Many applied and theoretical investigations require information on how productivity varies in time and space (Temple and Wiens 1989. DeSante 1995). Examples include studies of habitat quality, population trends, life-history tactics, and metapopulation dynamics. From a demographic perspective, productivity is the number of young counted at a given time of year, produced per adult (e.g. Caswell 1989). Various measures have been used to estimate productivity. One of the most attractive is mist netting during the summer after young have left the nest, but ideally before they have left the study area. Several programs use this approach, including the Constant Effort Sites Scheme of the British Trust for Ornithology (Baillie et al. 1986, Bibby et al. 1992) and the Monitoring Avian Productivity and Survivorship (MAPS) program (DeSante et al. 1993) in North America.
Hatching-year (HY) and after-hatching-year (AHY) birds are widely believed to have different susceptibilities to netting (DeSante et al. 1995, Peach et al. 1996), so the ratio of HY's to AHY's obtained from netting is not used as an estimate of productivity. Instead, investigators hope that the relative susceptibility to capture is about the same among the samples being compared so that the age ratios in mistnet samples provide a reliable index to productivity (DeSante 1995, DeSante et al. 1995).
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.2307/4089698","usgsCitation":"Bart, J., Kepler, C., Sykes, P., and Bocetti, C.I., 1999, Evaluation of mist-net sampling as an index to productivity in Kirtland's Warblers: The Auk, v. 116, no. 4, p. 1147-1151, https://doi.org/10.2307/4089698.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1147","endPage":"1151","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199587,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"116","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e499fe4b07f02db5bcd0f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bart, J.","contributorId":76272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bart","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kepler, C.","contributorId":77627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kepler","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sykes, P.","contributorId":35851,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sykes","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bocetti, Carol I.","contributorId":60343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bocetti","given":"Carol","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5223868,"text":"5223868 - 1999 - Lead exposure in passerines inhabiting lead-contaminated floodplains in the Coeur d'Alene River Basin, Idaho, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-05T16:07:48.242496","indexId":"5223868","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:53","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lead exposure in passerines inhabiting lead-contaminated floodplains in the Coeur d'Alene River Basin, Idaho, USA","docAbstract":"Blood collected from song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) and American robins (Turdus migratorius) captured with mist nets in a lead-contaminated (assessment) area and nearby uncontaminated (reference) areas within the Coeur d'Alene Basin in northern Idaho was analyzed for δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity (ALAD) and hematocrit levels, and livers were analyzed for lead. Mean ALAD inhibition in the assessment area was 51% in song sparrows and 75% in American robins. The proportion of the sampled population with ALAD inhibition >50% was calculated to be 43% for song sparrows and 83% for American robins. Assessment area hematocrit values for song sparrows (x = 39.9) and American robins (x = 39.5) were lower than in reference areas (x = 42.4 for song sparrows and 40.2 for American robins); however, differences were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Significantly higher levels of lead (wet weight) were found in livers from song sparrows captured on the assessment area (x = 1.93 ppm) than on reference areas (x = 0.10 ppm) (p = 0.0079). Study results indicate that 43% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 12.9-77.5%) of the song sparrows and 83% (95% CI = 41.8-99.2%) of the American robins inhabiting the floodplain along the Coeur d'Alene River in the assessment area are being exposed to lead at levels sufficient to inhibit ALAD by > 50%. Variability in lead exposure indicators was attributed to high variability in environmental lead concentrations in the Coeur d'Alene River Basin.
Management of amphibian populations to reverse recent declines will require defining high-quality habitat for individual species or groups of species, followed by efforts to retain or restore these habitats on the landscape. We examined landscape-level habitat relationships for frogs and toads by measuring associations between relative abundance and species richness based on survey data derived from anuran calls and features of land-cover maps for Iowa and Wisconsin. The most consistent result across all anuran guilds was a negative association with the presence of urban land. Upland and wetland forests and emergent wetlands tended to be positively associated with anurans. Landscape metrics that represent edges and patch diversity also had generally positive associations, indicating that anurans benefit from a complex of habitats that include wetlands. In Iowa the most significant associations with relative abundance were the length of the edge between wetland and forest ( positive) and the presence of urban land (negative). In Wisconsin the two most significant associations with relative abundance were forest area and agricultural area ( both positive). Anurans had positive associations with agriculture in Wisconsin but not in Iowa. Remnant forest patches in agricultural landscapes may be providing refuges for some anuran species. Differences in anuran associations with deep water and permanent wetlands between the two states suggest opportunities for management action. Large-scale maps can contribute to predictive models of amphibian habitat use, but water quality and vegetation information collected from individual wetlands will likely be needed to strengthen those predictions. Landscape habitat analyses provide a framework for future experimental and intensive research on specific factors affecting the health of anurans.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.98445.x","usgsCitation":"Knutson, M.G., Sauer, J., Olsen, D., Mossman, M., Hemesath, L., and Lannoo, M., 1999, Effects of landscape composition and wetland fragmentation on frog and toad abundance and species richness in Iowa and Wisconsin, USA: Conservation Biology, v. 13, no. 6, p. 1437-1446, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.98445.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1437","endPage":"1446","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200271,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa, 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\"}}]}","volume":"13","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-12-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611d68","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knutson, M. G.","contributorId":55375,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Knutson","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sauer, J.R. 0000-0002-4557-3019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-3019","contributorId":66197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Olsen, D.A.","contributorId":10377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olsen","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mossman, M.J.","contributorId":54946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mossman","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hemesath, L.M.","contributorId":44502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hemesath","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lannoo, M.J.","contributorId":17937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lannoo","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":5223862,"text":"5223862 - 1999 - Sex determination of the Acadian Flycatcher using discriminant analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:34","indexId":"5223862","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:53","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2284,"text":"Journal of Field Ornithology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sex determination of the Acadian Flycatcher using discriminant analysis","docAbstract":"I used five morphometric variables from 114 individuals captured in Arkansas to develop a discriminant model to predict the sex of Acadian Flycatchers (Empidonax virescens). Stepwise discriminant function analyses selected wing chord and tail length as the most parsimonious subset of variables for discriminating sex. This two-variable model correctly classified 80% of females and 97% of males used to develop the model. Validation of the model using 19 individuals from Louisiana and Virginia resulted in 100% correct classification of males and females. This model provides criteria for sexing monomorphic Acadian Flycatchers during the breeding season and possibly during the winter.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Field Ornithology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Wilson, R., 1999, Sex determination of the Acadian Flycatcher using discriminant analysis: Journal of Field Ornithology, v. 70, no. 4, p. 514-519.","productDescription":"514-519","startPage":"514","endPage":"519","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202008,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":17500,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/JFO/v070n04/p0514-p0519.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"70","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fbe4b07f02db5f4aab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilson, R.R.","contributorId":12138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5223864,"text":"5223864 - 1999 - Does nonrandom nest placement imply nonrandom nest predation?: A reply","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-20T13:17:15.793875","indexId":"5223864","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:53","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Does nonrandom nest placement imply nonrandom nest predation?: A reply","docAbstract":"In response to the critique by Schmidt and Whelan (Condor 101(4):916-920, 1999), we find that the relationship between nest success and tree selectivity is dependent upon inclusion or exclusion of particular tree species, whether or not years are pooled, and the selectivity index used. We question their use of point estimates of nest success with extremely high variances, defend our index, question the application of the Chesson (1983) index to our data, and explain the need to analyze years separately. Bottomland hardwood forest systems are extremely variable; hydroperiods alter the suitability of nesting substrates, availability of alternative food, and behavior of predators and their prey. Given these features, actively searching for Acadian Flycatcher (Empidonax virescens) nests is seldom an efficient predator foraging strategy. Therefore, these predation events are best described as random; nests are principally encountered opportunistically by generalist predators while searching for other prey.","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.2307/1370090","usgsCitation":"Cooper, R., Wilson, R., Zenitsky, G., Mullin, S., Dececco, J., Marshall, M., Wolf, D., and Pomara, L.Y., 1999, Does nonrandom nest placement imply nonrandom nest predation?: A reply: Condor, v. 101, no. 4, p. 920-923, https://doi.org/10.2307/1370090.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"920","endPage":"923","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479385,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1370090","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":202009,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db635efa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cooper, R.J.","contributorId":89077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilson, R.R.","contributorId":12138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zenitsky, G.D.","contributorId":12599,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zenitsky","given":"G.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mullin, S.J.","contributorId":100506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mullin","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dececco, J.D.","contributorId":43892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dececco","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Marshall, M.R.","contributorId":82427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marshall","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Wolf, D.J.","contributorId":25271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolf","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Pomara, Lars Y.","contributorId":22072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pomara","given":"Lars","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":5223856,"text":"5223856 - 1999 - COMDYN: Software to study the dynamics of animal communities using a capture-recapture approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-20T02:21:28.769637","indexId":"5223856","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:53","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1052,"text":"Bird Study","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"COMDYN: Software to study the dynamics of animal communities using a capture-recapture approach","docAbstract":"COMDYN is a set of programs developed for estimation of parameters associated with community dynamics using count data from two locations or time periods. It is Internet-based, allowing remote users either to input their own data, or to use data from the North American Breeding Bird Survey for analysis. COMDYN allows probability of detection to vary among species and among locations and time periods. The basic estimator for species richness underlying all estimators is the jackknife estimator proposed by Burnham and Overton. Estimators are presented for quantities associated with temporal change in species richness, including rate of change in species richness over time, local extinction probability, local species turnover and number of local colonizing species. Estimators are also presented for quantities associated with spatial variation in species richness, including relative richness at two locations and proportion of species present in one location that are also present at a second location. Application of the estimators to species richness estimation has been previously described and justified. The potential applications of these programs are discussed.","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/00063659909477247","usgsCitation":"Hines, J., Boulinier, T., Nichols, J., Sauer, J., and Pollock, K.H., 1999, COMDYN: Software to study the dynamics of animal communities using a capture-recapture approach: Bird Study, v. 46, no. S, p. S209-S217, https://doi.org/10.1080/00063659909477247.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"S209","endPage":"S217","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479395,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00063659909477247","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":199469,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"46","issue":"S","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-06-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f9830","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hines, J.E. 0000-0001-5478-7230","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5478-7230","contributorId":36885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"J.E.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":339726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boulinier, T.","contributorId":37845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boulinier","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sauer, J.R. 0000-0002-4557-3019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-3019","contributorId":66197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pollock, K. H.","contributorId":65184,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pollock","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":5223855,"text":"5223855 - 1999 - Quantitative studies of bird movement: A methodological review","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-20T02:32:27.801269","indexId":"5223855","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:53","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1052,"text":"Bird Study","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quantitative studies of bird movement: A methodological review","docAbstract":"The past several years have seen development of a number of statistical models and methods for drawing inferences about bird movement using data from marked individuals. It can be difficult to keep up with this rapid development of new methods, so our purpose here is to categorize and review methods for drawing inferences about avian movement. We also outline recommendations about future work dealing both with methods development and actual studies directed at hypotheses about bird movement of interest from conservation, management, or ecological perspectives.","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/00063659909477256","usgsCitation":"Nichols, J., and Kaiser, A., 1999, Quantitative studies of bird movement: A methodological review: Bird Study, v. 46, no. S, p. S289-S298, https://doi.org/10.1080/00063659909477256.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"S289","endPage":"S298","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199468,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"46","issue":"S","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-06-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64ae09","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kaiser, A.","contributorId":90424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaiser","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5223851,"text":"5223851 - 1999 - Contribution of research to management and recovery of the roseate tern: review of a twelve-year project","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:41","indexId":"5223851","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:53","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3731,"text":"Waterbirds","onlineIssn":"19385390","printIssn":"15244695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Contribution of research to management and recovery of the roseate tern: review of a twelve-year project","docAbstract":"The Northwest Atlantic population of the Roseate Tern (Sterna dougallii) is largely confined to a small breeding area along the northeast coast of the USA between 40? and 42?N. This population was listed as endangered in the USA in 1987 because it was dangerously concentrated into a few breeding sites (85% on two islands in the 1980s). The nesting population in the area from Long Island, New York to Cape Cod, Massachusetts has been studied intensively since 1987, in conjunction with a program of management of the breeding colonies. This paper summarizes the results of the research program and discusses the extent to which it has contributed to effective management. The regional population now numbers about 4,000 breeding pairs and has been increasing slowly since 1987, except between 1991 and 1992 when it declined by about 17%. This decline was probably caused by Hurricane `Bob' in August 1991. Roseate Terns have specialized foraging habits and are concentrated into a small number of foraging areas near the nesting colonies. The historically important breeding sites were taken over by large gulls between 1930 and 1972. Many of the terns moved to less suitable sites near the mainland, where they are subject to predation by mainland-based predators. Despite this, Roseate Terns breed with high success at many sites. The sex-ratio is skewed towards females; about 12% of nests are attended by female-female pairs. The annual adult survival rate (0.83) is unusually low for a seabird. Most mortality occurs away from the breeding grounds, but the winter quarters remained unknown until one roost site was found in Brazil in 1995-1997. A major management goal has been to restore former colony-sites by eliminating nesting gulls, but the success of some of these projects has been questionable because they may have attracted birds to sites with higher levels of predation. Although the research has yielded important information about the biology and demography of the species, it has taken longer than expected to obtain and analyze data from multiple sites on this long-lived species. Most work has been carried out at breeding sites: critical studies on feeding ecology and winter ecology have been hampered by insufficient funding and the paucity of self-motivated biologists. Hence, the program has not yet provided all the keys to restoring the population.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Waterbirds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"5355_Nisbet.pdf","usgsCitation":"Nisbet, I., and Spendelow, J., 1999, Contribution of research to management and recovery of the roseate tern: review of a twelve-year project: Waterbirds, v. 22, no. 2, p. 239-252.","productDescription":"239-252","startPage":"239","endPage":"252","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":17497,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1522212","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":200355,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af3e4b07f02db691991","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nisbet, I.C.T.","contributorId":54942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nisbet","given":"I.C.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spendelow, J. A. 0000-0001-8167-0898","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8167-0898","contributorId":72478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spendelow","given":"J. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5223843,"text":"5223843 - 1999 - Scrub-successional bird community dynamics in young and mature longleaf pine-wiregrass savannahs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-26T12:09:00.498946","indexId":"5223843","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:52","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Scrub-successional bird community dynamics in young and mature longleaf pine-wiregrass savannahs","docAbstract":"Public agencies are required to manage for threatened and endangered species and for biodiversity. However, at times, management for threatened and endangered species precludes consideration of other species. We investigated how managing for red-cockaded woodpeckers (Picoides borealis) and biodiversity at the Savannah River Site (SRS), South Carolina, affected communities of bird species that use early-successional scrub habitat (hereafter, scrub-successional species). Management for red-cockaded woodpeckers at the SRS involved both (1) manipulating mature longleaf pine (Pinus palustris)-wiregrass (Andropogon spp.) stands via canopy thinning, removal of midstory trees, and prescribed burning; and (2) even-aged timber harvesting. The former management practice encouraged red-cockaded woodpeckers to establish new colonies in previously unoccupied stands (hereafter, 'recruitment' stands). The latter management practice is used to remove off-site planted pines and replant with preferred longleaf pines. We conducted a constant-effort mist net study in recruitment and regenerating stands (stands clearcut and planted with longleaf pine) during the breeding seasons of 1995-96. We hypothesized that the scrub-successional bird community in recruitment stands would have greater species richness and higher survival and reproductive rates per species than in regenerating stands. However, recruitment stands always had fewer scrub-successional species (1995:36 species; 1996:31 species) than regenerating stands (1995:54 species; 1996:55 species), and all species that occurred in recruitment stands also occurred in regenerating stands. Species which commonly occurred in both recruitment and regenerating stands had similar adult:juvenile ratios (P > 0.15) and relative proportion of adults in breeding condition (P > 0.05). We detected no difference in survival rates of Bachman's sparrows (Aimophila aestivalis), indigo buntings (Passerina cyanea), and of 'combined' scrub-successional birds between stand types (P > 0.05). We found that even-aged forestry is an important management practice for maintaining and increasing avian biodiversity on public lands, as well as an acceptable management practice for red-cockaded woodpeckers.","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","doi":"10.2307/3802793","usgsCitation":"Krementz, D., and Christie, J., 1999, Scrub-successional bird community dynamics in young and mature longleaf pine-wiregrass savannahs: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 63, no. 3, p. 803-814, https://doi.org/10.2307/3802793.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"803","endPage":"814","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479397,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3802793","text":"External Repository"},{"id":202235,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"63","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc8a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krementz, D.G.","contributorId":74332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krementz","given":"D.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Christie, J.S.","contributorId":102181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christie","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5223825,"text":"5223825 - 1999 - Siblicide, splayed-toes-flight display, and grappling in the Saker Falcon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:41","indexId":"5223825","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:52","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2442,"text":"Journal of Raptor Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Siblicide, splayed-toes-flight display, and grappling in the Saker Falcon","docAbstract":"We observed two incidents of novel social behavior in the saker falcon (Falco cherrug) in Mongolia. First, we provide an account of a two-week-old saker falcon chick killing its nest mate, the first direct observation of siblicide in the genus Falco. We also report aerial combat between three adult saker falcons including observations of talon grappling, whirling, and Splayed-toes-flight, a previously undescribed social display.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Raptor Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Ellis, D.H., Whitlock, P., Tsengeg, P., and Nelson, R., 1999, Siblicide, splayed-toes-flight display, and grappling in the Saker Falcon: Journal of Raptor Research, v. 33, no. 2, p. 164-167.","productDescription":"164-167","startPage":"164","endPage":"167","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":17438,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/jrr/v033n02/p00164-p00167.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":200112,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e69e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ellis, D. H.","contributorId":79830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Whitlock, P.L.","contributorId":26384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitlock","given":"P.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tsengeg, Pu","contributorId":14909,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tsengeg","given":"Pu","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nelson, R.W.","contributorId":99260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5223845,"text":"5223845 - 1999 - Density and habitat of breeding Swallow-tailed Kites in the lower Suwannee ecosystem, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:38","indexId":"5223845","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:52","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2284,"text":"Journal of Field Ornithology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Density and habitat of breeding Swallow-tailed Kites in the lower Suwannee ecosystem, Florida","docAbstract":"Historically the Swallow-tailed Kite (Elanoides forficatus) bred in the United States in at least 16 eastern states. Currently it is restricted to seven southeastern states, with most of its breeding range in Florida. Breeding Bird Surveys indicate a declining trend for this Neotropical migrant in most of Florida. Using a rapid survey technique at the Lower Suwannee NWR on 25-27 Mar. 1997, we scanned for kites from 16 sampling stations above the forest canopy, using 10X binoculars for 45 min per station. An effective detection distance of 2.4 km provided almost complete coverage of kite habitat (excluding salt marsh) on the refuge (14,620 ha) and in a 1.6-km buffer (13,526 ha). A mobile observation platform, extended to heights of 30-34 m provided an unobstructed view above the forest canopy where foraging bouts, feeding, courtship displays, and other activities by this species occur. This technique was found to be efficient in obtaining an estimate of potential breeding pairs. An estimated 19 breeding pairs were observed, with possibly five additional pairs, a density of at least one pair per 1173-1407 ha. There was no opportunity to search for nests so we were unable to correlate number of active nests with the number of kites observed, and linear nature of study area might concentrate birds, including nonbreeders, so our density of kites may or may not be typical for other areas. The refuge has a mosaic of 11 different habitats (7 forest types, freshwater and salt marshes, open water and urban/suburban) providing much linear edge to the matrix of different plant communities that range in height from less than 1 m to greater than 30 m. Such structure provides quality habitat for Swallow-tailed Kites.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Field Ornithology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Sykes, P., Kepler, C.B., Litzenberger, K., Sansing, H., Lewis, E., and Hatfield, J., 1999, Density and habitat of breeding Swallow-tailed Kites in the lower Suwannee ecosystem, Florida: Journal of Field Ornithology, v. 70, no. 3, p. 321-336.","productDescription":"321-336","startPage":"321","endPage":"336","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200342,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":17447,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/JFO/v070n03/p0321-p0336.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"70","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fce4b07f02db5f5b70","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sykes, P.W. Jr.","contributorId":107385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sykes","given":"P.W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kepler, C. B.","contributorId":62548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kepler","given":"C.","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Litzenberger, K.L.","contributorId":77269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Litzenberger","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sansing, H.R.","contributorId":82027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sansing","given":"H.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lewis, E.T.R.","contributorId":47495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis","given":"E.T.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hatfield, Jeff S.","contributorId":41372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatfield","given":"Jeff S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":5223842,"text":"5223842 - 1999 - May the forethought (and studies) be with your campsite-protection planning!","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:43","indexId":"5223842","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:52","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3244,"text":"Register","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"May the forethought (and studies) be with your campsite-protection planning!","docAbstract":"Visitation has reached record levels along the Appalachian Trail, a 2000+ mile footpath extending from Maine to Georgia along the crest of the Appalachian Mountains. Camping impacts associated with this use have also expanded rapidly in recent years, particularly in popular National Parks and at attraction features such as lakes and ponds. This article reviews recreation ecology research on camping impacts and their relationship to amount of use and environmental attributes. Management options for responding to camping management problems are described, including the manipulation of use-related, environmental, and managerial factors. ","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Register","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Marion, J., and Proudman, R.D., 1999, May the forethought (and studies) be with your campsite-protection planning!: Register, v. 23, no. 2, p. 12-15.","productDescription":"12-15","startPage":"12","endPage":"15","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200196,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a27e4b07f02db610249","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marion, J. L. 0000-0003-2226-689X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2226-689X","contributorId":10888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marion","given":"J. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Proudman, R. D.","contributorId":77259,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Proudman","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5223826,"text":"5223826 - 1999 - Golden Eagle predation on experimental Sandhill and Whooping Cranes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-20T13:18:27.816729","indexId":"5223826","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:52","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Golden Eagle predation on experimental Sandhill and Whooping Cranes","docAbstract":"There are very few published records of Golden Eagles preying upon cranes, especially in North America. During our experiments to lead cranes on migration behind motorized craft in the western United States, we experienced 15 attacks (four fatal) and believe many more attacks would have occurred (and more would have been fatal) without human intervention. We recognize eagle predation as an important risk to cranes especially during migration.","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.2307/1370196","usgsCitation":"Ellis, D.H., Clegg, K.R., Lewis, J., and Spaulding, E., 1999, Golden Eagle predation on experimental Sandhill and Whooping Cranes: Condor, v. 101, no. 3, p. 664-666, https://doi.org/10.2307/1370196.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"664","endPage":"666","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479400,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/condor/vol101/iss3/24","text":"External Repository"},{"id":200336,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abde4b07f02db673ffe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ellis, D. H.","contributorId":79830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clegg, Kent R.","contributorId":45420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clegg","given":"Kent","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lewis, J. C.","contributorId":10057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis","given":"J. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Spaulding, E.","contributorId":39099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spaulding","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5223838,"text":"5223838 - 1999 - Preliminary survey for entomopathogenic fungi associated with Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) in southern New York and New England, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-10T10:59:38.715429","indexId":"5223838","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:52","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2385,"text":"Journal of Medical Entomology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Preliminary survey for entomopathogenic fungi associated with Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) in southern New York and New England, USA","title":"Preliminary survey for entomopathogenic fungi associated with Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) in southern New York and New England, USA","docAbstract":"Free-living larval, nymphal, and adult Ixodes scapularis Say were collected from scattered locales in southern New England and New York to determine infection rates with entomopathogenic fungi. Infection rates of larvae, nymphs, males, and females were 0% (571), 0% (272), 0% (57), and 4.3% (47), respectively. Two entomopathogenic fungi were isolated from field-collected I. scapularis females from Fire Island, NY. Isolates were identified as Verticillium lecanii (Zimmermann) Viegas and Verticillium sp. (a member of the Verticillium lecanii species complex).
Ixodes scapularis Say is the principal vector of Borrelia burgdorferi Johnson, Schmid, Hyde, Steigerwalt & Brenner (Burgdorfer et al. 1982, Johnson et al. 1984), the etiologic agent of Lyme disease in the northeastern and upper-midwestern United States. Control of I. scapularis is based on chemical treatment (Mather et al. 1987b; Schulze et al. 1987, 1991), environmental management (Wilson et al. 1988, Schulze et al. 1995), and habitat modification (Wilson 1986). These methods have shown variable success, and some potentially have negative environmental effects (Wilson and Deblinger 1993, Ginsberg 1994).
Studies concerning natural predators, parasitoids, and pathogens of I. scapularis are rare. The use of ground-dwelling birds as tick predators has had only limited success (Duffy et al. 1992). Nymphal I. scapularis are often infected with the parasitic wasp Ixodiphagus hookeri (Howard) (Mather et al. 1987a, Hu et al. 1993, Stafford et al. 1996, Hu and Hyland 1997), but this wasp does not effectively control I. scapularis populations (Stafford et al. 1996). The entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) and S. glaseri (Steiner) are pathogenic only to engorged female I. scapularis, and thus have limited applicability (Zhioua et al. 1995). In contrast, the entomogenous fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin is highly pathogenic to all stages of I. scapularis, unfed as well as engorged, and thus has considerable potential as a microbial control agent (Zhioua et al. 1997).
European studies have suggested that entomopathogenic fungi might serve as natural controls of of Ixodes ricinus L. populations (Samsinakova et al. 1974, Eilenberg et al. 1991, Kalsbeek et al. 1995). In the current study, we describe the isolation of entomopathogenic fungi from field-collected I. scapularis.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.1093/jmedent/36.5.635","usgsCitation":"Zhioua, E., Ginsberg, H.S., Humber, R.A., and LeBrun, R., 1999, Preliminary survey for entomopathogenic fungi associated with Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) in southern New York and New England, USA: Journal of Medical Entomology, v. 36, no. 5, p. 635-637, https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/36.5.635.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"635","endPage":"637","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479398,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/pls_facpubs/172","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":200193,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-09-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aabe4b07f02db669897","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zhioua, Elyes","contributorId":177231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhioua","given":"Elyes","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":339655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ginsberg, Howard S. 0000-0002-4933-2466 hginsberg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4933-2466","contributorId":3204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ginsberg","given":"Howard","email":"hginsberg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":339656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Humber, Richard A.","contributorId":65579,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Humber","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6922,"text":"University of Rhode Island","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":339658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"LeBrun, Roger A.","contributorId":89820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeBrun","given":"Roger A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5223840,"text":"5223840 - 1999 - Impact of forest type and management strategy on avian densities in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:34","indexId":"5223840","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:52","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1687,"text":"Forest Ecology and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Impact of forest type and management strategy on avian densities in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley, USA","docAbstract":"Avian territory densities were determined from 20 Breeding Bird Censuses in mature (>30 years) bottomland hardwood stand: and 18 Breeding Bird Censuses in young (6-9 years old) cottonwood (Populas deltoides) plantations in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley. Avian species richness, diversity, and territory density were greater (p < 0.01) in bottomland hardwood stands than in intensively-managed cottonwood stands but these parameters were not impacted by selective timber harvest within bottomland hardwood stands nor by method of regeneration within cottonwood plantations (p > 0.05). Even so, detrended correspondence analysis based on avian territory densities readily segregated forest types and silvicultural treatments. Timber harvest within bottomland hardwood stands resulted in a shift in bird communities toward those found in cottonwood stands by increasing the densities of early-successional species such as Indigo Bunting (Passerina cyanea), Yellow-breasted Chat (Icteria virens), and Common Yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas). Conversely, regenerating cottonwood stands from root sprouts, rather than planting stem cuttings, resulted in a shift in bird communities toward those found in bottomland hardwood stands by increasing densities of species such as White-eyed Vireo (Vireo griseus) and Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina). Tree species diversity, angular canopy cover, and midstory density were positively associated with bird species assemblages in bottomland hardwood stands, whereas vegetation density at ground level was positively associated with bird communities in cottonwood plantations. Conversion of agricultural fields to short-rotation cottonwood plantations results in increased breeding bird populations by adding up to 140 additional territories 40 ha-1. Even so, relative conservation values, derive, from indicator species analysis and Partners in Flight concern scores, suggest that mature bottomland hardwood forests are twice as 'valuable' for bird conservation as are cottonwood plantations.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Forest Ecology and Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00043-2","collaboration":"5338_Twedt.pdf","usgsCitation":"Twedt, D., Wilson, R., Henne-Kerr, J.L., and Hamilton, R., 1999, Impact of forest type and management strategy on avian densities in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley, USA: Forest Ecology and Management, v. 123, no. 2-3, p. 261-274, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00043-2.","productDescription":"261-274","startPage":"261","endPage":"274","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":17443,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00043-2","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":202195,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"123","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae2e4b07f02db688cc1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Twedt, D.J. 0000-0003-1223-5045","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1223-5045","contributorId":105009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twedt","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilson, R.R.","contributorId":12138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Henne-Kerr, J. L.","contributorId":63121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henne-Kerr","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hamilton, R.B.","contributorId":63509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5223839,"text":"5223839 - 1999 - A model to predict breeding-season productivity for multibrooded songbirds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-09T16:27:56","indexId":"5223839","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:52","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A model to predict breeding-season productivity for multibrooded songbirds","docAbstract":"Breeding-season productivity (the per capita number of offspring surviving to the end of the breeding season) is seldom estimated for multibrooded songbirds because of cost and logistical constraints. However, this parameter is critical for predictions of population growth rates and comparisons of seasonal productivity across geographic or temporal scales. We constructed a dynamic, stochastic, individual-based model of breeding-season productivity using demographic data from Wood Thrushes (Hylocichla mustelina) in central Georgia from 1993 to 1996. The model predicts breeding-season productivity as a function of adult survival, juvenile survival, nesting success, season length, renesting interval, and juvenile-care intervals. The model predicted that seasonal fecundity (number of fledglings produced) was 3.04, but only 2.04 juveniles per female survived to the end of the breeding season. Sensitivity analyses showed that differences in renesting interval, nesting success, fledglings per successful nest, and adult and juvenile survival caused variation in breeding-season productivity. Contrary to commonly held notions, season length and fledgling-care interval length did not cause variation in breeding-season productivity. This modeling exercise emphasizes the need for demographic data for songbird species, and we encourage biologists to use similar models to evaluate productivity in songbird populations.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.2307/4089680","usgsCitation":"Powell, L., Conroy, M., Krementz, D., and Lang, J.D., 1999, A model to predict breeding-season productivity for multibrooded songbirds: The Auk, v. 116, no. 4, p. 1001-1008, https://doi.org/10.2307/4089680.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1001","endPage":"1008","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479399,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4089680","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":200353,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"116","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6aded5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Powell, L.A.","contributorId":51262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Conroy, M.J.","contributorId":84690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conroy","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Krementz, D.G.","contributorId":74332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krementz","given":"D.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lang, J. D.","contributorId":88058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lang","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5223828,"text":"5223828 - 1999 - Metal and sediment ingestion by dabbling ducks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-18T13:22:42.439264","indexId":"5223828","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:52","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Metal and sediment ingestion by dabbling ducks","docAbstract":"The chemical analysis of intestinal digesta from hunter-killed carcasses or of wildlife scat is a promising means of estimating the exposure of wildlife to those environmental contaminants that, like lead, are poorly absorbed in the digestive tract. When evaluating contaminants at a site, biologists may find the results of this non-destructive approach more straightforward to interpret in terms of exposure to wildlife than would be analyses of soils, sediments, water, or wildlife tissues. To illustrate the approach, we collected digesta from 47 waterfowl shot by hunters at Prime Hook National Wildlife Refuge, in Delaware, USA. The waterfowl digesta contained an average of approximately 2.4% sediment, estimated from the Al concentrations in the digesta, a marker for sediment. Al concentrations were significantly correlated with concentrations of Cr (Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient, r=0.57), V (r=0.70), Ni (r=0.31), and Pb (r=0.55), and we concluded that these metals were ingested mainly with sediment. American widgeon (Anas americana) ingested sediment at a rate of about four times that of three other species of dabbling ducks (Anas crecca, A. acuta, A. rubripes) and had several times the exposure to the sediment-associated metals. The digesta of one American black duck contained a high concentration of lead (70 mg/kg, dry wt.), presumably from lead shot, but none of the other samples had notably elevated metal concentrations. We suggest that scat and digesta be analyzed more widely by biologists and resource managers seeking a simple, inexpensive assessment of contaminants in local wildlife habitat.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00098-4","usgsCitation":"Beyer, W., Spann, J., and Day, D., 1999, Metal and sediment ingestion by dabbling ducks: Science of the Total Environment, v. 231, no. 2-3, p. 235-239, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00098-4.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"235","endPage":"239","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200298,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"231","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f929e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beyer, W. N. 0000-0002-8911-9141","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8911-9141","contributorId":55379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beyer","given":"W. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spann, J.","contributorId":77901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spann","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Day, D. 0000-0001-9070-7170","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9070-7170","contributorId":20298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Day","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5223391,"text":"5223391 - 1999 - Aspects of chick growth in Gull-billed Terns in coastal Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:53","indexId":"5223391","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:51","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3731,"text":"Waterbirds","onlineIssn":"19385390","printIssn":"15244695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aspects of chick growth in Gull-billed Terns in coastal Virginia","docAbstract":"Because of concerns about apparent population declines and low productivity of Gull-billed Terns (Sterna nilotica) along the coast of Virginia, we investigated whether food limitations may result in retarded growth rates of young. Several colonies of Gull-billed Terns were monitored from May to July each year from 1994 to 1996 on both sandy barrier islands and marsh/shellpile islands in coastal Virginia. Nests were visited one to three times a week to monitor clutch size and hatching success, and enclosures were installed around selected nests to monitor chick growth from hatching to at least two weeks of age. When comparing chick growth, we found significant year, habitat and hatch order effects. Chicks from marsh shellpiles had higher mass and culmen growth rates than did those from barrier islands, and first-hatched (A) chicks had significantly higher culmen growth rates than did second-hatched (B) chicks. Year effects were only found for mass growth rates. Growth rates of Gull- billed Terns in these Virginia colonies seem to be low relative to those of six other North American tern species from other geographic areas. These findings suggest that growth rates of young Gull-billed Terns, as well as other reproductive parameters, need to be examined in detail in other coastal areas such as Texas, where the species is more abundant, to determine whether our growth results are species- or region-specific.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Waterbirds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Erwin, R., Eyler, T., Stotts, D.B., and Hatfield, J., 1999, Aspects of chick growth in Gull-billed Terns in coastal Virginia: Waterbirds, v. 22, no. 1, p. 47-53.","productDescription":"47-53","startPage":"47","endPage":"53","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198601,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":17431,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1521992","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"22","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db672bfd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Erwin, R.M.","contributorId":57396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erwin","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eyler, T.B.","contributorId":88453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eyler","given":"T.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stotts, Daniel B.","contributorId":90003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stotts","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hatfield, Jeff S.","contributorId":41372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatfield","given":"Jeff S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5223392,"text":"5223392 - 1999 - Aspects of hatching success and chick survival in Gull-billed Terns in coastal Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:54","indexId":"5223392","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:51","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3731,"text":"Waterbirds","onlineIssn":"19385390","printIssn":"15244695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aspects of hatching success and chick survival in Gull-billed Terns in coastal Virginia","docAbstract":"Because of a long-term population decline in Gull-billed Terns (Sterna nilotica) nesting along the coast of Virginia, we began a three year study in 1994 to monitor hatching success and survival of Gull-billed Tern chicks at several Virginia colony sites. Colonies were located on either small, storm-deposited shellpiles along marsh fringes or large, sandshell overwash fans of barrier islands. Nests were monitored one to three times a week for hatching success, and enclosures were installed around selected nests to monitor chick survival from hatching to about two weeks of age. Hatching success was lower in marsh colonies than island colonies, and was lower in 1995 than in 1994 and 1996, primarily because of flooding. The average brood size of nests where at least one chick hatched was 1.99 chicks. Survival rates of chicks to 14 days depended on hatch order and year but not brood size (one vs. two or more) or time of season. A-chicks had higher survival rates than B-chicks and third-hatched C-chicks (0.661 compared to 0.442 and 0.357, respectively). The year effect was significant only for A-chicks, with lower survival in 1994 (0.50) than in 1995 (0.765) or 1996 (0.758). Overall, productivity was low (0.53 chick per nest) compared to estimates for colonies in Denmark, and was attributable to nest flooding by spring and storm-driven high tides and chick predation, presumably mostly by Great Horned Owls (Bubo virginianus). ","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Waterbirds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Eyler, T., Erwin, R., Stotts, D.B., and Hatfield, J., 1999, Aspects of hatching success and chick survival in Gull-billed Terns in coastal Virginia: Waterbirds, v. 22, no. 1, p. 54-59.","productDescription":"54-59","startPage":"54","endPage":"59","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198605,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":17430,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1521993","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"22","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db672b3c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eyler, T.B.","contributorId":88453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eyler","given":"T.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Erwin, R.M.","contributorId":57396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erwin","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stotts, Daniel B.","contributorId":90003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stotts","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hatfield, Jeff S.","contributorId":41372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatfield","given":"Jeff S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5223837,"text":"5223837 - 1999 - Case 3058. Arctocephalus F. Cuvier, 1826 and Callorhinus Gray, 1859 (Mammalia, Pinnipedia): Proposed conservation by the designation of Phoca pusilla Schreber, [1775] as the type species of Arctocephalus; and Otaria Peron, 1816 and Eumetopias Gill, 1866: proposed conservation by the designation of Phoca leonina Molina, 1782 as the type species of Otaria","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-09T12:16:55.359355","indexId":"5223837","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:51","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1110,"text":"Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Case 3058. Arctocephalus F. Cuvier, 1826 and Callorhinus Gray, 1859 (Mammalia, Pinnipedia): Proposed conservation by the designation of Phoca pusilla Schreber, [1775] as the type species of Arctocephalus; and Otaria Peron, 1816 and Eumetopias Gill, 1866: proposed conservation by the designation of Phoca leonina Molina, 1782 as the type species of Otaria","docAbstract":"The purpose of this application is to conserve the accustomed understanding and usage of the fur seal name Arctocephalus F. Cuvier, 1826 by the designation of Phoca pusilia Schreber, [1775] as the type species, thus conserving also the name Callorhinus Gray, 1859. At present Phoca ursina Linnaeus, 1758 is the valid type species of both Arctocephalus and Callorhinus. The name Arctocephalus relates to a genus of some seven fur seals from the southern hemisphere, while Callorhinus is used for the single species C. ursinus (Linnaeus) from the northern hemisphere. It is also proposed that the universal understanding of the names Otaria Peron, 1816 and Eumetopias Gill, 1866 should be conserved for the southern and northern sea lions respectively by designating Phoca leonina Molina, 1782 (for which the valid specific name is P. byronia de Blainville, 1820) as the type species of Otaria. At present Phoca jubata Schreber, [1776] is the type species of Otaria and the name Otaria is a senior subjective synonym of Eumetopias. The four genera Arctocephalus, Callorhinus, Otaria and Eumetopias are all placed in the family OTARIIDAE Gray, 1825.","language":"English","publisher":"International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature","doi":"10.5962/bhl.part.23050","usgsCitation":"Gardner, A.L., and Robbins, C., 1999, Case 3058. Arctocephalus F. Cuvier, 1826 and Callorhinus Gray, 1859 (Mammalia, Pinnipedia): Proposed conservation by the designation of Phoca pusilla Schreber, [1775] as the type species of Arctocephalus; and Otaria Peron, 1816 and Eumetopias Gill, 1866: proposed conservation by the designation of Phoca leonina Molina, 1782 as the type species of Otaria: Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, v. 56, no. 2, p. 136-141, https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.23050.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"136","endPage":"141","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479401,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.23050","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":200313,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f3e4b07f02db5efcef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gardner, A. L.","contributorId":97213,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"A.","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robbins, C. Brian","contributorId":49488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"C. Brian","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5223340,"text":"5223340 - 1999 - On the decline of the Rusty Blackbird and the use of ornithological literature to document long-term population trends","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-13T12:13:03.754339","indexId":"5223340","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:51","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1321,"text":"Conservation Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"On the decline of the Rusty Blackbird and the use of ornithological literature to document long-term population trends","docAbstract":"Unlike most North American blackbirds, Rusty Blackbirds (Euphagus carolensis) have shown steep population declines. Declines of approximately 90% are indicated for three recent decades from the Breeding Bird Survey, Christmas Bird Counts, and Quebec Checklist Program. Analyses of abundance classifications in bird distribution books and annotated checklists reveal an overlooked but long-term decline dating back to at least the early part of this century. Rusty Blackbirds were described as very common to abundant in 56% of the pre-1920 published accounts, 19% of the 1921–1950 accounts, and only 7% of the post-1950 accounts. Rusty Blackbirds were described as uncommon in none of the pre-1950 accounts, 18% of the 1951–1980 accounts, and 43% of the post-1980 accounts. A similar pattern was found for analyses based on local checklists. Destruction of wooded wetlands on wintering grounds, acid precipitation, and the conversion of boreal forest wetlands could have contributed to these declines. Systematic analysis of regional guides and checklists provides a valuable tool for examining large-scale and long-term population changes in birds.
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