{"pageNumber":"331","pageRowStart":"8250","pageSize":"25","recordCount":11004,"records":[{"id":14851,"text":"ofr87765 - 1988 - Simulated changes in ground-water flow caused by hypothetical pumping in east Carson Valley, Douglas County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-09T20:07:05.790302","indexId":"ofr87765","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-765","title":"Simulated changes in ground-water flow caused by hypothetical pumping in east Carson Valley, Douglas County, Nevada","docAbstract":"An existing groundwater model of Carson Valley was used to simulate changes in groundwater flow on the east side of Carson Valley, Nevada, in response to hypothetical increases in groundwater pumpage. Pumpage scenarios that reflect State groundwater permits and pending applications were used in four different simulations to estimate the effect of hypothetical development on groundwater levels and storage, groundwater flow to the Carson River, and groundwater levels and storage, groundwater flow to the Carson River, and groundwater consumed by evapotranspiration over a 45-yr period. The four simulations were based on pumpage rates ranging from 0.13 to 6.4 cu ft/sec (92 to 4,590 acre-ft/year). Changes in groundwater flow and water levels caused by the lowest rate were minimal and at the limit of accuracy of the groundwater model. The highest pumping rate caused water level declines as much as 15 ft, decreased groundwater storage by 27,000 acre/ft, decreased groundwater to the Carson River by 4.3 cu ft/sec (3,100 acre-ft/year), and reduced evapotranspiration losses by about 1,200 acre-ft/year. (Author 's abstract)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr87765","usgsCitation":"Maurer, D.K., 1988, Simulated changes in ground-water flow caused by hypothetical pumping in east Carson Valley, Douglas County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-765, Report: iv, 6 p.; 5 Plates: 12.68 × 18.25 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87765.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 6 p.; 5 Plates: 12.68 × 18.25 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":391523,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_17326.htm"},{"id":43642,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0765/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":43641,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0765/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":43640,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0765/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":43639,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0765/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":43638,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0765/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":43637,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0765/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":146677,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0765/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Douglas County","otherGeospatial":"east Carson Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -119.7680,\n              38.898\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.5830,\n              38.898\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.5830,\n              39.108\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.7680,\n              39.108\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.7680,\n              38.898\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f9e4b07f02db5f38a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maurer, D. K.","contributorId":37757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maurer","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":15655,"text":"ofr87558 - 1988 - Distribution and variability of precipitation chemistry in the conterminous United States, January through December 1983","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:47","indexId":"ofr87558","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-558","title":"Distribution and variability of precipitation chemistry in the conterminous United States, January through December 1983","docAbstract":"Analysis of atmospheric precipitation samples, collected during the 1983 calendar year from 109 National Trends Network sites in the United States, are presented in this report. The sites were grouped into six geographical regions based on the chemical composition of the samples. Precipitation chemistry in these regions was influenced by proximity to (1) oceans, (2) major industrial and fossil-fuel consuming areas, and (3) major agricultural and livestock areas. Frequency distributions of ionic composition, determined on 10 chemical constituents and on precipitation quantities for each site, showed wide variations in chemical concentrations and precipitation quantities from site to site. Of the 109 sites, 55 had data coverage for the year sufficient to characterize precipitation quality patterns on a nationwide basis. Except for ammonium and calcium, both of which showed largest concentrations in the agricultural midwest and plains states, the largest concentrations and loads generally were in areas that include the heavily industrialized population center of the eastern United States. Except for hydrogen, all chemical ions are inversely related to the quantity of precipitation depth. Precipitation quantities generally account for less than 30% of chemical variation in precipitation samples. However, precipitation quantities account for 30 to 65% of the variations of calcium concentrations in precipitation. In regions where precipitation has a large ionic proportion of hydrogen-ion equivalents, much of the hydrogen-ion concentration could be balanced by sulfate equivalents and partly balanced by nitrite-plus-nitrate equivalents. In the regions where hydrogen-ion equivalents in precipitation were smaller, ammonion-and calcium-ion equivalents were necessary, along with the hydrogen-ion equivalents, to balance the sulfate plus nitrite-plus-nitrate equivalent. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr87558","usgsCitation":"Rinella, J.F., and Miller, T.L., 1988, Distribution and variability of precipitation chemistry in the conterminous United States, January through December 1983: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-558, vii, 241 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87558.","productDescription":"vii, 241 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":146494,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0558/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":44620,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0558/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db6491fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rinella, J. F.","contributorId":86777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rinella","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, T. L.","contributorId":54557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":12138,"text":"ofr88344 - 1988 - Location maps and list of U.S. Geological Survey reports on water resources in Alaska, 1950 to 1988","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":12138,"text":"ofr88344 - 1988 - Location maps and list of U.S. Geological Survey reports on water resources in Alaska, 1950 to 1988","indexId":"ofr88344","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"title":"Location maps and list of U.S. Geological Survey reports on water resources in Alaska, 1950 to 1988"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":17308,"text":"ofr9160 - 1991 - Location maps and list of U.S. Geological Survey reports on water resources in Alaska 1950 to 1990","indexId":"ofr9160","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"title":"Location maps and list of U.S. Geological Survey reports on water resources in Alaska 1950 to 1990"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":17308,"text":"ofr9160 - 1991 - Location maps and list of U.S. Geological Survey reports on water resources in Alaska 1950 to 1990","indexId":"ofr9160","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"title":"Location maps and list of U.S. Geological Survey reports on water resources in Alaska 1950 to 1990"},"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-08T22:12:55.946273","indexId":"ofr88344","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-344","title":"Location maps and list of U.S. Geological Survey reports on water resources in Alaska, 1950 to 1988","docAbstract":"<p>The objective of this compilation is to provide a listing of water-resources reports in Alaska by location. For the purposes of this report, Alaska has been divided into six geographic sections: Arctic Slope, West, Southwest, East-Central, Southcentral, and Southeast. In addition, reports are cited in the following categories: Statewide and Topical, Trans-Alaska Pipeline System, and Glaciers. The Statewide and Topical reports are not located on maps. The index to the location maps is on the facing page. The numbers on the location maps refer to the bibliographic citations. (Gaps have been left in the numbering system for additional reports in future editions of this compilation.)</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr88344","usgsCitation":"1988, Location maps and list of U.S. Geological Survey reports on water resources in Alaska, 1950 to 1988: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 88-344, iv, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr88344.","productDescription":"iv, 35 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":419620,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0344/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":146524,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0344/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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,{"id":1893,"text":"wsp2319 - 1988 - Effect of water quality on survival of Lahontan cutthroat trout eggs in the Truckee River, west-central Nevada and eastern California","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":19375,"text":"ofr84437 - 1984 - Effect of water quality on survival of Lahontan Cutthroat trout eggs in the , west-central Nevada and eastern California","indexId":"ofr84437","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"title":"Effect of water quality on survival of Lahontan Cutthroat trout eggs in the , west-central Nevada and eastern California"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1893,"text":"wsp2319 - 1988 - Effect of water quality on survival of Lahontan cutthroat trout eggs in the Truckee River, west-central Nevada and eastern California","indexId":"wsp2319","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"title":"Effect of water quality on survival of Lahontan cutthroat trout eggs in the Truckee River, west-central Nevada and eastern California"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-12T11:44:23","indexId":"wsp2319","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2319","title":"Effect of water quality on survival of Lahontan cutthroat trout eggs in the Truckee River, west-central Nevada and eastern California","docAbstract":"The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has an ongoing program to assess the feasibility of reestablishing naturally spawning populations of Lahontan cutthroat trout in the Truckee River-Pyramid Lake system in Nevada. Previous in situ egg-survival studies have documented a 100 percent mortality of cutthroat trout eggs artificially planted in potential spawning gravels in the Truckee River downstream from Reno. The relation between ambient river-quality conditions and the observed mortality of eggs, however, has not been adequately documented. This study was designed to monitor the quality of surface and intragravel water during a trout-egg incubation period that began March 10, 1980. Five sites were monitored: two upstream from Reno (background sites), one near Reno, and two downstream from Wadsworth. \r\n\r\nAfter an incubation period of about 30 days, poor egg survival was recorded at all sites, including an unexpected high mortality at the upstream background sites. Analyses of the data indicated that the principal cause of egg mortality at the two downstream sites was low concentrations (less than 5 milligrams per liter) of intragravel dissolved oxygen. Low water temperatures, rather than degraded water-quality conditions, largely contributed to the poor survival at the upstream sites. \r\n\r\nBased on the results of this study, the following were considered unlikely to be mortality factors during the incubation period: (1) high water temperatures; (2) toxicity due to ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, arsenic, cadmium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, mercury, and zinc; and (3) decreasing intragravel dissolved oxygen caused by inflow of oxygen-poor ground water.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp2319","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs","usgsCitation":"Hoffman, R., and Scoppettone, G.G., 1988, Effect of water quality on survival of Lahontan cutthroat trout eggs in the Truckee River, west-central Nevada and eastern California: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2319, iv, 21 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2319.","productDescription":"iv, 21 p. ","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":138403,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2319/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27182,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2319/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Truckee River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -120.72052001953125,\n              39.059716474034666\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.72052001953125,\n              40.23550866893913\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.12774658203125,\n              40.23550866893913\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.12774658203125,\n              39.059716474034666\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.72052001953125,\n              39.059716474034666\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db6253a9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoffman, Ray J.","contributorId":53770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"Ray J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scoppettone, Gary G.","contributorId":23925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scoppettone","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":33214,"text":"b1790 - 1988 - Geologic and hydrologic investigations of a potential nuclear waste disposal site at Yucca Mountain, southern Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-27T19:16:44.250593","indexId":"b1790","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1790","title":"Geologic and hydrologic investigations of a potential nuclear waste disposal site at Yucca Mountain, southern Nevada","docAbstract":"<p>Crustal velocity sections based on two seismic-refraction profiles are presented for the area west of Yucca Mountain, Nye County, Nevada. The Crater Flat profile is interpreted in terms of six velocity layers ranging from 1.5 to 6.1 km/s. Interpretation of the Beatty profile reveals an escarpment near the northeast edge of Bare Mountain, where Paleozoic rocks are probably down-faulted 2600 m into a volcano-tectonic depression in Crater Flat. The seismic profiles and inferred density-velocity relations have been incorporated into an east-west gravity model from Death Valley to Crater Flat, corresponding to the Beatty seismic profile. An important feature of this model is the inferred continuity of a layer interpreted as the lower plate of a regional decollement or detachment fault.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b1790","usgsCitation":"1988, Geologic and hydrologic investigations of a potential nuclear waste disposal site at Yucca Mountain, southern Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1790, v, 152 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b1790.","productDescription":"v, 152 p.","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":60999,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1790/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":163311,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1790/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":402072,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_21937.htm","text":"Preliminary study of Quaternary faulting on the east side of Bare Mountain, Nye County, Nevada [chapter 8]","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":481287,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_21938.htm","text":"Regional geologic and geophysical maps of the southern Great Basin [chapter 2]","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":481288,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_21939.htm","text":"Volcano-tectonic setting of Yucca Mountain and Crater Flat, southwestern Nevada [chapter 4]","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Yucca Mountain","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116.48254394531249,\n              36.91352904330221\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.43602371215822,\n              36.91352904330221\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.43602371215822,\n              36.95757376878687\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.48254394531249,\n              36.95757376878687\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.48254394531249,\n              36.91352904330221\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a81b9","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Carr, Michael D.","contributorId":106178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":729741,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yount, James C.","contributorId":39341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yount","given":"James C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":729742,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":2191,"text":"wsp2336A - 1988 - Simulation of flow in the Edwards Aquifer, San Antonio region, Texas, and refinement of storage and flow concepts","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":14775,"text":"ofr86532 - 1987 - Simulation of flow in the Edwards Aquifer, San Antonio region, Texas, and refinement of storage and flow concepts","indexId":"ofr86532","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"title":"Simulation of flow in the Edwards Aquifer, San Antonio region, Texas, and refinement of storage and flow concepts"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2191,"text":"wsp2336A - 1988 - Simulation of flow in the Edwards Aquifer, San Antonio region, Texas, and refinement of storage and flow concepts","indexId":"wsp2336A","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"Simulation of flow in the Edwards Aquifer, San Antonio region, Texas, and refinement of storage and flow concepts"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-05T11:55:09","indexId":"wsp2336A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2336","chapter":"A","title":"Simulation of flow in the Edwards Aquifer, San Antonio region, Texas, and refinement of storage and flow concepts","docAbstract":"<p>The Edwards aquifer is a complexly faulted, carbonate aquifer lying within the Balcones fault zone of south-central Texas. The aquifer consists of thin- to massive-bedded limestone and dolomite, most of which is in the form of mudstones and wackestones. Well-developed secondary porosity has formed in association with former erosional surfaces within the carbonate rocks, within dolomitized-burrowed tidal and evaporitic deposits, and along inclined fractures to produce an aquifer with transmissivities greater than 100 ft2/s. The aquifer is recharged mainly by streamflow losses in the outcrop area of the Edwards aquifer and is discharged by major springs located at considerable distances, as much as 150 mi, from the areas of recharge and by wells. Ground-water flow within the Edwards aquifer of the San Antonio region was simulated to investigate concepts relating to the storage and flow characteristics. The concepts of major interest were the effects of barrier faults on flow direction, water levels, springflow, and storage within the aquifer. A general-purpose, finite-difference model, modified to provide the capability of representing barrier faults, was used to simulate ground-water flow and storage in the aquifer. The approach in model development was to conduct a series of simulations beginning with a simple representation of the aquifer framework and then proceeding to subsequent representations of increasing complexity. The simulations investigated the effects of complex geologic structures and of significant changes in transmissivity, anisotropy, and storage coefficient. Initial values of transmissivity, anisotropy, and storage coefficient were estimated based on concepts developed in previous studies. Results of the simulations confirmed the original estimates of transmissivity values (greater than 100 square feet/s) in the confined zone of the aquifer between San Antonio and Comal Springs. A storage coefficient of 0.05 in the unconfined zone of the aquifer produced the best simulation of water levels and springflow. A major interpretation resulting from the simulations is that two essentially independent areas of regional flow were identified in the west and central part of the study area. Flows from the two areas converge at Comal Springs. The directions of computed flux vectors reflected the presence of major barrier faults, which locally deflect patterns of ground-water movement. The most noticeable deflection is the convergence of flow through a geologic structural opening, the Knippa gap, in eastern Uvalde County. A second significant interpretation is that ground-water flow in northeastern Bexar, Comal, and Hays Counties is diverted by barrier faults toward San Marcos Springs, a regional discharge point. Simulations showed that several barrier faults in the northwestern part of the San Antonio area had a significant effect on storage, water levels, and springflow within the Edwards aquifer.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp2336A","usgsCitation":"Maclay, R.W., and Land, L.F., 1988, Simulation of flow in the Edwards Aquifer, San Antonio region, Texas, and refinement of storage and flow concepts: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2336, iv, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2336A.","productDescription":"iv, 48 p.","endPage":"54","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":27832,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2336a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138266,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2336a/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Edwards Aquifer","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f8e4b07f02db5f2e45","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maclay, Robert W.","contributorId":13210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maclay","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Land, Larry F.","contributorId":60612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Land","given":"Larry","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":28437,"text":"wri854213 - 1988 - Sediment loads, discharges, and yields in the East Branch Mahoning Creek basin, Clearfield and Jefferson Counties, Pennsylvania, June 1979 through September 1981","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-02T20:13:52.495164","indexId":"wri854213","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4213","title":"Sediment loads, discharges, and yields in the East Branch Mahoning Creek basin, Clearfield and Jefferson Counties, Pennsylvania, June 1979 through September 1981","docAbstract":"Rainfall, streamflow, and sediment discharge data were collected from the East Branch Mahoning Creek basin from June 1979 through September 1981 to evaluate sediment discharges from an area in which erosion and sediment controls were being used on surface mined areas. Sediment yields from the basin averaged 144 tons/sq mi/year. During the study, 9,570 tons of sediment were transported from the East Branch Mahoning Creek basin. Increased monthly suspended-sediment loads were found after July 1980 when mined-area reclamation was accelerated. Beaver Run near Troutville discharged 576 tons of sediment, which was 7% of the load transported from the basin from December 1979 through September 1981. Turbidity and suspended-sediment concentration follow a linear relation throughout the range of measured values. Using this relation and the frequency distribution of suspended-sediment concentrations, the estimated turbidity levels in the stream were equal to or greater than 30 Nephelometric Turbidity Units (the level at which the streams become unusable as a public water source) approximately 15% of the time during the study. (USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri854213","usgsCitation":"Loper, C.A., and Wetzel, K.L., 1988, Sediment loads, discharges, and yields in the East Branch Mahoning Creek basin, Clearfield and Jefferson Counties, Pennsylvania, June 1979 through September 1981: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4213, iv, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854213.","productDescription":"iv, 26 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159169,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4213/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57239,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4213/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":406182,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_36360.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","county":"Clearfield County, Jefferson County","otherGeospatial":"East Branch Mahoning Creek basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -78.86,\n              40.943\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.697,\n              40.943\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.697,\n              41.036\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.86,\n              41.036\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.86,\n              40.943\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f7e4b07f02db5f1da1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Loper, C. A.","contributorId":89571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loper","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wetzel, K. L.","contributorId":14418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wetzel","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":39793,"text":"b1713D - 1988 - Mineral resources of the Whipple Mountains and Whipple Mountains Addition Wilderness Study Areas, San Bernardino County, California","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":7331,"text":"ofr82956 - 1982 - Mineral-resource potential of the Whipple Mountains Wilderness Study Area(CDCA-312), San Bernardino County, California","indexId":"ofr82956","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"title":"Mineral-resource potential of the Whipple Mountains Wilderness Study Area(CDCA-312), San Bernardino County, California"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":39793,"text":"b1713D - 1988 - Mineral resources of the Whipple Mountains and Whipple Mountains Addition Wilderness Study Areas, San Bernardino County, California","indexId":"b1713D","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"chapter":"D","title":"Mineral resources of the Whipple Mountains and Whipple Mountains Addition Wilderness Study Areas, San Bernardino County, California"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-05T12:49:41","indexId":"b1713D","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1713","chapter":"D","title":"Mineral resources of the Whipple Mountains and Whipple Mountains Addition Wilderness Study Areas, San Bernardino County, California","docAbstract":"<p>At the request of the U.S. Bureau of Land Management, approximately 85,100 acres of the Whipple Mountains Wilderness Study Area (CDCA-312) and 1,380 acres of the Whipple Mountains Addition Wilderness Study Area (AZ-050-010) were evaluated for identified mineral resources (known) and mineral resource potential (undiscovered). In this report, the Whipple Mountains and Whipple Mountains Addition Wilderness Study Areas are referred to as simply \"the study area.\" </p><p>Most of the mines and prospects with identified resources in the Whipple Mountains Wilderness Study Area are within areas designated as having mineral resource potential. The area in and around the Turk Silver mine and the Lucky Green group and the area near the northwest boundary of the study area have high mineral resource potential for copper, lead, zinc, gold, and silver. An area along the west boundary of the study area has moderate resource potential for copper lead, zinc, gold, and silver. An area in the east adjacent to the Whipple Mountains Addition Wilderness Study Area has moderate resource potential for copper, gold, and silver resources. One area on the north boundary and one on the southeast boundary of the study area have low mineral resource potential for copper, lead, zinc, gold, and silver. Two areas, one on the north boundary and one inside the east boundary of the study area, have moderate resource potential for manganese. A small area inside the south boundary of the study area has high resource potential for decorative building stone, and the entire study area has low resource potential for&nbsp;sand and gravel and other rock products suitable for construction. Two areas in the eastern part of the study area have low resource potential for uranium. There is no resource potential for oil and gas or geothermal resources in the Whipple Mountains Wilderness Study Area. </p><p>Sites within the Whipple Mountains Wilderness Study Area with identified resources of copper, gold, silver, manganese and (or) decorative building stone are located at the Stewart mine, New American Eagle mine, Turk Silver mine, Twin Lode mine, decorative stone property, Lucky Green group, Blue Cloud mine, Nickel Plate mine, Crescent mine, Quadrangle Copper group, and the Copper Basin mine. </p><p>The Whipple Mountains Addition Wilderness Study Area has moderate resource potential for copper, gold, and silver resources and low resource potential for sand and gravel and other rock products. There is no resource potential for oil and gas or for geothermal energy in the Whipple Mountains Addition Wilderness Study Area. </p><p>Although there are no identified resources in the Whipple Mountains Addition Wilderness Study Area, sites within and immediately adjacent warrant further study because of gold assays from widespread, numerous samples.</p>","largerWorkTitle":"Mineral resources of Wilderness Study Areas: Eastern California Desert Conservation Area","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/b1713D","usgsCitation":"Marsh, S.P., Raines, G.L., Diggles, M.F., Howard, K.A., Simpson, R.W., Hoover, D.B., Ridenour, J., Moyle, P.R., and Willett, S.L., 1988, Mineral resources of the Whipple Mountains and Whipple Mountains Addition Wilderness Study Areas, San Bernardino County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1713, Report: vi, 36 p.; Plate: 36.50 x 25.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/b1713D.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 36 p.; Plate: 36.50 x 25.00 inches","startPage":"D1","endPage":"D36","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":67672,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1713d/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.02 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":173394,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1713d/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":67671,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1713d/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate","size":"5.14 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Bernardino County","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -114.378662109375,\n              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P.","contributorId":42950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marsh","given":"Sherman","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Raines, Gary L.","contributorId":48162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raines","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Diggles, Michael F. 0000-0002-9946-0247 mdiggles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9946-0247","contributorId":810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diggles","given":"Michael","email":"mdiggles@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":5053,"text":"IPDS Training","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":501,"text":"Office of Science Quality and Integrity","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5066,"text":"Office of the Director USGS","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":222189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Howard, Keith A. 0000-0002-6462-2947 khoward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6462-2947","contributorId":3439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howard","given":"Keith","email":"khoward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":222191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Simpson, Robert W. simpson@usgs.gov","contributorId":1053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simpson","given":"Robert","email":"simpson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":222192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hoover, Donald B.","contributorId":89877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoover","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Ridenour, James","contributorId":87540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ridenour","given":"James","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Moyle, Phillip R.","contributorId":100898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moyle","given":"Phillip","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Willett, Spencee L.","contributorId":48621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willett","given":"Spencee","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":28645,"text":"wri894034 - 1988 - Ethylene dibromide (EDB) trends in the upper Floridan Aquifer, Seminole County, Georgia, October 1981 to November 1987","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-25T09:43:48","indexId":"wri894034","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4034","title":"Ethylene dibromide (EDB) trends in the upper Floridan Aquifer, Seminole County, Georgia, October 1981 to November 1987","docAbstract":"Results of an investigation to assess the persistence and trends of ethylene dibromide (EDB) in the Upper Floridan aquifer, in Georgia indicate that in November 1987, EDB was present in the groundwater 4 years after it was last applied as a soil fumigant in the intensively farmed area of central Seminole County. At that time, EDB was detected in water samples from one domestic well and four irrigation wells. Concentrations ranged from less than 0.01 micrograms/L to 3.3 micrograms/L. The investigation in November 1987 revealed the groundwater contamination was limited to the 4-sq-mi area in the vicinity of Buck Hole, a sinkhole in a swampy depression in the central part of the County. In three of the five wells in which EDB was detected, concentrations have not changed significantly since August 1983. However, in one irrigation well near Buck Hole, the concentration decreased from 110 to 0.7 microgram/L since October 1981. In another irrigation well near Buck Hole, the concentration decreased from 26 to about 2.5 microgram/L during that period. The groundwater level data indicate that from Buck Hole, the hydraulic gradient in the Upper Floridan aquifer is about 2.8 ft/mi toward the east. However, the movement of EDB from the area of relatively high concentration near Buck Hole in the direction of inferred flow lines is not apparent. Although concentration gradients were not detected along flow lines, the movement of water induced by pumping wells W4 and W5 produced short-term decreasing and increasing trends in EDB Concentrations in wells W4 and W5, respectively. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nCopies can be purchased from U.S. Geological Survey Books and Open-File Reports,","doi":"10.3133/wri894034","usgsCitation":"McConnell, J.B., 1988, Ethylene dibromide (EDB) trends in the upper Floridan Aquifer, Seminole County, Georgia, October 1981 to November 1987: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4034, vi, 11 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894034.","productDescription":"vi, 11 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158289,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4034/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57486,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4034/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","county":"Seminole County","otherGeospatial":"Upper Floridan Aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -85.078125,\n              31.42866311735861\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.0946044921875,\n              31.37708906055048\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.0946044921875,\n              31.339562861785012\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.10009765625,\n              31.292634058899516\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.133056640625,\n              31.292634058899516\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.1055908203125,\n              31.236288641793006\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.111083984375,\n              31.18460913574325\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.0726318359375,\n              31.147006308556566\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.02319335937499,\n              31.09998179374943\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.01220703125,\n              31.04822792454978\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.0177001953125,\n              31.01057105944174\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.990234375,\n              30.95876857077987\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.96826171874999,\n              30.91636380602182\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.9517822265625,\n              30.869225348040825\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.9407958984375,\n              30.80791068136646\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.92431640625,\n              30.760718908944472\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.891357421875,\n              30.727670895047673\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.8583984375,\n              30.704058230919504\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.6881103515625,\n              30.774878871959746\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.5892333984375,\n              30.93050081760779\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.5123291015625,\n              31.16110911780645\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.473876953125,\n              31.363018491291182\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.473876953125,\n              31.44741029142872\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.078125,\n              31.42866311735861\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62bf39","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McConnell, J. B.","contributorId":25577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McConnell","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":26390,"text":"wri884017 - 1988 - Geohydrology, water quality, and preliminary simulations of ground-water flow of the alluvial aquifer in the upper Black Squirrel Creek basin, El Paso County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-13T12:25:25","indexId":"wri884017","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4017","title":"Geohydrology, water quality, and preliminary simulations of ground-water flow of the alluvial aquifer in the upper Black Squirrel Creek basin, El Paso County, Colorado","docAbstract":"<p>The upper Black Squirrel Creek basin in eastern El Paso County, Colorado, is underlain by an alluvial aquifer and four bedrock aquifers. The climate of the area is semiarid, and streamflow is irregular. The alluvial aquifer has supplied water to wells since the late 1800's when ranchers first pumped water from shallow wells to grow grass hay for livestock. Ground-water pumpage from the alluvial aquifer has increased since the mid-1950's, and water-level declines have been substantial; the bedrock aquifers virtually are undeveloped. Ground-water pumpage for domestic, stock, agricultural, and municipal uses has exceeded recharge for the past 25 years. The present extent of the effect of pumpage on the alluvial aquifer was evaluated, and a ground-water flow model was used to simulate the future effect of continued pumpage on the aquifer.</p><p>Measured water-level declines from 1974 through 1984 were as much as 30 feet in an area north of Ellicott, Colorado. On the basis of the simulations, water-level declines from October 1984 to April 1999 north of Ellicott might be as much as 20 to 30 feet and as much as 1 to 10 feet in most of the aquifer. Flow from the bedrock aquifers to the alluvial aquifer may account for a substantial volume of the recharge to the alluvial aquifer.</p><p>The ground-water flow models provided a means of evaluating the importance of ground-water evapotranspiration at various stages of aquifer development. Simulated ground-water evapotranspiration decreased from 1949 to 1984; prior to 1950 ground-water evapotranspiration was about 43.5 percent of the total outflow, but in 1984 it was less than 3 percent. </p><p>Thirty-six ground-water samples were collected during 1984. Chemical analyses indicated that concentrations of dissolved nitrite plus nitrate as nitrogen generally were large. Samples from 5 of the 36 wells had concentrations of dissolved nitrite plus nitrate as nitrogen that exceeded drinking-water standards; these concentrations could pose a health threat toinfants. Water from the alluvial aquifer generally is of suitable quality forother uses.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri884017","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Cherokee Water District","usgsCitation":"Buckles, D.R., and Watts, K.R., 1988, Geohydrology, water quality, and preliminary simulations of ground-water flow of the alluvial aquifer in the upper Black Squirrel Creek basin, El Paso County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4017, v, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884017.","productDescription":"v, 49 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":121959,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4017/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55184,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4017/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"17.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"El Paso County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-104.6642,39.1308],[-104.6072,39.1307],[-104.4958,39.1298],[-104.3854,39.1284],[-104.2733,39.1278],[-104.166,39.1277],[-104.0521,39.1264],[-104.0538,39.0407],[-104.0544,38.9528],[-104.0549,38.8666],[-104.0537,38.7801],[-104.0525,38.693],[-104.051,38.6585],[-104.0524,38.6069],[-104.054,38.523],[-104.1629,38.5215],[-104.2759,38.5204],[-104.2794,38.5205],[-104.2836,38.5201],[-104.3759,38.52],[-104.4971,38.5192],[-104.6071,38.5187],[-104.7171,38.5186],[-104.736,38.5183],[-104.8295,38.5183],[-104.943,38.5175],[-104.9432,38.5479],[-104.943,38.5624],[-104.9429,38.6041],[-104.9427,38.6186],[-104.9429,38.6467],[-104.9429,38.6503],[-104.9427,38.6621],[-104.9427,38.6648],[-104.9428,38.6938],[-104.9399,38.6938],[-104.9386,38.7808],[-104.939,38.7949],[-105.0671,38.7946],[-105.0674,38.8666],[-105.0502,38.8665],[-105.0296,38.8668],[-105.026,39.0413],[-105.032,39.1311],[-104.9371,39.1312],[-104.9175,39.131],[-104.8303,39.1311],[-104.6642,39.1308]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"El Paso\",\"state\":\"CO\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a875a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buckles, David R.","contributorId":56687,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buckles","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Watts, Kenneth R.","contributorId":43783,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watts","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":34934,"text":"b1594 - 1988 - Natural aggregates of the conterminous United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-07T18:37:36.576465","indexId":"b1594","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1594","title":"Natural aggregates of the conterminous United States","docAbstract":"Crushed stone and sand and gravel are the two main sources of natural aggregates. These materials are commonly used construction materials and frequently can be interchanged with one another. They are widely used throughout the United States, with every State except two producing crushed stone. Together they amount to about half the mining volume in the United States. Approximately 96 percent of sand and gravel and 77 percent of the crushed stone produced in the United States are used in the construction industry. \r\nNatural aggregates are widely distributed throughout the United States in a variety of geologic environments. Sand and gravel deposits commonly are the results of the weathering of bedrock and subsequent transportation and deposition of the material by water or ice (glaciers). As such, they commonly occur as river or stream deposits or in glaciated areas as glaciofluvial and other deposits. Crushed stone aggregates are derived from a wide variety of parent bedrock materials. Limestone and other carbonates account for approximately three quarters of the rocks used for crushed stone, with granite and other igneous rocks making up the bulk of the remainder. Limestone deposits are widespread throughout the Central and Eastern United States and are scattered in the West. Granites are widely distributed in the Eastern and Western United States, with few exposures in the Midwest. Igneous rocks (excluding granites) are largely concentrated in the Western United States and in a few isolated localities in the East. \r\nEven though natural aggregates are widely distributed throughout the United States, they are not universally available for consumptive use. Some areas are devoid of sand and gravel, and potential sources of crushed stone may be covered with sufficient unconsolidated material to make surface mining impractical. In some areas many aggregates do not meet the physical property requirements for certain uses, or they may contain mineral constituents that react adversely when used as concrete aggregate. \r\nIn areas where suitable natural aggregate is not available or accessible, it may become necessary to improve the quality of existing aggregate, to import aggregate from outside the area, or to substitute artificial aggregate for natural aggregate. In most cases, all of these alternatives add substantially to the cost of the final product. Even though an area may be blessed with an abundance of aggregate suitable for the intended purpose, existing land uses, zoning, or regulations may preclude commercial exploitation of the aggregate. \r\nThis report also discusses the aggregate industry in general terms, including exploration, mining, and processing, as well as aggregate production rates. Proper long-range planning based on an understanding of the aggregate industry can help assure adequate supplies of aggregate.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b1594","usgsCitation":"Langer, W.H., 1988, Natural aggregates of the conterminous United States (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1594, Report: 33 p.; 2 Plates: 42.50 x 31.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/b1594.","productDescription":"Report: 33 p.; 2 Plates: 42.50 x 31.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":110407,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_21810.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":3382,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/b1594/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":164349,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"conterminous 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blanger@usgs.gov","contributorId":1241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langer","given":"William","email":"blanger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":213834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":29498,"text":"wri874248 - 1988 - Hydrogeology and predevelopment flow in the Texas Gulf Coast aquifer systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-10T15:19:13","indexId":"wri874248","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4248","title":"Hydrogeology and predevelopment flow in the Texas Gulf Coast aquifer systems","docAbstract":"<p>A multilayered ground-water flow system exists in the Coastal Plain sediments of Texas. The Tertiary and Quaternary clastic deposits have an area! extent of 128,000 square miles onshore and in the Gulf of Mexico. Two distinct aquifer systems are recognized for the sediments, which range in thickness from a few feet to more than 12,000 feet. The older system the Texas coastal uplands aquifer system consists of four aquifers and two confining units in the Wilcox and Claiborne Groups. It is bounded from below by the practically impermeable Midway confining unit or by the top of the geopressured zone. It is bounded from above by the poorly permeable Vicksburg-Jackson confining unit, which separates it from the younger coastal lowlands aquifer system. The coastal lowlands aquifer system consists of five permeable zones and two confining units that range in age from Oligocene to Holocene. The hydrogeologic units of both systems are exposed in bands that parallel the coastline. The units dip and thicken toward the Gulf.</p>\n<p>Quality of water in the aquifer systems varies greatly, with dissolved solids ranging from a few hundred to more than 200,000 milligrams per liter.</p>\n<p>A three-dimensional, variable-density digital model was developed to simulate predevelopment flow in the aquifer systems, for which steady-state conditions were assumed. Horizontal hydraulic conductivities of the aquifers and permeable zones in the calibrated model range from 15 feet per day for the middle Wilcox aquifer, to 170 feet per day for the Holocene-upper Pleistocene aquifer. Vertical hydraulic conductivities range from 1 x 10<sup>-5</sup> foot per day for the Vicksburg-Jackson confining unit, to 1 x 10<sup>-2</sup> foot per day for four of the aquifers and permeable zones. The simulated values of transmissivity and leakance are functions of the percent of sand that is present in each model grid block.</p>\n<p>There is a large range in precipitation across the study area, from about 21 inches per year in the west to about 56 inches per year in the east. Eastward from a line through Corpus Christi and San Antonio, average annual precipitation ranges from about 30 to about 56 inches. A few inches per year reaches the saturated zone in topographically high areas and is discharged in low areas as evapotranspiration, seepage, springflow, and stream base flow. A smaller amount of water flows through the aquifers and permeable zones downdip from the outcrop areas. This flow results in upward or downward leakage into adjacent hydrogeologic units, but is generally upward into overlying units.</p>\n<p>Westward from the line through Corpus Christi and San Antonio, average annual precipitation ranges from about 30 to about 21 inches. The general pattern of flow in the aquifers and permeable zones is similar to that in the east, but rates of flow are somewhat smaller. In contrast to the east, ground-water discharge in the west is generally not visible. Evapotranspiration is the main mechanism for ground-water discharge, with most ground water being discharged through evapotranspiration by phreatophytes.</p>\n<p>Simulated discharge and recharge rates in the combined outcrop areas of all units do not exceed 6 inches per year. The large rates occur in small, local topographically low and high areas. The average discharge rate simulated in the outcrops of the units is 0.45 inch per year. The recharge area is considerably smaller than the discharge area, and the average recharge rate over this smaller area is 0.74 inch per year.</p>\n<p>Total simulated recharge in the outcrop areas is 269 million cubic feet per day, which is offset by an equal amount of discharge in the outcrop areas. The smallest rates of leakage are across the Vicksburg-Jackson confining unit, with downward and upward rates of less than one million cubic feet per day. The greatest rate of leakage is 47 million cubic feet per day upward into the Holocene-upper Pleistocene permeable zone.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/wri874248","usgsCitation":"Ryder, P.D., 1988, Hydrogeology and predevelopment flow in the Texas Gulf Coast aquifer systems: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4248, vii, 109 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874248.","productDescription":"vii, 109 p.","numberOfPages":"116","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":58346,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4248/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":126794,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4248/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -94.1748046875,\n              33.578014746143985\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.20751953125,\n              33.063924198120645\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.16259765625,\n              28.07198030177986\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.580078125,\n              27.60567082646547\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.11865234374999,\n              26.43122806450644\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.1298828125,\n              26.03704188651584\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.18505859374999,\n              25.997549919572112\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.36083984375,\n              27.527758206861886\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.328125,\n              28.51696944040106\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.361328125,\n              28.92163128242129\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.482421875,\n              29.53522956294847\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.91113281249999,\n              29.7453016622136\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.515625,\n              31.16580958786196\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.02099609375,\n              32.02670629333614\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.04296874999999,\n              33.578014746143985\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.1748046875,\n              33.578014746143985\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625321","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ryder, Paul D.","contributorId":60188,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryder","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":29807,"text":"wri884135 - 1988 - Geohydrology of the Bethpage-Hicksville-Levittown area, Long Island, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-11T00:30:29.015914","indexId":"wri884135","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4135","title":"Geohydrology of the Bethpage-Hicksville-Levittown area, Long Island, New York","docAbstract":"<p>A study of ground-water levels and flow in east-central Nassau County, N.Y. , began in October 1985. The 11.4 sqare-mile area encompasses parts of Bethpage, Hicksville, Levittown, Plainview, Plainedge, and Farmingdale. </p><p>Approximately 1,200 ft of unconsolidated Cretaceous deposits and 50 to 100 ft of Pleistocene deposits overlie bedrock throughout the area. The unconsolidated deposits consist mostly of sand, gravel, silt, and clay and have good water-transmitting properties except where clay forms continuous layers that can impede groundwater flow. </p><p>The area is mostly residential and industrial. Pumpage for public supply exceeds 10 million gallons per day, most of which eventually discharges from the ground-water system to tidewater as sewage outflow. Industrial pumpage during summer exceeds 10 million gallons per day, but most of the water is returned to the system through recharge basins. Ground-water levels in this area fluctuate seasonally in response to natural recharge, pumping, and use of recharge basins.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri884135","usgsCitation":"Smolensky, D., and Feldman, S.M., 1988, Geohydrology of the Bethpage-Hicksville-Levittown area, Long Island, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4135, Report: v, 25 p.; 1 Plate: 23.01 x 18.59 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884135.","productDescription":"Report: v, 25 p.; 1 Plate: 23.01 x 18.59 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":424301,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47045.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":124250,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4135/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58607,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4135/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58608,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4135/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","county":"Nassau County","otherGeospatial":"Long Island","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -73.57640736786416,\n              40.80380432968778\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.57640736786416,\n              40.68180294858652\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.3909575224667,\n              40.68180294858652\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.3909575224667,\n              40.80380432968778\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.57640736786416,\n              40.80380432968778\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a89c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smolensky, D. A.","contributorId":46094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smolensky","given":"D. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Feldman, S. M.","contributorId":91896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feldman","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":34107,"text":"b1762 - 1988 - Geochemistry of mineralized quartzite beds in the Spokane Formation (Belt Supergroup), Rogers Pass area, Lewis and Clark County, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-03T18:49:58.4724","indexId":"b1762","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1762","title":"Geochemistry of mineralized quartzite beds in the Spokane Formation (Belt Supergroup), Rogers Pass area, Lewis and Clark County, Montana","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b1762","usgsCitation":"Connor, J.J., and McNeal, J.M., 1988, Geochemistry of mineralized quartzite beds in the Spokane Formation (Belt Supergroup), Rogers Pass area, Lewis and Clark County, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1762, iii, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b1762.","productDescription":"iii, 17 p.","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":409124,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_21893.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":164132,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1762/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":62029,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1762/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","county":"Lewis and Clark County","otherGeospatial":"Rogers Pass area","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -112.475,\n              47.8\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.475,\n              47.02\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.361,\n              47.02\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.361,\n              47.8\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.475,\n              47.8\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1fe4b07f02db6aab45","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Connor, Jon J.","contributorId":21948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Connor","given":"Jon","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":212465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McNeal, James M. jmcneal@usgs.gov","contributorId":2810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McNeal","given":"James","email":"jmcneal@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":212464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":29187,"text":"wri884161 - 1988 - Relation of trihalomethane-formation potential to water-quality and physical characteristics of small water-supply lakes, eastern Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-28T21:03:18.102914","indexId":"wri884161","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4161","title":"Relation of trihalomethane-formation potential to water-quality and physical characteristics of small water-supply lakes, eastern Kansas","docAbstract":"<p>The formation of carcinogenic trihalomethanes during the treatment of public surface water supplies has become a potentially serious problem. The U. S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Kansas Department of Health and Environment , investigated the potential for trihalomethane formation in water from 15 small, public water supply lakes in eastern Kansas from April 1984 through April 1986 in order to define the principal factors that affect or control the potential for trihalomethane formation during the water treatment process. Relations of mean concentrations of trihalomethane-formation potential to selected water quality and lake and watershed physical characteristics were investigated using correlation and regression analysis. Statistically significant, direct relations were developed between trihalomethanes produced in unfiltered and filtered lake water and mean concentrations of total and dissolved organic carbon. Correlation coefficients for these relations ranged from 0.86 to 0.93. Mean values of maximum depth of lake were shown to have statistically significant inverse relations to mean concentrations of trihalomethane-formation potential and total and dissolved organic carbon. Correlation coefficients for these relations ranged from -0.76 to -0.81.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri884161","usgsCitation":"Pope, L.M., Arruda, J.A., and Fromm, C.H., 1988, Relation of trihalomethane-formation potential to water-quality and physical characteristics of small water-supply lakes, eastern Kansas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4161, v, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884161.","productDescription":"v, 46 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":58053,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4161/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":411144,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47068.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":159407,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4161/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -97.4667,\n              40\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.4667,\n              37\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.6194,\n              37\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.6194,\n              40\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.4667,\n              40\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8209","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pope, L. M.","contributorId":71939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pope","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arruda, J. A.","contributorId":70809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arruda","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fromm, C. H.","contributorId":44586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fromm","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":30539,"text":"wri884022 - 1988 - Chemical quality, benthic organisms, and sedimentation in streams draining coal-mined lands in Raccoon Creek basin, Ohio, July 1984 through September 1986","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-10T23:02:33.318175","indexId":"wri884022","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4022","title":"Chemical quality, benthic organisms, and sedimentation in streams draining coal-mined lands in Raccoon Creek basin, Ohio, July 1984 through September 1986","docAbstract":"<p>The Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Reclamation, plans widespread reclamation of abandoned coal mines in the Raccoon Creek basin in southeastern Ohio. Throughout Raccoon Creek basin, chemical, biological, and suspended-sediment data were collected from July 1984 through September 1986. Chemical and biological data collected at 17 sites indicate that the East Branch, Brushy Creek, Hewett Fork, and Little Raccoon Creek subbasins, including Flint Run, are affected by drainage from abandoned coal mines. In these basins, median pH values ranged from 2.6 to 5.1, median acidity values ranged from 20 to 1,040 mg/L (milligrams per liter) as CaCo<sub>3</sub>, and median alkalinity values ranged from 0 to 4 mg/L as CaCo<sub>3</sub>. Biological data indicate that these basins do not support diverse populations because of degraded water systems. Suspended-sediment yields of 70.7 tons per square mile per year at the headwaters of Raccoon Creek and 54.5 tons per square mile per year near the month of Raccoon Creek indicate that cumulative sedimentation from erosion of abandoned-mine lands is not excessive in the basin.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri884022","usgsCitation":"Wilson, K.S., 1988, Chemical quality, benthic organisms, and sedimentation in streams draining coal-mined lands in Raccoon Creek basin, Ohio, July 1984 through September 1986: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4022, v, 80 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884022.","productDescription":"v, 80 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":411688,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_46949.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":122710,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4022/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59314,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4022/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Ohio","otherGeospatial":"Racoon Creek basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -82.5833,\n              39.4333\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.5833,\n              38.667\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.2,\n              38.667\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.2,\n              39.4333\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.5833,\n              39.4333\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dee4b07f02db5e27c8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilson, K. S.","contributorId":41042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":13327,"text":"ofr88119 - 1988 - U.S. Geological Survey ground-water studies in Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:52","indexId":"ofr88119","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-119","title":"U.S. Geological Survey ground-water studies in Nevada","docAbstract":"Groundwater is an important natural resource in Nevada. In 1985, groundwater provided 24% of the total water withdrawn, and supplied about 40% of the State 's population. Public supply and self-supplied domestic use accounted for about 12% of the groundwater withdrawn, and self-supplied industrial and mining use was about 3%. The major issues related to groundwater in Nevada are: groundwater availability; natural and artificial groundwater recharge; underground storage of hazardous wastes; organic and inorganic trace constituents in groundwater; and geothermal groundwater systems. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is actively conducting 30 hydrologic investigations in Nevada, of which 18 are related to groundwater quantity and quality. Three examples of ongoing groundwater studies by the USGS that are designed to address specific groundwater issues in Nevada are discussed: carbonate-rock aquifers in eastern and southern Nevada; groundwater quality in the Carson River basin, Nevada-California; and groundwater in Honey Lake Valley, Nevada-California. (Lantz-PTT)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr88119","usgsCitation":"Dettinger, M.D., and Van Denburgh, A.S., 1988, U.S. Geological Survey ground-water studies in Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 88-119, 2 p. :map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr88119.","productDescription":"2 p. :map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":147395,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0119/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":41753,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0119/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ae4b07f02db612817","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dettinger, M. D. 0000-0002-7509-7332","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7509-7332","contributorId":93069,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dettinger","given":"M.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":16196,"text":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":167626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Van Denburgh, A. S.","contributorId":23928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Denburgh","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70194876,"text":"70194876 - 1988 - The Blake Plateau Basin and Carolina Trough","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-26T10:06:53","indexId":"70194876","displayToPublicDate":"1988-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"The Blake Plateau Basin and Carolina Trough","docAbstract":"<p>Presently, the continental margin of the southeastern United States (Fig. 1) forms a zone of transition between the actively building, steep-fronted carbonate platform of the Bahamas and the typical eastern North American terrigenous clastic-dominated, drowned, shelf-slope-rise configuration. This region of the continental margin is underlain by two major sedimentary basins—the Blake Plateau Basin and the Carolina Trough (Fig. 2)—which are different in shape, basement structure, and history. Indeed, the two southern basins show some of the greatest contrasts of any basins of eastern North America, especially in their early response to rifting and in the change from rifting to drifting. The region has experienced abrupt major changes in geological conditions, most notably the onset of Gulf Stream flow in the early Tertiary.</p><p>Morphologically, the area is dominated by the broad, flat Blake Plateau at about 800-1,000 m water depth (Fig. 1). The plateau is bounded to the east by the extremely steep Blake Escarpment, descending to 5,000 m water depths. To the west, a short continental slope rises to a continental shelf. This Blake Plateau morphology characterizes the margin east of Florida and north of the Bahamas. North of Florida the margin merges into the typical shelf-slope-rise morphology. Just north of the Blake Escarpment and its northern projection, the Blake Spur, the Blake Ridge extends away from the continental slope at water depths exceeding 2,000 m (Fig. 1). This broad ridge is a Cenozoic, sedimentary drift deposit controlled by bottom currents. (For the reader who is beginning to wonder why half of the features of this region seem to be named \"Blake\", the Blake was a Coast Survey steamer from which investigations off the southeastern U.S. were carried out in 1877 to 1880. Ferromanganese nodules were discovered on the Blake Plateau at that time [Murray, 1885].)</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Atlantic Continental Margin","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/DNAG-GNA-I2","usgsCitation":"Dillon, W.P., and Popenoe, P., 1988, The Blake Plateau Basin and Carolina Trough, chap. <i>of</i> The Atlantic Continental Margin, v. 1-2, p. 291-328, https://doi.org/10.1130/DNAG-GNA-I2.","productDescription":"38 p.","startPage":"291","endPage":"328","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":350637,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Blake Plateau basin; Carolina Trough","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -80.68359375,\n              29.11377539511439\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.1806640625,\n              29.34387539941801\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.09277343749999,\n              36.491973470593685\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.8056640625,\n              36.38591277287651\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.6298828125,\n              36.03133177633187\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.3662109375,\n              35.496456056584165\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.673828125,\n              34.994003757575776\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.4208984375,\n              34.70549341022544\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.16796875,\n              34.56085936708384\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.783203125,\n              34.23451236236987\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.134765625,\n              33.87041555094183\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.7060546875,\n              33.687781758439364\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.013671875,\n              33.284619968887675\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.189453125,\n              32.95336814579932\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.8486328125,\n              32.58384932565662\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.595703125,\n              32.175612478499325\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.9912109375,\n              31.57853542647338\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.1669921875,\n              30.789036751261136\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.298828125,\n              30.14512718337613\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.68359375,\n              29.11377539511439\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a6c4ca0e4b06e28e9cabb44","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Sheridan, R. E.","contributorId":36681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sheridan","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725846,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grow, John A.","contributorId":25943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grow","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725847,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Dillon, William P. bdillon@usgs.gov","contributorId":79820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dillon","given":"William","email":"bdillon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":725844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Popenoe, Peter","contributorId":62206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Popenoe","given":"Peter","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":725845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70013736,"text":"70013736 - 1988 - Structure of the Blytheville arch in the New Madrid seismic zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-30T15:57:42.82636","indexId":"70013736","displayToPublicDate":"1988-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Structure of the Blytheville arch in the New Madrid seismic zone","docAbstract":"<p><span>Seismic-reflection profiles across part of the New Madrid seismic zone in northeastern Arkansas and southeastern Missouri show a faulted and structurally complex zone, originally known as Charlie’s ridge but herein renamed Blytheville arch, which is about 10 to 15 km wide and about 110 km long. Several exploratory drill holes in the arch penetrate Upper and possibly Middle Cambrian formations directly below Cretaceous rocks, whereas drill holes off the arch penetrate the Cambrian and Ordovician Knox and Arbuckle Groups equivalents and possibly younger Paleozoic rocks below the Cretaceous; therefore, the pre-Cretaceous rocks in the arch are structurally high. Most earthquakes in the northeast-trending segment of the New Madrid seismic zone along the axis of the Reelfoot rift occur along the arch. Focal mechanisms of earthquakes in the trend show right-lateral, strike-slip movement. Epicenters in the northeastern part of the seismic trend between Caruthersville, MO, and Blytheville, AR, are spatially less dispersed than those to the southwest between Blytheville and Marked Tree, AR. Most of the hypocenters to the northeast cluster between 6 to 12 km deep, whereas those to the southwest range from near the surface to about 15 km deep. Earthquakes in the northeast part of the seismic trend are concentrated along a fault zone under the arch, whereas those to the southwest are more dispersed under the arch. A seismic trend that extends south-southwest from near Charleston, MO, projects to the northwest side of the ridge near Blytheville, where the seismicity changes character and the southeast boundary of the arch trends more easterly. The relationship between the structural boundaries of the arch and the seismicity may establish the extent of part of New Madrid seismicity and improve the basis for seismic hazard assessment.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.1785/gssrl.59.4.117","issn":"08950695","usgsCitation":"Hamilton, R.M., and McKeown, F.A., 1988, Structure of the Blytheville arch in the New Madrid seismic zone: Seismological Research Letters, v. 59, no. 4, p. 117-121, https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.59.4.117.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"117","endPage":"121","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220276,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas, Kentucky, Missouri, Tennessee","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -90.62266103742384,\n              35.92282644599075\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.60592036859272,\n              35.310149869745985\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.38566313092106,\n              36.2053838998349\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.69796912583067,\n              36.960955444757346\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.70703047773134,\n              36.41817623077918\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.62266103742384,\n              35.92282644599075\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"59","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1988-10-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9c5be4b08c986b31d3bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hamilton, R. M.","contributorId":69995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"R.","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKeown, F. A.","contributorId":106100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKeown","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70014338,"text":"70014338 - 1988 - Seismicity in South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-30T15:51:19.368016","indexId":"70014338","displayToPublicDate":"1988-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismicity in South Carolina","docAbstract":"<p><span>The largest historical earthquake in South Carolina, and in the southeastern US, occurred in the Coastal Plain province, probably northwest of Charleston, in 1886. Locations for aftershocks associated with this earthquake, estimated using intensities based on newspaper accounts, defined a northwest trending zone about 250 km long that was at least 100 km wide in the Coastal Plain but widened to a northeast trending zone in the Piedmont. The subsequent historical and instrumentally recorded seismicity in South Carolina images the 1886 aftershock zone. Except for a few scattered earthquakes and a swarm of shallow (≤ 4 km deep), small (</span><i>M<sub>L</sub></i><span>&nbsp;≤ 2.5), primarily reverse faulting earthquakes that occurred along the flanks of a granite pluton about 60 km northwest of Columbia, the seismicity in the Piedmont province has been associated with water level changes in reservoirs. Reservoir induced seismicity (RIS) is shallow (≤ 6 km deep), primarily strike-slip or thrust faulting corresponding to an inferred maximum horizontal compressive stress oriented approximately&nbsp;</span><i>N</i><span>&nbsp;60° E. Instrumentally recorded seismicity in the Coastal Plain province occurs in 3 seismic zones or clusters: Middleton Place-Summerville (MPSSZ), Adams Run (ARC), and Bowman (BSZ). Approximately 68% of the Coastal Plain earthquakes occur in the MPSSZ, a north trending zone about 22 km long and 12 km wide, lying about 20 km northwest of Charleston. The hypocenters of MPSSZ earthquakes range in depth from near the surface to almost 12 km. Thrust, strike-slip, and some normal faulting are indicated by the fault plane solutions for Coastal Plain earthquakes. The maximum horizontal compressive stress, inferred from the P-axes of the fault plane solutions, is oriented NE-SW in the shallow crust (&lt; 9 km deep) but appears to be diffusely E-W between 9 to 12 km deep. Although there is localized variability, the current seismicity and associated faulting in South Carolina probably represent a regional response to the NE-SW maximum horizontal compressive stress prevalent throughout eastern North America.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.1785/gssrl.59.4.165","issn":"08950695","usgsCitation":"Shedlock, K.M., 1988, Seismicity in South Carolina: Seismological Research Letters, v. 59, no. 4, p. 165-171, https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.59.4.165.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"165","endPage":"171","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225768,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -83.11119998356874,\n              35.01023290788176\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.31606862062566,\n              34.73773119477824\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.24585743653857,\n              33.68055625183999\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.25191560426644,\n              32.40101840790609\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.83242368941809,\n              32.078392275765026\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.49876867802588,\n              32.15921712319552\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.73480777221232,\n              33.28232451476005\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.59177906612226,\n              33.90139801811003\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.65010123771732,\n              34.809047318434686\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.77875723907695,\n              34.835749705563\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.08742558870982,\n              35.1596579758138\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.29591995937459,\n              35.26068178662756\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.11119998356874,\n              35.01023290788176\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"59","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1988-10-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8b94e4b08c986b317942","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shedlock, Kaye M.","contributorId":61788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shedlock","given":"Kaye","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1001670,"text":"1001670 - 1988 - Duck nest success in the prairie pothole region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-18T17:32:37.294648","indexId":"1001670","displayToPublicDate":"1988-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Duck nest success in the prairie pothole region","docAbstract":"<p>We estimated nest success of mallard (<i>Anas platyrhynchos</i>), gadwall (<i>A. strepera</i>), blue-winged teal (<i>A. discors</i>), northern shoveler (<i>A.</i> <i>clypeata</i>), and northern pintail (<i>A. acuta</i>) for 5 regions in North Dakota, South Dakota, and Minnesota, for 1-3 periods between 1966 and 1984, and for 8 habitat classes. We obtained composite estimates of nest success for regions and periods by weighting each habitat proportional to the number of nest initiations. The distribution of nest initiations was derived from estimates of breeding populations, preferences of species for nesting habitats, and availability of habitats. Nest success rates ranged from &lt; 5 to 36% among regions, periods, and species. Rates were lowest in western Minnesota (MNW) and eastern North Dakota (NDE), intermediate in central North Dakota (NDC) and eastern South Dakota (SDE), and highest in central South Dakota (SDC). In regions with comparable data, no consistent trend in nest success was apparent from early to late periods. Gadwalls and blue-winged teal nested more successfully than mallards and pintails; the relative success of shovelers varied regionally. Ducks nesting in idle grassland were the most successful and those nesting in cropland were least successful. Mammalian predation was the major cause of nesting failure (54-85%) in all habitats, but farming operations resulted in 37 and 27% of the nesting failures in cropland and hayland, respectively. Most of the populations studied were not self-sustaining.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3801586","usgsCitation":"Klett, A.T., Shaffer, T.L., and Johnson, D.H., 1988, Duck nest success in the prairie pothole region: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 52, no. 3, p. 431-440, https://doi.org/10.2307/3801586.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"431","endPage":"440","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134394,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -101.2195242419423,\n              49.00824500795295\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.2195242419423,\n              42.802006996665256\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.81719243265182,\n              42.802006996665256\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.81719243265182,\n              49.00824500795295\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.2195242419423,\n              49.00824500795295\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"52","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afde4b07f02db696b2d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Klett, Albert T.","contributorId":290904,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Klett","given":"Albert","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":311486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shaffer, Terry L. 0000-0001-6950-8951","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6950-8951","contributorId":316287,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shaffer","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":7065,"text":"USGS emeritus","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":311488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Douglas H. 0000-0002-7778-6641","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7778-6641","contributorId":70327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70013302,"text":"70013302 - 1988 - A new Lower Carboniferous tetrapod locality in Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-02T16:25:20.210733","indexId":"70013302","displayToPublicDate":"1988-06-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A new Lower Carboniferous tetrapod locality in Iowa","docAbstract":"<p><span>The earliest tetrapods known are from two or three Upper Devonian</span><sup>1–3</sup><span>&nbsp;and some 20 Lower Carboniferous localities in Scotland4 and North America</span><sup>5–8</sup><span>. Most sites yield few and fragmentary specimens; well-preserved and even partially articulated material is exceedingly rare. This report discusses a middle Lower Carboniferous site rich in amphibian and fish remains discovered near Delta, south-east Iowa, and represents the first Lower Carboniferous tetrapod locality found in mid-continental North America. The bones occur within collapse-structures or depressions, and appear to represent a fresh- or brackish-water pond fauna. The Delta site contains the oldest well-preserved tetrapod fauna in North America, and one of the oldest in the world. Several hundred tetrapod fossils have been collected to date, with excavation somewhat more than half completed. Specimens range from isolated bones to articulated, nearly complete skeletons of at least two apparently new amphibian species. This material will make an important contribution to knowledge of the mor-phology and interrelationships of early tetrapods.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1038/333768a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Bolt, J., McKay, R., Witzke, B., and McAdams, M., 1988, A new Lower Carboniferous tetrapod locality in Iowa: Nature, v. 333, no. 6175, p. 768-770, https://doi.org/10.1038/333768a0.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"768","endPage":"770","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220299,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -96.69321098034271,\n              43.54256954893344\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.72858624817624,\n              42.73699803843523\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.1161908673356,\n              41.780553985192824\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.90624885835399,\n              40.48760168558948\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.92848582950946,\n              40.58236406842123\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.4363674865877,\n              40.29164457407646\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.90527191776219,\n              40.891384940468015\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.09462276356368,\n              41.90527987432017\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.63381627372756,\n              42.729413795212736\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.24190728304254,\n              43.53316060224191\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.69321098034271,\n              43.54256954893344\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"333","issue":"6175","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e499e4b0c8380cd46758","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bolt, J.R.","contributorId":57205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bolt","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKay, R.M.","contributorId":91238,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKay","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Witzke, B.J.","contributorId":12976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Witzke","given":"B.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McAdams, M.P.","contributorId":81633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McAdams","given":"M.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":5220774,"text":"5220774 - 1988 - Survival of juvenile ring-necked ducks on wetlands of different pH","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-22T16:48:10.36356","indexId":"5220774","displayToPublicDate":"1988-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Survival of juvenile ring-necked ducks on wetlands of different pH","docAbstract":"<p>Brood and duckling survival of ring-necked ducks (<i>Aythya collaris</i>) was examined in relation to wetland water chemistry in eastcentral Maine during 1983-85. Daily survival rates (DSR) of broods and ducklings were determined for 381 ducklings from 64 broods by counts of each brood at 6-10-day intervals during broodrearing. Twelve of 64 females lost entire broods. Only 176 of 381 (46%) ducklings survived to fledge. Brood survival for the 45-day rearing period was 0.7731; duckling survival was 0.3707. Young ducklings (<span>≤</span>24 days) survived at a lower rate (0.9750/day) than older (<span>≥</span>25 days) ducklings (0.9818/day) (<i>P</i> = 0.002). Survival rates of broods and ducklings did not differ among wetlands of high and low alkalinities. Brood survival did not differ among wetlands of different pH, but DSR of ducklings was lower (0.9763/day) on low-pH (&lt;6.0) wetlands than on high-pH (<span>≥</span>6.1) wetlands (0.9816/day) (<i>P</i> = 0.049). Class IIb-III (25-45 days old) ducklings from the lowest-pH wetlands(&lt;5.5) had the lowest DSR (0.9752) while Class IIb-III ducklings from the highest-pH wetlands (&gt;6.5) had the highest DSR (0.9856) (<i>P</i> = 0.009).</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3801219","usgsCitation":"McAuley, D., and Longcore, J., 1988, Survival of juvenile ring-necked ducks on wetlands of different pH: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 52, no. 2, p. 169-176, https://doi.org/10.2307/3801219.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"169","endPage":"176","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197784,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maine","county":"Hancock County, Washington County","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -69.04882868494023,\n              45.77994913044307\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.04882868494023,\n              44.26057419211864\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.06934253029306,\n              44.26057419211864\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.06934253029306,\n              45.77994913044307\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.04882868494023,\n              45.77994913044307\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"52","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db688183","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McAuley, Daniel G.","contributorId":346357,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McAuley","given":"Daniel G.","affiliations":[{"id":37196,"text":"Retired USGS employee","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":332450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Longcore, Jerry R.","contributorId":346356,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Longcore","given":"Jerry R.","affiliations":[{"id":37196,"text":"Retired USGS employee","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":332451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5220770,"text":"5220770 - 1988 - Foods of juvenile ring-necked ducks: Relationship to wetland pH","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-22T16:31:07.39601","indexId":"5220770","displayToPublicDate":"1988-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Foods of juvenile ring-necked ducks: Relationship to wetland pH","docAbstract":"<p>Foods of 37 juvenile ring-necked ducks (<i>Aythya collaris</i>) from 16 different wetlands were examined in eastcentral Maine in 1983-85. Invertebrates made up 70% aggregate dry weight (100% occurrence) of the foods of Class Ia-IIa (<span>≤ </span>24 days old) ducklings and 32% (86% occurrence) of Class IIb-III (<span>≥</span> 25 days old) ducklings. These percentages may be as high as 85% for Ia-IIa ducklings and 47% for IIb-III ducklings after adjusting for insect sclerites. Ducklings ate invertebrates from 44 taxa and seeds or fibers from 23 plant taxa. Freshwater sponges (Porifera) were the most important invertebrate and constituted 23% of the foods of all ducklings. Seeds of pondweeds (<i>Potamogeton</i> spp.) were the most important plant foods. Diets of ducklings from high-pH (<span>≥ </span>6.1) wetlands were more diverse (t = 2.54, P = 0.021) than those from low-pH (&lt;6.1) wetlands and consisted of 33 invertebrate taxa. Only 17 taxa occurred in ducklings from low-pH ponds. Class Ia-IIa ducklings from high-pH wetlands ate more invertebrates (77%) than ducklings from lower-pH wetlands (61%), although the difference was not significant (P = 0.21). Sponges made up the largest percentage of the diets and occurred in similar amounts in high- (34%) and low- (31.5%) pH wetlands.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3801220","usgsCitation":"McAuley, D., and Longcore, J., 1988, Foods of juvenile ring-necked ducks: Relationship to wetland pH: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 52, no. 2, p. 177-185, https://doi.org/10.2307/3801220.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"177","endPage":"185","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198098,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maine","county":"Aroostook County, Hancock County, Penobscot County, Washington County","otherGeospatial":"eastcentral Maine","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -70.22830161052416,\n              46.439506996990104\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.22830161052416,\n              45.01031431362537\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.5878885041646,\n              45.01031431362537\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.5878885041646,\n              46.439506996990104\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.22830161052416,\n              46.439506996990104\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"52","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d6e4b07f02db5de54e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McAuley, Daniel G.","contributorId":346357,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McAuley","given":"Daniel G.","affiliations":[{"id":37196,"text":"Retired USGS employee","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":332441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Longcore, Jerry R.","contributorId":346356,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Longcore","given":"Jerry R.","affiliations":[{"id":37196,"text":"Retired USGS employee","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":332442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70014343,"text":"70014343 - 1988 - The 1987 Whittier Narrows earthquake in the Los Angeles metropolitan area, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-24T16:19:05.182395","indexId":"70014343","displayToPublicDate":"1988-03-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The 1987 Whittier Narrows earthquake in the Los Angeles metropolitan area, California","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Whittier Narrows earthquake sequence (local magnitude,&nbsp;</span><i>M</i><sub><i>L</i></sub><span>&nbsp;= 5.9), which caused over 358-million dollars damage, indicates that assessments of earthquake hazards in the Los Angeles metropolitan area may be underestimated. The sequence ruptured a previously unidentified thrust fault that may be part of a large system of thrust faults that extends across the entire east-west length of the northern margin of the Los Angeles basin. Peak horizontal accelerations from the main shock, which were measured at ground level and in structures, were as high as 0.6</span><i>g</i><span>&nbsp;(where&nbsp;</span><i>g</i><span>&nbsp;is the acceleration of gravity at sea level) within 50 kilometers of the epicenter. The distribution of the modified Mercalli intensity VII reflects a broad north-south elongated zone of damage that is approximately centered on the main shock epicenter.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.239.4846.1409","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Hauksson, E., Jones, L.M., Davis, T., Hutton, L., Williams, P., Bent, A.L., Brady, A.G., Reasenberg, P.A., Michael, A., Yerkes, R.F., Etheredge, E., Porcella, R.L., Johnston, M., Reagor, G., Bufe, C., Cranswick, E., and Shakal, A., 1988, The 1987 Whittier Narrows earthquake in the Los Angeles metropolitan area, California: Science, v. 239, no. 4846, p. 1409-1412, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.239.4846.1409.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1409","endPage":"1412","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225890,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Los Angeles","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -118.93209035547059,\n              34.46183243191399\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.93209035547059,\n              33.722456760279115\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.49331656484492,\n              33.722456760279115\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.49331656484492,\n              34.46183243191399\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.93209035547059,\n              34.46183243191399\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"239","issue":"4846","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba62ce4b08c986b320f39","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hauksson, E.","contributorId":10932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hauksson","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, Lucile M. jones@usgs.gov","contributorId":1014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Lucile","email":"jones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":508,"text":"Office of the AD Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":368173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Davis, T.L.","contributorId":8234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"T.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hutton, L.K.","contributorId":66266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutton","given":"L.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Williams, Pat","contributorId":61532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Pat","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bent, Allison L.","contributorId":239555,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bent","given":"Allison","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":47914,"text":"Canadian Hazards Information Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":949430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Brady, A. Gerald","contributorId":85959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brady","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"Gerald","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Reasenberg, Paul A.","contributorId":39430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reasenberg","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Michael, A.J. 0000-0002-2403-5019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2403-5019","contributorId":52192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michael","given":"A.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Yerkes, R. F.","contributorId":24754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yerkes","given":"R.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Etheredge, E.","contributorId":59569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Etheredge","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Porcella, R. L.","contributorId":102869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Porcella","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Johnston, M.J.S. 0000-0003-4326-8368","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4326-8368","contributorId":104889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"M.J.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Reagor, G.","contributorId":60671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reagor","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Bufe, C. G.","contributorId":79443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bufe","given":"C. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Cranswick, E.","contributorId":85948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cranswick","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Shakal, A.K.","contributorId":38295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shakal","given":"A.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17}]}}
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