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,{"id":70024384,"text":"70024384 - 2002 - Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants in U.S. streams, 1999-2000: A national reconnaissance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-26T08:30:56","indexId":"70024384","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants in U.S. streams, 1999-2000: A national reconnaissance","docAbstract":"<p>To provide the first nationwide reconnaissance of the occurrence of pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants (OWCs) in water resources, the U.S. Geological Survey used five newly developed analytical methods to measure concentrations of 95 OWCs in water samples from a network of 139 streams across 30 states during 1999 and 2000. The selection of sampling sites was biased toward streams susceptible to contamination (i.e. downstream of intense urbanization and livestock production). OWCs were prevalent during this study, being found in 80% of the streams sampled. The compounds detected represent a wide range of residential, industrial, and agricultural origins and uses with 82 of the 95 OWCs being found during this study. The most frequently detected compounds were coprostanol (fecal steroid), cholesterol (plant and animal steroid), <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-diethyltoluamide (insect repellant), caffeine (stimulant), triclosan (antimicrobial disinfectant), tri(2-chloroethyl)phosphate (fire retardant), and 4-nonylphenol (nonionic detergent metabolite). Measured concentrations for this study were generally low and rarely exceeded drinking-water guidelines, drinking-water health advisories, or aquatic-life criteria. Many compounds, however, do not have such guidelines established. The detection of multiple OWCs was common for this study, with a median of seven and as many as 38 OWCs being found in a given water sample. Little is known about the potential interactive effects (such as synergistic or antagonistic toxicity) that may occur from complex mixtures of OWCs in the environment. In addition, results of this study demonstrate the importance of obtaining data on metabolites to fully understand not only the fate and transport of OWCs in the hydrologic system but also their ultimate overall effect on human health and the environment.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es011055j","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Kolpin, D., Furlong, E., Meyer, M.T., Thurman, E., Zaugg, S., Barber, L.B., and Buxton, H., 2002, Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants in U.S. streams, 1999-2000: A national reconnaissance: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 36, no. 6, p. 1202-1211, https://doi.org/10.1021/es011055j.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1202","endPage":"1211","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology 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,{"id":70024381,"text":"70024381 - 2002 - The lacustrine carbon cycle as illuminated by the waters and sediments of two hydrologically distinct headwater lakes in north-central Minnesota, U.S.A","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-03T16:03:30.533493","indexId":"70024381","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2451,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Research","onlineIssn":"1938-3681","printIssn":"1527-1404","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The lacustrine carbon cycle as illuminated by the waters and sediments of two hydrologically distinct headwater lakes in north-central Minnesota, U.S.A","docAbstract":"<p>The accumulation rates of CaCO<sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>and organic carbon (OC) in lake sediments are delicately balanced between production in the epilimnion and destruction in the hypolimnion. The cycling of these two forms of carbon makes a \"carbon pump\" that greatly affects the biogeochemical cycles of other elements. To further understand these biogeochemical dynamics, the lakes, streams, and wetlands of the Shingobee River headwater area of north-central Minnesota have been subjected to intensive hydrologic and biogeochemical studies. Williams Lake, situated close to the highest point in the regional flow system, is hydrologically closed, with no surface inlet or outlet, and ground water and precipitation as the only sources of water. Shingobee Lake, situated at the lowest point in the regional flow system, has the Shingobee River as an inlet and outlet. The surface waters of both lakes are oversaturated, and the bottom waters undersaturated, with respect to CaCO<sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>during the summer. The small amount of CaCO<sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>that is precipitated in the epilimnion of Williams Lake during the summer is dissolved in the undersaturated hypolimnion and sediments with the result that no CaCO<sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>is incorporated into the profundal surface sediments. Because of the high phytoplankton productivity of Shingobee Lake, sufficient CaCO<sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>is produced in the epilimnion that large amounts survive the corrosive hypolimnion and sediments, and an average of 46 wt. % accumulates in surface sediments.</p><p>Another consequence of higher phytoplankton productivity in Shingobee Lake is that the hypolimnion becomes oxygen deficient within a month after overturn in both the spring and fall. Because of reducing conditions that develop in the hypolimnion of Shingobee Lake, high concentrations of dissolved Fe and Mn accumulate there during summer stratification. Precipitation of Fe and Mn oxyhydroxides during periods of fall and spring overturn results in high concentrations of Fe and Mn in surface sediments. In Williams Lake, high concentrations of Fe and Mn do not build up in the hypolimnion.</p><p>The concentration of CaCO<sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>is about 80 wt. % in lower Holocene sediments of both lakes. The lower Holocene sediments in both lakes also contain high concentrations of Fe and Mn, and the lower Holocene sediments of Shingobee are laminated. The waters of both lakes had identical values of δ<sup>13</sup>C and δ<sup>18</sup>O during the early Holocene, but the waters of Williams Lake \"evolved\" during the early Holocene, increasing about 10‰ in both δ<sup>13</sup>C and δ<sup>18</sup>O. Deposits of lacustrine marl occur as much as seven meters above the present elevation of Williams Lake, the highest of the two lakes. Taken together, these observations suggest that the lakes were once connected to form a larger lake called Lake Willobee with a hypolimnion that was anoxic, at least seasonally.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"SEPM Society for Sedimentary Geology","doi":"10.1306/101801720416","usgsCitation":"Dean, W.E., and Schwalb, A., 2002, The lacustrine carbon cycle as illuminated by the waters and sediments of two hydrologically distinct headwater lakes in north-central Minnesota, U.S.A: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 72, no. 3, p. 416-431, https://doi.org/10.1306/101801720416.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"416","endPage":"431","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231890,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Shingobee Lake, Williams Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -94.69712734222412,\n              46.998607143063424\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.67936038970947,\n              46.998607143063424\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.67936038970947,\n              47.01043049343728\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.69712734222412,\n              47.01043049343728\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.69712734222412,\n              46.998607143063424\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -94.67605590820312,\n              46.949383372087425\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.66292381286621,\n              46.949383372087425\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.66292381286621,\n              46.958288587932536\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.67605590820312,\n              46.958288587932536\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.67605590820312,\n              46.949383372087425\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"72","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bad76e4b08c986b323c18","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dean, Walter E. dean@usgs.gov","contributorId":1801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","email":"dean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":401063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schwalb, Antje","contributorId":20457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwalb","given":"Antje","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70024374,"text":"70024374 - 2002 - Alkylcyclohexanes in environmental geochemistry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-26T08:48:49","indexId":"70024374","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1537,"text":"Environmental Forensics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Alkylcyclohexanes in environmental geochemistry","docAbstract":"The n-alkylated cyclohexanes (CHs) are a homologous series of hydrocarbon compounds that are commonly present in crude oil and refinery products such as diesel fuel. These compounds exhibit specific distribution patterns for different fuel types, providing useful fingerprints for characterizing petroleum products, especially after degradation of n-alkanes has occurred. However, there are no published data to show how these compounds are altered in the environment after long-term spillage of petroleum products. This paper presents two case studies of oil spills that demonstrate the changing distribution patterns resulting from long-term anaerobic microbial degradation. These spills are the 1979 crude-oil spill in Bemidji, Minnesota, and a chronic diesel-fuel spillage from 1953-1991 at Mandan, North Dakota. The alkyl CHs in both spilled oil products are affected by similar biodegradative processes in which the compounds undergo a consistent pattern of loss from the high molecular weight end of the homolog distribution. Degradation results in a measurable increase in the concentrations of the homologs in the lower molecular weight range, a gradual lowering in carbon number of the homolog maximum, and a gradual decrease of the total homolog range from the high molecular weight end. This pattern is the opposite of low-end loss expected with weathering and aerobic biodegradation. The enhancement of the low molecular mass alkyl CH homologs, if not recognized as a degradative pathway of diesel fuel in an anaerobic environment, can potentially be misinterpreted in fuel-oil fingerprinting as deriving from lower distillation-range fuels or admixture of diesel with other fuels.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1006/enfo.2002.0100","issn":"15275922","usgsCitation":"Hostettler, F., and Kvenvolden, K., 2002, Alkylcyclohexanes in environmental geochemistry: Environmental Forensics, v. 3, no. 3-4, p. 293-301, https://doi.org/10.1006/enfo.2002.0100.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"293","endPage":"301","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":207163,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/enfo.2002.0100"},{"id":231856,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e968e4b0c8380cd4826c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hostettler, F. D.","contributorId":99563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostettler","given":"F. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kvenvolden, K.A.","contributorId":80674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvenvolden","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70024366,"text":"70024366 - 2002 - Effects of surface run-off on the transport of agricultural chemicals to ground water in a sandplain setting","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-26T09:08:13","indexId":"70024366","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of surface run-off on the transport of agricultural chemicals to ground water in a sandplain setting","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id9\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id10\"><p>An experiment was conducted at a depressional (lowland) and an upland site in sandy soils to evaluate the effects of surface run-off on the transport of agricultural chemicals to ground water. Approximately 16.5 cm of water was applied to both sites during the experiment, representing a natural precipitation event with a recurrence interval of approximately 100 years. Run-off was quantified at the lowland site and was not detected at the upland site during the experiment. Run-off of water to the lowland site was the most important factor affecting differences in the concentrations and fluxes of the agricultural chemicals between the two sites. Run-off of water to the lowland site appears to have played a dual role by diluting chemical concentrations in the unsaturated zone as well as increasing the concentrations at the water table, compared to the upland site. Concentrations of chloride, nitrate and atrazine plus metabolites were noticeably greater at the water table than in the unsaturated zone at both sites. The estimated mass flux of chloride and nitrate to the water table during the test were 5–2 times greater, respectively, at the lowland site compared to the upland site, whereas the flux of sulfate and atrazine plus metabolites was slightly greater at the upland site. Results indicate that matrix flow of water and chemicals was the primary process causing the observed differences between the two sites. Results of the experiment illustrate the effects of heterogeneity and the complexity of evaluating chemical transport through the unsaturated zone.</p></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00071-2","issn":"00489697","usgsCitation":"Delin, G., and Landon, M., 2002, Effects of surface run-off on the transport of agricultural chemicals to ground water in a sandplain setting: Science of the Total Environment, v. 295, no. 1-3, p. 143-155, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00071-2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"143","endPage":"155","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231852,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207161,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00071-2"}],"volume":"295","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a07ede4b0c8380cd518d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Delin, G. N.","contributorId":12834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delin","given":"G. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Landon, M.K. 0000-0002-5766-0494","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-0494","contributorId":69572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landon","given":"M.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70024362,"text":"70024362 - 2002 - Using chemical, hydrologic, and age dating analysis to delineate redox processes and flow paths in the riparian zone of a glacial outwash aquifer‐stream system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T11:45:31","indexId":"70024362","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using chemical, hydrologic, and age dating analysis to delineate redox processes and flow paths in the riparian zone of a glacial outwash aquifer‐stream system","docAbstract":"<p><span>A combination of chemical and dissolved gas analyses, chlorofluorocarbon age dating, and hydrologic measurements were used to determine the degree to which biogeochemical processes in a riparian wetland were responsible for removing NO</span><sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup><span>from groundwaters discharging to the Otter Tail River in west central Minnesota. An analysis of river chemistry and flow data revealed that NO</span><sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>concentrations in the river increased in the lower half of the 8.3 km study reach as the result of groundwater discharge to the river. Groundwater head measurements along a study transect through the riparian wetland revealed a zone of groundwater discharge extending out under the river. On the basis of combined chemical, dissolved gas, age date, and hydrologic results, it was determined that water chemistry under the riparian wetland was controlled largely by upgradient groundwaters that followed flow paths up to 16 m deep and discharged under the wetland, creating a pattern of progressively older, more chemically reduced, low NO</span><sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>water the farther one progressed from the edge of the wetland toward the river. These findings pose challenges for researchers investigating biogeochemical processes in riparian buffer zones because the progressively older groundwaters entered the aquifer in earlier years when less NO</span><sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>fertilizer was being used. NO</span><sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>concentrations originally present in the groundwater had also decreased in the upgradient aquifer as a result of denitrification and progressively stronger reducing conditions there. The resulting pattern of decreasing NO</span><sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>concentrations across the riparian zone may be incorrectly interpreted as evidence of denitrification losses there instead of in the upgradient aquifer. Consequently, it is important to understand the hydrogeologic setting and age structure of the groundwaters being sampled in order to avoid misinterpreting biogeochemical processes in riparian zones.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001WR000396","usgsCitation":"Puckett, L., Cowdery, T.K., McMahon, P.B., Tornes, L.H., and Stoner, J.D., 2002, Using chemical, hydrologic, and age dating analysis to delineate redox processes and flow paths in the riparian zone of a glacial outwash aquifer‐stream system: Water Resources Research, v. 38, no. 8, p. 9-1-9-20, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001WR000396.","productDescription":"Article 1134; 20 p.","startPage":"9-1","endPage":"9-20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478714,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2001wr000396","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":231781,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-08-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc03ce4b08c986b329fe3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Puckett, Larry J. lpuckett@usgs.gov","contributorId":31739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puckett","given":"Larry J.","email":"lpuckett@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":400995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cowdery, Timothy K. 0000-0001-9402-6575 cowdery@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9402-6575","contributorId":456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cowdery","given":"Timothy","email":"cowdery@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":400997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McMahon, Peter B. 0000-0001-7452-2379 pmcmahon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7452-2379","contributorId":724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMahon","given":"Peter","email":"pmcmahon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":400994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tornes, Lan H.","contributorId":70484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tornes","given":"Lan","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Stoner, Jeffrey D. stoner@usgs.gov","contributorId":3721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stoner","given":"Jeffrey","email":"stoner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":400996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70024356,"text":"70024356 - 2002 - Assessment of metal loads in watersheds affected by acid mine drainage by using tracer injection and synoptic sampling: Cement Creek, Colorado, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-26T07:26:33","indexId":"70024356","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessment of metal loads in watersheds affected by acid mine drainage by using tracer injection and synoptic sampling: Cement Creek, Colorado, USA","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id17\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id18\"><p>Watersheds in mineralized zones may contain many mines, each of which can contribute to acidity and the metal load of a stream. In this study the authors delineate hydrogeologic characteristics determining the transport of metals from the watershed to the stream in the watershed of Cement Creek, Colorado. Combining the injection of a chemical tracer, to determine a discharge, with synoptic sampling, to obtain chemistry of major ions and metals, spatially detailed load profiles are quantified. Using the discharge and load profiles, the authors (1) identified sampled inflow sources which emanate from undisturbed as well as previously mined areas; (2) demonstrate, based on simple hydrologic balance, that unsampled, likely dispersed subsurface, inflows are significant; and (3) estimate attenuation. For example, along the 12-km study reach, 108 kg per day of Zn were added to Cement Creek. Almost half of this load came from 10 well-defined areas that included both mined and non-mined parts of the watershed. However, the combined effect of many smaller inflows also contributed a substantial load that could limit the effectiveness of remediation. Of the total Zn load, 58.3 kg/day came from stream segments with no visible inflow, indicating the importance of contributions from dispersed subsurface inflow. The subsurface inflow mostly occurred in areas with substantial fracturing of the bedrock or in areas downstream from tributaries with large alluvial fans. Despite a pH generally less than 4.5, there was 58.4 kg/day of Zn attenuation that occurred in mixing zones downstream from inflows with high pH. Mixing zones can have local areas of pH that are high enough for sorption and precipitation reactions to have an effect. Principal component analysis classified inflows into 7 groups with distinct chemical signatures that represent water-rock interaction with different mineral-alteration suites in the watershed. The present approach provides a detailed snapshot of metal load for the watershed to support remediation decisions, and quantifies processes affecting metal transport.</p></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00017-3","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Kimball, B.A., Runkel, R., Walton-Day, K., and Bencala, K., 2002, Assessment of metal loads in watersheds affected by acid mine drainage by using tracer injection and synoptic sampling: Cement Creek, Colorado, USA: Applied Geochemistry, v. 17, no. 9, p. 1183-1207, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00017-3.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"1183","endPage":"1207","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231741,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207108,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00017-3"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Cement Creek","volume":"17","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ee3fe4b0c8380cd49c54","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kimball, B. A.","contributorId":87583,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kimball","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Runkel, R.L.","contributorId":97529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runkel","given":"R.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Walton-Day, K.","contributorId":14054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walton-Day","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bencala, K.E.","contributorId":105312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bencala","given":"K.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70024354,"text":"70024354 - 2002 - Inter-annual, seasonal and spatial variability in nutrient limitation of phytoplankton production in a river impoundment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:02","indexId":"70024354","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Inter-annual, seasonal and spatial variability in nutrient limitation of phytoplankton production in a river impoundment","docAbstract":"We characterize seasonal and spatial patterns in phytoplankton abundance, production and nutrient limitation in a mesotrophic river impoundment located in the southeastern United States to assess variation arising from inter-annual differences in watershed inputs. Short-term (48 h) in situ nutrient addition experiments were conducted between May and October at three sites located along the longitudinal axis of the lake. Nutrient limitation was detected in 12 of the 18 experiments conducted over 2 years. Phytoplankton responded to additions of phosphorus alone although highest chlorophyll concentrations were observed in enclosures receiving combined (P and N) additions. Growth responses were greatest at downstream sites and in late summer suggesting that those populations experience more severe nutrient limitation. Interannual variation in nutrient limitation and primary production corresponded to differences in the timing of hydrologic inputs. Above average rainfall and discharge in late-summer (July-October) of 1996 coincided with higher in-lake nutrient concentrations, increased production, and minimal nutrient limitation. During the same period in 1995, discharge was lower, nutrient concentrations were lower, and nutrient limitation of phytoplankton production was more pronounced. Our results suggest that nutrient limitation is common in this river impoundment but that modest inter-annual variability in the timing of hydrologic inputs can substantially influence seasonal and spatial patterns.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrobiologia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1021388315552","issn":"00188158","usgsCitation":"Bukaveckas, P., and Crain, A., 2002, Inter-annual, seasonal and spatial variability in nutrient limitation of phytoplankton production in a river impoundment: Hydrobiologia, v. 481, p. 19-31, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021388315552.","startPage":"19","endPage":"31","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207090,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021388315552"},{"id":231702,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"481","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3c9fe4b0c8380cd62ed1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bukaveckas, P.A.","contributorId":87322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bukaveckas","given":"P.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crain, A.S.","contributorId":10833,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crain","given":"A.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70024346,"text":"70024346 - 2002 - Rapid evolution of redox processes in a petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-15T15:16:34.115927","indexId":"70024346","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rapid evolution of redox processes in a petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated aquifer","docAbstract":"<div class=\"abstract-group\"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p><span>Ground water chemistry data collected over a six‐year period show that the distribution of contaminants and redox processes in a shallow petroleum hydrocarbon‐contaminated aquifer has changed rapidly over time. Shortly after a gasoline release occurred in 1990, high concentrations of benzene were present near the contaminant source area. In this contaminated zone, dissolved oxygen in ground water was depleted, and by 1994 Fe(lll) reduction and sulfate reduction were the predominant terminal electron accepting processes. Significantly, dissolved methane was below measurable levels in 1994, indicating the absence of significant methanogenesis. By 1996, however, depletion of solid‐phase Fe(lll)‐oxyhydroxides in aquifer sediments and depletion of dissolved sulfate in ground water resulted in the onset of methanogenesis. Between 1996 and 2000, water‐chemistry data indicated that methanogenic metabolism became increasingly prevalent. Molecular analysis of 16S‐rDNA extracted from sediments shows the presence of a more diverse methanogenic community inside as opposed to outside the plume core, and is consistent with water‐chemistry data indicating a shift toward methanogenesis over time. This rapid evolution of redox processes reflects several factors including the large amounts of contaminants, relatively rapid ground water flow (∼0.3 m/day [∼1 foot/day]), and low concentrations of microbially reducible Fe(lll) oxyhydroxides (∼ 1 umol/g) initially present in aquifer sediments. These results illustrate that, under certain hydrologic conditions, redox conditions in petroleum hydrocarbon‐contaminated aquifers can change rapidly in time and space, and that the availability of solid‐phase Fe(lll)‐oxyhydroxides affects this rate of change.</span></p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2002.tb02513.x","usgsCitation":"Chapelle, F.H., Bradley, P., Lovley, D.R., O'Neil, K., and Landmeyer, J., 2002, Rapid evolution of redox processes in a petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated aquifer: Ground Water, v. 40, no. 4, p. 353-360, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2002.tb02513.x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"353","endPage":"360","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231698,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a94dee4b0c8380cd8167b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chapelle, F. H.","contributorId":101697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapelle","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bradley, P. M. 0000-0001-7522-8606","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7522-8606","contributorId":29465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"P. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lovley, Derek R.","contributorId":107852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lovley","given":"Derek","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"O'Neil, Kyle","contributorId":82491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Neil","given":"Kyle","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Landmeyer, J. E.","contributorId":91140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landmeyer","given":"J. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70024340,"text":"70024340 - 2002 - The influence of microclimates and fog on stable isotope signatures used in interpretation of regional hydrology: East Maui, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:59","indexId":"70024340","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The influence of microclimates and fog on stable isotope signatures used in interpretation of regional hydrology: East Maui, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Stable isotopes of precipitation, ground water and surface water measured on the windward side of East Maui from 0 to 3055 m altitude were used to determine recharge sources for stream flow and ground water. Correct interpretation of the hydrology using rainfall ??18O gradients with altitude required consideration of the influence of fog, as fog samples had isotopic signatures enriched by as much as 3??? in ??18O and 21??? in ??D compared to volume-weighted average precipitation at the same altitude. The isotopic analyses suggested that fog drip was a major component of stream flow and shallow ground water at higher altitudes in the watershed. 18O/altitude gradients in rainfall were comparable for similar microclimates on Maui (this study) and Hawaii Island (1990-1995 study), however, East Maui ??18O values for rain in trade-wind and high-altitude microclimates were enriched compared to those from Hawaii Island. Isotopes were used to interpret regional hydrology in this volcanic island aquifer system. In part of the study area, stable isotopes indicate discharge of ground water recharged at least 1000 m above the sample site. This deep-flowpath ground water was found in springs from sea level up to 240 m altitude, indicating saturation to altitudes much higher than a typical freshwater lens. These findings help in predicting the effects of ground water development on stream flow in the area. Published by Elsevier Science B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00073-2","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Scholl, M.A., Gingerich, S.B., and Tribble, G., 2002, The influence of microclimates and fog on stable isotope signatures used in interpretation of regional hydrology: East Maui, Hawaii: Journal of Hydrology, v. 264, no. 1-4, p. 170-184, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00073-2.","startPage":"170","endPage":"184","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232117,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207289,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00073-2"}],"volume":"264","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bad2fe4b08c986b323a36","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scholl, M. A.","contributorId":86365,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scholl","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gingerich, S. B.","contributorId":83958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gingerich","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tribble, G.W.","contributorId":47420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tribble","given":"G.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70024335,"text":"70024335 - 2002 - Reproductive success of the interior least tern (Sterna antillarum) in relation to hydrology on the Lower Mississippi River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-23T15:03:24","indexId":"70024335","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3301,"text":"River Research and Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Reproductive success of the interior least tern (<i>Sterna antillarum</i>) in relation to hydrology on the Lower Mississippi River","title":"Reproductive success of the interior least tern (Sterna antillarum) in relation to hydrology on the Lower Mississippi River","docAbstract":"The annual hydrograph of large rivers, including flood pulses and low-flow periods, is believed to play a primary role in the productivity of biota associated with these ecosystems. We investigated the relationship between river hydrology and Interior least tern (Sterna antillarum) reproductive success on the Lower Mississippi River from April to July 1986-1993. The number of fledglings produced per adult pair was negatively correlated with July mean (r= -0.95, p = 0.0004) and July maximum river elevation (r= -0.97, p = 0.0001), but no other aspect of river hydrology were related to tern reproduction. Low-water elevations in July may benefit least tern reproductive success by increasing sand island area or the area of shallow-water habitat that surrounds islands. Loss of deep-water habitats in conjunction with an increase in shallow habitat during stage decreases may concentrate fish prey in shallow-water habitats and backwater areas, thereby increasing food availability during chick-rearing. Copyright ?? 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/rra.634","usgsCitation":"Dugger, K.M., Ryan, M.R., Galat, D.L., Renken, R.B., and Smith, J.W., 2002, Reproductive success of the interior least tern (Sterna antillarum) in relation to hydrology on the Lower Mississippi River: River Research and Applications, v. 18, no. 2, p. 97-105, https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.634.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"97","endPage":"105","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231997,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Lowe Mississippi River","volume":"18","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-03-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa8f2e4b0c8380cd85b42","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dugger, Katie M. 0000-0002-4148-246X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4148-246X","contributorId":36037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dugger","given":"Katie","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":517,"text":"Oregon Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":400885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ryan, Mark R.","contributorId":101376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryan","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Galat, David L.","contributorId":13711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galat","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Renken, Rochelle B.","contributorId":107646,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Renken","given":"Rochelle","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Smith, John W","contributorId":148169,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"W","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70024331,"text":"70024331 - 2002 - Holocene multidecadal and multicentennial droughts affecting Northern California and Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-13T10:31:15","indexId":"70024331","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Holocene multidecadal and multicentennial droughts affecting Northern California and Nevada","docAbstract":"<p><span>Continuous, high-resolution&nbsp;</span><i>δ</i><sup>18</sup><span>O records from cored sediments of Pyramid Lake, Nevada, indicate that oscillations in the hydrologic balance occurred, on average, about every 150</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>years (yr) during the past 7630 calendar years (cal</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>yr). The records are not stationary; during the past 2740</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>yr, drought durations ranged from 20 to 100</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>yr and intervals between droughts ranged from 80 to 230</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>yr. Comparison of tree-ring-based reconstructions of climate change for the past 1200</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>yr from the Sierra Nevada and the El Malpais region of northwest New Mexico indicates that severe droughts associated with Anasazi withdrawal from Chaco Canyon at 820</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>cal</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>yr</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>BP (calendar years before present) and final abandonment of Chaco Canyon, Mesa Verde, and the Kayenta area at 650</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>cal</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>yr</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>BP may have impacted much of the western United States.During the middle Holocene (informally defined in this paper as extending from 8000 to 3000</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>cal</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>yr</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>BP), magnetic susceptibility values of sediments deposited in Pyramid Lake's deep basin were much larger than late–Holocene (3000–0</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>cal</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>yr</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>BP) values, indicating the presence of a shallow lake. In addition, the mean&nbsp;</span><i>δ</i><sup>18</sup><span>O value of CaCO</span><sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;precipitated between 6500 and 3430</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>cal</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>yr</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>BP was 1.6‰ less than the mean value of CaCO</span><sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;precipitated after 2740</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>cal</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>yr</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>BP. Numerical calculations indicate that the shift in the&nbsp;</span><i>δ</i><sup>18</sup><span>O baseline probably resulted from a transition to a wetter (&gt;30%) and cooler (3–5°C) climate. The existence of a relatively dry and warm middle-Holocene climate in the Truckee River–Pyramid Lake system is generally consistent with archeological, sedimentological, chemical, physical, and biological records from various sites within the Great Basin of the western United States. Two high-resolution Holocene-climate records are now available from the Pyramid and Owens lake basins which suggest that the Holocene was characterized by five climatic intervals. TIC and&nbsp;</span><i>δ</i><sup>18</sup><span>O records from Owens Lake indicate that the first interval in the early Holocene (11,600–10,000</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>cal</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>yr</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>BP) was characterized by a drying trend that was interrupted by a brief (200</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>yr) wet oscillation centered at 10,300</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>cal</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>yr</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>BP. This was followed by a second early-Holocene interval (10,000–8000</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>cal</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>yr</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>BP) during which relatively wet conditions prevailed. During the early part of the middle Holocene (8000–6500</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>cal</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>yr</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>BP), high-amplitude oscillations in TIC in Owens Lake and&nbsp;</span><i>δ</i><sup>18</sup><span>O in Pyramid Lake indicate the presence of shallow lakes in both basins. During the latter part of the middle Holocene (6500–3800</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>cal</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>yr</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>BP), drought conditions dominated, Owens Lake desiccated, and Lake Tahoe ceased spilling to the Truckee River, causing Pyramid Lake to decline. At the beginning of the late Holocene (∼3000</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>cal</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>yr</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>BP), Lake Tahoe rose to its sill level and Pyramid Lake increased in volume.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00048-8","issn":"02773791","usgsCitation":"Benson, L., Kashgarian, M., Rye, R., Lund, S., Paillet, F., Smoot, J., Kester, C., Mensing, S., Meko, D., and Lindstrom, S., 2002, Holocene multidecadal and multicentennial droughts affecting Northern California and Nevada: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 21, no. 4-6, p. 659-682, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00048-8.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"659","endPage":"682","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231921,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207191,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00048-8"}],"volume":"21","issue":"4-6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a31ece4b0c8380cd5e359","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Benson, L.","contributorId":56793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benson","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kashgarian, Michaele","contributorId":68473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kashgarian","given":"Michaele","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rye, R.","contributorId":19912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rye","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lund, S.","contributorId":84933,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lund","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Paillet, F.","contributorId":73372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paillet","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Smoot, J.","contributorId":21726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smoot","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Kester, C.","contributorId":95427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kester","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Mensing, S.","contributorId":90488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mensing","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Meko, D.","contributorId":99667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meko","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Lindstrom, S.","contributorId":26851,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindstrom","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}}
,{"id":70024317,"text":"70024317 - 2002 - Dynamic fuzzy modeling of storm water infiltration in urban fractured aquifers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:16","indexId":"70024317","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2341,"text":"Journal of Hydrologic Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dynamic fuzzy modeling of storm water infiltration in urban fractured aquifers","docAbstract":"In an urban fractured-rock aquifer in the Mt. Eden area of Auckland, New Zealand, disposal of storm water is via \"soakholes\" drilled directly into the top of the fractured basalt rock. The dynamic response of the groundwater level due to the storm water infiltration shows characteristics of a strongly time-varying system. A dynamic fuzzy modeling approach, which is based on multiple local models that are weighted using fuzzy membership functions, has been developed to identify and predict groundwater level fluctuations caused by storm water infiltration. The dynamic fuzzy model is initialized by the fuzzy clustering algorithm and optimized by the gradient-descent algorithm in order to effectively derive the multiple local models-each of which is associated with a locally valid model that represents the groundwater level state as a response to different intensities of rainfall events. The results have shown that even if the number of fuzzy local models derived is small, the fuzzy modeling approach developed provides good prediction results despite the highly time-varying nature of this urban fractured-rock aquifer system. Further, it allows interpretable representations of the dynamic behavior of the groundwater system due to storm water infiltration.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrologic Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2002)7:5(380)","issn":"10840699","usgsCitation":"Hong, Y., Rosen, M.R., and Reeves, R., 2002, Dynamic fuzzy modeling of storm water infiltration in urban fractured aquifers: Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, v. 7, no. 5, p. 380-391, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2002)7:5(380).","startPage":"380","endPage":"391","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207085,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2002)7:5(380)"},{"id":231692,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0425e4b0c8380cd507f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hong, Y.-S.","contributorId":61207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hong","given":"Y.-S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rosen, Michael R.","contributorId":43096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosen","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reeves, R.R.","contributorId":98663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reeves","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70024312,"text":"70024312 - 2002 - TBA biodegradation in surface-water sediments under aerobic and anaerobic conditions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-28T08:33:21","indexId":"70024312","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"TBA biodegradation in surface-water sediments under aerobic and anaerobic conditions","docAbstract":"The potential for [U-14C] TBA biodegradation was examined in laboratory microcosms under a range of terminal electron accepting conditions. TBA mineralization to CO2 was substantial in surface-water sediments under oxic, denitrifying, or Mn(IV)-reducing conditions and statistically significant but low under SO4-reducing conditions. Thus, anaerobic TBA biodegradation may be a significant natural attenuation mechanism for TBA in the environment, and stimulation of in situ TBA bioremediation by addition of suitable terminal electron acceptors may be feasible. No degradation of [U-14C] TBA was observed under methanogenic or Fe(III)-reducing conditions.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es011480c","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Bradley, P., Landmeyer, J., and Chapelle, F.H., 2002, TBA biodegradation in surface-water sediments under aerobic and anaerobic conditions: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 36, no. 19, p. 4087-4090, https://doi.org/10.1021/es011480c.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"4087","endPage":"4090","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":207063,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es011480c"},{"id":231652,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"19","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-09-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba37ae4b08c986b31fd02","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bradley, P. M. 0000-0001-7522-8606","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7522-8606","contributorId":29465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"P. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Landmeyer, J. E.","contributorId":91140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landmeyer","given":"J. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chapelle, F. H.","contributorId":101697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapelle","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70024297,"text":"70024297 - 2002 - Changes in concentrations of triazine and acetamide herbicides by bank filtration, ozonation, and chlorination in a public water supply","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-26T09:23:07","indexId":"70024297","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Changes in concentrations of triazine and acetamide herbicides by bank filtration, ozonation, and chlorination in a public water supply","docAbstract":"The changes in triazine and acetamide concentrations in water during natural and artificial treatment by bank filtration, ozonation, filtration, and chlorination were measured at the well field and drinking water treatment plant of Lincoln, Nebraska, USA. The city's groundwater supply is affected by induced infiltration and transport of triazines and acetamide herbicides from the Platte River in late spring and early summer. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of infiltration and treatment on the presence of triazines and acetamides in drinking water. Samples of river water, well water, and public supply water at various stages of water treatment were collected from 1997-1999 during spring-runoff when the presence of herbicides in the Platte River is largest. In 1999, parent compounds were reduced by 76% of the concentration present in river water (33% by bank filtration, 41% by ozonation, and 1.5% by chlorination). Metabolites of herbicides for which analytical techniques existed were reduced by 21% (plus 26% by bank filtration, minus 23% by ozonation, and minus 24% by chlorination). However, increases in concentrations of specific metabolite compounds were identified after bank filtration and ozonation. After bank filtration, increases in cyanazine amide, cyanazine acid, and deethylcyanazine acid were identified. After ozonation, concentrations of deisopropylatrazine, deethylatrazine, didealkylatrazine, atrazine amide-I, hydroxydeethylatrazine, hydroxydeisopopylatrazine, deethylcyanazine acid, and deethylcyanazine increased. Concentrations of cyanazine acid and ethanesulfonic and oxanilic acids of acetamides decreased during ozonation. Our findings suggest that bank filtration and ozonation of water in part can shift the assessment of risk to human health associated with the consumption of the water from the parent compounds to their degradation products.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00163-4","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Verstraeten, I., Thurman, E., Lindsey, M., Lee, E., and Smith, R., 2002, Changes in concentrations of triazine and acetamide herbicides by bank filtration, ozonation, and chlorination in a public water supply: Journal of Hydrology, v. 266, no. 3-4, p. 190-208, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00163-4.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"190","endPage":"208","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232036,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207245,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00163-4"}],"volume":"266","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f40ee4b0c8380cd4baf6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Verstraeten, Ingrid M.","contributorId":61033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verstraeten","given":"Ingrid M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lindsey, M.E.","contributorId":6627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindsey","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lee, E.C.","contributorId":16191,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"E.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Smith, R.D.","contributorId":6529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70024291,"text":"70024291 - 2002 - Used motor oil as a source of MTBE, TAME, and BTEX to ground water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-28T09:06:11","indexId":"70024291","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1864,"text":"Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Used motor oil as a source of MTBE, TAME, and BTEX to ground water","docAbstract":"Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), the widely used gasoline oxygenate, has been identified as a common ground water contaminant, and BTEX compounds (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes) have long been associated with gasoline spills. Because not all instances of ground water contamination by MTBE and BTEX can be attributed to spills or leaking storage tanks, other potential sources need to be considered. In this study, used motor oil was investigated as a potential source of these contaminants. MTBE in oil was measured directly by methanol extraction and gas chromatography using a flame ionization detector (GC/FID). Water was equilibrated with oil samples and analyzed for MTBE, BTEX, and the oxygenate tert-amyl methyl ether (TAME) by purge-and-trap concentration followed by GC/FID analysis. Raoult's law was used to calculate oil-phase concentrations of MTBE, BTEX, and TAME from aqueous-phase concentrations. MTBE, TAME, and BTEX were not detected in any of five new motor oil samples, whereas these compounds were found at significant concentrations in all six samples of the used motor oil tested for MTBE and all four samples tested for TAME and BTEX. MTBE concentrations in used motor oil were on the order of 100 mg/L. TAME concentrations ranged from 2.2 to 87 mg/L. Concentrations of benzene were 29 to 66 mg/L, but those of other BTEX compounds were higher, typically 500 to 2000 mg/L.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6592.2002.tb00770.x","issn":"10693629","usgsCitation":"Baker, R., Best, E., and Baehr, A.L., 2002, Used motor oil as a source of MTBE, TAME, and BTEX to ground water: Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation, v. 22, no. 4, p. 46-51, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.2002.tb00770.x.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"46","endPage":"51","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231959,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-02-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbfb6e4b08c986b329d18","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baker, R.J.","contributorId":85915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Best, E.W.","contributorId":59582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Best","given":"E.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baehr, A. L.","contributorId":59831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baehr","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70024288,"text":"70024288 - 2002 - Effect of flood-induced chemical load on filtrate quality at bank filtration sites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:59","indexId":"70024288","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of flood-induced chemical load on filtrate quality at bank filtration sites","docAbstract":"Riparian municipal wells, that are located on riverbanks, are specifically designed to capture a portion of the river water through induced infiltration. Runoff from agricultural watersheds is found to carry enormous amounts of pesticides and nitrate. While the risk of contamination for a vast majority of sites with small-capacity vertical wells is low, potential exists for medium to large capacity collector wells to capture a fraction of the surface water contaminants during flood. Prior monitoring and current modeling results indicate that a small-capacity (peak pumpage 0.0315 m3/s) vertical bank filtration well may not be affected by river water nitrate and atrazine even during flood periods. For a medium capacity (0.0875-0.175 m3/s) hypothetical collector well at the same site, potential exists for a portion of the river water nitrate and atrazine to enter the well during flood periods. Various combinations of hydraulic conductivity of the riverbed or bank material were used. For nitrate, it was assumed either no denitrification occurred during the period of simulation or a half-life of 2 years. Equilibrium controlled sorption (organic carbon partition coefficient of 52 ml/g) and a half-life of between 7.5 and 15 weeks were considered for atrazine. Combinations of these parameters were used in various simulations. Peak concentrations of atrazine or nitrate in pumped water could vary from less than 1% to as high as 90% of that in the river. It was found that a combination of river stage, pumping rates, hydraulic properties of the riverbed and bank, and soil/pesticide properties could affect contaminant entry from river water to any of these wells. If the hydraulic conductivity of the bed and bank material were low, atrazine would not reach the pumping well with or without sorption and degradation. However, for moderately low permeable bank and bed materials, some atrazine from river water could enter a hypothetical collector well while pumping at 0.0875 m3/s. It was interesting to note that doubling the pumpage of this collector well would bring in more ground water from the aquifer (with no atrazine) and thus have a lower concentration of atrazine in the filtrate. For highly conductive banks, it is possible to find some atrazine at a vertical well for a sustained pumpage rate of 0.0125 m3/s if the effect of sorption is neglected. However, with equilibrium sorption, the concentration would be below the detection limit. On the other hand, if a collector well of capacity 0.0875 m3/s is used at the place of the vertical well with highly conductive banks, atrazine concentration in the filtrate would be about 80% of river water even assuming equilibrium sorption and a half-life of 7.5 weeks. Remediation of river water contamination of the aquifer using 'scavenger' wells between the river and the pumping well(s) was not a feasible option due to the contact of the aquifer with a highly conductive bank at the site. However, moving the existing pumping well(s) 100 m upstream would have negligible impact from the bank-stored water. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00168-3","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Ray, C., Soong, T., Lian, Y., and Roadcap, G., 2002, Effect of flood-induced chemical load on filtrate quality at bank filtration sites: Journal of Hydrology, v. 266, no. 3-4, p. 235-258, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00168-3.","startPage":"235","endPage":"258","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207190,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00168-3"},{"id":231919,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"266","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a05dee4b0c8380cd50fd8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ray, C.","contributorId":40758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ray","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Soong, T.W.","contributorId":9427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soong","given":"T.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lian, Y.Q.","contributorId":72565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lian","given":"Y.Q.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Roadcap, G.S.","contributorId":8642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roadcap","given":"G.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70024287,"text":"70024287 - 2002 - Functional variability of habitats within the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta: Restoration implications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-26T10:41:41","indexId":"70024287","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Functional variability of habitats within the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta: Restoration implications","docAbstract":"<p>We have now entered an era of large-scale attempts to restore ecological functions and biological communities in impaired ecosystems. Our knowledge base of complex ecosystems and interrelated functions is limited, so the outcomes of specific restoration actions are highly uncertain. One approach for exploring that uncertainty and anticipating the range of possible restoration outcomes is comparative study of existing habitats similar to future habitats slated for construction. Here we compare two examples of one habitat type targeted for restoration in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta. We compare one critical ecological function provided by these shallow tidal habitats - production and distribution of phytoplankton biomass as the food supply to pelagic consumers. We measured spatial and short-term temporal variability of phytoplankton biomass and growth rate and quantified the hydrodynamic and biological processes governing that variability. Results show that the production and distribution of phytoplankton biomass can be highly variable within and between nearby habitats of the same type, due to variations in phytoplankton sources, sinks, and transport. Therefore, superficially similar, geographically proximate habitats can function very differently, and that functional variability introduces large uncertainties into the restoration process. Comparative study of existing habitats is one way ecosystem science can elucidate and potentially minimize restoration uncertainties, by identifying processes shaping habitat functionality, including those that can be controlled in the restoration design.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1890/1051-0761(2002)012[1528:FVOHWT]2.0.CO;2","issn":"10510761","usgsCitation":"Lucas, L., Cloern, J., Thompson, J., and Monsen, N., 2002, Functional variability of habitats within the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta: Restoration implications: Ecological Applications, v. 12, no. 5, p. 1528-1547, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2002)012[1528:FVOHWT]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"1528","endPage":"1547","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231884,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta","volume":"12","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1416e4b0c8380cd548dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lucas, L.V.","contributorId":62777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lucas","given":"L.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cloern, J. E.","contributorId":59453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloern","given":"J. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thompson, J.K.","contributorId":103300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Monsen, N.E.","contributorId":80036,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monsen","given":"N.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70024282,"text":"70024282 - 2002 - Lag times of bank filtration at a well field, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:00","indexId":"70024282","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lag times of bank filtration at a well field, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA","docAbstract":"Wells placed next to surface-water bodies to induce infiltration have come under scrutiny because of the presence of the potential pathogens in surface water. Removal of pathogens and other contaminants by bank filtration is assumed, but regulatory agencies question the effectiveness of this process. To investigate transport processes of biological constituents, advective groundwater traveltimes to production wells under the influence of surface water need to be established first to determine appropriate water-quality sampling schedules. This paper presents the results of a study of bank filtration at a well field in southwestern Ohio. Field parameters such as water level, specific conductance, and water temperature were measured at least hourly at a streamflow gaging station and at five monitoring wells each at two separate sites, corresponding to two nearby production wells. Water-quality samples also were collected in all wells and the streamflow gaging station. Specific conductance is directly related to concentration of chloride, a chemically conservative constituent. Cross-correlation methods were used to determine the average traveltime from the river to the monitoring wells. Traveltimes based on specific conductance ranged from approximately 20 h to 10 days at one site and 5 days to 3 months at the other site. Calculated groundwater flow velocities ranged from 2.1 ?? 10-3 to 6.0 ?? 10-3 cm/s and 3.5 ?? 10-4 to 7.1 ?? 10-4 cm/s at the two sites. Data collected when a production well is continuously pumping reveal shorter and more consistent traveltimes than when the same well is pumped intermittently. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00164-6","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Sheets, R.A., Darner, R., and Whitteberry, B., 2002, Lag times of bank filtration at a well field, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA: Journal of Hydrology, v. 266, no. 3-4, p. 162-174, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00164-6.","startPage":"162","endPage":"174","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231809,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207138,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00164-6"}],"volume":"266","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4132e4b0c8380cd6538d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sheets, R. A.","contributorId":43381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sheets","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Darner, R.A.","contributorId":19193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Darner","given":"R.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Whitteberry, B.L.","contributorId":23718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitteberry","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70024277,"text":"70024277 - 2002 - Implications of water supply for indigenous Americans during Holocene ardity phases on the Southern High Plains, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:00","indexId":"70024277","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Implications of water supply for indigenous Americans during Holocene ardity phases on the Southern High Plains, USA","docAbstract":"Springs in the 40 to 50 large lake basins (>15 km2) on the southern portion of the Southern High Plains (SHP) were active during periods of aridity in the Holocene when there may have been human habitation of the area. Eolian erosion of the lake floors and lunette accretion occurred as groundwater levels declined in response to decreased groundwater recharge. The declining lake floor associated with eolian erosion allowed groundwater evaporative discharge to continue, thus maintaining a groundwater gradient toward the lake. This hydrologic condition was favorable for a relatively continuous spring discharge to the lake, independent of the elevation of the lake floor. To evaluate the postulated dynamic equilibrium critical to this conclusion, 17 optically stimulated ages were determined from a 17.7-m deep core of a lunette adjacent to Double Lakes, Texas (33??13???15???N, 101??54???08???W). The core yielded sediment accumulation dates of 11,500 ?? 1100, 6500 ?? 700, and 4900 ?? 500 yr B.P., corresponding broadly with periods of aridity known from other evidence. Based on analysis of this lunette, it is concluded that springs in Double Lakes basin probably existed throughout the Holocene with discharges similar to those observed historically. We assumed that similar dynamic equilibrium existed in the other large lake basins in the SHP and that these springs could have provided a continuous source of water for indigenous peoples during periods of prolonged aridity. The dynamic equilibrium that is proposed in this study is applicable not only to other arid and semiarid geographic areas with wind-erodible material but also over different geologic times. ?? 2002 University of Washington.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/qres.2002.2355","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Wood, W., Stokes, S., and Rich, J., 2002, Implications of water supply for indigenous Americans during Holocene ardity phases on the Southern High Plains, USA: Quaternary Research, v. 58, no. 2, p. 139-148, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.2002.2355.","startPage":"139","endPage":"148","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207101,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.2002.2355"},{"id":231731,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3931e4b0c8380cd61838","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wood, W.W.","contributorId":21974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"W.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stokes, S.","contributorId":58041,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stokes","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rich, J.","contributorId":59193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rich","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70024261,"text":"70024261 - 2002 - Long-term evolution of biodegradation and volatilization rates in a crude oil-contaminated aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-26T07:38:48","indexId":"70024261","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1042,"text":"Bioremediation Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Long-term evolution of biodegradation and volatilization rates in a crude oil-contaminated aquifer","docAbstract":"<p><span>Volatilization and subsequent biodegradation near the water Table make up a coupled natural attenuation pathway that results in significant mass loss of hydrocarbons. Rates of biodegradation and volatilization were documented twice 12 years apart at a crude-oil spill site near Bemidji, Minnesota. Biodegradation rates were determined by calibrating a gas transport model to O</span><sub>2</sub><span>, CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>, and CH</span><sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;gas-concentration data in the unsaturated zone. Reaction stoichiometry was assumed in converting O</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;and CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;gas-flux estimates to rates of aerobic biodegradation and CH</span><sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;gas-flux estimates to rates of methanogenesis. Model results indicate that the coupled pathway has resulted in significant hydrocarbon mass loss at the site, and it was estimated that approximately 10.52&thinsp;kg/day were lost in 1985 and 1.99&thinsp;kg/day in 1997. In 1985 3% of total volatile hydrocarbons diffusing from the floating oil were biodegraded in the lower 1&thinsp;m of the unsaturated zone and increased to 52% by 1997. Rates of hydrocarbon biodegradation above the center of the floating oil were relatively stable from 1985 to 1997, as the primary metabolic pathway shifted from aerobic to methanogenic biodegradation. Model results indicate that in 1997 biodegradation under methanogenenic conditions represented approximately one-half of total hydrocarbon biodegradation in the lower 1&thinsp;m of the unsaturated zone. Further downgradient, where substrate concentrations have greatly increased, total biodegradation rates increased by greater than an order of magnitude from 0.04 to 0.43&thinsp;g/m</span><sup>2</sup><span>-day. It appears that volatilization is the primary mechanism for attenuation in early stages of plume evolution, while biodegradation dominates in later stages.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor and Francis","doi":"10.1080/10889860290777594","issn":"10889868","usgsCitation":"Chaplin, B., Delin, G., Baker, R., and Lahvis, M., 2002, Long-term evolution of biodegradation and volatilization rates in a crude oil-contaminated aquifer: Bioremediation Journal, v. 6, no. 3, p. 237-255, https://doi.org/10.1080/10889860290777594.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"237","endPage":"255","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232073,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269729,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10889860290777594"}],"volume":"6","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a498ee4b0c8380cd686ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chaplin, B.P.","contributorId":22532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chaplin","given":"B.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Delin, G. N.","contributorId":12834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delin","given":"G. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baker, R.J.","contributorId":85915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lahvis, M.A.","contributorId":96029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lahvis","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70024252,"text":"70024252 - 2002 - Isotope-abundance variations of selected elements (IUPAC technical report)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-28T09:48:49","indexId":"70024252","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3207,"text":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Isotope-abundance variations of selected elements (IUPAC technical report)","docAbstract":"Documented variations in the isotopic compositions of some chemical elements are responsible for expanded uncertainties in the standard atomic weights published by the Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. This report summarizes reported variations in the isotopic compositions of 20 elements that are due to physical and chemical fractionation processes (not due to radioactive decay) and their effects on the standard atomic-weight uncertainties. For 11 of those elements (hydrogen, lithium, boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur, chlorine, copper, and selenium), standard atomic-weight uncertainties have been assigned values that are substantially larger than analytical uncertainties because of common isotope-abundance variations in materials of natural terrestrial origin. For 2 elements (chromium and thallium), recently reported isotope-abundance variations potentially are large enough to result in future expansion of their atomic-weight uncertainties. For 7 elements (magnesium, calcium, iron, zinc, molybdenum, palladium, and tellurium), documented isotope variations in materials of natural terrestrial origin are too small to have a significant effect on their standard atomic-weight uncertainties. This compilation indicates the extent to which the atomic weight of an element in a given material may differ from the standard atomic weight of the element. For most elements given above, data are graphically illustrated by a diagram in which the materials are specified in the ordinate and the compositional ranges are plotted along the abscissa in scales of (1) atomic weight, (2) mole fraction of a selected isotope, and (3) delta value of a selected isotope ratio.","language":"English","publisher":"International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry","doi":"10.1351/pac200274101987","issn":"00334545","usgsCitation":"Coplen, T., Böhlke, J., De Bievre, P., Ding, T., Holden, N., Hopple, J., Krouse, H., Lamberty, A., Peiser, H., Revesz, K., Rieder, S., Rosman, K., Roth, E., Taylor, P., Vocke, R., and Xiao, Y., 2002, Isotope-abundance variations of selected elements (IUPAC technical report): Pure and Applied Chemistry, v. 74, no. 10, p. 1987-2017, https://doi.org/10.1351/pac200274101987.","productDescription":"31 p.","startPage":"1987","endPage":"2017","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478765,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1351/pac200274101987","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":231917,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"74","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3f8ee4b0c8380cd645f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coplen, T.B.","contributorId":34147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coplen","given":"T.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Böhlke, J.K. 0000-0001-5693-6455","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":96696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Böhlke","given":"J.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"De Bievre, P.","contributorId":22399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"De Bievre","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ding, T.","contributorId":70450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ding","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Holden, N.E.","contributorId":9032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holden","given":"N.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hopple, J.A. 0000-0003-3180-2252","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3180-2252","contributorId":85235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hopple","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Krouse, H.R.","contributorId":63067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krouse","given":"H.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Lamberty, A.","contributorId":49414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamberty","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Peiser, H.S.","contributorId":64303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peiser","given":"H.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Revesz, K.","contributorId":95202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Revesz","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Rieder, S.E.","contributorId":66751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rieder","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Rosman, K.J.R.","contributorId":27903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosman","given":"K.J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Roth, E.","contributorId":90499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roth","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Taylor, P.D.P.","contributorId":74164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"P.D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Vocke, R.D. Jr.","contributorId":9310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vocke","given":"R.D.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Xiao, Y.K.","contributorId":68068,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xiao","given":"Y.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16}]}}
,{"id":70024243,"text":"70024243 - 2002 - Use of regional climate model output for hydrologic simulations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:59","indexId":"70024243","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2344,"text":"Journal of Hydrometeorology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of regional climate model output for hydrologic simulations","docAbstract":"Daily precipitation and maximum and minimum temperature time series from a regional climate model (RegCM2) configured using the continental United States as a domain and run on a 52-km (approximately) spatial resolution were used as input to a distributed hydrologic model for one rainfall-dominated basin (Alapaha River at Statenville, Georgia) and three snowmelt-dominated basins (Animas River at Durango. Colorado; east fork of the Carson River near Gardnerville, Nevada: and Cle Elum River near Roslyn, Washington). For comparison purposes, spatially averaged daily datasets of precipitation and maximum and minimum temperature were developed from measured data for each basin. These datasets included precipitation and temperature data for all stations (hereafter, All-Sta) located within the area of the RegCM2 output used for each basin, but excluded station data used to calibrate the hydrologic model. Both the RegCM2 output and All-Sta data capture the gross aspects of the seasonal cycles of precipitation and temperature. However, in all four basins, the RegCM2- and All-Sta-based simulations of runoff show little skill on a daily basis [Nash-Sutcliffe (NS) values range from 0.05 to 0.37 for RegCM2 and -0.08 to 0.65 for All-Sta]. When the precipitation and temperature biases are corrected in the RegCM2 output and All-Sta data (Bias-RegCM2 and Bias-All, respectively) the accuracy of the daily runoff simulations improve dramatically for the snowmelt-dominated basins (NS values range from 0.41 to 0.66 for RegCM2 and 0.60 to 0.76 for All-Sta). In the rainfall-dominated basin, runoff simulations based on the Bias-RegCM2 output show no skill (NS value of 0.09) whereas Bias-All simulated runoff improves (NS value improved from - 0.08 to 0.72). These results indicate that measured data at the coarse resolution of the RegCM2 output can be made appropriate for basin-scale modeling through bias correction (essentially a magnitude correction). However, RegCM2 output, even when bias corrected, does not contain the day-to-day variability present in the All-Sta dataset that is necessary for basin-scale modeling. Future work is warranted to identify the causes for systematic biases in RegCM2 simulations, develop methods to remove the biases, and improve RegCM2 simulations of daily variability in local climate.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrometeorology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1175/1525-7541(2002)003<0571:UORCMO>2.0.CO;2","issn":"1525755X","usgsCitation":"Hay, L., Clark, M., Wilby, R., Gutowski, W., Leavesley, G., Pan, Z., Arritt, R., and Takle, E., 2002, Use of regional climate model output for hydrologic simulations: Journal of Hydrometeorology, v. 3, no. 5, p. 571-590, https://doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2002)003<0571:UORCMO>2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"571","endPage":"590","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478655,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2002)003<0571:uorcmo>2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":207135,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2002)003<0571:UORCMO>2.0.CO;2"},{"id":231806,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbf6ae4b08c986b329b4c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hay, L.E.","contributorId":54253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hay","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, M.P.","contributorId":49558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"M.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilby, R.L.","contributorId":96043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilby","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gutowski, W.J.","contributorId":6623,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gutowski","given":"W.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Leavesley, G.H.","contributorId":93895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leavesley","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Pan, Z.","contributorId":13006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pan","given":"Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Arritt, R.W.","contributorId":39544,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arritt","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Takle, E.S.","contributorId":7033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takle","given":"E.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70024223,"text":"70024223 - 2002 - 15N NMR investigation of the covalent binding of reduced TNT amines to soil humic acid, model compounds, and lignocellulose","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-25T17:43:02.119829","indexId":"70024223","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"15N NMR investigation of the covalent binding of reduced TNT amines to soil humic acid, model compounds, and lignocellulose","docAbstract":"The five major reductive degradation products of TNT-4ADNT (4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene), 2ADNT (2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene), 2,4DANT (2,4-diamino-6-nitrotoluene), 2,6DANT (2,6-diamino-4-nitrotoluene), and TAT (2,4,6-triaminotoluene)-labeled with 15N in the amine positions, were reacted with the IHSS soil humic acid and analyzed by 15N NMR spectrometry. In the absence of catalysts, all five amines underwent nucleophilic addition reactions with quinone and other carbonyl groups in the soil humic acid to form both heterocyclic and nonheterocyclic condensation products. Imine formation via 1,2-addition of the amines to quinone groups in the soil humic acid was significant with the diamines and TAT but not the monoamines. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) catalyzed an increase in the incorporation of all five amines into the humic acid. In the case of the diamines and TAT, HRP also shifted the binding away from heterocyclic condensation product toward imine formation. A comparison of quantitative liquid phase with solid-state CP/MAS 15N NMR indicated that the CP experiment underestimated imine and heterocyclic nitrogens in humic acid, even with contact times optimal for observation of these nitrogens. Covalent binding of the mono- and diamines to 4-methylcatechol, the HRP catalyzed condensation of 4ADNT and 2,4DANT to coniferyl alcohol, and the binding of 2,4DANT to lignocellulose with and without birnessite were also examined.","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es011383j","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Thorn, K.A., and Kennedy, K.R., 2002, 15N NMR investigation of the covalent binding of reduced TNT amines to soil humic acid, model compounds, and lignocellulose: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 36, no. 17, p. 3787-3796, https://doi.org/10.1021/es011383j.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"3787","endPage":"3796","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232070,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-08-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e227e4b0c8380cd459d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thorn, K. A.","contributorId":33294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thorn","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kennedy, K. R.","contributorId":66267,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70024210,"text":"70024210 - 2002 - Linker-assisted immunoassay and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry for the analysis of glyphosate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-26T08:35:36","indexId":"70024210","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":761,"text":"Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Linker-assisted immunoassay and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry for the analysis of glyphosate","docAbstract":"<p>A novel, sensitive, linker-assisted enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (L'ELISA) was compared to on-line solidphase extraction (SPE) with high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) for the analysis of glyphosate in surface water and groundwater samples. The L'ELISA used succinic anhydride to derivatize glyphosate, which mimics the epitotic attachment of glyphosate to horseradish peroxidase hapten. Thus, L'ELISA recognized the derivatized glyphosate more effectively (detection limit of 0.1 μg/L) and with increased sensitivity (10-100 times) over conventional ELISA and showed the potential for other applications. The precision and accuracy of L'ELISA then was compared with on-line SPE/HPLC/MS, which detected glyphosate and its degradate derivatized with 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate using negative-ion electrospray (detection limit 0.1 μg/L, relative standard deviation ±15%). Derivatization efficiency and matrix effects were minimized by adding an isotope-labeled glyphosate (2-<sup>13</sup>C<sup>15</sup>N). The accuracy of L'ELISA gave a false positive rate of 18% between 0.1 and 1.0 μg/L and a false positive rate of only 1% above 1.0 μg/L. The relative standard deviation was ±20%. The correlation of L'ELISA and HPLC/MS for 66 surface water and groundwater samples was 0.97 with a slope of 1.28, with many detections of glyphosate and its degradate in surface water but not in groundwater.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/ac020208y","issn":"00032700","usgsCitation":"Lee, E., Zimmerman, L., Bhullar, B., and Thurman, E., 2002, Linker-assisted immunoassay and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry for the analysis of glyphosate: Analytical Chemistry, v. 74, no. 19, p. 4937-4943, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac020208y.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"4937","endPage":"4943","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231840,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207155,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac020208y"}],"volume":"74","issue":"19","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-09-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a47cee4b0c8380cd679b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, E.A.","contributorId":48608,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"E.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zimmerman, L.R.","contributorId":28624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmerman","given":"L.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bhullar, B.S.","contributorId":107879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bhullar","given":"B.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
]}