Three to four different analysis methods were applied to the drawdown or recovery data from five constant-rate aquifer tests of 2 to 7 days in length to estimate transmissivity of rocks in the southern Lihue basin, Kauai, Hawaii. The wells penetrate rocks of the Koloa Volcanics and the underlying Waimea Canyon Basalt. Because the wells are located far apart and in previously unexplored areas, it is difficult to accurately define the aquifer or aquifers penetrated by the wells. Therefore, the aquifer tests were analyzed using a variety of curve-matching methods and only a range of possible values of transmissivity were determined. The results of a multiple-well aquifer test are similar to a single-well aquifer test done in the same area indicating that the single-well aquifer-test results are reasonable.
\nThe results show that transmissivity in the Lihue basin ranges over several orders of magnitude, 42 to 7,900 square feet per day, but is generally lower than reported values of transmissivity of other basaltic aquifers in Hawaii. Estimates of confined-aquifer storage coefficient range from 1.3x10-4 to 8.2x10-2. The hydraulic conductivity estimates obtained using an elliptical-equation method compare favorably with the results obtained from the generally more-accepted curvematching methods. No significant difference is apparent between the estimated transmissivity of the Koloa Volcanics and the Waimea Canyon Basalt in the study area. An analysis of the lithology penetrated by the wells indicates the transmissivity is probably controlled mainly by the stratigraphic position of the layers penetrated by the well. The range of transmissivity values estimated for the southern Lihue basin is lower than reported values from aquifer tests at wells penetrating postshield-stage or rejuvenation-stage lava flows on other Hawaiian islands. This range is one to four orders of magnitude lower than most reported values for dike-free basalt aquifers in Hawaii.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri994066","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the County of Kauai Department of Water","usgsCitation":"Gingerich, S.B., 1999, Estimating transmissivity and storage properties from aquifer tests in the Southern Lihue Basin, Kauai, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4066, iv, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994066.","productDescription":"iv, 33 p.","startPage":"i","endPage":"33","numberOfPages":"37","costCenters":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124869,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_99_4066.png"},{"id":56185,"rank":300,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4066/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"projection":"Albers Equal Area","country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","otherGeospatial":"Southern Lihue Basin;Kauai","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -159.53333333333333,21.9 ], [ -159.53333333333333,22.133333333333333 ], [ -159.25,22.133333333333333 ], [ -159.25,21.9 ], [ -159.53333333333333,21.9 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc9b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gingerich, Stephen B. 0000-0002-4381-0746 sbginger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4381-0746","contributorId":1426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gingerich","given":"Stephen","email":"sbginger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":197900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27949,"text":"wri994242 - 1999 - Estimation of potential runoff-contributing areas in Kansas using topographic and soil information","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:40","indexId":"wri994242","displayToPublicDate":"2001-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4242","title":"Estimation of potential runoff-contributing areas in Kansas using topographic and soil information","docAbstract":"Digital topographic and soil information was used to estimate potential runoff-contributing areas throughout Kansas. The results then were used to compare 91 selected subbasins representing soil, slope, and runoff variability. Potential runoff-contributing areas were estimated collectively for the processes of infiltration-excess and saturation-excess overland flow using a set of environmental conditions that represented very high, high, moderate, low, very low, and extremely low potential runoff. For infiltration-excess overland flow, various rainfall-intensity and soil-permeability values were used. For saturation-excess overland flow, antecedent soil-moisture conditions and a topographic wetness index were used. Results indicated that very low potential-runoff conditions provided the best ability to distinguish the 91 selected subbasins as having relatively high or low potential runoff. The majority of the subbasins with relatively high potential runoff are located in the eastern half of the State where soil permeability generally is less and precipitation typically is greater. The ability to distinguish the subbasins as having relatively high or low potential runoff was possible mostly due to the variability of soil permeability across the State.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri994242","usgsCitation":"Juracek, K.E., 1999, Estimation of potential runoff-contributing areas in Kansas using topographic and soil information: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4242, iv, 29 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994242.","productDescription":"iv, 29 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2201,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri99-4242","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":95690,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4242/report.pdf","size":"8783","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158757,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4242/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb26f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Juracek, Kyle E. 0000-0002-2102-8980 kjuracek@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2102-8980","contributorId":2022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Juracek","given":"Kyle","email":"kjuracek@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":198953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27952,"text":"wri994102 - 1999 - Methods and results of dioxin related studies on the Leaf and Pascagoula Rivers, Mississippi, 1989-97","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-04T21:18:41.690791","indexId":"wri994102","displayToPublicDate":"2001-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4102","title":"Methods and results of dioxin related studies on the Leaf and Pascagoula Rivers, Mississippi, 1989-97","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri994102","usgsCitation":"Justus, B., Folmar, H.G., and Bass, P.B., 1999, Methods and results of dioxin related studies on the Leaf and Pascagoula Rivers, Mississippi, 1989-97: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4102, v, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994102.","productDescription":"v, 34 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":395495,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_19495.htm"},{"id":95691,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4102/report.pdf","size":"5674","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158766,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4102/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Mississippi","otherGeospatial":"Leaf and Pascagoula Rivers","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.56054687499999,\n 30.15462722077597\n ],\n [\n -88.35205078124999,\n 30.15462722077597\n ],\n [\n -88.35205078124999,\n 32.48196313217176\n ],\n [\n -89.56054687499999,\n 32.48196313217176\n ],\n [\n -89.56054687499999,\n 30.15462722077597\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db62a0c8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Justus, B. G.","contributorId":49825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Justus","given":"B. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Folmar, H. G.","contributorId":32200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Folmar","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bass, P. B.","contributorId":32201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bass","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":28893,"text":"wri994078 - 1999 - Record Extension and Streamflow Statistics for the Pleasant River, Maine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:15","indexId":"wri994078","displayToPublicDate":"2001-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4078","title":"Record Extension and Streamflow Statistics for the Pleasant River, Maine","docAbstract":"Historical streamflow data for the Pleasant River are limited to 11 years (from 1980 to 1991) at the U.S. Geological Survey streamgaging station near Epping. Analysis of these data in conjunction with flow data from other nearby stations indicates that the 11 years of record for the Pleasant River may not be representative of longer-term conditions in the basin. A correlation between the historical streamflows from the Pleasant River station and at the nearby station on the Narraguagus River at Cherryfield provides a means of extending the record at the Pleasant River station, increasing the period of record on the Pleasant River from 11 to 51 years. When used to calculate new streamflow-duration statistics, the extended record shows significant differences from the original 11 years of record, particularly during the summer months. The August median streamflow, an important statistical measure for fisheries habitat, changed from 50 cubic feet per second prior to the record extension, to 35 cubic feet per second after the record extension.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/wri994078","usgsCitation":"Nielsen, J.P., 1999, Record Extension and Streamflow Statistics for the Pleasant River, Maine: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4078, iii, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994078.","productDescription":"iii, 22 p.","costCenters":[{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":95731,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4078/report.pdf","size":"1529","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159390,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4078/report-thumb.jpg"}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -68.25,44.25 ], [ -68.25,45.25 ], [ -67.5,45.25 ], [ -67.5,44.25 ], [ -68.25,44.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db63614d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nielsen, Joseph P.","contributorId":16393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nielsen","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28460,"text":"wri994108 - 1999 - Summary of hydrogeologic and ground-water-quality data and hydrogeologic framework at selected well sites, Adams County, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-12T09:41:37","indexId":"wri994108","displayToPublicDate":"2001-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4108","title":"Summary of hydrogeologic and ground-water-quality data and hydrogeologic framework at selected well sites, Adams County, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"Rapid population growth in Adams County has increased the demand for ground water and led Adams County planning officials to undertake an effort to evaluate the capabilities of existing community water systems to meet future, projected growth and to begin wellhead-protection programs for public-supply wells. As part of this effort, this report summarizes ground-water data on a countywide scale and provides hydrogeologic information needed to delineate wellheadprotection areas in three hydrogeologic units (Gettysburg Lowland, Blue Ridge, and Piedmont Lowland).
Reported yields, specific capacities, well depths, and reported overburden thickness can vary by hydrogeologic unit, geologic formation, water use (domestic and nondomestic), and topographic setting. The reported yields of domestic wells drilled in the Gettysburg Lowland (median reported yield of 10 gallons per minute) are significantly greater than the reported yields from the Blue Ridge, Piedmont Lowland, and Piedmont Upland (median reported yields of 7.0, 8.0, and 7.0 gallons per minute, respectively). Reported yields of domestic wells completed in the diabase and the New Oxford Formation of the Gettysburg Lowland, and in the metarhyolite and metabasalt of the Blue Ridge, are significantly lower than reported yields of wells completed in the Gettysburg Formation. For nondomestic wells, reported yields from the Conestoga Formation of the Piedmont Lowland are significantly greater than in the diabase. Reported yields of nondomestic wells drilled in the Gettysburg, New Oxford, and Conestoga Formations, and the metarhyolite are significantly greater than those for domestic wells drilled in the respective geologic formations. Specific capacities of nondomestic wells in the Conestoga and Gettysburg Formations are significantly greater than their domestic counterparts. Specific capacities of nondomestic wells in the Conestoga Formation are significantly greater than the specific capacities of nondomestic wells in the metarhyolite, diabase, and Gettysburg and New Oxford Formations.Well depths do not vary considerably by hydrogeologic unit; instead, the greatest variability is by water use. Nondomestic wells drilled in the metarhyolite, Kinzers, Conestoga, Gettysburg, and New Oxford Formations are completed at significantly greater depths than their domestic counterparts. The reported thickness of overburden varies significantly by geologic formation and water use, but not by topographic setting. The median overburden thickness of the Blue Ridge (35 feet) is greater than in any other hydrologic unit.
Except where adversely affected by human activities, ground water in Adams County is suitable for most purposes. Calcium and magnesium are the dominant cations, and bicarbonate is the dominant anion. In general, the pH and hardness of ground water is lower in areas that are underlain by crystalline rocks (Blue Ridge and Piedmont Upland) than in areas underlain by sedimentary rocks, especially where limestone or dolomite is dominant (Piedmont Lowland). Dissolved nitrate (as N) and dissolved nitrite (as N) concentrations in the water from 9 of 69 wells and 3 of 80 wells sampled exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) maximum contaminant levels (MCL) of 10 and 1.0 mg/L (milligrams per liter), respectively. Sulfate concentrations greater than the proposed USEPA MCL of 500 mg/L were reported from the water in 3 of 110 wells sampled. Iron concentrations in the water from 13 of 67 wells sampled and manganese in the water from 9 of 64 wells sampled exceeded the USEPA secondary maximum contaminant level (SMCL) of 300 and 50 mg/L (micrograms per liter), respectively. Aluminum concentrations in the water from 16 of 22 wells sampled exceeded the lower USEPA SMCL threshold of 50 µg/L. Pesticides were detected in the water from seven wells but at concentrations that did not exceed USEPA MCL's. Most volatile organic compounds detected in the ground water were confined to USEPA Superfund sites or the immediate area around the sites.
The hydrogeologic framework in the vicinity of four public-supply well fields (Gettysburg, Abbottstown, Fairfield, and Littlestown) consists of two zones—an upper zone and a lower zone. In general, the upper zone is thin (5 to 60 feet or more) and dominated by saturated regolith and deeply weathered bedrock. The upper zone is bounded at the top by the water table and below by bedrock in which secondary porosity and permeability are considerably lower. Ground water is generally unconfined, and recharge rates are rapid. Ground-water flow is influenced more strongly by the topography of the ground surface and bedrock surface than by geologic structure. The lower zone is relatively thick (400 to 1,000 feet) and consists of slightly weathered to highly competent bedrock. Ground-water flow paths in the lower zone are generally greater and recharge rates are longer than in the upper zone; confined conditions are common, especially at depth.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri994108","collaboration":"Adams County Office of Planning and Development","usgsCitation":"Low, D.J., and Dugas, D.L., 1999, Summary of hydrogeologic and ground-water-quality data and hydrogeologic framework at selected well sites, Adams County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4108, viii, 86 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994108.","productDescription":"viii, 86 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":2311,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4108/wri19994108.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6.97 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 1999-4108"},{"id":159423,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4108/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Director, Pennsylvania Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Pennsylvania Water Science Center
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070
A variety of elements and organic compounds have entered the environment as a result of human activities. Such substances find their way to aquatic sediments from direct discharges to waterways, atmospheric emissions, and runoff. Some of these chemicals are known to harm fish or wildlife, either by direct toxicity, by reducing viability, or by limiting reproductive success. In aquatic systems, sediments become the eventual sink for most of these chemicals. Analyzing the sediments provides a first step in a chemical inventory that can lead to an assessment of potential biological impacts (Kennicutt and others, 1994).
\nMany elements (iron, aluminum, calcium, and others) enter the environment from the natural weathering of rock. Additional amounts of elements have been contributed by human activities such as mining, metals production and processing, fossil fuel combustion, municipal waste incineration, and transportationrelated sources. The environmental presence of some elements, such as lead and mercury, is almost entirely due to human activity. Lead is often associated with the use of leaded gasoline and from the manufacture and disposal of lead storage batteries. Mercury was used historically in a variety of industrial processes and as a pesticide. Nriagu and Pacyna (1998) concluded that human activity is the “most important element in the global biogeochemical cycling of the trace metals.”
\nThe number of organic compounds in existence and their total production has more than tripled in the last century. Many of these compounds enter the environment directly as pesticides; others are inadvertently discharged. Some organic compounds have natural sources. Three general classes of organic compounds will be discussed: organochlorine compounds, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and phthalates.
\nAlmost all organochlorine compounds are manmade. Many are pesticides that were used widely in the 1950s–60s (DDT and chlordanes, for example). Use of most organochlorine pesticides was restricted or banned in the United States in the 1970s–80s. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are also organochlorine compounds; they were used for a variety of applications, but most commonly as insulators in electrical transformers and other equipment. In general, organochlorine compounds degrade very slowly in the environment and therefore, are routinely found in environmental samples, despite the fact that they are no longer used in the United States. They are hydrophobic that is they do not dissolve readily in water and, in aquatic systems, are almost exclusively associated with sediments or tissue. Because these compounds cause a variety of adverse health effects in wildlife, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has listed many as priority pollutants. Organochlorine compounds also have been implicated as endocrine disrupters— chemicals that can interfere with the normal function of hormones.
\nPolyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are found in sediments throughout the world (Hites and others, 1980). Their presence is thought to be primarily anthropogenic. PAHs occur naturally in petroleum products and also are produced during combustion. They enter the environment from fuel spills, tar coatings, coal and other fossil fuel usage, road dust, and from the atmospheric deposition of combustion products (Prahl and others, 1984; Wakeham and others, 1980). Urban areas often have high concentrations of PAHs because of transportation-related sources (vehicle exhaust, paving materials, and releases of fuel or oil). Natural sources, such as forest fires, may contribute small amounts of PAHs. Several PAHs are known carcinogens (benzo[a]pyrene, for example); 16 are listed as USEPA priority pollutants.
\nPhthalate compounds are often associated with urban areas. They are used in a wide variety of industrial applications and in inks, adhesives, resins, and as plasticizers (chemicals that increase the flexibility of plastics). In aquatic systems, phthalates are found mostly in sediments where they degrade very slowly. Phthalates are thought to be endocrine disrupters; Jobling and others (1995) found that some phthalates were weakly estrogenic. USEPA considers some phthalates to be possible carcinogens.
\nThis report describes the results of a reconnaissance survey of elements and organic compounds found in bed sediment and fish tissue in streams of the Tualatin River Basin. The basin is in northwestern Oregon to the west of the Portland metropolitan area (fig. 1). The Tualatin River flows for about 80 miles, draining an area of about 712 square miles, before it enters the Willamette River. Land use in the basin changes from mostly forested in the headwaters, to mixed forest and agriculture, to predominately urban. The basin supports a growing population of more than 350,000 people, most of whom live in lower parts of the basin. Water quality in the Tualatin River and its tributaries is expected to be affected by the increasing urbanization of the basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri994107","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Unified Sewerage Agency of Washington County, Oregon","usgsCitation":"Bonn, B.A., 1999, Selected elements and organic chemicals in bed sediment and fish tissue of the Tualatin River basin, Oregon, 1992-96: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4107, 61 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994107.","productDescription":"61 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157696,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4107/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":95589,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4107/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":407373,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22510.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Tualatin River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.4,\n 45.333\n ],\n [\n -122.667,\n 45.333\n ],\n [\n -122.667,\n 45.761\n ],\n [\n -123.4,\n 45.761\n ],\n [\n -123.4,\n 45.333\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa5b1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bonn, Bernadine A.","contributorId":105707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bonn","given":"Bernadine","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27114,"text":"wri994083 - 1999 - Effects of historical land-cover changes on flooding and sedimentation, North Fish Creek, Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-13T14:17:55","indexId":"wri994083","displayToPublicDate":"2001-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4083","title":"Effects of historical land-cover changes on flooding and sedimentation, North Fish Creek, Wisconsin","docAbstract":"North Fish Creek, a Wisconsin tributary to Lake Superior, is an important recreational fishery that is potentially limited by the loss of aquatic habitat caused by accelerated flooding and sedimentation. A study of the historical flooding and sedimentation characteristics of North Fish Creek was done to determine how North Fish Creek responded to human-caused changes in land cover since European settlement of the region in the 1870's. Geomorphic field evidence combined with hydrologic and sediment-transport modeling indicate that historical clear-cut logging, followed by agricultural activity, significantly altered the hydrologic and geomorphic conditions of North Fish Creek. The geomorphic responses to land-cover changes were especially sensitive to the location of the reaches along the main stem and on the timing of large floods.
\nOn the basis of geomorphic evidence in flood-plain deposits and abandoned channels, the size of floods and sediment loads also increased in North Fish Creek after conversion of forested land to cropland and pasture. Changes in channel characteristics were particularly noticeable after record floods in 1941 and 1946. The upper main stem channel bed eroded downward at least 3 meters and the channel capacity at least doubled after European settlement. In the lower stem, the post-settlement sedimentation rate on the flood plain and in the channel is 4 to 6 times pre-settlement rates. The water table also appears to be rising near the mouth of North Fish Creek, perhaps consistent with (1) elevated local streambed elevations caused by sedimentation and (2) a slow relative rise in the local level of Lake Superior due to crustal rebound from glaciation. Along a transitional reach of the main stem between the upper and lower main stem, there is evidence of accelerated flood-plain sedimentation initially following European settlement. Since at least the 1940's, however, the channel bed in the transitional reach has eroded about 1 meter and the channel capacity has at least doubled.
\nResults from hydrologic and sediment-transport modeling indicate that modern flood peaks and sediment loads in North Fish Creek may be double that expected under pre-settlement forest cover. During maximum agricultural activity in the mid-1920's to mid-1930's, flood peaks probably were about 3 times larger and sediment loads were about 5 times larger than expected under pre-settlement forest cover. These results indicate that future changes from pasture or cropland to forest will help reduce flood peaks, thereby reducing erosion and sedimentation. The addition of detention basins (to decrease flood peaks) on tributaries to North Fish Creek, or bank and instream restoration (to decrease erosion) in the upper main stem, also may help reduce the contribution of sediment from the upper main stem to the transitional section and lower main stem of the creek.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri994083","usgsCitation":"Fitzpatrick, F.A., Knox, J.C., and Whitman, H.E., 1999, Effects of historical land-cover changes on flooding and sedimentation, North Fish Creek, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4083, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994083.","productDescription":"12 p.","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":2220,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4083/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":126764,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4083/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Bayfield County","otherGeospatial":"Chequamegon Bay, Fish Creek, Lake Superior","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.49688720703125,\n 46.4056700993737\n ],\n [\n -91.49688720703125,\n 46.64377960861833\n ],\n [\n -90.94482421875,\n 46.64377960861833\n ],\n [\n -90.94482421875,\n 46.4056700993737\n ],\n [\n -91.49688720703125,\n 46.4056700993737\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad0e4b07f02db6809a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fitzpatrick, Faith A. fafitzpa@usgs.gov","contributorId":1182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzpatrick","given":"Faith","email":"fafitzpa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":476,"text":"North Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":197572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knox, James C.","contributorId":62247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knox","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Whitman, Heather E.","contributorId":64293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitman","given":"Heather","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":28185,"text":"wri994055 - 1999 - Ground water near Ottumwa, Wapello County, Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:45","indexId":"wri994055","displayToPublicDate":"2001-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4055","title":"Ground water near Ottumwa, Wapello County, Iowa","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri994055","usgsCitation":"Kuzniar, R.L., 1999, Ground water near Ottumwa, Wapello County, Iowa: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4055, iv, 24 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994055.","productDescription":"iv, 24 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":95703,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4055/report.pdf","size":"1903","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159241,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4055/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d741","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kuzniar, Ronald L.","contributorId":28582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuzniar","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28478,"text":"wri994057 - 1999 - Quality-assurance results for routine water analyses in US Geological Survey laboratories, water year 1997","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:48","indexId":"wri994057","displayToPublicDate":"2001-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4057","title":"Quality-assurance results for routine water analyses in US Geological Survey laboratories, water year 1997","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey :\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri994057","usgsCitation":"Ludtke, A.S., Woodworth, M.T., and Marsh, P.S., 1999, Quality-assurance results for routine water analyses in US Geological Survey laboratories, water year 1997: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4057, ix, 186 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994057.","productDescription":"ix, 186 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159100,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4057/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57278,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4057/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a87e4b07f02db64eb69","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ludtke, Amy S. asludtke@usgs.gov","contributorId":4735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ludtke","given":"Amy","email":"asludtke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":199875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Woodworth, Mark T. woodwort@usgs.gov","contributorId":3452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodworth","given":"Mark","email":"woodwort@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":199874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Marsh, Philip S.","contributorId":85228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marsh","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":26951,"text":"wri994098 - 1999 - Channel-pattern adjustments and geomorphic characteristics of Elkhead Creek, Colorado, 1937-97","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:30","indexId":"wri994098","displayToPublicDate":"2001-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4098","title":"Channel-pattern adjustments and geomorphic characteristics of Elkhead Creek, Colorado, 1937-97","docAbstract":"Onsite channel surveys and sediment measurements made in 1997, aerial photographs taken from 1937 through 1993, and streamflowgaging- station record from 1954 to 1996 were used to determine the probable cause of accelerated streambed and streambank erosion in the lower reaches of Elkhead Creek, a perennial, meandering tributary of the Yampa River. Concern about the possible effects of Elkhead Reservoir, constructed in 1974, has been expressed by landowners living downstream. Evidence cited as an indication of reservoirrelated effects include the trapping of bedloadtransported sediment in the reservoir, vertical incision of the streambed, and lateral erosion causing loss of agricultural land. A large deltaic deposit composed of approximately 163 acre-ft of bedload-transported sediment formed in Elkhead Reservoir between 1974 and 1993, the contemporary bankfull stage of Elkhead Creek is several feet below the elevation of a broad terrace that previously was the flood plain, and lateral erosion at meander bends occurs at a higher rate than in previous periods at some locations.Elkhead Creek meander migration rates were used as a measure of lateral instability in the study reaches. Meander migration rates based on changes in channel centerline position were calculated for three periods from five sets of rectified aerial photographs for reaches upstream and downstream from the reservoir. The creek upstream from Elkhead Reservoir was unaffected by impoundment and was used as the control reach. Mean meander migration rates in the downstream study reach were 1.2 ft/yr from 1938 to 1953, 2.5 ft/yr from 1954 to 1970, and 4.8 ft/yr from 1978 to 1993, compared to rates of 0.5 ft/yr, 1.6 ft/yr, and 6.6 ft/yr for the same periods in the upstream study reach. Sediment and channel-geometry measurements and estimated hydraulic conditions at eight cross sections indicate that most of the sediment sizes represented in the streambed are mobile at frequently occurring streamflows; those streamflows are less than or equal to the bankfull discharge of approximately 1,800 to 2,200 cubic feet per second. Discharge data from 1954 through 1996 recorded at a site upstream from the reservoir were examined to determine the effect of hydrology on meander migration rates. The discharge data were assumed to be representative of the total streamflow and flood hydrology of both the upstream and downstream reaches because Elkhead Reservoir normally has a full pool. Mean annual streamflow increased 122 percent, and the mean annual flood increased 130 percent from the pre-regulation period (1954 to 1970) to the post-regulation period (1978 to 1993), a possible explanation for much of the increase observed in meander migration rate in both the upstream and downstream reaches in the period after reservoir construction. Channel instability, quantified by meander migration rates, has increased throughout Elkhead Creek since 1977. The most probable cause is a combination of external factors affecting the 2 Channel-Pattern Adjustments and Geomorphic Characteristics of Elkhead Creek, Colorado, 1937-97 entire watershed, such as changes in annual runoff and flood magnitude and sedimentation in Elkhead Reservoir. Local land-use practices, such as intentional meander cutoff and riparian vegetation removal, also can decrease channel stability, but these factors were not addressed in this study. ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey :\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri994098","usgsCitation":"Elliott, J.G., and Gyetvai, S., 1999, Channel-pattern adjustments and geomorphic characteristics of Elkhead Creek, Colorado, 1937-97: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4098, iv, 39 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994098.","productDescription":"iv, 39 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158253,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":2035,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri994098","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e4e4b07f02db5e5f90","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elliott, John G. jelliott@usgs.gov","contributorId":832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"John","email":"jelliott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":197304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gyetvai, Stevan","contributorId":58684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gyetvai","given":"Stevan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28774,"text":"wri994229 - 1999 - Volatile organic compounds in ground water of the lower Illinois River basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:52","indexId":"wri994229","displayToPublicDate":"2001-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4229","title":"Volatile organic compounds in ground water of the lower Illinois River basin","docAbstract":"Water samples collected from 60 wells in the lower Illinois River Basin (LIRB) in 1996 were sampled and analyzed for 73 volatile organic compounds (VOC?s). There were only six VOC detections in more than 4,300 analyses of the ground-water samples: three detections of chloroform, one detection of carbon tetrachloride, one detection of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), and one detection of 1,2,3,4-tetramethyl benzene (TeMB). VOC concentrations ranged from 0.22 to 4.7 micrograms per liter (?g/L), with only one VOC concentration greater than 1 ?g/L. A VOC was detected in one sample from the deep glacial drift aquifer, indicating that shallow aquifers may be more susceptible to VOC contamination than deep aquifers.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri994229","usgsCitation":"Morrow, W.S., 1999, Volatile organic compounds in ground water of the lower Illinois River basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4229, 1 folded sheet; 6 p. :col. maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994229.","productDescription":"1 folded sheet; 6 p. :col. maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2312,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://il.water.usgs.gov/pubsearch/reports.cgi/view?series=WRIR&number=99-4229","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":159629,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4229/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57648,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4229/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd9c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morrow, William S. 0000-0002-2250-3165 wsmorrow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2250-3165","contributorId":1886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morrow","given":"William","email":"wsmorrow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":200375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26146,"text":"wri994238 - 1999 - Monitoring nutrients in the major rivers draining to Chesapeake Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:32","indexId":"wri994238","displayToPublicDate":"2001-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4238","title":"Monitoring nutrients in the major rivers draining to Chesapeake Bay","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri994238","usgsCitation":"Belval, D.L., and Sprague, L.A., 1999, Monitoring nutrients in the major rivers draining to Chesapeake Bay: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4238, 8 p. :col. ill., col. maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994238.","productDescription":"8 p. :col. ill., col. maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2075,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri994238","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":158414,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db6990d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Belval, Donna L.","contributorId":66736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belval","given":"Donna","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sprague, Lori A. 0000-0003-2832-6662 lsprague@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2832-6662","contributorId":726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sprague","given":"Lori","email":"lsprague@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":509,"text":"Office of the Associate Director for Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":195897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26173,"text":"wri994105 - 1999 - Streamflow gains and losses in the lower Boise River basin, Idaho, 1996-97","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-19T18:10:46.550979","indexId":"wri994105","displayToPublicDate":"2001-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4105","title":"Streamflow gains and losses in the lower Boise River basin, Idaho, 1996-97","docAbstract":"Information on streamflow gains and losses \nin the lower Boise River Basin is needed by the \nIdaho Department of Water Resources to determine recharge to and discharge from the ground- \nwater system. A method was developed to select \ncanal and creek reaches such that a minimum of \ntwo reaches were measured in each of 12 different \nareas that share a set of common environmental \ncharacteristics. After a large number of environmental characteristics were evaluated, soil type, \nland use, and canal density were selected to define \nthe 12 areas.\nSeepage runs were made on 39 irrigation \ncanal and creek reaches in the lower Boise River \nBasin in June-July and September 1996. During \nthe June-July seepage runs, irrigation canals \ngained and lost water, whereas in September, most \nreaches lost. No substantial differences were noted \nin the median and spread of flow gains and losses \nwithin the 12 areas; therefore, no direct relation \ncould be defined between seepage and environmental areas.\nSeepage runs were made on three reaches of \nthe lower Boise River in November 1996 to identify flow gains and losses after the irrigation season. The two upstream reaches had net gains, \nwhereas the most downstream reach, near the confluence with the Snake River, had a net loss. The \ntotal gain to the river from the three reaches was \n90.71 cubic feet per second.\nBecause of potential flooding in March 1997, \nwater was diverted from the Boise River into the \nNew York Canal to reduce flows in the river. This \nallowed a seepage run on the canal when there \nwere no irrigation diversions or return flows. Subsequently, two seepage runs were made in March \nwhen flows near Diversion Dam were about 440 \nand 860 cubic feet per second. Both gains and \nlosses were measured along the canal, but losses \nwere dominant. Total loss from the canal during \nthe first seepage run was -54 cubic feet per second; \nduring the second, -143 cubic feet per second. Sixteen wells near the canal were measured weekly \nfrom the last week in February through mid-June. \nGenerally, water levels decreased from February \nto mid-April and then increased through June. \nPaired wells near the canal indicated downward \nmovement of water, probably recharge from canal \nlosses.\nStudy results indicate that additional seepage \nruns are needed on irrigation canals and creeks, \nthe Boise River, and the New York Canal. Piezometers installed at different depths are needed to better define vertical ground-water movement and \ngradients. Additional work is needed to determine \nhow seepage in canals and streams relates to environmental characteristics.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri994105","collaboration":"In cooperation with the Idaho Department of Water Resources","usgsCitation":"Berenbrock, C., 1999, Streamflow gains and losses in the lower Boise River basin, Idaho, 1996-97: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4105, iv, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994105.","productDescription":"iv, 25 p.","numberOfPages":"32","temporalStart":"1996-01-01","temporalEnd":"1997-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":406988,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_19553.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":158043,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4105/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":95587,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4105/report.pdf","size":"3714","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"projection":"Albers Equal-Area projection","country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Boise River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.86981201171875,\n 43.401056495052906\n ],\n [\n -115.71899414062499,\n 43.401056495052906\n ],\n [\n -115.71899414062499,\n 43.8028187190472\n ],\n [\n -116.86981201171875,\n 43.8028187190472\n ],\n [\n -116.86981201171875,\n 43.401056495052906\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4de2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berenbrock, Charles","contributorId":30598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berenbrock","given":"Charles","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28387,"text":"wri994076 - 1999 - Hydrogeologic framework and sampling design for an assessment of agricultural pesticides in ground water in Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-12T09:43:46","indexId":"wri994076","displayToPublicDate":"2001-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4076","title":"Hydrogeologic framework and sampling design for an assessment of agricultural pesticides in ground water in Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"State agencies responsible for regulating pesticides are required by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to develop state management plans for specific pesticides. A key part of these management plans includes assessing the potential for contamination of ground water by pesticides throughout the state. As an example of how a statewide assessment could be implemented, a plan is presented for the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania to illustrate how a hydrogeologic framework can be used as a basis for sampling areas within a state with the highest likelihood of having elevated pesticide concentrations in ground water. The framework was created by subdividing the state into 20 areas on the basis of physiography and aquifer type. Each of these 20 hydrogeologic settings is relatively homogeneous with respect to aquifer susceptibility and pesticide use—factors that would be likely to affect pesticide concentrations in ground water. Existing data on atrazine occurrence in ground water was analyzed to determine (1) which areas of the state already have sufficient samples collected to make statistical comparisons among hydrogeologic settings, and (2) the effect of factors such as land use and aquifer characteristics on pesticide occurrence. The theoretical vulnerability and the results of the data analysis were used to rank each of the 20 hydrogeologic settings on the basis of vulnerability of ground water to contamination by pesticides. Example sampling plans are presented for nine of the hydrogeologic settings that lack sufficient data to assess vulnerability to contamination. Of the highest priority areas of the state, two out of four have been adequately sampled, one of the three areas of moderate to high priority has been adequately sampled, four of the nine areas of moderate to low priority have been adequately sampled, and none of the three low priority areas have been sampled.
Sampling to date has shown that, even in the most vulnerable hydrogeologic settings, pesticide concentrations in ground water rarely exceed U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Drinking Water Standards or Health Advisory Levels. Analyses of samples from 1,159 private water supplies reveal only 3 sites for which samples with concentrations of pesticides exceeded drinking-water standards. In most cases, samples with elevated concentrations could be traced to point sources at pesticide loading or mixing areas. These analyses included data from some of the most vulnerable areas of the state, indicating that it is highly unlikely that pesticide concentrations in water from wells in other areas of the state would exceed the drinking-water standards unless a point source of contamination were present. Analysis of existing data showed that water from wells in areas of the state underlain by carbonate (limestone and dolomite) bedrock, which commonly have a high percentage of corn production, was much more likely to have pesticides detected. Application of pesticides to the land surface generally has not caused concentrations of the five state priority pesticides in ground water to exceed health standards; however, this study has not evaluated the potential human health effects of mixtures of pesticides or pesticide degradation products in drinking water. This study also has not determined whether concentrations in ground water are stable, increasing, or decreasing.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri994076","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture","usgsCitation":"Lindsey, B., and Bickford, T.M., 1999, Hydrogeologic framework and sampling design for an assessment of agricultural pesticides in ground water in Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4076, v, 44 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994076.","productDescription":"v, 44 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125175,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4076/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":2280,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4076/wri19994076.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.75 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 1999-4076"}],"contact":"Director, Pennsylvania Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Pennsylvania Water Science Center
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070
","tableOfContents":"
The effects of lithologic changes on the water quality of the Kuskokwim River, Alaska, were evaluated by the U.S. Geological Survey in June 1997. Water, suspended sediments, and bed sediments were sampled from the Kusko-kwim River and from three tributaries, the Holitna River, Red Devil Creek, and Crooked Creek. Dissolved boron, chromium, copper, manganese, zinc, aluminum, lithium, barium, iron, antimony, arsenic, mercury, and strontium were detected. Dissolved manganese and iron concentrations were three and four times higher in the Holitna River than in the Kusko-kwim River. Finely divided ferruginous materials found in the graywacke and shale units of the Kuskokwim Group are the probable source of the iron. The highest concentrations of dissolved strontium and barium were found at McGrath, and the limestone present in the upper basin was the most probable source of strontium. The total mercury concentrations on the Kuskokwim River decreased downstream from McGrath. Dissolved mercury was 24 to 32 percent of the total concentration. The highest concentrations of total mercury, and of dissolved antimony and arsenic were found in Red Devil Creek. The higher concentrations from Red Devil Creek did not affect the main stem mercury transport because the tributary was small relative to the Kuskokwim River. In Red Devil Creek, total mercury exceeded the concentration at which the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) indicates that aquatic life is affected and dissolved arsenic exceeded the USEPA's drinking-water standard. Background mercury and antimony concentrations in bed sediments ranged from 0.09 to 0.15 micrograms per gram for mercury and from 1.6 to 2.1 micrograms per gram for antimony. Background arsenic concentrations were greater than 27 micrograms per gram. Sites near the Red Devil mercury mine had mercury and antimony concentrations greater than background concentrations. These concentrations probably reflect the proximity to the ore body and past mining. Crooked Creek had mercury concentrations greater than the background concentration. The transport of suspended sediment-associated trace elements was lower for all elements in the lower river than in the upper river, indicating storage of sediments and their associated metals within the river system.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Anchorage, AK","doi":"10.3133/wri994177","usgsCitation":"Wang, B., 1999, Spatial distribution of chemical constituents in the Kuskokwim River, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4177, iv, 33 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.; 12 illus.; 9 tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994177.","productDescription":"iv, 33 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.; 12 illus.; 9 tables","startPage":"1","endPage":"33","numberOfPages":"37","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":59156,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4177/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159689,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4177/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e47ece4b07f02db4bf73a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wang, Bronwen 0000-0003-1044-2227 bwang@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1044-2227","contributorId":2351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"Bronwen","email":"bwang@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":203141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25560,"text":"wri994070 - 1999 - Ground-water resources in Kaloko-Honokohau National Historical Park, Island of Hawaii, and numerical simulation of the effects of ground-water withdrawals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-13T20:46:52.570508","indexId":"wri994070","displayToPublicDate":"2001-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4070","title":"Ground-water resources in Kaloko-Honokohau National Historical Park, Island of Hawaii, and numerical simulation of the effects of ground-water withdrawals","docAbstract":"Within the Kaloko-Honokohau National Historical Park, which was established in 1978, the ground-water flow system is composed of brackish water overlying saltwater. Ground-water levels measured in the Park range from about 1 to 2 feet above mean sea level, and fluctuate daily by about 0.5 to 1.5 feet in response to ocean tides. The brackish water is formed by mixing of seaward flowing fresh ground water with underlying saltwater from the ocean. The major source of fresh ground water is from subsurface flow originating from inland areas to the east of the Park. Ground-water recharge from the direct infiltration of precipitation within the Park area, which has land-surface altitudes less than 100 feet, is small because of low rainfall and high rates of evaporation. Brackish water flowing through the Park ultimately discharges to the fishponds in the Park or to the ocean. The ground water, fishponds, and anchialine ponds in the Park are hydrologically connected; thus, the water levels in the ponds mark the local position of the water table. \r\n\r\nWithin the Park, ground water near the water table is brackish; measured chloride concentrations of water samples from three exploratory wells in the Park range from 2,610 to 5,910 milligrams per liter. Chromium and copper were detected in water samples from the three wells in the Park and one well upgradient of the Park at concentrations of 1 to 5 micrograms per liter. One semi-volatile organic compound, phenol, was detected in water samples from the three wells in the Park at concentrations between 4 and 10 micrograms per liter. \r\n\r\nA regional, two-dimensional (areal), freshwater-saltwater, sharp-interface ground-water flow model was used to simulate the effects of regional withdrawals on ground-water flow within the Park. For average 1978 withdrawal rates, the estimated rate of fresh ground-water discharge to the ocean within the Park is about 6.48 million gallons per day, or about 3 million gallons per day per mile of coastline. Although the coastal discharge within the Park is actually brackish water, the model assumes that freshwater and saltwater do not mix and therefore the model-calculated coastal discharge within the Park is in the form of freshwater discharge.\r\n\r\nModel results indicate that ground-water withdrawals in excess of average 1978 withdrawal rates will reduce the rate of freshwater coastal discharge within the Park. Withdrawals from wells directly upgradient of the Park had the greatest effect on the model-calculated freshwater coastal discharge within the Park, whereas withdrawals from wells south of Papa Bay had little effect on the freshwater discharge within the Park. For an increased ground-water withdrawal rate of 56.8 million gallons per day, relative to average 1978 withdrawal rates in the Kona area, model-calculated freshwater coastal discharge within the Park was reduced by about 47 percent.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri994070","usgsCitation":"Oki, D.S., Tribble, G.W., Souza, W.R., and Bolke, E.L., 1999, Ground-water resources in Kaloko-Honokohau National Historical Park, Island of Hawaii, and numerical simulation of the effects of ground-water withdrawals: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4070, vi, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994070.","productDescription":"vi, 49 p.","costCenters":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157732,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4070/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":95537,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4070/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":414047,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_23011.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kaloko-Honokohau National Historical Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -156.05,\n 19.7\n ],\n [\n -156.05,\n 19.667\n ],\n [\n -156.017,\n 19.667\n ],\n [\n -156.017,\n 19.7\n ],\n [\n -156.05,\n 19.7\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db6986e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oki, Delwyn S. 0000-0002-6913-8804 dsoki@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6913-8804","contributorId":1901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oki","given":"Delwyn","email":"dsoki@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":194194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tribble, Gordon W. gtribble@usgs.gov","contributorId":2643,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tribble","given":"Gordon","email":"gtribble@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":194195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Souza, William R.","contributorId":90295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Souza","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bolke, Edward L.","contributorId":44957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bolke","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":25453,"text":"wri994060 - 1999 - Distribution and transport of total mercury and methylmercury in mercury-contaminated sediments in reservoirs and wetlands of the Sudbury River, east-central Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:15","indexId":"wri994060","displayToPublicDate":"2001-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4060","title":"Distribution and transport of total mercury and methylmercury in mercury-contaminated sediments in reservoirs and wetlands of the Sudbury River, east-central Massachusetts","docAbstract":"Total mercury and methylmercury were measured in 4 reservoir cores and 12 wetland cores from Sudbury River. The distribution of total mercury and methylmercury in these cores was evaluated to determine the potential for total mercury and methylmercury transport from reservoir and wetlands sediments to the water column. Concentrations of methylmercury were corrected for an analytical artifact introduced during the separation distillation used in the analysis procedure. Corrected methylmercury concentrations correlated with total mercury concentrations in bulk sediment from below the top layers of reservoir and wetland cores; methylmercury concentrations at the top layers of cores were relatively high, however, and were not correlated with total mercury concentrations. Concentrations of methylmercury in pore water were positively correlated with methylmercury concentrations in the bulk sediment. High concentrations of total mercury and methylmercury in sediment (73 and 0.047 micrograms per gram dry-weight basis, respectively) contributed less to the water column in the reservoir than in the wetlands probably because of burial by low concentration sediment and differences in the processes available to transport mercury from the sediments to the water in the reservoirs, as compared to the wetlands .","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri994060","usgsCitation":"Colman, J.A., Waldron, M.C., Breault, R., and Lent, R.M., 1999, Distribution and transport of total mercury and methylmercury in mercury-contaminated sediments in reservoirs and wetlands of the Sudbury River, east-central Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4060, iv, 15 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994060.","productDescription":"iv, 15 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1833,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri994060/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":122694,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_99_4060.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db64937c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colman, John A. 0000-0001-9327-0779 jacolman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9327-0779","contributorId":2098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colman","given":"John","email":"jacolman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":193757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Waldron, Marcus C. mwaldron@usgs.gov","contributorId":1867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waldron","given":"Marcus","email":"mwaldron@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":193756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Breault, Robert F. 0000-0002-2517-407X rbreault@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2517-407X","contributorId":2219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Breault","given":"Robert F.","email":"rbreault@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":193758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lent, Robert M. rmlent@usgs.gov","contributorId":284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lent","given":"Robert","email":"rmlent@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":193755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":25481,"text":"wri984268 - 1999 - Environmental setting of the upper Illinois River basin and implications for water quality","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-20T09:41:08","indexId":"wri984268","displayToPublicDate":"2001-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4268","displayTitle":"Environmental Setting of the Upper Illinois River Basin and Implications for Water Quality","title":"Environmental setting of the upper Illinois River basin and implications for water quality","docAbstract":"The upper Illinois River Basin (UIRB) is the 10,949 square mile drainage area upstream from Ottawa, Illinois, on the Illinois River. The UIRB is one of 13 studies that began in 1996 as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment program. A compilation of environmental data from Federal, State, and local agencies provides a description of the environmental setting of the UIRB. Environmental data include natural factors such as bedrock geology, physiography and surficial geology, soils, vegetation, climate, and ecoregions; and human factors such as land use, urbanization trends, and population change. Characterization of the environmental setting is useful for understanding the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of surface and ground water in the UIRB and the possible implications of that environmental setting for water quality. Some of the possible implications identified include depletion of dissolved oxygen because of high concentrations of organic matter in wastewater, increased flooding because of suburbanization, elevated arsenic concentrations in ground water because of weathering of shale bedrock, and decreasing ground-water levels because of heavy pumping of water from the bedrock aquifers.
","language":"English","publisher":" U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri984268","collaboration":"National Water-Quality Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"Arnold, T., Sullivan, D.J., Harris, M.A., Fitzpatrick, F.A., Scudder, B.C., Ruhl, P.M., Hanchar, D.W., and Stewart, J.S., 1999, Environmental setting of the upper Illinois River basin and implications for water quality: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4268, vii, 67 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984268.","productDescription":"vii, 67 p.","costCenters":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157129,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4268/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":1850,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4268/wrir98_4268.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.01 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 98–4268"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Indiana, Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89,\n 40.25\n ],\n [\n -85.75,\n 40.25\n ],\n [\n -85.75,\n 43.25\n ],\n [\n -89,\n 43.25\n ],\n [\n -89,\n 40.25\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Central Midwest Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
405 North Goodwin
Urbana, IL 61801
From 1995 through 1998, water-quality and aquatic-biological samples were collected, processed, and analyzed for the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program in the Upper Mississippi River Basin in Minnesota and Wisconsin. Sites were selected and samples collected for integrated studies designed to provide a comprehensive description of water-quality conditions, to identify trends, and to determine the factors that affect existing conditions.
\nThis report describes the design, site-selection, and implementation of the study. Methods used to collect, process, and analyze samples; characterize sites; and assess habitat are described. A comprehensive list of sample sites is provided. Sample analyses for water-quality studies included chlorophyll a, major inorganic constituents, nutrients, trace elements, tritium, radon, environmental isotopes, organic carbon, pesticides, volatile organic compounds, and other synthetic and naturallyoccurring organic compounds. Aquatic-biological samples included fish, benthic macroinvertebrates, and algal enumeration and identification, as well as synthetic-organic compounds and trace elements in fish tissue.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri994135","usgsCitation":"Stark, J.R., Fallon, J.D., Fong, A.L., Goldstein, R.M., Hanson, P.E., Kroening, S., and Lee, K.E., 1999, Water-quality assessment of part of the upper Mississippi River basin, Minnesota and Wisconsin — Design and implementation of water-quality studies, 1995-98: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4135, vii, 85 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994135.","productDescription":"vii, 85 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science 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-91.3348388671875, 46.18363372751015 ], [ -91.3238525390625, 46.145588688591964 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e7117","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stark, James R. stark@usgs.gov","contributorId":289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stark","given":"James","email":"stark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":195208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fallon, J. D.","contributorId":57478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fallon","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fong, A. L.","contributorId":58309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fong","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Goldstein, R. M.","contributorId":98305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldstein","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hanson, P. E.","contributorId":58683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kroening, S. E.","contributorId":31793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kroening","given":"S. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Lee, K. E.","contributorId":100014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":25498,"text":"wri984208 - 1999 - Evaluation of surface-water/ground-water interactions in the Santa Clara River Valley, Ventura County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:14","indexId":"wri984208","displayToPublicDate":"2001-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4208","title":"Evaluation of surface-water/ground-water interactions in the Santa Clara River Valley, Ventura County, California","docAbstract":"The interactions of surface water and ground water along the Santa Clara River in Ventura County, California, were evaluated by analyzing river-discharge and water-quality data and geohydrologic information collected by the U.S. Geological Survey between 1993 and 1995 for the Piru, Fillmore, and Santa Paula subbasins. Measurements of discharge and water quality were made at multiple locations along the Santa Clara River and its tributaries at eight different time periods during different releases from Lake Piru. Geologic, hydraulic, and water-quality data were collected from three new multiple-completion ground-water monitoring wells. These data, together with data collected as part of the U.S. Geological Survey Southern California Regional Aquifer-System Analysis (RASA) study, were analyzed in order to quantify rates and locations of ground-water recharge and discharge within the river, characterize the correlation of recharge and discharge rates with ground-water conditions and reservoir releases, and better characterize the three-dimensional ground-water flow system.\r\n Analysis of the data indicates that the largest amount of ground-water recharge from the river consistently occurs in the Piru subbasin. Some ground-water recharge from the river may occur in the upper part of the Fillmore subbasin. Increases in sulfate concentrations indicate that increases in flow at the lower ends of the Piru and Fillmore subbasins result from high-sulfate ground-water discharge. Increases in flow in the lower part of the Santa Paula subbasin are not accompanied by significant sulfate increases. Several sets of regressions indicate possible correlation between net flow changes in the river and depths to ground water and release rates from Lake Piru. These statistical relations may be of use for evaluating alternative Lake Piru release strategies.\r\n Data on the stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen from the ground-water monitoring wells that were installed as part of this investigation were used to distinguish between zones affected by recharge from the Santa Clara River and zones affected by recharge from local precipitation. Tritium data from a new multiple-completion monitoring site indicate that near the river in the upper Santa Paula subbasin, recent (post-1950) recharge water is not present at depths greater than about 350 feet below land surface. Water-level and lithologic data from the monitoring site indicate that the river and the Shallow aquifer have only limited hydraulic connection to the underlying aquifers at this location. Water-level data from the Shallow aquifer and from an in-stream drive point were used in an analytic model to estimate hydraulic properties governing stream?aquifer interactions in the upper Santa Paula subbasin. Hydraulic conductivities in all the USGS monitoring wells were estimated on the basis of slug tests.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri984208","usgsCitation":"Reichard, E.G., Crawford, S.M., Paybins, K.S., Martin, P., Land, M., and Nishikawa, T., 1999, Evaluation of surface-water/ground-water interactions in the Santa Clara River Valley, Ventura County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4208, v, 58 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984208.","productDescription":"v, 58 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":95533,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4208/report.pdf","size":"7530","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":157051,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4208/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac5e4b07f02db679dcf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reichard, Eric George 0000-0002-7310-3866","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7310-3866","contributorId":86807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reichard","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"George","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crawford, Steven M.","contributorId":80714,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crawford","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Paybins, Katherine S. 0000-0002-3967-5043 kpaybins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3967-5043","contributorId":2805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paybins","given":"Katherine","email":"kpaybins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":642,"text":"West Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":193941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Martin, Peter pmmartin@usgs.gov","contributorId":799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Peter","email":"pmmartin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":193938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Land, Michael 0000-0001-5141-0307 mtland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5141-0307","contributorId":1479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Land","given":"Michael","email":"mtland@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":193939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Nishikawa, Tracy 0000-0002-7348-3838 tnish@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7348-3838","contributorId":1515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nishikawa","given":"Tracy","email":"tnish@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":193940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":25581,"text":"wri984202 - 1999 - Hydrogeology of the upper Floridan Aquifer in the vicinity of the Marine Corps Logistics Base near Albany, Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-31T10:13:40","indexId":"wri984202","displayToPublicDate":"2001-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4202","title":"Hydrogeology of the upper Floridan Aquifer in the vicinity of the Marine Corps Logistics Base near Albany, Georgia","docAbstract":"In 1995, the U.S. Navy requested that the U.S. Geological Survey conduct an investigation to describe the hydrogeology of the Upper Floridan aquifer in the vicinity of the Marine Corps Logistics Base, southeast and adjacent to Albany, Georgia. The study area encompasses about 90 square miles in the Dougherty Plain District of the Coastal Plain physiographic province, in Dougherty and Worth Counties-the Marine Corps Logistics Base encompasses about 3,600 acres in the central part of the study area.\r\n\r\nThe Upper Floridan aquifer is the shallowest, most widely used source of drinking water for domestic use in the Albany area. The hydrogeologic framework of this aquifer was delineated by description of the geologic and hydrogeologic units that compose the aquifer; evaluation of the lithologic and hydrologic heterogeneity of the aquifer; comparison of the geologic and hydrogeologic setting beneath the base with those of the surrounding area; and determination of ground-water-flow directions, and vertical hydraulic conductivities and gradients in the aquifer.\r\n\r\nThe Upper Floridan aquifer is composed of the Suwannee Limestone and Ocala Limestone and is divided into an upper and lower water-bearing zone. The aquifer is confined below by the Lisbon Formation and is semi-confined above by a low-permeability clay layer in the undifferentiated overburden. The thickness of the aquifer ranges from about 165 feet in the northeastern part of the study area, to about 325 feet in the southeastern part of the study area. Based on slug tests conducted by a U.S. Navy contractor, the upper water-bearing zone has low horizontal hydraulic conductivity (0.0224 to 2.07 feet per day) and a low vertical hydraulic conductivity (0.0000227 to 0.510 feet per day); the lower water-bearing zone has a horizontal hydraulic conductivity that ranges from 0.0134 to 2.95 feet per day.\r\n\r\nWater-level hydrographs of continuously monitored wells on the Marine Corps Logistics Base show excellent correlation between ground-water level and stage of the Flint River. Ground-water-flow direction in the southwestern part of the base generally is southeast to northwest; whereas, in the northeastern part of the base, flow directions generally are east to west, as well as from west to east, thus creating a ground-water low. Ground-water flow in the larger study area generally is east to west towards the Flint River, with a major ground-water-flow path existing from the Pelham Escarpment to the Flint River and a seasonal cone of depression the size of which is dependent upon the magnitude of irrigation pumping during the summer months.\r\n\r\nCalculated vertical hydraulic gradients (based upon data from 11 well-cluster sites on the Marine Corps Logistics Base) range from 0.0016 to 0.1770 foot per foot, and generally are highest in the central and eastern parts of the base. The vertical gradient is downward at all well-cluster sites. \r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri984202","usgsCitation":"McSwain, K.B., 1999, Hydrogeology of the upper Floridan Aquifer in the vicinity of the Marine Corps Logistics Base near Albany, Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4202, v, 49 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984202.","productDescription":"v, 49 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157202,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4202/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":95542,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4202/report.pdf","size":"7883","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":13473,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wrir98-4202/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","city":"Albany","otherGeospatial":"Marine Corps Logistics Base, Upper Floridan Aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.30496215820312,\n 31.21045241900757\n ],\n [\n -84.30496215820312,\n 31.668577131274454\n ],\n [\n -83.583984375,\n 31.668577131274454\n ],\n [\n -83.583984375,\n 31.21045241900757\n ],\n [\n -84.30496215820312,\n 31.21045241900757\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad7e4b07f02db6844a4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McSwain, Kristen Bukowski kmcswain@usgs.gov","contributorId":1606,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McSwain","given":"Kristen","email":"kmcswain@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Bukowski","affiliations":[{"id":476,"text":"North Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":194280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25697,"text":"wri994032 - 1999 - Peak-flow frequency relations and evaluation of the peak-flow gaging network in Nebraska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-10T22:22:38.845979","indexId":"wri994032","displayToPublicDate":"2001-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4032","title":"Peak-flow frequency relations and evaluation of the peak-flow gaging network in Nebraska","docAbstract":"Estimates of peak-flow magnitude and frequency are required for the efficient design of structures that convey flood flows or occupy floodways, such as bridges, culverts, and roads. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Nebraska Department of Roads, conducted a study to update peak-flow frequency analyses for selected streamflow-gaging stations, develop a new set of peak-flow frequency relations for ungaged streams, and evaluate the peak-flow gaging-station network for Nebraska. Data from stations located in or within about 50 miles of Nebraska were analyzed using guidelines of the Interagency Advisory Committee on Water Data in Bulletin 17B. New generalized skew relations were developed for use in frequency analyses of unregulated streams. Thirty-three drainage-basin characteristics related to morphology, soils, and precipitation were quantified using a geographic information system, related computer programs, and digital spatial data.For unregulated streams, eight sets of regional regression equations relating drainage-basin to peak-flow characteristics were developed for seven regions of the state using a generalized least squares procedure. Two sets of regional peak-flow frequency equations were developed for basins with average soil permeability greater than 4 inches per hour, and six sets of equations were developed for specific geographic areas, usually based on drainage-basin boundaries. Standard errors of estimate for the 100-year frequency equations (1percent probability) ranged from 12.1 to 63.8 percent. For regulated reaches of nine streams, graphs of peak flow for standard frequencies and distance upstream of the mouth were estimated.The regional networks of streamflow-gaging stations on unregulated streams were analyzed to evaluate how additional data might affect the average sampling errors of the newly developed peak-flow equations for the 100-year frequency occurrence. Results indicated that data from new stations, rather than more data from existing stations, probably would produce the greatest reduction in average sampling errors of the equations.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri994032","usgsCitation":"Soenksen, P.J., Miller, L.D., Sharpe, J.B., and Watton, J.R., 1999, Peak-flow frequency relations and evaluation of the peak-flow gaging network in Nebraska: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4032, vi, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994032.","productDescription":"vi, 48 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":411677,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db688945","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Soenksen, Philip J. pjsoenks@usgs.gov","contributorId":3983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soenksen","given":"Philip","email":"pjsoenks@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":194703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, Lisa D. 0000-0002-3523-0768 ldmiller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3523-0768","contributorId":1125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Lisa","email":"ldmiller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":194701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sharpe, Jennifer B. 0000-0002-5192-7848 jbsharpe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5192-7848","contributorId":2825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sharpe","given":"Jennifer","email":"jbsharpe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":194702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Watton, Jason R.","contributorId":24383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watton","given":"Jason","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":25712,"text":"wri984220 - 1999 - Potentiometric levels and water quality in the aquifers underlying Belvidere, Illinois, 1993–96","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-30T18:36:47.762909","indexId":"wri984220","displayToPublicDate":"2001-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-4220","displayTitle":"Potentiometric Levels and Water Quality in the Aquifers Underlying Belvidere, Illinois, 1993–96","title":"Potentiometric levels and water quality in the aquifers underlying Belvidere, Illinois, 1993–96","docAbstract":"In 1992, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), began a study of the hydrogeology and water quality of the aquifers underlying the vicinity of Belvidere, Boone County, Ill. Previously, volatile organic compounds (VOC's) and other constituents of industrial origin were detected in one or more ground-water samples from about 100 of the approximately 700 monitoring and water-supply wells in the area, including the 8 municipal wells in Belvidere. A glacial drift aquifer underlies at least 50 percent of the 80-square-mile study area; bedrock aquifers that underlie virtually all of the study area include the Galena-Platteville, St. Peter Sandstone, Ordovician, and Cambrian-Ordovician aquifers.
During 1993, water levels were measured in 152 wells and water-quality samples were collected from 97 wells distributed throughout the study area. During 1994–96, similar data were collected from 31 wells. Potentiometric levels in the glacial drift and Galena-Platteville aquifers are similar and range from about 750 to 900 feet above sea level. The potentiometric surfaces of the aquifers are subdued representations of the land surface. Horizontal ground-water flow in the aquifers primarily is towards the Kishwaukee River, which flows through the central part of the study area, and its principal tributaries. Vertical ground-water flow appears to be downward at most locations in the study area, particularly in the urbanized areas affected by pumping of the Belvidere municipal wells and upland areas remote from the principal surface-water drainages. Flow appears to be upward between the Galena-Platteville and glacial drift aquifers where ground water discharges to the Kishwaukee River and its principal tributaries.
All water samples were analyzed for VOC's. Selected samples also were analyzed for trace metals, cyanide, semivolatile organic compounds, or other constituents. VOC's were detected in samples from 50 wells (52 percent of total wells sampled). Twenty-seven specific VOC's were identified in the samples. Samples were collected from six municipal wells in use during the study; two wells were not in use because one or more VOC's exceeded maximum contaminant levels (MCL's). Two VOC's were detected in one of the samples at concentrations below MCL's established by the USEPA for protection of public-water supplies. Samples from 21 wells had at least one VOC detected at a concentration above MCL's. The VOC's detected above MCL's and their maximum concentrations were 1,2-dichloroethene (total), 470 micrograms per liter; trichloroethene (TCE), 360 micrograms per liter; tetrachloroethene (PCE), 82 micrograms per liter; benzene, 53 micrograms per liter; and vinyl chloride, 11 micrograms per liter. TCE and PCE were the most frequently detected VOC's and generally had the highest concentrations. VOC's with concentrations above MCL's were detected in samples from 15 wells open to the glacial drift aquifer and 6 wells open to the Galena-Platteville aquifer.
Generally, the concentrations of VOC's were higher, and number and type of VOC's detected were greater in the glacial drift aquifer than in the Galena-Platteville aquifer and the deeper bedrock aquifers. The high concentrations and spatial distribution of VOC's in the glacial drift aquifer usually were related to nearby sources of contamination. Except in the immediate vicinity of a known hazardous-waste site, possible sources of VOC's in the bedrock aquifers were difficult to identify in the study area; VOC concentrations at most locations in the bedrock aquifers were below 5 micrograms per liter. Most locations where VOC's were detected in the glacial and bedrock aquifers were within about 1,000 feet of the Kishwaukee River. Hydrogeologic factors that affect the distribution of VOC's in the aquifers include ground-water flow through (1) the glacial drift aquifer with discharge to the nearby Kishwaukee River; and (2) the weathered-surface deposits, bedding-plane partings, and fractures in the Galena-Platteville aquifer. One bedding-plane parting intersecting wells that represent an area of about 1.5 square miles has a horizontal hydraulic conductivity as high as 220 feet per day. Pumping of high-capacity wells may contribute to the widespread distribution of VOC’s at low concentrations in the bedrock aquifers.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri984220","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Mills, P., Thomas, C., Brown, T., Yeskis, D., and Kay, R., 1999, Potentiometric levels and water quality in the aquifers underlying Belvidere, Illinois, 1993–96: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4220, Report: v, 106 p.; 2 Plates: 31.33 x 34.65 inches and 29.39 x 34.79 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri984220.","productDescription":"Report: v, 106 p.; 2 Plates: 31.33 x 34.65 inches and 29.39 x 34.79 inches","costCenters":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":95555,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4220/plate-2.pdf","text":"Plate 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 98–4220 Plate 2"},{"id":95554,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4220/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 98–4220 Plate 1"},{"id":156887,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4220/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":361757,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1998/4220/wrir98_4220.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 98–4220"},{"id":463438,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_19292.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","city":"Belvidere","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.97003173828125,\n 42.16340342422401\n ],\n [\n -88.758544921875,\n 42.16340342422401\n ],\n [\n -88.758544921875,\n 42.332153998913704\n ],\n [\n -88.97003173828125,\n 42.332153998913704\n ],\n [\n -88.97003173828125,\n 42.16340342422401\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Central Midwest Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
405 North Goodwin
Urbana, IL 61801