The freshwater marshes of the tidal Patuxent River are well known for their annual fall concentration of migrant soras (Porzana carolina) and were formerly the most famous rail hunting grounds in the Chesapeake Bay region. Because of concern over the apparent long-term decline in number of soras and the decline in the quality of the Patuxent marshes, especially the loss of wild rice (Zizania aquatica), the Maryland National-Capital Park and Planning Commission (MNCPPC), co-steward of the Jug Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve, sponsored rail-related research beginning in 1987.
Past efforts focused on developing efficient trapping techniques, age and sex criteria, and monitoring body mass dynamics. Noted progress was made in developing digital playback systems and trap improvements to enhance sora captures. These improvements increased capture success by over an order of magnitude and resulted in capture of 2,315 soras and 276 Virginia rails (Rallus limicola) in the 5 year period, 1993-97. Although these methods demonstrate the efficacy of banding large numbers of soras on migration and possibly winter concentration areas, captures at the Patuxent River site have been 70-90% hatching-year birds and recoveries and recaptures have been virtually nonexistent.
With the present effort, this outcome precludes population parameter estimation using traditional capture-recapture or recovery model methodologies. In 1996, studies were initiated to employ radio telemetry methods to investigate length of stay, habitat use, survival, and migration characteristics of fall migrant soras. These studies are ongoing and will be continued through 1998 with a grant from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Webless Migratory Game Bird Research Program and support from the U.S. Geological Survey's Patuxent Wildlife Research Center. Supplemental funding has also been provided by MNCPPC, FWS Region 5, the Maryland Ornithological Society, Quail Unlimited, and Prince Georges Community College.
During 1996-97 we developed a successful radio transmitter attachment technique to secure 1.8g radio transmitters over the synsacrum of migrant soras. We modified Rappole and Tipton's (1991) leg-loop attachment method by addition of a waist loop to prevent soras from slipping transmitters over their short tails. Thin gauge (0.6 mm) elastic thread proved ideal for attachment and allowed for girth expansion associated with fattening during stopover.
Sixty instrumented soras have been monitored in two years of study from early September until early November. Only a single mortality was recorded and 41 (68%) were confIrmed and another 13 (total 90%) were believed to have migrated from the study area. Only a single bird slipped a radio transmitter. Most birds demonstrated a sedentary nature in the marsh throughout stopover. Average length of stay was 44 days in 1997 (n=29) with peak departure occurring 20-24 October. Departing migrants were detected using a receiver/data-logger monitoring system placed 4 miles down river from the study site. Thirty-six of 37 (97%) soras departed in a 2-hour window of time, beginning 1 hour after sunset. Departure was synchronized with cold fronts on clear, starlit nights. Twenty-five soras were monitored on migration from 8 km to as far away as 770 km.
Findings indicate migration flight speeds of 40 to 50 mph and a direct southward orientation from the study site at least until contact with the Atlantic Ocean west of Cape Lookout, North Carolina. We also attempted to monitor passage of migrant soras radio tagged at Iroquois National Wildlife Refuge in western New York by biologist Soch Lor. None were recorded passing a monitoring unit at Haldeman Island in the middle of the Susquehanna River 10 miles north of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. This further corroborates our findings that when migrating overland, soras move in a direct southward orientation and are not following land features such as major rivers
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Marsh Bird Monitoring Workshop","conferenceTitle":"Marsh Bird Monitoring Workshop","conferenceDate":"April 26-28, 1998","conferenceLocation":"Patuxent Research Refuge, National Wildlife Visitor Center, Laurel, Maryland","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service and U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Laurel, Md","usgsCitation":"Haramis, G., and Kearns, G.D., 1999, Sora rail studies on the Patuxent River, Maryland, chap. of Proceedings of the Marsh Bird Monitoring Workshop.","productDescription":"iv, 52","startPage":"37 (abs)","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202492,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e77bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haramis, G. Michael mharamis@usgs.gov","contributorId":4001,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haramis","given":"G. Michael","email":"mharamis@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":330883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kearns, Gregory D.","contributorId":28331,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kearns","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5211375,"text":"5211375 - 1999 - A 12-step program for creating a monitoring program: An extended abstract written in the everyday language of the wildlife biologist","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:27","indexId":"5211375","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"A 12-step program for creating a monitoring program: An extended abstract written in the everyday language of the wildlife biologist","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the marsh bird monitoring workshop","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service and U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Laurel, Md","collaboration":"Workshop held April 26-28, 1998 at Patuxent Research Refuge, National Wildlife Visitor Center, Laurel, Maryland. 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","usgsCitation":"Droege, S., 1999, A 12-step program for creating a monitoring program: An extended abstract written in the everyday language of the wildlife biologist, chap. of Proceedings of the marsh bird monitoring workshop, p. 30-32.","productDescription":"iv, 52","startPage":"30","endPage":"32","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202491,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b429e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Droege, Sam 0000-0003-4393-0403","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4393-0403","contributorId":64185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Droege","given":"Sam","affiliations":[{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":330881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5211177,"text":"5211177 - 1999 - Adaptive harvest management of waterfowl: implementation and evolution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:27","indexId":"5211177","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Adaptive harvest management of waterfowl: implementation and evolution","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Adaptive Management Forum: linking management and science to achieve ecological sustainability. Proceedings of 1998 provincial science forum on adaptive management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Ontario Forest Research Institute","publisherLocation":"Sault Ste. Marie","collaboration":"OCLC: 41119498 PDF on file: 5883_Kendall.pdf and 5883_Kendall_whole doc.pdf 1 MB","usgsCitation":"Kendall, W., 1999, Adaptive harvest management of waterfowl: implementation and evolution, chap. of Adaptive Management Forum: linking management and science to achieve ecological sustainability. Proceedings of 1998 provincial science forum on adaptive management, p. 22-23.","productDescription":"66","startPage":"22","endPage":"23","numberOfPages":"66","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202429,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699bcc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kendall, W. L. 0000-0003-0084-9891","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0084-9891","contributorId":32880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"W. L.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":330327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5211187,"text":"5211187 - 1999 - Geologic mapping of the nearshore area offshore of Fire Island, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-07T15:37:34","indexId":"5211187","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Geologic mapping of the nearshore area offshore of Fire Island, New York","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Coastal sediments '99: Proceedings of the 4th international symposium on coastal engineering and science of coastal sediment processes: Conference theme: Scales of coastal sediment motion and geomorphic change, Hauppauge, Long Island, New York, June 21-23, 1999","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"conferenceTitle":"4th International Symposium on Coastal Engineering and Science of Coastal Sediment Processes","conferenceDate":"June 21-23, 1999","conferenceLocation":"Long Island, New York","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","collaboration":"International Symposium on Coastal Engineering and Science of Coastal Sediment Processes (4th : 1999 : Hauppauge, N.Y.) OCLC: 41142959","usgsCitation":"Schwab, W.C., Thieler, E., Allen, J., Foster, D., Smith, B., Denny, J.F., and Danforth, W.W., 1999, Geologic mapping of the nearshore area offshore of Fire Island, New York, chap. of Coastal sediments '99: Proceedings of the 4th international symposium on coastal engineering and science of coastal sediment processes: Conference theme: Scales of coastal sediment motion and geomorphic change, Hauppauge, Long Island, New York, June 21-23, 1999, p. 1552-1567.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1552","endPage":"1567","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202305,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Fire Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.311767578125,\n 40.602484146302075\n ],\n [\n -73.05084228515625,\n 40.63896734381723\n ],\n [\n -72.87506103515625,\n 40.69938133866613\n ],\n [\n -72.56607055664062,\n 40.805493843894155\n ],\n [\n -72.46719360351562,\n 40.82939777183173\n ],\n [\n -72.46856689453125,\n 40.84498264925404\n ],\n [\n -72.48641967773436,\n 40.852254338121625\n ],\n [\n -72.72537231445312,\n 40.78782018739577\n ],\n [\n -72.94647216796874,\n 40.73268976628568\n ],\n [\n -73.02337646484375,\n 40.69625781921317\n ],\n [\n -73.16757202148438,\n 40.65459689980922\n ],\n [\n -73.27194213867188,\n 40.63688312646408\n ],\n [\n -73.32138061523438,\n 40.635840993386466\n ],\n [\n -73.32824707031249,\n 40.63167229840464\n ],\n [\n -73.311767578125,\n 40.602484146302075\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc6d7","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Kraus, Nicholas C.","contributorId":112294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kraus","given":"Nicholas","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507709,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McDougal, William G.","contributorId":112467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDougal","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507710,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Schwab, W. C.","contributorId":78740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwab","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thieler, E.R. 0000-0003-4311-9717","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4311-9717","contributorId":93082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thieler","given":"E.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Allen, J.R.","contributorId":16955,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Foster, D.S.","contributorId":30641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Smith, B.A.","contributorId":17616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Denny, J. F.","contributorId":13653,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denny","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Danforth, W. W.","contributorId":16386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Danforth","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":5211074,"text":"5211074 - 1999 - Corridors: Reconnecting fragmented landscapes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-12T15:25:34.096093","indexId":"5211074","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Corridors: Reconnecting fragmented landscapes","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Continental conservation: Scientific foundations of regional reserve networks","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Island Press","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Dobson, A., Ralls, K., Foster, M., Soule, M.E., Simberloff, D., Doak, D., Estes, J.A., Mills, L.S., Mattson, D., Dirzo, R., Arita, H., Ryan, S., Norse, E.A., Noss, R.F., and Johns, D., 1999, Corridors: Reconnecting fragmented landscapes, chap. of Continental conservation: Scientific foundations of regional reserve networks, p. 129-170.","productDescription":"p. 129-170","startPage":"129","endPage":"170","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200601,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db684012","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Soule, Michael E.","contributorId":114085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soule","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507580,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Terborgh, John","contributorId":113444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Terborgh","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507579,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Dobson, A.","contributorId":103210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dobson","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ralls, K.","contributorId":107222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ralls","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Foster, M.S. 0000-0001-8272-4608","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8272-4608","contributorId":10116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Soule, M. E.","contributorId":11540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soule","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Simberloff, D.","contributorId":75467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simberloff","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Doak, D.","contributorId":69086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doak","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Estes, J. A.","contributorId":53319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estes","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Mills, L. S.","contributorId":100318,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mills","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Mattson, D.","contributorId":98664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mattson","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Dirzo, R.","contributorId":63752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dirzo","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Arita, H.","contributorId":45656,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arita","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Ryan, S.","contributorId":78273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryan","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Norse, E. A.","contributorId":19107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norse","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Noss, R. F.","contributorId":60568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noss","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Johns, D.","contributorId":75468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johns","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15}]}} ,{"id":5211378,"text":"5211378 - 1999 - Marsh birds and the North American Breeding Bird Survey: judging the value of a landscape level survey for habitat specialist species with low detection rates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:22","indexId":"5211378","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Marsh birds and the North American Breeding Bird Survey: judging the value of a landscape level survey for habitat specialist species with low detection rates","docAbstract":"The North American Breeding Bird Survey was started in 1966, and provides information on population change for >400 species of birds. it covers the continental United States, Canada, and Alaska, and is conducted once each year, in June, by volunteer observers. A 39.4 kIn roadside survey route is driven starting 30 min before sunrise, and a 3 min point count is conducted at each of 50 stops spaced every 0.8 kIn. Existing analyses of the data are internet-based (http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.govlbbslbbs.html), and include maps of relative abundance, estimates of population change including trends (%/yr), composite annual indices (pattern in time), and maps of population trend (pattern in space). At least 36 species of marsh birds are encountered on the BBS, and the survey provides estimates with greatly varying levels of efficiency for the species. It is often difficult to understand how well the BBS surveys a species. Often, efficiency is judged by estimating trend and its variance for a species, then by calculating power and needed samples to detect a prespecified trend over some time period (e.g., a 2%/yr trend over 31 yr). Unfortunately, this approach is not always valid, as estimated trends and variances can be of little use if the population is poorly sampled. Lurking concerns with BBS data include (1) incomplete coverage of species range; (2) undersampling of habitats; and (3) low and variable visibility of birds during point counts. It is difficult to evaluate these concerns, because known populations do not exist for comparison with counts, and detection rates are time-consuming and costly to estimate. I evaluated the efficiency of the BBS for selected rails (Rallidae) and snipes (Scolopacidae), presenting estimates of population trend over 1966-1996 (T), power to detect 2%/yr trend over 31 yr, needed samples to achieve power of 0.75 with alpha= 0.1, number of survey routes with data for the species (N), average abundance on survey routes (RA), and maps of relative abundance. Examples include Yellow Rail (Coturnicops noveboracensis) (T=12 %/yr; P= 0.0085; N =28; routes; RA=0.05; Power=0.37; Needed samples=85), Black Rail (Laterallus jamaicensis) (No trend data or power information available, N =8), Clapper Rail (Rallus longirostris) (T=1.9%/yr; P=0.55; N =64; RA=0.31; Power=0.35; Needed samples=590), King Rail (Rallus elegans) (T=-4.2 %/yr; P= 0.03; N =76; Power=0.41; Needed samples=159), Sora (Porzana carolina) (T=0.98 %/yr; P= 0.24; N =720; RA= 0.92; Power=0.69; Needed samples= 377), and Common Snipe (Gallinago gallinago) (T=-0.24 %/yr; P= 0.54; N =1412; RA= 2.19; Power=0.98; Needed samples=205). With regard to quality of BBS data, marsh birds fall into 3 categories: (1) almost never encountered on BBS routes; (2) encountered at extremely low abundances on BBS routes; and (3) probably fairly well sampled by BBS roadside counts. BBS data can provide useful information for many marsh bird species, but users should be aware of the limitations of the BBS sample for monitoring species that have low visibility from point counts and prefer habitats not often encountered on roadsides.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the marsh bird monitoring workshop","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service and U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Laurel, Md","collaboration":"Workshop held April 26-28, 1998 at Patuxent Research Refuge, National Wildlife Visitor Center, Laurel, Maryland. Visit related website at URL. 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