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Emphasis was given to alkylphenolpolyethoxylate (APEO) derived compounds, although 17-??-estradiol, bisphenol A, caffeine, total organic carbon, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and other compounds also were measured. Contaminants were isolated by continuous liquid-liquid extraction (CLLE) with methylene chloride and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry in full scan and selected ion monitoring modes. The extracts were derivatized to form the methyl esters of alkylphenolethoxycarboxylates (APEC), and EDTA was isolated by evaporation and derivatized to form the tetrapropyl ester. The mass spectra of nonylphenol (NP) and octylphenol (OP) compounds are complex and show variations among the different ethoxylate and carboxylate homologs, reflecting variations in the ethylene oxide chain length. Recoveries for target compounds and surrogate standards ranged from 20-130%, with relative standard deviations of 9.9-53%. Detection limits for the various compounds ranged from 0.06-0.35 ??g/L. Analysis of the wastewater effluents detected a number of compounds including NP, NPEO, OP, OPEO, NPEC, caffeine, and EDTA at concentrations ranging from <1-439 ??g/L, with EDTA and NPEC being most abundant. There was variability in compound distributions and concentrations between the various sewage treatment plants, indicating differences in treatment type and influent composition. Several wastewater-derived compounds were detected in the river samples, with EDTA and NPEC persisting for considerable distance downstream from wastewater discharges, and NP and NPEO being attenuated more rapidly.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Analysis of environmental endocrine disruptors","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/bk-2000-0747.ch007","issn":"00976156","usgsCitation":"Barber, L.B., Brown, G.K., and Zaugg, S.D., 1999, Potential endocrine disrupting organic chemicals in treated municipal wastewater and river water, in Analysis of environmental endocrine disruptors, v. 747, p. 97-123, https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-2000-0747.ch007.","productDescription":"27 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Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":392522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, Greg K.","contributorId":8554,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Greg","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zaugg, Steven D. sdzaugg@usgs.gov","contributorId":768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zaugg","given":"Steven","email":"sdzaugg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":392523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70164483,"text":"70164483 - 1999 - Sediment chronology in San Francisco Bay, California, defined by 210Pb, 234Th, 137Cs, and 239,340Pu","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-04T14:39:56","indexId":"70164483","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2662,"text":"Marine Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sediment chronology in San Francisco Bay, California, defined by 210Pb, 234Th, 137Cs, and 239,340Pu","docAbstract":"Sediment chronologies based on radioisotope depth profiles were developed at two sites in the San Francisco Bay estuary to provide a framework for interpreting historical trends in organic compound and metal contaminant inputs. At Richardson Bay near the estuary mouth, sediments are highly mixed by biological and/or physical processes. Excess ![\"Full-size](\"http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0304420398000814-si51.gif\" "\\"Full-size")
penetration ranged from 2 to more than 10 cm at eight coring sites, yielding surface sediment mixing coefficients ranging from 12 to 170 cm2/year. At the site chosen for contaminant analyses, excess ![\"Full-size](\"http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0304420398000814-si52.gif\" "\\"Full-size")
activity was essentially constant over the upper 25 cm of the core with an exponential decrease below to the supported activity between 70 and 90 cm. Both ![\"Full-size](\"http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0304420398000814-si53.gif\" "\\"Full-size")
and ![\"Full-size](\"http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0304420398000814-si54.gif\" "\\"Full-size")
penetrated to 57-cm depth and have broad subsurface maxima between 33 and 41 cm. The best fit of the excess ![\"Full-size](\"http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0304420398000814-si55.gif\" "\\"Full-size")
profile to a steady state sediment accumulation and mixing model yielded an accumulation rate of 0.825 g/cm2/year (0.89 cm/year at sediment surface), surface mixing coefficient of 71 cm2/year, and 33-cm mixed zone with a half-Gaussian depth dependence parameter of 9 cm. Simulations of ![\"Full-size](\"http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0304420398000814-si56.gif\" "\\"Full-size")
and ![\"Full-size](\"http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0304420398000814-si57.gif\" "\\"Full-size")
profiles using these parameters successfully predicted the maximum depth of penetration and the depth of maximum ![\"Full-size](\"http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0304420398000814-si58.gif\" "\\"Full-size")
and ![\"Full-size](\"http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0304420398000814-si59.gif\" "\\"Full-size")
activity. Profiles of successive 1-year hypothetical contaminant pulses were generated using this parameter set to determine the age distribution of sediments at any depth horizon. Because of mixing, sediment particles with a wide range of deposition dates occur at each depth. A sediment chronology was derived from this age distribution to assign the minimum age of deposition and a date of maximum deposition to a depth horizon. The minimum age of sediments in a given horizon is used to estimate the date of first appearance of a contaminant from its maximum depth of penetration. The date of maximum deposition is used to estimate the peak year of input for a contaminant from the depth interval with the highest concentration of that contaminant. Because of the extensive mixing, sediment-bound constituents are rapidly diluted with older material after deposition. In addition, contaminants persist in the mixed zone for many years after deposition. More than 75 years are required to bury 90% of a deposited contaminant below the mixed zone. Reconstructing contaminant inputs is limited to changes occurring on a 20-year time scale. In contrast, mixing is much lower relative to accumulation at a site in San Pablo Bay. Instead, periods of rapid deposition and/or erosion occurred as indicated by frequent sand-silt laminae in the X-radiograph. ![\"Full-size](\"http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0304420398000814-si60.gif\" "\\"Full-size")
, ![\"Full-size](\"http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0304420398000814-si61.gif\" "\\"Full-size")
, and excess ![\"Full-size](\"http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0304420398000814-si62.gif\" "\\"Full-size")
activity all penetrated to about 120 cm. The distinct maxima in the fallout radionuclides at 105–110 cm yielded overall linear sedimentation rates of 3.9 to 4.1 cm/year, which are comparable to a rate of 4.5±1.5 cm/year derived from the excess ![\"Full-size](\"http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0304420398000814-si63.gif\" "\\"Full-size")
profile.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0304-4203(98)00081-4","usgsCitation":"Fuller, C.C., van Geen, A., Baskaran, M., and Anima, R., 1999, Sediment chronology in San Francisco Bay, California, defined by 210Pb, 234Th, 137Cs, and 239,340Pu: Marine Chemistry, v. 64, no. 1-2, p. 7-27, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4203(98)00081-4.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"7","endPage":"27","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":316651,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.508544921875,\n 37.82605669492651\n ],\n [\n -122.508544921875,\n 37.88786039168385\n ],\n [\n -122.42752075195314,\n 37.88786039168385\n ],\n [\n -122.42752075195314,\n 37.82605669492651\n ],\n [\n -122.508544921875,\n 37.82605669492651\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"64","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56b9ca8ee4b08d617f63a868","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fuller, C. C.","contributorId":29858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"van Geen, Alexander","contributorId":36876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Geen","given":"Alexander","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baskaran, M.","contributorId":96627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baskaran","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Anima, R.","contributorId":77304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anima","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70204101,"text":"70204101 - 1999 - Pattern and process of land loss in the Mississippi Delta: A spatial and temporal analysis of wetland habitat change","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-03T19:11:57","indexId":"70204101","displayToPublicDate":"1999-12-31T19:07:58","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Pattern and process of land loss in the Mississippi Delta: A spatial and temporal analysis of wetland habitat change","docAbstract":"An earlier investigation (Turner 1997) concluded that most of the coastal wetland loss in Louisiana was caused by the effects of canal dredging, that loss was near zero in the absence of canals, and that land loss had decreased to near zero by the late 1990s. This analysis was based on a 15-min quadrangle (approximately 68,000 ha) scale that is too large to isolate processes responsible for small-scale wetland loss and too small to capture those responsible for large-scale loss. Herein, we conduct a further evaluation of the relationship between direct loss due to canal dredging and all other loss from 1933–1990 using a spatial scale of 4,100 ha that accurately captures local land-loss processes. Data sets for Pontchartrain and Breton basins did not meet the criteria for parametric statistics. Regressions of other wetland loss on canal area (i.e., direct loss) for the Birdfoot, Terrebonne, and Calcasieu basins were not significant. Significant positive curvilinear relationships were isolated for the Barataria (R2=0.40) and Mermentau (R2=0.29) basins, indicating that the extent of canals is significantly related to wetland loss in these basins. A significant negative relationship (R2=0.361) was found for the Atchafalaya coastal basin which had statistically lower loss rates than the other basins as a whole. When the data were combined for all basins, 9.2% of the variation in other wetland loss was attributable to canals. All significant regressions intercepted the Y-axis at positive loss values indicating that some loss occurred in the absence of canals. We agree with Turner that canals are an important agent in causing wetland loss in coastal Louisiana, but strongly disagree that they are responsible for the vast majority of this loss. We conclude that wetland loss in the Mississippi delta is an ongoing complex process involving several interacting factors and that efforts to create and restore Louisiana’s coastal wetlands must emphasize riverine inputs of freshwater and sediments.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Recent research in coastal Louisiana : natural system function and response to human influence : a symposium convened by the Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium, February 3-5, 1998, Lafayette, Louisiana","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"Louisiana Sea Grant College Program","usgsCitation":"Day, J.W., Shaffer, G.P., Britsch, L.D., Reed, D.J., Hawes, S., and Cahoon, D.R., 1999, Pattern and process of land loss in the Mississippi Delta: A spatial and temporal analysis of wetland habitat change, in Recent research in coastal Louisiana : natural system function and response to human influence : a symposium convened by the Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium, February 3-5, 1998, Lafayette, Louisiana, p. 193-202.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"193","endPage":"202","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":365304,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Louisiana Coastal Zone, Mississippi River Delta","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.65917968749999,\n 30.619004797647808\n ],\n [\n -91.16455078125,\n 29.973970240516614\n ],\n [\n -91.7578125,\n 29.99300228455108\n ],\n [\n -93.6474609375,\n 30.06909396443887\n ],\n [\n -93.8671875,\n 29.859701442126756\n ],\n [\n -93.7353515625,\n 29.6880527498568\n ],\n [\n -93.49365234375,\n 29.707139348134145\n ],\n [\n -92.87841796875,\n 29.554345125748267\n ],\n [\n -92.08740234375,\n 29.401319510041485\n ],\n [\n -91.62597656249999,\n 29.458731185355344\n ],\n [\n -91.01074218749999,\n 29.094577077511826\n ],\n [\n -90.41748046874999,\n 29.248063243796576\n ],\n [\n -90.28564453124999,\n 28.9600886880068\n ],\n [\n -89.9560546875,\n 29.11377539511439\n ],\n [\n -89.912109375,\n 29.401319510041485\n ],\n [\n -89.736328125,\n 29.248063243796576\n ],\n [\n -89.1650390625,\n 28.92163128242129\n ],\n [\n -88.87939453125,\n 29.152161283318915\n ],\n [\n -89.1650390625,\n 30.012030680358613\n ],\n [\n -89.6484375,\n 30.183121842195515\n ],\n [\n -89.8681640625,\n 30.637912028341123\n ],\n [\n -90.65917968749999,\n 30.619004797647808\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Day, John W.","contributorId":200323,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Day","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":5115,"text":"Louisiana State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":765510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shaffer, Gary P.","contributorId":178419,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shaffer","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":765511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Britsch, Louis D.","contributorId":78024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Britsch","given":"Louis","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":765512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Reed, Denise J.","contributorId":71903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"Denise","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":765513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hawes, Suzanne","contributorId":51376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hawes","given":"Suzanne","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":765514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Cahoon, Donald R. 0000-0002-2591-5667 dcahoon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2591-5667","contributorId":3791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cahoon","given":"Donald","email":"dcahoon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":765515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70208142,"text":"70208142 - 1999 - The integration of gis and image processing technology for monitoring wetland restoration projects","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-28T18:19:34","indexId":"70208142","displayToPublicDate":"1999-12-31T18:13:10","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"The integration of gis and image processing technology for monitoring wetland restoration projects","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wetlands for the future","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Gleneagles Publishing","isbn":"9781875553044","usgsCitation":"Johnston, J.B., Barras, J., Hartley, S., Fuller, D.A., and Steyer, G.D., 1999, The integration of gis and image processing technology for monitoring wetland restoration projects, chap. of Wetlands for the future, p. 607-616.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"607","endPage":"616","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371675,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Coastal Louisiana","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.2034912109375,\n 28.8975881579445\n ],\n [\n -88.9178466796875,\n 29.219302076779456\n ],\n [\n -88.6981201171875,\n 29.90732937685153\n ],\n [\n -89.49462890625,\n 30.192618218499273\n ],\n [\n -89.67041015625,\n 30.330212685432734\n ],\n [\n -89.7967529296875,\n 30.62373195163005\n ],\n [\n -89.967041015625,\n 30.727670895047673\n ],\n [\n -91.16455078125,\n 30.63318556699761\n ],\n [\n -92.2412109375,\n 30.372875188118016\n ],\n [\n -92.8289794921875,\n 30.268556249047727\n ],\n [\n -93.71337890625,\n 30.197366063272245\n ],\n [\n -93.922119140625,\n 29.814433840986087\n ],\n [\n -93.83148193359375,\n 29.664189403696138\n ],\n [\n -93.37280273437499,\n 29.757224408272663\n ],\n [\n -93.1475830078125,\n 29.76437737516313\n ],\n [\n -92.6092529296875,\n 29.566290516578164\n ],\n [\n -92.2137451171875,\n 29.520890519025357\n ],\n [\n -92.0819091796875,\n 29.566290516578164\n ],\n [\n -91.834716796875,\n 29.47307903155816\n ],\n [\n -91.4501953125,\n 29.5232805008286\n ],\n [\n -91.24969482421875,\n 29.42763722319321\n ],\n [\n -91.15081787109374,\n 29.233683670282787\n ],\n [\n -91.0601806640625,\n 29.14496502116881\n ],\n [\n -90.78826904296875,\n 29.000934035030202\n ],\n [\n -90.2581787109375,\n 29.044164463006044\n ],\n [\n -89.75006103515625,\n 29.284003336047167\n ],\n [\n -89.5440673828125,\n 29.21211052272621\n ],\n [\n -89.45343017578125,\n 28.986519871823326\n ],\n [\n -89.38751220703125,\n 28.86872905602898\n ],\n [\n -89.2034912109375,\n 28.8975881579445\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnston, James B.","contributorId":78039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barras, J.","contributorId":35488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barras","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hartley, S. 0000-0003-1380-2769","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1380-2769","contributorId":21663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartley","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fuller, D. A.","contributorId":221914,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fuller","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Steyer, Gregory D. 0000-0001-7231-0110 steyerg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7231-0110","contributorId":2856,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steyer","given":"Gregory","email":"steyerg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5062,"text":"Office of the Chief Scientist for Ecosystems","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5064,"text":"Southeast Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":780701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70206830,"text":"70206830 - 1999 - The ecological condition of estuaries in the Gulf of Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-22T17:52:46","indexId":"70206830","displayToPublicDate":"1999-12-31T17:40:53","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5883,"text":"Cooperator Report","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"620-R-98-004","title":"The ecological condition of estuaries in the Gulf of Mexico","docAbstract":"The Gulf of Mexico is a vast natural resource encompassing the coastal areas of western Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas, as well as a portion of Mexico. Many estuaries flow into the Gulf of Mexico and serve as nursery grounds for fish, habitat for a wide variety of wildlife, shipping routes, and a source of recreation. Estuarine-dependent species constitute more than 95 percent of the commercial fishery harvests from the Gulf of Mexico, and many important recreational fishery species depend on estuaries during some part of their life cycle. Gulf estuaries are diverse and productive ecosystems that provide a variety of valuable resources, including fish and shellfish, recreation, transportation, and water supply.
Assessing the overall condition of Gulf of Mexico estuaries required incorporating data from other federal, state, and local monitoring programs to augment the information on ecological indicators collected by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (USEPA) Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP). The resulting document would provide a synthesis of the available knowledge about the condition of Gulf of Mexico estuaries. This document is intended for use by scientists and other citizens concerned with the ecological condition of estuaries, as well as by managers and lawmakers interested in the sustained use of estuaries for commercial and recreational purposes. It also addresses public concerns about the aesthetic quality of coastal areas vital to tourism and recreation. By producing this report on the ecological condition of estuaries in the Gulf of Mexico, we have taken one step in assessing the health of this environmental resource. We have produced an environmental “report card” to be used as a guide in the evaluation of management decisions and research directions.
This report is organized in three parts: (1) an introduction that gives background information on the Gulf of Mexico, estuarine ecology, and the factors that impact estuaries in the gulf, (2) the main section on priority ecological indicators used to measure the condition of estuaries in the gulf and (3) an ecological report card that summarizes the data on ecological indicators and provides a rating of the condition of estuaries in each gulf state and for gulf estuaries overall. Many of the ratings were based on the percent area of estuaries in each state exhibiting degraded or adverse levels of an indicator.
Eutrophication, a condition of high nutrients often resulting in low oxygen levels and other adverse effects, is an important water quality concern for estuaries along the gulf coast. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has compared the Gulf of Mexico to other coastal regions like the middle Atlantic and has ranked the Gulf of Mexico as having the highest number of point sources of nutrients and the highest percentage of land use devoted to agriculture. We evaluated monitoring data for nitrogen, chlorophyll, and dissolved oxygen as indicators of eutrophication. Although most of the estuaries exhibited high nitrogen or chlorophyll or low dissolved oxygen concentrations at least once during a survey, many times these conditions were observed in small rivers or bayous rather than in the entire estuary. Often, the percent area affected was low. The gulf estuaries had moderate conditions overall for nutrients and dissolved oxygen. Definite nutrient problems were observed in >25% of the estuarine area in Louisiana and Texas and definite dissolved oxygen problems were observed in Alabama.
Contaminants in estuarine sediments provide evidence of the accumulation of chemicals from anthropogenic sources. We compared the concentrations of sediment contaminants to established guideline values to determine the proportion of estuarine area that could have potential adverse effects on living organisms. Although detectable levels of contaminants were measured in almost every estuary in the Gulf of Mexico, <25% of the estuarine area in all states had contaminant concentrations that exceeded these guidelines.
Wetlands are integral parts of estuarine systems. Declining acreage means habitat loss that may be the result of commercial and residential development, hydrologic alterations, or dredge and fill operations. The Gulf of Mexico region contains more than 50% of the coastal wetland acreage in the U.S. and yet it also has the highest rate of coastal wetland loss. Nine of the top ten estuarine drainage areas ranked by total wetland area are in the Gulf of Mexico region. The most current estimates of total wetland loss over the past 200 years range from 41% to 54% for the gulf states. Although coastal wetlands continue to be altered or destroyed, some estimates indicate that the rate of loss has slowed. All gulf states were rated as having severe problems with wetland loss.
The condition of benthic (bottom-dwelling) invertebrates, fish and shellfish, birds, and threatened and endangered species was used to evaluate the health of estuarine fauna. Degraded benthic communities inhabited <25% of the estuarine area in all gulf states except for Texas. Commercial fish and shellfish landings may be used as an indicator of population stability while fish biomarkers are used to measure the health of individuals in the population. Commercial landings of the top four fisheries (shrimp, menhaden, blue crab, and oyster) are stable in the gulf states while fish biomarkers indicate fair to poor fish health in Alabama and Texas and good fish health elsewhere. Coastal and marine bird populations appear to be in good condition throughout the gulf. Four threatened or endangered species inhabit coastal areas in the Gulf of Mexico: brown pelican, Gulf sturgeon, manatee, and Kemp’s ridley sea turtle. In general, populations of these species are in good to fair condition in the gulf states.
Public health indicators include shellfish bed closures and chemicals found in edible fish tissue. Harvest of shellfish (primarily oyster in the Gulf of Mexico) is restricted or prohibited when concentrations of bacteria or other pathogens reach levels that could impair human health. The gulf states contain the most acreage of shellfish-growing waters in the U.S. but also have the most acreage restricted for harvest. All gulf states except Mississippi have >25% of their shellfish-growing waters restricted for harvest, mostly due to pollution from wastewater treatment plants or other upstream sources. Advisories may be issued that limit consumption when the concentrations of chemicals in fish tissue exceed levels known to be harmful to humans. Although seafood consumption advisories have been issued in all gulf states, the percent of the fish population with high concentrations of contaminants is relatively low in the gulf overall.
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,{"id":70208136,"text":"70208136 - 1999 - Impacts of hazards and disasters on coastal ecosystems: The hidden costs to society","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-28T17:18:15","indexId":"70208136","displayToPublicDate":"1999-12-31T17:14:22","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Impacts of hazards and disasters on coastal ecosystems: The hidden costs to society","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
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,{"id":70204237,"text":"70204237 - 1999 - Wetlands and climate change - Scientific approaches and management options","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-15T15:12:08","indexId":"70204237","displayToPublicDate":"1999-12-31T15:05:50","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2819,"text":"National Wetlands Newsletter","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wetlands and climate change - Scientific approaches and management options","docAbstract":"No abstract available
","language":"English","publisher":"Environmental Law Institute","usgsCitation":"Kusler, J., and Burkett, V., 1999, Wetlands and climate change - Scientific approaches and management options: National Wetlands Newsletter, v. 21, no. 2, p. 1, 16-18.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1, 16","endPage":"18","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":365547,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kusler, Jon","contributorId":113716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kusler","given":"Jon","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":766118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burkett, Virginia 0000-0003-4746-2862 virginia_burkett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4746-2862","contributorId":2867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burkett","given":"Virginia","email":"virginia_burkett@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":505,"text":"Office of the AD Climate and Land-Use Change","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":766119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70209612,"text":"70209612 - 1999 - Pb Isotopic Systematics of Lunar Highland Rocks (>3.9 Ga): Constraints on Early Lunar Evolution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-15T20:07:30.49897","indexId":"70209612","displayToPublicDate":"1999-12-31T15:03:46","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Pb Isotopic Systematics of Lunar Highland Rocks (>3.9 Ga): Constraints on Early Lunar Evolution","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
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,{"id":70209810,"text":"70209810 - 1999 - Isotope hydrology of ground-water flow systems, southern Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-29T18:06:29.063454","indexId":"70209810","displayToPublicDate":"1999-12-31T13:00:33","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Isotope hydrology of ground-water flow systems, southern Nevada","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
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,{"id":70221594,"text":"70221594 - 1999 - Neogene calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy of the Caribbean coast of Panama and Costa Rica","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-24T16:28:09.285746","indexId":"70221594","displayToPublicDate":"1999-12-31T11:18:25","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"2","title":"Neogene calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy of the Caribbean coast of Panama and Costa Rica","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
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,{"id":70205488,"text":"70205488 - 1999 - A new approach for determining the 87Sr/86Sr ratio of the ‘‘granitoid weathering component\"","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-19T11:16:25","indexId":"70205488","displayToPublicDate":"1999-12-31T11:15:28","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"A new approach for determining the 87Sr/86Sr ratio of the ‘‘granitoid weathering component\"","docAbstract":"No abstract available
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geochemistry of the earth's surface : proceedings of the 5th international symposium on geochemistry of the earth's surface, Reykjavik, Iceland, 15-20 August 1999","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"Balkema","isbn":"9789058090737","usgsCitation":"Bullen, T.D., White, A.F., Huntington, T.G., and Peters, N.E., 1999, A new approach for determining the 87Sr/86Sr ratio of the ‘‘granitoid weathering component\", in Geochemistry of the earth's surface : proceedings of the 5th international symposium on geochemistry of the earth's surface, Reykjavik, Iceland, 15-20 August 1999, p. 369-372.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"369","endPage":"372","costCenters":[{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":367546,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bullen, Thomas D. 0000-0003-2281-1691 tdbullen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2281-1691","contributorId":1969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bullen","given":"Thomas","email":"tdbullen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":771379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"White, Arthur F. afwhite@usgs.gov","contributorId":3718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Arthur","email":"afwhite@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":771380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Huntington, Thomas G. 0000-0002-9427-3530 thunting@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-3530","contributorId":117440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huntington","given":"Thomas","email":"thunting@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":771381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Peters, Norman E. nepeters@usgs.gov","contributorId":1324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"Norman","email":"nepeters@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":771382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70211069,"text":"70211069 - 1999 - Environmental models of mineral deposits- A state of the art","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-14T21:29:58.044678","indexId":"70211069","displayToPublicDate":"1999-12-31T10:59:28","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5973,"text":"Geologica Hungarica. Series geologica","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Environmental models of mineral deposits- A state of the art","docAbstract":"Although mineral deposits have been classified by their geologic and mineralogical characteristics for decades, the recognition that mineral deposits also could be classified by their environmental characteristics is relatively new. In the past 5 years, numerous advancements have been made in this subject area, building on the earlier work of economic geologists who classified geologic characteristics. Several different approaches to understanding the environmental behavior of mineral deposits and associated altered areas have been taken, ranging from wholesale assessments of large areas (millions of km2) to detailed assessments of individual watersheds or individual mines. While these first attempts have succeeded in describing some of the environmental characteristics of ore deposits in a number of ways, many important “environmental variables” are not included in present descriptive models. For example, the models should be expanded in scope to include a more thorough treatment of climatic and ecoregional effects- embodying such physical environmental characteristics as precipitation, evaporation, temperature, and ground water-surface water interactions. More complete model descriptions will have applications to the determination of baselines and natural backgrounds in mined and unmined areas, as well as possible anticipated effects of new mining in a given area, and mitigation and remediation strategies. The challenge to geologists and geochemists is to incorporate a widely disparate set of physical and chemical characteristics of mineralized and altered zones at scales ranging from microscopic (sub-millimeter) to macroscopic (10’s to 100’s of kilometers). This paper presents an overview of the development of mineral deposit environmental models, the current state of the art, an evaluation of needed improvements, and expected advancements in this field.
","language":"English","publisher":"Editio Instituti Geologici Hungarici Publici","usgsCitation":"Wanty, R.B., Berger, B.R., and Plumlee, G.S., 1999, Environmental models of mineral deposits- A state of the art: Geologica Hungarica. Series geologica, v. 24, p. 97-106.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"97","endPage":"106","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":376393,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wanty, Richard B. 0000-0002-2063-6423 rwanty@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2063-6423","contributorId":443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wanty","given":"Richard","email":"rwanty@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":792788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Berger, Byron R. bberger@usgs.gov","contributorId":1490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berger","given":"Byron","email":"bberger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":792789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Plumlee, Geoffrey S. 0000-0002-9607-5626 gplumlee@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9607-5626","contributorId":960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plumlee","given":"Geoffrey","email":"gplumlee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":792790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70211068,"text":"70211068 - 1999 - Eh–pH relations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-13T15:50:05.618086","indexId":"70211068","displayToPublicDate":"1999-12-31T10:40:21","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Eh–pH relations","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/1-4020-4496-8_88","usgsCitation":"Wanty, R.B., 1999, Eh–pH relations, chap. of Geochemistry, p. 183-186, https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4496-8_88.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"183","endPage":"186","costCenters":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":376333,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wanty, Richard B. 0000-0002-2063-6423 rwanty@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2063-6423","contributorId":443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wanty","given":"Richard","email":"rwanty@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":792675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70205363,"text":"70205363 - 1999 - Response of coastal wetlands to future climate change and variability","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-17T08:26:55","indexId":"70205363","displayToPublicDate":"1999-12-31T10:35:03","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Response of coastal wetlands to future climate change and variability","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
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,{"id":70204742,"text":"70204742 - 1999 - The reproductive biology of Magnolia Grandiflora","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-13T10:28:59","indexId":"70204742","displayToPublicDate":"1999-12-31T10:22:22","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3297,"text":"Rhodora","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"The reproductive biology of Magnolia Grandiflora","title":"The reproductive biology of Magnolia Grandiflora","docAbstract":"No abstract available
","language":"English","publisher":"New England Botanical Club","usgsCitation":"Allain, L.K., Zavada, M.S., and Matthews, D.G., 1999, The reproductive biology of Magnolia Grandiflora: Rhodora, v. 101, no. 906, p. 143-162.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"143","endPage":"162","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":366511,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","county":"Evangeline Parish","city":"Lafayette, Opelousas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.38265991210936,\n 30.177186142075502\n ],\n [\n -91.878662109375,\n 30.177186142075502\n ],\n [\n -91.878662109375,\n 30.93050081760779\n ],\n [\n -92.38265991210936,\n 30.93050081760779\n ],\n [\n -92.38265991210936,\n 30.177186142075502\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"101","issue":"906","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Allain, Larry K. 0000-0002-7717-9761 allainl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7717-9761","contributorId":2414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allain","given":"Larry","email":"allainl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":768267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zavada, Michael S.","contributorId":218080,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zavada","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":768268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Matthews, Douglas G.","contributorId":218081,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Matthews","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":768269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70206372,"text":"70206372 - 1999 - Subsurface fracture measurement by polarimetric borehole radar at the Mirror Lake site","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-31T10:11:49","indexId":"70206372","displayToPublicDate":"1999-12-31T10:05:33","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Subsurface fracture measurement by polarimetric borehole radar at the Mirror Lake site","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Workshop on rock hydraulics-Development of scale invariant new technology [proceedings]","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Workshop on Rock Hydraulics-Development of Scale Invariant New Technology","conferenceDate":"February 10, 1999","conferenceLocation":"Urawa, Japan","language":"English","publisher":"Subsurface Instrumentation Division of Mining and Materials Processing Institute of Japan","usgsCitation":"Takeshita, M., Lane, J., and Sate, M., 1999, Subsurface fracture measurement by polarimetric borehole radar at the Mirror Lake site, in Workshop on rock hydraulics-Development of scale invariant new technology [proceedings], Urawa, Japan, February 10, 1999, p. 52-57.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"52","endPage":"57","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":368804,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Hampshire","county":"Grafton County","otherGeospatial":"Mirror Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.70295715332031,\n 43.9407373431014\n ],\n [\n -71.68905258178711,\n 43.9407373431014\n ],\n [\n -71.68905258178711,\n 43.94963631866725\n ],\n [\n -71.70295715332031,\n 43.94963631866725\n ],\n [\n -71.70295715332031,\n 43.9407373431014\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Takeshita, Moriyasu","contributorId":220149,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Takeshita","given":"Moriyasu","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":774318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lane, John W. Jr. 0000-0002-3558-243X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3558-243X","contributorId":210076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lane","given":"John W.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":486,"text":"OGW Branch of Geophysics","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":774319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sate, Motoyuki","contributorId":220150,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sate","given":"Motoyuki","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":774320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70206371,"text":"70206371 - 1999 - Integrated use of continuous seismic-reflection profiling and ground-penetrating radar methods at John's Pond, Cape Cod, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-31T10:02:08","indexId":"70206371","displayToPublicDate":"1999-12-31T09:55:11","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Integrated use of continuous seismic-reflection profiling and ground-penetrating radar methods at John's Pond, Cape Cod, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"Continuous seismic-reflection profiling (CSP) and ground-penetrating radar (GPR) surveys were conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey in April 1998 over the northern part of John’s Pond, a glacial kettle pond southeast of Otis Air National Guard Base, Cape Cod, Massachusetts. The surveys were conducted to delineate the types and thickness of sedimentary units that may control the infiltration of contaminated groundwater into John’s Pond.
Sand-and-gravel deposits, collapse features and recent organic sediments were imaged with the CSP and GPR methods. Hummocky to chaotic reflections were interpreted as sand- and-gravel deposits. Slightly wavy, parallel reflections located in depressions in the sand-and- gravel deposits were interpreted as filled collapse features. Lower amplitude, horizontal, laminar reflections were interpreted as organic sediments. Entrapped methane gas within some of the organic sediments created a reflection zone that obscured deeper reflections in the CSP records.
The CSP and GPR methods provide complementary information over most of the surveyed part of the pond. The methods detect similar interfaces, but a particular interface may produce a stronger reflection in one record than in the other. For example, regions of the pond containing organic sediments with entrapped methane gas, which prevent penetration of the acoustic signal, were penetrated and imaged by GPR. Conversely, regions of the pond containing electrically conductive sediments or deep water, which attenuate the GPR signal, were imaged using CSP. The CSP and GPR data were interpreted to generate a bathymetric map and a map of sediment type and thickness beneath John’s Pond.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the symposium on the application of geophysics to engineering and environmental problems : March 14-18, 1999, Oakland, CA","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems","conferenceDate":"March 14-18, 1999","conferenceLocation":"Oakland, CA","language":"English","publisher":"Environmental and Engineering Geophysical Society","usgsCitation":"Powers, C., Haeni, F., and Smith, S., 1999, Integrated use of continuous seismic-reflection profiling and ground-penetrating radar methods at John's Pond, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, in Proceedings of the symposium on the application of geophysics to engineering and environmental problems : March 14-18, 1999, Oakland, CA, Oakland, CA, March 14-18, 1999, p. 359-368.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"359","endPage":"368","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":368803,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":368802,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/ogw/bgas/publications/SAGEEP99_041/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod, John's Pond","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.52149772644043,\n 41.63841061524859\n ],\n [\n -70.53325653076172,\n 41.62044728626882\n ],\n [\n -70.52149772644043,\n 41.61589150376494\n ],\n [\n -70.51016807556152,\n 41.63462590144711\n ],\n [\n -70.52149772644043,\n 41.63841061524859\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Powers, C.J.","contributorId":182511,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Powers","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":774315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haeni, F.P.","contributorId":87105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haeni","given":"F.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":774316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, S.","contributorId":20698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":774317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70208522,"text":"70208522 - 1999 - Interaction of soil moisture and seedling shelters on water relations of baldcypress seedlings","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-14T06:36:55","indexId":"70208522","displayToPublicDate":"1999-12-31T09:45:52","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Interaction of soil moisture and seedling shelters on water relations of baldcypress seedlings","docAbstract":"Stomata1 conductance, transpiration, and leaf water potential were measured during the 1996 growing season on baldcypress (Taxodium disfichum (L.) Rich.) seedlings. Seedlings were hand-planted from 1-O bareroot stock in mesic and permanently Rooded soil conditions. One-half of all seedlings were fitted with 122-cm tall polyethylene tree shelters, Seedlings were planted 1 year before the initiation of plant water relation measurements. The study was located within the boundary of the Longhorn Army Ammunition Plant, Kamack, TX. The objective of the research was to study the feasibility of artificially regenerating baldcypress along the shores of Caddo Lake. Stomata1 conductance and transpiration were consistently higher in seedlings planted in mesic soils versus seedlings planted in permanently flooded soils. Seedlings fitted with shelters regularly had higher stomatal conductance and transpiration then seedlings without shelters. Leaf water potential showed little consistency among treatments.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the tenth biennial southern silvicultural research conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Tenth Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research Conference","conferenceDate":"Feb 16-19, 1999","conferenceLocation":"Shreveport, LA","language":"English","publisher":"USDA","usgsCitation":"Swirin, T., Williams, H., and Keeland, B., 1999, Interaction of soil moisture and seedling shelters on water relations of baldcypress seedlings, in Proceedings of the tenth biennial southern silvicultural research conference, Shreveport, LA, Feb 16-19, 1999, p. 190-194.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"190","endPage":"194","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":372318,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/ja/ja_swirin001.pdf"},{"id":372319,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana, Texas","otherGeospatial":"Caddo Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.16862487792969,\n 32.66394549864635\n ],\n [\n -93.90701293945312,\n 32.66394549864635\n ],\n [\n -93.90701293945312,\n 32.820460431082466\n ],\n [\n -94.16862487792969,\n 32.820460431082466\n ],\n [\n -94.16862487792969,\n 32.66394549864635\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swirin, Ty","contributorId":222483,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Swirin","given":"Ty","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":782279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, Hans","contributorId":218054,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Williams","given":"Hans","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":782280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Keeland, Bob","contributorId":218479,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Keeland","given":"Bob","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":782281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70206369,"text":"70206369 - 1999 - Investigating technologies to monitor open-channel discharge by direct measurement of cross-sectional area and velocity of flow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-01T06:36:04","indexId":"70206369","displayToPublicDate":"1999-12-31T09:44:50","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Investigating technologies to monitor open-channel discharge by direct measurement of cross-sectional area and velocity of flow","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydraulic engineering for sustainable water resources management at the turn of the millennium: International association for hydraulic research, XXVIII biennial congress, 22-27 August 1999 in Graz, Austria : proceedings, abstract volume, papers on CD-ROM.","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Hydraulic engineering for sustainable water resources management at the turn of the millennium : International Association for Hydraulic Research, XXVIII Biennial Congress","conferenceDate":"August 22-27, 1999","conferenceLocation":"Graz, Austria","language":"English","publisher":"Technical University Graz, Institute for Hydraulics and Hydrology","usgsCitation":"Melcher, N., Cheng, R.T., and Haeni, F., 1999, Investigating technologies to monitor open-channel discharge by direct measurement of cross-sectional area and velocity of flow, in Hydraulic engineering for sustainable water resources management at the turn of the millennium: International association for hydraulic research, XXVIII biennial congress, 22-27 August 1999 in Graz, Austria : proceedings, abstract volume, papers on CD-ROM., Graz, Austria, August 22-27, 1999, 181, 6p.","productDescription":"181, 6p.","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":368801,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Melcher, N.B.","contributorId":71554,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melcher","given":"N.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":774304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cheng, R. T.","contributorId":23138,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cheng","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":774305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Haeni, F.P.","contributorId":87105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haeni","given":"F.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":774306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70188495,"text":"70188495 - 1999 - Boreal partners in flight: Working together to build a regional research and monitoring program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-12T15:30:02","indexId":"70188495","displayToPublicDate":"1999-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Boreal partners in flight: Working together to build a regional research and monitoring program","docAbstract":"Boreal regions of western North America regularly support breeding populations of 130 species of landbirds, including 68 Nearctic-Neotropical migrants. Primary conservation concerns within the region include increased timber harvesting, insect outbreaks, fire suppression, mining, impacts of military training activities, urbanization, and recreational activities. Under auspices of Partners in Flight, biologists, land and resource managers, and conservationists from Alaska and western Canada have combined efforts to develop a regional research and monitoring program for landbirds. An experimental monitoring program has been under way during the past four years to test the relative statistical power and cost-effectiveness of various monitoring methods in Alaska. Joint efforts currently include the Alaska Checklist Project on National Wildlife Refuges, 75 Breeding Bird Surveys along the road system, 122 Off-road Point Count routes, 27 Monitoring Avian Productivity and Survivorship banding sites, and 8 migration banding stations. The ultimate goal is to design a comprehensive monitoring program that is sensitive to changes in population size, survival rates, and productivity, but robust enough to accommodate logistical constraints that arise when working in vast, roadless areas with limited funds and staff. Primary challenges that must be faced to assure the long-term future of such a program are obtaining long-term commitment from resource agencies in the region, integrating this program with other national and regional programs that address those species and habitats that are inadequately monitored by established techniques, and developing cooperative research, monitoring, and management programs at the landscape level.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Strategies for bird conservation: The Partners in Flight planning process: Proceedings of the 1995 Partners in Flight (PIF) International Workshop","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"1995 Partners in Flight (PIF) International Workshop","conferenceDate":"October 1-5, 1995","conferenceLocation":"Cape May, NJ","language":"English","publisher":" Cornell Lab of Ornithology ","publisherLocation":"Ithaca, NY","usgsCitation":"Handel, C.M., 1999, Boreal partners in flight: Working together to build a regional research and monitoring program, in Strategies for bird conservation: The Partners in Flight planning process: Proceedings of the 1995 Partners in Flight (PIF) International Workshop, Cape May, NJ, October 1-5, 1995, p. 143-150.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"143","endPage":"150","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science 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