosphate under high H2O/CO2 ratios and reducing conditions. Variability in melting of veins and wall rock and variable composition of the metasomatized veins could explain the significantly different composition of the Kansas lamproites. Least squares fractionation models preclude the derivation of the Kansas lamproites by fractional crystallization from magmas similar in composition to higher silica phlogopite-sanidine lamproites some believe to be primary lamproite melts found elsewhere. In all but one case, least squares fractionation models also preclude the derivation of magmas similar in composition to any of the Kansas lamproites from one another. A magma similar in composition to the average composition of the higher SiO2 Ecco Ranch lamproite (237.5-247.5 m depth) could, however, have marginally crystallized about 12% richterite, 12% sanidine, 7% diopside and 6% phlogopite to produce the average composition of the Guess lamproite (305-312 m depth). Lamproite from the Ecco Ranch core is internally fractionated in K2O, Al2O3, Ba, MgO, Fe2O3, Co and Cr most likely by crystal accumulation-removal of ferromagnesian minerals and sanidine. In contrast, the Guess core (305-312 m depth) has little fractionation throughout most of the sill except in several narrow zones. Lamproite in the Guess core has large enrichments in TiO2, Ba, REE, Th, Ta and Sc and depletions in MgO, Cr, Co and Rb possibly concentrated in these narrow zones during the last dregs of crystallization of this magma. The Ecco Ranch sill did not show any evidence of loss of volatiles or soluble elements into the country rock. This contrasts to the previously studied, shallow Silver City lamproite which did apparently lose H2O-rich fluid to the country rock. Perhaps a greater confining pressure and lesser amount of H2O-rich fluid prevented it from escaping.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"LITHOS","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0024-4937(96)00010-2","issn":"00244937","usgsCitation":"Cullers, R., Dorais, M., Berendsen, P., and Chaudhuri, S., 1996, Mineralogy and petrology of cretaceous subsurface lamproite sills, southeastern Kansas, USA: LITHOS, v. 38, no. 3-4, p. 185-206, https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(96)00010-2.","startPage":"185","endPage":"206","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227094,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267971,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(96)00010-2"}],"volume":"38","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5ac5e4b0c8380cd6f100","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cullers, R.L.","contributorId":103007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cullers","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dorais, M. J.","contributorId":27209,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dorais","given":"M. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Berendsen, P.","contributorId":68037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berendsen","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chaudhuri, Sambhudas","contributorId":21708,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chaudhuri","given":"Sambhudas","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70018809,"text":"70018809 - 1996 - The imaging node for the Planetary Data System","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:28","indexId":"70018809","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3083,"text":"Planetary and Space Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The imaging node for the Planetary Data System","docAbstract":"The Planetary Data System Imaging Node maintains and distributes the archives of planetary image data acquired from NASA's flight projects with the primary goal of enabling the science community to perform image processing and analysis on the data. The Node provides direct and easy access to the digital image archives through wide distribution of the data on CD-ROM media and on-line remote-access tools by way of Internet services. The Node provides digital image processing tools and the expertise and guidance necessary to understand the image collections. The data collections, now approaching one terabyte in volume, provide a foundation for remote sensing studies for virtually all the planetary systems in our solar system (except for Pluto). The Node is responsible for restoring data sets from past missions in danger of being lost. The Node works with active flight projects to assist in the creation of their archive products and to ensure that their products and data catalogs become an integral part of the Node's data collections.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Planetary and Space Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0032-0633(95)00103-4","issn":"00320633","usgsCitation":"Eliason, E.M., LaVoie, S., and Soderblom, L., 1996, The imaging node for the Planetary Data System: Planetary and Space Science, v. 44, no. 1 SPEC. ISS., p. 23-32, https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-0633(95)00103-4.","startPage":"23","endPage":"32","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205848,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0032-0633(95)00103-4"},{"id":227091,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"1 SPEC. ISS.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bacdae4b08c986b3237b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eliason, E. M.","contributorId":93113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eliason","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"LaVoie, S.K.","contributorId":47927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaVoie","given":"S.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Soderblom, L.A. 0000-0002-0917-853X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0917-853X","contributorId":6139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soderblom","given":"L.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70018782,"text":"70018782 - 1996 - Simulation of phosphate transport in sewage-contaminated groundwater, Cape Cod, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-20T08:40:17","indexId":"70018782","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulation of phosphate transport in sewage-contaminated groundwater, Cape Cod, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif\"><div id=\"ab1\" class=\"abstract author\" lang=\"en\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id3\"><p>Sewage-contaminated groundwater currently discharges to Ashumet Pond, located on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Phosphate concentrations as high as 60 μmol l<sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>have been measured in groundwater entering Ashumet Pond, and there is concern that the rate of eutrophication could increase. Phosphate in the sewage plume is sorbed by aquifer sediment; the amount is a function of phosphate concentration and pH. A nonelectrostatic surface-complexation model coupled with a one-dimensional solute-transport code was used to simulate sorption and desorption of phosphate in laboratory column experiments. The model simulated sorption of phosphate reasonably well, although the slow rate of approach to complete breakthrough indicated a nonequilibrium process that was not accounted for in the solute-transport model. The rate of phosphate desorption in the column experiments was relatively slow. Phosphate could still be measured in effluent after 160 pore volumes of uncontaminated groundwater had been flushed through the columns. Desorption was partly a function of the slowly decreasing pH in the columns and could be modeled quantitatively. Disposal of sewage at this site is scheduled to stop in 1995; however, a large reservoir of sorbed phosphate exists on aquifer sediment upgradient from Ashumet Pond. Computer simulations predict that desorption of phosphate could result in contamination of Ashumet Pond for decades.</p></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0883-2927(95)00041-0","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Stollenwerk, K., 1996, Simulation of phosphate transport in sewage-contaminated groundwater, Cape Cod, Massachusetts: Applied Geochemistry, v. 11, no. 1-2, p. 317-324, https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(95)00041-0.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"317","endPage":"324","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227447,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205921,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(95)00041-0"}],"volume":"11","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9070e4b08c986b3194dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stollenwerk, K.G.","contributorId":71199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stollenwerk","given":"K.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70018722,"text":"70018722 - 1996 - Air pollutant intrusion into the Wieliczka Salt Mine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:27","indexId":"70018722","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Air pollutant intrusion into the Wieliczka Salt Mine","docAbstract":"The Wieliczka Salt Mine World Cultural Heritage Site contains many rock salt sculptures that are threatened by water vapor condensation from the mine ventilation air. Gaseous and particulate air pollutant concentrations have been measured both outdoors and within the Wieliczka Salt Mine, along with pollutant deposition fluxes to surfaces within the mine. One purpose of these measurements was to determine whether or not low deliquescence point ionic materials (e.g., NH4NO3) are accumulating on surfaces to an extent that would exacerbate the water vapor condensation problems in the mine. It was found that pollutant gases including SO2 and HNO3 present in outdoor air are removed rapidly and almost completely from the air within the mine by deposition to surfaces. Sulfur isotope analyses confirm the accumulation of air pollutant-derived sulfur in liquid dripping from surfaces within the mine. Particle deposition onto interior surfaces in the mine is apparent, with resulting soiling of some of those sculptures that have been carved from translucent rock salt. Water accumulation by salt sculpture surfaces was studied both experimentally and by approximate thermodynamic calculations. Both approaches suggest that the pollutant deposits on the sculpture surfaces lower the relative humidity (RH) at which a substantial amount of liquid water will accumulate by 1% to several percent. The extraordinarily low SO2 concentrations within the mine may explain the apparent success of a respiratory sanatorium located deep within the mine.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Science and Technology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1021/es950306j","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Salmon, L., Cass, G., Kozlowski, R., Hejda, A., Spiker, E., and Bates, A., 1996, Air pollutant intrusion into the Wieliczka Salt Mine: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 30, no. 3, p. 872-880, https://doi.org/10.1021/es950306j.","startPage":"872","endPage":"880","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205888,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es950306j"},{"id":227313,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-02-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e918e4b0c8380cd480c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Salmon, L.G.","contributorId":62351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Salmon","given":"L.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cass, G.R.","contributorId":91257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cass","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kozlowski, R.","contributorId":42727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kozlowski","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hejda, A.","contributorId":101032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hejda","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Spiker, E.C.","contributorId":103275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spiker","given":"E.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bates, A. L. 0000-0002-4875-4675","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4875-4675","contributorId":42357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bates","given":"A. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70018718,"text":"70018718 - 1996 - Distribution of nitrate and orthophosphate in selected streams in Central Nebraska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-19T10:41:49","indexId":"70018718","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3718,"text":"Water Resources Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-1370","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution of nitrate and orthophosphate in selected streams in Central Nebraska","docAbstract":"The Central Nebraska Basins is one of 60 study units in the National Water-Quality Assessment Program of the U.S. Geological Survey. The study unit includes the Platte River and two major tributaries, the Loup and Elkhorn Rivers. Agriculture is the predominant land use in the study unit, with only eight urbanized communities exceeding a population of 10,000. Water samples were collected from selected streams in the study unit during 1993- 1995. The data were used to assess the distribution of nitrogen compounds and phosphorus in the streams and to relate the concentrations of these constituents to environmental settings. This article focuses on dissolved nitrate and orthophosphate. Dissolved nitrate concentrations were highest (90th percentiles were less than 7.0 milligrams per liter as nitrogen) in areas with extensive cropland and pasture, where chemical fertilizers are intensively applied. Synoptic measurements conducted in March and August 1994 indicate that relatively little residual fertilizer, as nitrate, applied during a single crop-growing season enters streams. Dissolved nitrate concentrations showed a seasonal pattern, being highest during winter months and lowest during the late spring and summer. Dissolved orthophosphate concentrations tended to be low across the study unit, 90 percent of all analyses did not exceed 1.7 milligrams per liter as phosphorus.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water Resources Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1996.tb03494.x","issn":"00431370","usgsCitation":"Boyd, R., 1996, Distribution of nitrate and orthophosphate in selected streams in Central Nebraska: Water Resources Bulletin, v. 32, no. 6, p. 1247-1257, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1996.tb03494.x.","startPage":"1247","endPage":"1257","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227267,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267668,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1996.tb03494.x"}],"volume":"32","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a02e8e4b0c8380cd5025e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boyd, R.A.","contributorId":19590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boyd","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70018712,"text":"70018712 - 1996 - Kriging: Understanding allays intimidation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:27","indexId":"70018712","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1676,"text":"Fluoride","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Kriging: Understanding allays intimidation","docAbstract":"In 1938 Daniel Gerhardus \"Danie\" Krige obtained an undergraduate degree in mining engineering and started a brilliant career centered on analyzing the gold and uranium mines in the Witwatersrand conglomerates of South Africa. He became interested in the disharmony between the poor reliability of reserve estimation reports and the magnitude of the economic decisions that were based on these studies. Back at the University of Witwatersrand, he wrote a master's thesis that began a revolution in mining evaluation methods. Krige was not alone in his research. Another mining engineer, Georges Matheron, a Frenchman, thought space data analysis belonged in a separate discipline, just as geophysics is a separate branch from physics. He named the new field geostatistics. Kriging is the name given in geostatistics to a collection of generalized linear regression techniques for the estimation of spatial phenomena. Pierre Carlier, another Frenchman, coined the term krigeage in the late 1950s to honor Krige's seminal work. Matheron anglicized the term to kriging when he published a paper for English-speaking readers. France dominated the development and application of geostatistics for several years. However, geostatistics in general, and kriging in particular, are employed by few and are regarded with apprehension by many. One of the possible applications of kriging is in computer mapping. Computer contouring methods can be grouped into two families: triangulation and gridding. The former is a direct procedure in which the contour lines are computed straight from the data by partitioning the sampling area into triangles with one observation per vertex. Kriging belongs in the gridding family. A grid is a regular arrangement of locations or nodes. In the gridding method the isolines are determined from interpolated values at the nodes. The difference between kriging and other weighting methods is in the calculation of the weights. Even for the simplest form of kriging, the calculations are more demanding. The kriging system of equations differs from classical regression in that the observations are allowed to be correlated and that neither the estimate nor the observations are necessarily points - they may have a volume, shape, and orientation. The mean square error is the average of the squares of the differences between the true and the estimated values. Simple kriging, the most basic form of kriging in that the system of equations has the fewest terms, requires the phenomena to have a constant and known mean. The next step up, ordinary kriging, does not require knowledge of the population mean. The external drift method, universal kriging, and intrinsic kriging go even further by allowing fluctuations in the mean. In practice, estimation by kriging is not as difficult to handle as it may look at first glance. In these days of high technology, all the details in the procedure are coded into computer programs. When properly used, kriging has several appealing attributes, the most important being that it does the work more accurately. By design, kriging provides the weights that result in the minimum mean square error. And yes, there have been people who have tested its superiority with real data. Practice has consistently confirmed theory. Kriging is also robust. Within reasonable limits, kriging tends to persist in yielding correct estimates even when the user selects the wrong model, misspecifies parameters, or both. This property should be an incentive for the novice to try the method. Gross misuse of kriging, though, can lead to poor results, worse even than those produced by alternative methods. Kriging has evolved and continues to expand to accommodate the estimation of increasingly demanding realities. Conclusions Theory and practice show that computer contour maps generated using kriging have the least mean square estimation error. In addition, the method provides information to assess the reliability of the maps.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Fluoride","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00154725","usgsCitation":"Olea, R., 1996, Kriging: Understanding allays intimidation: Fluoride, v. 29, no. 3, p. 175-176.","startPage":"175","endPage":"176","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227179,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a40cce4b0c8380cd65044","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olea, Ricardo A. 0000-0003-4308-0808","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4308-0808","contributorId":26436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olea","given":"Ricardo A.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":380523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70018703,"text":"70018703 - 1996 - Occurrence of pesticides in ground water of the Ozark Plateaus Province","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-30T11:17:11.757625","indexId":"70018703","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Occurrence of pesticides in ground water of the Ozark Plateaus Province","docAbstract":"<div class=\"abstract-group \"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>Pesticides were detected in ground-water samples collected from 20 springs and nine wells in the Ozark Plateaus Province of Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma. From April through September 1993, water samples were collected from 50 shallow domestic wells and 50 springs in the Springfield Plateau and Ozark aquifers and analyzed for 47 pesticides and metabolites. Pesticides were detected in 17 water samples from the Springfield Plateau aquifer and 12 water samples from the Ozark aquifer. Fourteen pesticides were detected, with a maximum of four pesticides detected in any one sample. The most commonly detected pesticides were atrazine (14 detections), prometon (11 detections), and tebuthiuron (seven detections). P, P' DDE, a metabolite of DDT, was detected in water samples from three wells and one spring. The remaining pesticides were detected in three or less samples. The occurrence and distribution of pesticides probably are related to the local land use near a sampling site. Pesticide detections were significantly related to aquifer, site type, and discharge of springs.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1996.tb03437.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Adamski, J., and Pugh, A., 1996, Occurrence of pesticides in ground water of the Ozark Plateaus Province: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 32, no. 1, p. 97-105, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1996.tb03437.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"97","endPage":"105","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227043,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6c1ee4b0c8380cd74a6d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Adamski, J.C.","contributorId":51773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adamski","given":"J.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pugh, A.L.","contributorId":65493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pugh","given":"A.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018701,"text":"70018701 - 1996 - Mg- and K-bearing borates and associated evaporites at Eagle Borax spring, Death Valley, California: A spectroscopic exploration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-03T16:42:53.29812","indexId":"70018701","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mg- and K-bearing borates and associated evaporites at Eagle Borax spring, Death Valley, California: A spectroscopic exploration","docAbstract":"<p><span>Efflorescent crusts at the Eagle Borax spring in Death Valley, California, contain an array of rare Mg and K borate minerals, several of which are only known from one or two other localities. The Mg- and/or K-bearing borates include aristarainite, hydroboracite, kaliborite, mcallisterite, pinnoite, rivadavite, and santite. Ulexite and probertite also occur in the area, although their distribution is different from that of the Mg and K borates. Other evaporite minerals in the spring vicinity include halite, thenardite, eugsterite, gypsum-anhydrite, hexahydrite, and bloedite. Whereas the first five of these minerals are found throughout Death Valley, the last two Mg sulfates are more restricted in occurrence and are indicative of Mg-enriched ground water.Mineral associations observed at the Eagle Borax spring, and at many other borate deposits worldwide, can be explained by the chemical fractionation of borate-precipitating waters during the course of evaporative concentration. The Mg sulfate and Mg borate minerals in the Eagle Borax efflorescent crusts point to the fractionation of Ca by the operation of a chemical divide involving Ca carbonate and Na-Ca borate precipitation in the subsurface sediments. At many other borate mining localities, the occurrence of ulexite in both Na borate (borax-kernite) and Ca borate (ulexite-colemanite) deposits similarly reflects ulexite's coprecipitation with Ca carbonate at an early concentration stage. Such ulexite may perhaps be converted to colemanite by later reaction with the coexisting Ca carbonate--the latter providing the additional Ca (super 2+) ions needed for the conversion. Mg and Ca-Mg borates are the expected late-stage concentration products of waters forming ulexite-colemanite deposits and are therefore most likely to occur in the marginal zones or nearby mud facies of ulexite-colemanite orebodies. Under some circumstances, Mg and Ca-Mg borates might provide a useful prospecting guide for ulexite-colemanite deposits, although the high solubility of Mg borate minerals may prevent their formation in lacustrine settings and certainly inhibits their geologic preservation. The occurrence of Mg borates in borax-kernite deposits is also related to fractionation processes and points to the operation of an Mg borate chemical divide, characterized by Mg borate precipitation ahead of Mg carbonate. All of these considerations imply that Mg is a significant chemical component of many borate-depositing ground waters, even though Mg borate minerals may not be strongly evident in borate orebodies.The Eagle Borax spring borates and other evaporite minerals were studied using spectroscopic and X-ray powder diffraction methods, which were found to be highly complementary. Spectral reflectance measurements provide a sensitive means for detecting borates present in mixtures with other evaporites and can be used to screen samples rapidly for X-ray diffraction analysis. The apparently limited occurrence of Mg and K borate minerals compared to Ca and Na borates may stem partly from the inefficiency of X-ray diffraction methods for delineating the mineralogy of large and complex deposits. Spectral reflectance measurements can be made in the laboratory, in the field, on the mine face, and even remotely. Reflectance data should have an important role in studies of existing deposit mineralogy and related chemical fractionation processes, and perhaps in the discovery of new borate mineral resources.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.91.3.622","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Crowley, J., 1996, Mg- and K-bearing borates and associated evaporites at Eagle Borax spring, Death Valley, California: A spectroscopic exploration: Economic Geology, v. 91, no. 3, p. 622-635, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.91.3.622.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"622","endPage":"635","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227003,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"91","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5627e4b0c8380cd6d3ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crowley, J.K.","contributorId":103690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crowley","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70018695,"text":"70018695 - 1996 - Holocene paleoseismicity, temporal clustering, and probabilities of future large (M > 7) earthquakes on the Wasatch fault zone, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-13T17:26:52.90353","indexId":"70018695","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Holocene paleoseismicity, temporal clustering, and probabilities of future large (M > 7) earthquakes on the Wasatch fault zone, Utah","docAbstract":"<p><span>The chronology of&nbsp;</span><i>M</i><span>&nbsp;&gt; 7 paleoearthquakes on the central five segments of the Wasatch fault zone (WFZ) is one of the best dated in the world and contains 16 earthquakes in the past 5600 years with an average repeat time of 350 years. Repeat times for individual segments vary by a factor of 2, and range from about 1200 to 2600 years. Four of the central five segments ruptured between ∼620 ± 30 and 1230 ± 60 calendar years B.P. The remaining segment (Brigham City segment) has not ruptured in the past 2120 ± 100 years. Comparison of the WFZ space-time diagram of paleoearthquakes with synthetic paleoseismic histories indicates that the observed temporal clusters and gaps have about an equal probability (depending on model assumptions) of reflecting random coincidence as opposed to intersegment contagion. Regional seismicity suggests that for exposure times of 50 and 100 years, the probability for an earthquake of&nbsp;</span><i>M</i><span>&nbsp;&gt; 7 anywhere within the Wasatch Front region, based on a Poisson model, is 0.16 and 0.30, respectively. A fault-specific WFZ model predicts 50 and 100 year probabilities for an&nbsp;</span><i>M</i><span>&nbsp;&gt; 7 earthquake on the WFZ itself, based on a Poisson model, as 0.13 and 0.25, respectively. In contrast, segment-specific earthquake probabilities that assume quasi-periodic recurrence behavior on the Weber, Provo, and Nephi segments are less (0.01–0.07 in 100 years) than the regional or fault-specific estimates (0.25–0.30 in 100 years), due to the short elapsed times compared to average recurrence intervals on those segments. The Brigham City and Salt Lake City segments, however, have time-dependent probabilities that approach or exceed the regional and fault specific probabilities. For the Salt Lake City segment, these elevated probabilities are due to the elapsed time being approximately equal to the average late Holocene recurrence time. For the Brigham City segment, the elapsed time is significantly longer than the segment-specific late Holocene recurrence time.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95JB02851","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"McCalpin, J., and Nishenko, S., 1996, Holocene paleoseismicity, temporal clustering, and probabilities of future large (M > 7) earthquakes on the Wasatch fault zone, Utah: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 101, no. 3, p. 6233-6253, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JB02851.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"6233","endPage":"6253","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227621,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-03-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a31eee4b0c8380cd5e374","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCalpin, J.P.","contributorId":95963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCalpin","given":"J.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nishenko, S.P.","contributorId":8072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nishenko","given":"S.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018671,"text":"70018671 - 1996 - Assessment of a ground water flow model of the Bangkok Basin, Thailand, using carbon-14-based ages and paleohydrology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-06T12:13:31.433932","indexId":"70018671","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessment of a ground water flow model of the Bangkok Basin, Thailand, using carbon-14-based ages and paleohydrology","docAbstract":"<div id=\"Abs1-section\" class=\"c-article-section\"><div id=\"Abs1-content\" class=\"c-article-section__content\"><p>A study was undertaken to understand the groundwater flow conditions in the Bangkok Basin, Thailand, by comparing<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>14</sup>C-based and simulated groundwater ages.<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>14</sup>C measurements were made on about 50 water samples taken from wells throughout the basin. Simulated ages were obtained using 1) backward-pathline tracking based on the well locations, and 2) results from a three-dimensional groundwater flow model. Comparisons of ages at these locations reveal a large difference between<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>14</sup>C-based ages and ages predicted by the steady-state groundwater flow model. Mainly,<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>14</sup>C and<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>13</sup>C analyses indicate that groundwater in the Bangkok area is about 20,000 years old, whereas steady-state flow and transport simulations imply that groundwater in the Bangkok area is 50,000–100,000 years old. One potential reason for the discrepancy between simulated and<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>14</sup>C-based ages is the assumption in the model of steady-state flow. Groundwater velocities were probably greater in the region before about 10,000 years ago, during the last glacial maximum, because of the lower position of sea level and the absence of the surficial Bangkok Clay. Paleoflow conditions were estimated and then incorporated into a second set of simulations. The new assumption was that current steady-state flow conditions existed for the last 8,000 years but were preceded by steady-state conditions representative of flow during the last glacial maximum. This “transient” paleohydrologic simulation yielded a mean simulated age that more closely agrees with the mean<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>14</sup>C-based age, especially if the<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>14</sup>C-based age corrected for diffusion into clay layers. Although the uncertainties in both the simulated and<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>14</sup>C-based ages are nontrivial, the magnitude of the improved match in the mean age using a paleohydrologic simulation instead of a steady-state simulation suggests that flow conditions in the basin have changed significantly over the last 10,000–20,000 years. Given that the valid age range of<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>14</sup>C-dating methods and the timing of the last glacial maximum are of similar magnitude, adjustments for paleohydrologic conditions may be required for many such studies.</p></div></div><div id=\"Abs2-section\" class=\"c-article-section\"><br></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s100400050083","issn":"14312174","usgsCitation":"Sanford, W., and Buapeng, S., 1996, Assessment of a ground water flow model of the Bangkok Basin, Thailand, using carbon-14-based ages and paleohydrology: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 4, no. 4, p. 26-40, https://doi.org/10.1007/s100400050083.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"26","endPage":"40","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227222,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-11-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ee1fe4b0c8380cd49ba0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sanford, W. E. 0000-0002-6624-0280","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6624-0280","contributorId":102112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanford","given":"W. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buapeng, S.","contributorId":69728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buapeng","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
]}