{"pageNumber":"334","pageRowStart":"8325","pageSize":"25","recordCount":10450,"records":[{"id":70198518,"text":"70198518 - 1995 - The association of water chemistry variables and fish condition in streams of Shenandoah National Park (USA)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-06T15:34:26","indexId":"70198518","displayToPublicDate":"2018-01-01T15:30:23","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3728,"text":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","onlineIssn":"1573-2932","printIssn":"0049-6979","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The association of water chemistry variables and fish condition in streams of Shenandoah National Park (USA)","docAbstract":"<p><span>As part of the “Shenandoah National Park: Fish in Sensitive Habitats” (SNP:FISH) project, the blacknose dace (</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Rhinichthys atratulus</i><span>) was utilized as an indicator species to assess the susceptibility of the ichthyofaunal community of Shenandoah National Park (USA) to acidification. Water chemistry (ANC, conductivity, pH, and concentrations of Ca</span><sup>2+</sup><span>, Mg</span><sup>2+</sup><span>, Na</span><sup>+</sup><span>, K</span><sup>+</sup><span>, Cl</span><sup>−</sup><span>, NO</span><sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup><span>, SO</span><sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup><span>, and SiO</span><sub>2</sub><span>) was sampled every three months over the course of 3 1/4 years which represents the probable maximum lifetime of&nbsp;</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">R atratulus. Condition factors</i><span>&nbsp;(K=[g/mm</span><sup>3</sup><span>]</span><sup>*</sup><span>10</span><sup>6</sup><span>) were calculated for samples of fish (age class 2+ yr; n=370) from nine montane, second/third order streams representing a range of ANCs. A principle components regression was performed on factor scores from a principle components analysis of the water chemistry variables and fish condition factor. Two factors, one associated with stream water ANC and ion concentrations, and another associated with SO</span><sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup><span>&nbsp;concentration, collectively explained 84% of the variance in condition factor. The influence of variables other than water chemistry upon&nbsp;</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">R atratulus K</i><span>&nbsp;is addressed. The results show that environmental chemistry is highly associated with the&nbsp;</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">K</i><span>&nbsp;of&nbsp;</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">R atratulus.</i></p>","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00476856","usgsCitation":"Dennis, T., MacAvoy, S., Steg, M., and Bulger, A., 1995, The association of water chemistry variables and fish condition in streams of Shenandoah National Park (USA): Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, v. 85, no. 2, p. 365-370, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00476856.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"365","endPage":"370","costCenters":[{"id":37280,"text":"Virginia and West Virginia Water Science Center ","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":356213,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Shenandoah National Park","volume":"85","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b98e6ece4b0702d0e84959f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dennis, T.E.","contributorId":206783,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dennis","given":"T.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":741761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"MacAvoy, S.E.","contributorId":206784,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"MacAvoy","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":741762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Steg, M.B.","contributorId":206785,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Steg","given":"M.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":741763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bulger, A.J.","contributorId":75384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bulger","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":741764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70174905,"text":"70174905 - 1995 - Modeling and predicting intertidal variations of the salinity field in the Bay/Delta","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-10T18:39:32.706584","indexId":"70174905","displayToPublicDate":"2016-01-06T07:30:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3914,"text":"Interagency Ecological Program Newsletter","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling and predicting intertidal variations of the salinity field in the Bay/Delta","docAbstract":"<p>San Francisco Bay and the Sacramento/San Joaquin Delta have challenged estuarine modelers for some years. &nbsp;Accurate, broad-scale models of this estuary have been in demand by those concerned with its ecological health and the development of sound management policies. &nbsp;A description and better understanding of the dynamics that govern the bay/delta are complicated by the system's complexity, requiring models that are sophisticated enough to capture the subtle physical processes involved.</p>\n<p>One approach to simulating daily to monthly variability in the bay is the development of intertidal model using tidally-averaged equations and a time step on the order of the day. &nbsp;An intertidal numerical model of the bay's physics, capable of portraying seasonal and inter-annual variability, would have several uses. &nbsp;Observations are limited in time and space, so simulation could help fill the gaps. &nbsp;Also, the ability to simulate multi-year episodes (eg, an extended drought) could provide insight into the response of the ecosystem to such events. &nbsp;Finally, such a model could be used in a forecast mode wherein predicted delta flow is used as model input, and predicted salinity distribution is output with estimates days and months in advance. &nbsp;This note briefly introduces such a tidally-averaged model (Uncles and Peterson, in press) and a corresponding predictive scheme for baywide forecasting.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"California Department of Water Resources","publisherLocation":"Sacramento, CA","collaboration":"","usgsCitation":"Knowles, N., and Uncles, R.J., 1995, Modeling and predicting intertidal variations of the salinity field in the Bay/Delta: Interagency Ecological Program Newsletter, p. 8-10.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"8","endPage":"10","numberOfPages":"3","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325490,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay, Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -123.1182861328125,\n              38.28346905497185\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.4154052734375,\n              38.37396220263095\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.19018554687499,\n              37.62510898062146\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.57720947265624,\n              37.21283151445594\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.1182861328125,\n              38.28346905497185\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5790a187e4b030378fb4744a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knowles, Noah 0000-0001-5652-1049 nknowles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5652-1049","contributorId":1380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knowles","given":"Noah","email":"nknowles@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":643092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Uncles, Reginald J.","contributorId":94919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Uncles","given":"Reginald","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70045629,"text":"70045629 - 1995 - Fluorspar","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-04-27T15:45:47","indexId":"70045629","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2755,"text":"Mining Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fluorspar","docAbstract":"The production, consumption, and applications of fluorspar are reviewed. In 1994, the U.S. exported about 45 kt of fluorspar, but, according to the U.S. Bureau of the Census, 493 kt were imported during the same period. Consumption, according to preliminary figures from the U.S. Bureau of Mines, was about 473 kt. China continued to be the main supplier of imports to the U.S. with 61 percent of the total imports. Of the 3 major fluorspar markets, hydrofluoric acid (HF), aluminum, and steel, the HF market was the only one to record an increase in consumption in 1994.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mining Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"SME","usgsCitation":"Miller, M., 1995, Fluorspar: Mining Engineering, v. 47, no. 6, p. 544-545.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"544","endPage":"545","costCenters":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":271532,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"517cf36ae4b0d8907b2881cf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, M.","contributorId":13178,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":477975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70018844,"text":"70018844 - 1995 - Modeling of multiphase multicontaminant transport in the subsurface","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-21T15:49:15.859645","indexId":"70018844","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3283,"text":"Reviews of Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling of multiphase multicontaminant transport in the subsurface","docAbstract":"<p><span>This review addresses modeling of subsurface hydrological systems in which contaminants are transported in more than one fluid phase. The primary focus is on problems involving nonaqueous-phase liquids (NAPLs), a dynamic gas phase, or both, so that the unsaturated and saturated zones are both discussed. Basic research in simpler settings is included if it develops concepts that could be applied in modeling of such problems.</span></p><p><span>Recent developments in practical models are reviewed, along with experimental work and theoretical issues related to the formulation of mathematical models. It will be seen that the extent of validity of the local equilibrium assumption (LEA) for component partitioning among phases is a major question influencing the direction of these formulations. Also emphasized are upscaling to macroscopic and grid lengths, and the choice and coupling of primary variables in multicomponent systems. Relations to and possible use of developments in petroleum reservoir simulation are discussed.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95RG00289","issn":"87551209","usgsCitation":"Russell, T., 1995, Modeling of multiphase multicontaminant transport in the subsurface: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 33, no. S2, p. 1035-1047, https://doi.org/10.1029/95RG00289.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1035","endPage":"1047","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226798,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"S2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c16e4b0c8380cd6fa0a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Russell, T.F.","contributorId":86811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Russell","given":"T.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":5222681,"text":"5222681 - 1995 - Heavy metals in seaducks and mussels from Misty Fjords National Monument in southeast Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-06T14:00:36","indexId":"5222681","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:42","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1552,"text":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","onlineIssn":"1573-2959","printIssn":"0167-6369","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Heavy metals in seaducks and mussels from Misty Fjords National Monument in southeast Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>Quartz Hill, in Misty Fjords National Monument near Ketchikan, Alaska, is the site of a proposed molybdenum-producing mine. To provide baseline data for use in post-development comparisons, we analyzed tissues of Barrow's goldeneyes (Bucephala islandica), common mergansers (Mergus merganser), and blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) for seven heavy metals that could potentially be released into the environment as a result of mining operations. Specimens were collected in 1980, 1981, and 1982 from two fjords likely to be used for discharge of tailings from the proposed mine and from two control fjords. Concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, copper, chromium, molybdenum, lead, and zinc were measured in soft tissues of mussels and in kidney, liver, and muscle of birds. The highest mean concentrations of metals found in bird tissues were 55.7 ppm dry weight cadmium in kidneys and 154 ppm dry weight zinc in livers of Barrow's goldeneyes. Concentrations of several metals in blue mussels differed among seasons and locations, but the most significant finding in mussels was a maximum mean cadmium concentration of 9.6 ppm dry weight, a level higher than normally found in undisturbed areas. With the exception of 104 ppm dry weight cadmium in the kidney of one common merganser and 12.7 ppm dry weight lead in the kidney of another, concentrations of other metals in seaduck and mussel tissues were low, consistent with what would be expected for a pre-development environment. Molybdenum was found in low concentrations ( 10 ppm dry weight) in all avian kidney samples and most liver samples, but was not detected in blue mussels.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00546787","usgsCitation":"Franson, J.C., Koehl, P., Derksen, D., Rothe, T., Bunck, C., and Moore, J.F., 1995, Heavy metals in seaducks and mussels from Misty Fjords National Monument in southeast Alaska: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 36, no. 2, p. 149-167, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00546787.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"149","endPage":"167","numberOfPages":"19","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193884,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -131.83868408203125,\n              56.173081072076165\n            ],\n            [\n              -131.7645263671875,\n              55.773483422605516\n            ],\n            [\n              -131.9403076171875,\n              55.46017083861817\n            ],\n            [\n              -131.67938232421875,\n              55.27442182695317\n            ],\n            [\n              -131.53106689453125,\n              55.19768334019969\n            ],\n            [\n              -131.220703125,\n              55.101944719793146\n            ],\n            [\n              -131.011962890625,\n              54.983918190363234\n            ],\n            [\n              -130.5889892578125,\n              54.97288463122323\n            ],\n            [\n              -130.83068847656247,\n              56.22197738278634\n            ],\n            [\n              -131.59423828124997,\n              56.21281407174654\n            ],\n            [\n              -131.83868408203125,\n              56.173081072076165\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"36","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6ae4b07f02db63c6bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Franson, J. C. 0000-0002-0251-4238","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0251-4238","contributorId":99071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Koehl, P.S.","contributorId":62568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koehl","given":"P.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Derksen, D.V.","contributorId":23483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Derksen","given":"D.V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rothe, T.C.","contributorId":10016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rothe","given":"T.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bunck, C.M.","contributorId":72337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bunck","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Moore, John F.","contributorId":30185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":5223283,"text":"5223283 - 1995 - Beach-steps: An evolutionary perspective","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-17T11:06:19.540676","indexId":"5223283","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:41","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Beach-steps: An evolutionary perspective","docAbstract":"<div id=\"preview-section-abstract\"><div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id3\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id4\"><p>Field observation of contrasting beach-step behavior at Canaveral National Seashore on two subsequent days when incident-wave conditions in the inner surf zone were similar prompted this re-examination of our conceptual and quantitative understanding of beach steps. These lower-foreshore features are more complex than previously assumed, evolving through erosional as well as accretional phases, and displaying equifinality in geometric form but not necessarily internal sedimentary structure. Past and recent evidence is reviewed that links beach steps to incident waves at the surging-plunging transition and to the action of a backwash vortex. Tides and low-frequency waves likely play no direct role in beach-step initiation, although their presence can have pronounced influences on modulating nearshore hydrodynamics, and thus, on beach-step maintenance and evolution. A generalized, conceptual model capturing these aspects of beach-step dynamics is presented. Beach-step initiation proceeds via step “carving”, “excavation”, or “building” depending on the erosional-accretional character of the beach-foreshore system. Subsequent evolution of the step form may take one of several alternative morphodynamic pathways including stepface “retreat”, step “drag down”, or step “infilling/elimination” depending on tidal stage/range or wave set-up/setdown. Additional data on equilibrium beach-step forms and associated morphodynamic and hydrodynamic conditions in the field are necessary before quantitative models of beach-step existence and evolution can be formulated with realistic results.</p></div></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-3227(95)00011-M","usgsCitation":"Bauer, B., and Allen, J., 1995, Beach-steps: An evolutionary perspective: Marine Geology, v. 123, p. 143-166, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(95)00011-M.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"143","endPage":"166","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200097,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"123","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6be4b07f02db63dd60","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bauer, B.O.","contributorId":81604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bauer","given":"B.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Allen, J.R.","contributorId":16955,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5222625,"text":"5222625 - 1995 - [Book review] The Eastern Screech Owl: Life History, Ecology and Behavior in the Suburbs and Countryside, by Frederick Gehlback","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-10-18T17:16:15","indexId":"5222625","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3778,"text":"Wildlife Review","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"[Book review] The Eastern Screech Owl: Life History, Ecology and Behavior in the Suburbs and Countryside, by Frederick Gehlback","docAbstract":"Review of: Eastern Screech Owl: Life History, Ecology, and Behavior in the Suburbs and Countryside. Frederick R. Gehlbach. Issue 16; Issue 2008 of W. L. Moody Jr. Natural History Series. Texas A&M University Press; 1st edition (November 1994). ISBN: 0890966095. For ornithologists and ecologists alike, Fred Gehlbach's book promises to hold both interest and information value as a comprehensive study of the eastern screech owl (Otus asio hasbroucki).  Gehlbach was intrigued with screech owls as a boy and encouraged as an undergraduate by William Hamilton, who underscored that in-depth studies of familiar backyard species can be as fascinating as those in exotic sites. Correspondence with another owl-aficionado, the late H. N. Southern, inspired the author's long-term study of screech owls in a woodland landscape in central Texas and led him to provide nest boxes to enhance his access and sample size. This book is based on observations over a 25-year period-beginning in 1967, with intensive study during an 11-year period (1976-1987) in Texas south of Waco, where Gehlbach teaches at Baylor University.  The study represents observations on 659 screech owls, covering several generations of birds and entire lives of many individuals. Gehlbach compares screech owl nesting behavior in a rural versus suburban setting and includes chapters on food supplies and predation tactics; egg-laying, incubation, and parental behavior; vocalizations; and population structure and flux.  He discusses why screech owls are widespread across the eastern half of North America and why they succeed among people in suburban environments, where they adapt as easily to mailboxes and porch columns as to natural tree cavities. The book mixes two approaches: on the one hand the dense style of a technical book in which the professional biologist can find information on many aspects of screech owl behavior, life history, and population, including tables, figures, summary statistics, results of statistical comparisons, and experimental tests of hypotheses.  On the other hand, each chapter begins with and includes vivid visual images, personal experiences, and thoughtful reflections to draw in the general reader, bridging the interesting topic to the technical details and making the information accessible to a wider audience.  The reader is impressed with Dr. Gehlbach's love of his subject, his devotion to long-term study, and his care in presenting the work to his fellow ornithologists, ecologists, and all those interested in wildlife and conservation. It will be a useful reference because of its wealth of information on all aspects of screech owl life history.  It is well documented and, in addition to its 10 chapters, includes 10 appendices with information on types of food supplies, bird species that mob screech owls, a daily chronology of nestling development, and a selection of edited field notes to provide background for each chapter.  The book is thoroughly referenced and indexed.  The Eastern Screech Owl will be read with interest by those with an interest in long-term, in-depth studies and those who love charming stories about remarkable birds with strong personalities and interesting behavior.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Review","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Arlington, VA","collaboration":"4750_Hahn.pdf","usgsCitation":"Hahn, D., 1995, [Book review] The Eastern Screech Owl: Life History, Ecology and Behavior in the Suburbs and Countryside, by Frederick Gehlback: Wildlife Review, v. 250, p. 454-454.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"454","endPage":"454","numberOfPages":"454","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194185,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"250","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4797e4b07f02db48e662","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hahn, D.C. 0000-0002-5242-2059","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5242-2059","contributorId":46447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hahn","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":336704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":5211234,"text":"5211234 - 1995 - Secondary toxicity in raptors caused by white phosphorus","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:24","indexId":"5211234","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Secondary toxicity in raptors caused by white phosphorus","docAbstract":"White phosphorus (WP) has caused waterfowl die-offs in a tidal saltmarsh used by the U.S. Army for artillery practice for > 40 years.  Bald (Haliaeetus leucocephalus)and golden (Aquila chrysaetos) eagles have been observed feeding on dead and dying waterfowl on the marsh and may be exposed to WP through ingestion of contaminated birds.  One carcass of each eagle species has been found with measurable levels of WP in fat.  To determine if raptors can become intoxicated by ingesting prey that have been exposed to WP we fed live, 10-day-old white leghorn chicks three sublethal doses of WP.  Six hrs after the last dose we euthanized the chicks and separated them into two groups--one with the digestive system from gizzard anteriorly removed (NoGut) and one with the digestive system intact and a 1.1 mg pellet of WP implanted deep into the crop (Pel).  A third group of same-aged chicks unexposed to WP was used for controls.  Fifteen kestrels (Fa/co sparverius) were randomly assigned to each of the treatments and 10 to the control diet. By 7 d of the study 8 of the kestrels had died on the Pel and 3 on the NoGut diet. Survivors on the Pel diet had significantly lower hematocrit, hemoglobin, final body weights and greater liver/body weight ratios and weight loss than control birds.  The study showed that raptors and possibly other predators are at risk both when consuming flesh of prey that have succumbed to WP poisoning and when ingesting WP pellets that are incorporated in body parts but that the risk is greater when pellets are present.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Global Environmental Protection:  Science, Politics, and Common Sense, Second SETAC world congress (16th annual meeting).  Abstract Book","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","publisherLocation":"Pensacola, FL","usgsCitation":"Sparling, D.W., 1995, Secondary toxicity in raptors caused by white phosphorus, chap. <i>of</i> Global Environmental Protection:  Science, Politics, and Common Sense, Second SETAC world congress (16th annual meeting).  Abstract Book.","productDescription":"378","startPage":"140","numberOfPages":"378","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203021,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66ca16","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sparling, D. W.","contributorId":78675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sparling","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":5210574,"text":"5210574 - 1995 - Ecotoxicological damage from zinc smelting at Palmerton, Pennsylvania","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":5210574,"text":"5210574 - 1995 - Ecotoxicological damage from zinc smelting at Palmerton, Pennsylvania","indexId":"5210574","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"chapter":"27","title":"Ecotoxicological damage from zinc smelting at Palmerton, Pennsylvania"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":5200050,"text":"5200050 - 1995 - Handbook of ecotoxicology","indexId":"5200050","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Handbook of ecotoxicology"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":5200050,"text":"5200050 - 1995 - Handbook of ecotoxicology","indexId":"5200050","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Handbook of ecotoxicology"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-18T15:23:52","indexId":"5210574","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:17","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"27","title":"Ecotoxicological damage from zinc smelting at Palmerton, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"The two zinc smelters at Palmerton, PA emitted huge amounts of contaminants ( 260,000 t of Zn, 3,300 t of Cd, 6,800 t of Pb) to the air and severely damaged the forest on Blue Mountain. The high Zn concentrations in soil killed tree seedlings by inhibiting root elongation. The result was a forest with too few young trees. When natural stresses such as fire challenged the forest, the forest failed to regenerate, and the exposed soil eroded down the steep slopes. Tree species that could sprout were favored over those that developed from seeds. As a result of high zinc concentrations, the lichen and moss communities were depauperate for at least 20 km along Blue Mountain. The denuded areas are in the process of being reclaimed with the addition of a mixture of fly ash and sewage sludge, which is seeded with grasses tolerant to the harsh conditions. In preliminary experiments, the fly ash and sewage sludge mixture was stable, despite the steepness of the slopes of the reclaimed sites on Blue Mountain.  Zinc emissions reduced the decomposition rate of plant material on Blue Mountain. The partially decomposed litter, in particular, accumulated on the surface of the mineral soil. The populations of both microorganisms and arthropods were greatly reduced in soils near the smelters. Samples of litter collected from sites spanning 30 km were toxic to woodlice, and Zn was shown to be the toxic factor.  A white-tailed deer examined had a very high renal Zn concentration and an articular lesion in one of its hind legs that closely resembled the lesions reported in Zn-poisoned horses. Zinc concentrations were regulated in wildlife tissues and were not reliable indicators of exposure, except in extreme cases. Two songbirds, a shrew, and several rabbits contained Pb concentrations that were suggested to be toxic. Shrews and ground-feeding songbirds accumulated relatively high concentrations of Pb. Exposure to Pb seemed to be related to the amount of soil that an animal ingests. Some white-tailed deer and cottontails had renal Cd concentrations near 600 ppm w.w., which is associated with renal damage in other mammals. The accumulation of Cd was greatest in wildlife that lived longest.    The destruction of the habitat for wildlife on Blue Mountain decreased wildlife populations. Populations of insectivorous birds, however, were depressed well beyond the area of obvious damage to the forest. Forest-floor salamanders were completely absent from study sites spanning 18 km along Blue Mountain. Actual reductions in wildlife populations were much greater than would have been predicted from habitat suitability models alone.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Handbook of ecotoxicology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Lewis Publishers","publisherLocation":"Boca Raton, FL","isbn":"0873715853","usgsCitation":"Beyer, W.N., and Storm, G.L., 1995, Ecotoxicological damage from zinc smelting at Palmerton, Pennsylvania, chap. 27 <i>of</i> Handbook of ecotoxicology, p. 596-608.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"596","endPage":"608","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200396,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625953","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Hoffman, David J.","contributorId":86075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":506709,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rattner, Barnett A. 0000-0003-3676-2843 brattner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3676-2843","contributorId":4142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rattner","given":"Barnett","email":"brattner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":506708,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burton, G. Allen Jr.","contributorId":111752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"G.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"Allen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506710,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cairns, John Jr.","contributorId":111897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cairns","given":"John","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506711,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Beyer, W. Nelson 0000-0002-8911-9141 nbeyer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8911-9141","contributorId":3301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beyer","given":"W.","email":"nbeyer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Nelson","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":328731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Storm, Gerald L.","contributorId":73657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Storm","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":30054,"text":"wri954270 - 1995 - Quality of surface water and ground water in the proposed artificial-recharge project area, Rillito Creek basin, Tucson, Arizona, 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:51","indexId":"wri954270","displayToPublicDate":"1996-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4270","title":"Quality of surface water and ground water in the proposed artificial-recharge project area, Rillito Creek basin, Tucson, Arizona, 1994","docAbstract":"Controlled artificial recharge of surface runoff is being considered as a water-management technique to address the problem of ground-water overdraft. The planned use of recharge facilities in urban areas has caused concern about the quality of urban runoff to be recharged and the potential for ground-water contamination. The proposed recharge facility in Rillito Creek will utilize runoff entering a 1-mile reach of the Rillito Creek between Craycroft Road and Swan Road for infiltration and recharge purposes within the channel and excavated overbank areas.  Physical and chemical data were collected from two surface-water and two ground-water sites in the study area in 1994. Analyses of surface-water samples were done to determine the occurrence and concentration of potential contaminants and to determine changes in quality since samples were collected during 1987-93. Analyses of ground-water samples were done to determine the variability of ground-water quality at the monitoring wells throughout the year and to determine changes in quality since samples were collected in 1989 and 1993. Surface-water samples were collected from Tanque Verde Creek at Sabino Canyon Road (streamflow-gaging station Tanque Verde Creek at Tucson, 09484500) and from Alamo Wash at Fort Lowell Road in September and May 1994, respectively. Ground-water samples were collected from monitoring wells (D- 13-14)26cbb2 and (D-13-14)26dcb2 in January, May, July, and October 1994.  In surface water, calcium was the dominant cation, and bicarbonate was the dominant anion. In ground water, calcium and sodium were the dominant cations and bicarbonate was the dominant anion. Surface water in the area is soft, and ground water is moderately hard to hard. In surface water and ground water, nitrogen was found predominantly as nitrate. Concentrations of manganese in ground-water samples ranged from 60 to 230 micrograms per liter and exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency secondary maximum contaminant level for drinking water of 50 micrograms per liter. None of the constituents in surface-water and ground-water samples exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency primary maximum contaminant levels for drinking water or State of Arizona aquifer water-quality standards. Concentrations of major ions, nutrients, and trace elements in water from the monitoring wells did not vary significantly throughout the year and were not significantly different from concentrations in samples collected in March 1989 and January and September 1993.  Priority pollutants were not found in surface-water samples or ground-water samples, and organochlorine pesticides were not found in ground-water samples. Dieldrin and biphenyl polychlor were the only pesticides found in surface water and were at the minimum reporting levels in one sample from Alamo Wash.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nOpen-File Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954270","usgsCitation":"Tadayon, S., 1995, Quality of surface water and ground water in the proposed artificial-recharge project area, Rillito Creek basin, Tucson, Arizona, 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4270, iv, 26 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954270.","productDescription":"iv, 26 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159342,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4270/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58864,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4270/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6fe4b07f02db640dbe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tadayon, Saeid stadayon@usgs.gov","contributorId":2928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tadayon","given":"Saeid","email":"stadayon@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":202601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":23618,"text":"ofr95130 - 1995 - Location and site characteristics of the ambient ground-water-quality-monitoring network in West Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:00","indexId":"ofr95130","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-130","title":"Location and site characteristics of the ambient ground-water-quality-monitoring network in West Virginia","docAbstract":"Ground-water-quality-monitoring sites have been established in compliance with the 1991 West Virginia &quot;Groundwater Protection Act.&quot;  One of the provisions of the &quot;Groundwater Protection Act&quot; is to conduct ground-water sampling, data collection, analyses, and evaluation with sufficient frequency so as to ascertain the characteristics and quality of ground water and the sufficiency of the ground- water protection programs established pursuant to the act (Chapter 20 of the code of West Virginia, 1991, Article 5-M). Information for 26 monitoring sites (wells and springs) which comprise the Statewide ambient ground-water-quality-monitoring network  is presented. Areas in which monitoring sites were needed were determined by the West Virginia Division of Environmental Protection, Office of Water Resources in consultation with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Initial sites were chosen on the basis of recent hydrogeologic investigations conducted by the USGS and from data stored in the USGS Ground Water Site Inventory database. Land use, aquifer setting, and areal coverage of the State are three of the more important criteria used in site selection. A field reconnaissance was conducted to locate and evaluate the adequacy of selected wells and springs. Descriptive information consisting of site, geologic, well construction, and aquifer-test data has been compiled. The 26 sites will be sampled periodically for iron, manganese, most common ions (for example, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, sulfate, chloride, bicarbonate), volatile and semivolatile organic compounds (for example, pesticides and industrial solvents), and fecal coliform and fecal streptococcus bacteria. Background information explaining ground-water systems and water quality within the State has been included.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section (distributor),","doi":"10.3133/ofr95130","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Kozar, M., and Brown, D., 1995, Location and site characteristics of the ambient ground-water-quality-monitoring network in West Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-130, iv, 48 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95130.","productDescription":"iv, 48 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154872,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0130/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52895,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0130/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a69e4b07f02db63bc0e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kozar, M.D.","contributorId":67544,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kozar","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, D.P.","contributorId":95881,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":25523,"text":"wri944237 - 1995 - Geohydrology and water quality of the Durham Center Area, Durham, Connecticut","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-15T06:53:59","indexId":"wri944237","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4237","title":"Geohydrology and water quality of the Durham Center Area, Durham, Connecticut","docAbstract":"Contaminated ground water is widespread and persistent beneath the Durham Center area in the town of Durham, Conn. Most of the contaminants are organic halides, usually trichloroethene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and tetrachloroethene. Less extensive chemical contamination of surface water, soil, and glacial sediments also has been detected. Two manufacturing companies, located at the northern and southern ends of this largely residential area, are believed to be the principal sources of the organic compounds detected in ground water. The contamination of water in the bedrock, the primary source of drinking water throughout the area, is the major environmental concern. Maximum concentrations of trichloroethene in three bed- rock wells range from 4,500 to about 5,500 mg/L (micrograms per liter). Concentrations of trichloroethene greater than 5 mg/L, the maximum contaminant level established for drinking water by the U.S Environmental Protection Agency, have regularly been detected in water samples from many other bedrock wells for at least 9 years. The geohydrology of the area is highly complex. Compact lodgment till that is up to 30 feet thick and probably fractured, overlies the bedrock. The bedrock is lithologically heterogeneous, and con- sists mostly of red fluvial sandstone, siltstone, and conglomerate; it is locally interbedded with black lacustrine shales and gray sandstones. Lithology and stratigraphy interpreted from borehole-geophysical logs at Durham Center are consistent with the Portland Formation subfacies described in earlier geologic studies. Beds strike nearly north-south and dip gently eastward. At least one high-angle normal fault transects the bedrock; it strikes northeast and dips northwest. Acoustic televiewer logs, measurements at out-crops, and azimuthal, square-array, resistivity data indicate a dominance of northeast-striking fractures that dip steeply northwest and southeast. Less prevalent strike directions are north to east-north-east. The till and sedimentary bedrock are dual-porosity, dual-permeability media. The hydraulic conductivity of the bulk mass of till is believed to be on the order of tenths of a foot per day to about 2.5 feet per day, with a total porosity of about 25 percent and an estimated average fracture porosity of less than 1 percent. The reported transmissivities of the bedrock range from less than 1 to about 17,000 feet squared per day and storativity is generally about 10-4, but the accuracy of these values is uncertain. The intergranular porosity of the sandstone units is estimated to average 5 percent, and estimates of fracture porosity from square-array, resistivity soundings at two sites were 1.1 and 2.7 percent. The bedrock has characteristics of both a single aquifer and a multi-unit, artesian or leaky aquifer system. A local ground-water-flow system that includes the upper part of the bedrock is unconfined. A large- scale flow system in deeper parts of the bedrock has transported organic compounds across topographic drainage divides. Borehole-geophysical logs and head measurements indicate that the natural ground- water-flow system in the bedrock has been altered by drilled wells that connect fractures and by with- drawals from wells. A conceptual model of the movement and fate of organic contaminants suggests that (1) nonaqueous phase organic halides are retained near their source; (2) flow is primarily through fractures in the till and through fractures and bedding-plane openings in the sedimentary rocks; (3) retardation of contaminants occurs primarily by diffusion from fractures into the aquifer matrix; and (4) transport directions of dissolved organic halides are controlled by a combination of natural hydraulic gradients, hydraulic gradients produced by the cyclical pumping of wells, and by the strike directions of bedrock faults, fractures, and bedding planes.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri944237","usgsCitation":"Melvin, R., Stone, J.R., Craft, P.A., Lane, J., and Davies, B., 1995, Geohydrology and water quality of the Durham Center Area, Durham, Connecticut: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4237, v, 97 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944237.","productDescription":"v, 97 p.","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124048,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4237/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54239,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4237/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut","county":"Middlesex 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R.","contributorId":87964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Craft, P. A.","contributorId":102105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Craft","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lane, J.W. Jr.","contributorId":66723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lane","given":"J.W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Davies, B.S. III","contributorId":72413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davies","given":"B.S.","suffix":"III","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70198237,"text":"70198237 - 1995 - The generation of oceanic rhyolites by crystal fractionation: the basalt-rhyolite association at Volcán Alcedo, Galápagos archipelago","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-23T10:23:21","indexId":"70198237","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The generation of oceanic rhyolites by crystal fractionation: the basalt-rhyolite association at Volcán Alcedo, Galápagos archipelago","docAbstract":"<p><span>Alcedo volcano is one of six shield volcanoes on Isabela Island in the western Galápagos Islands. Although Alcedo is dominantiy basaltic, it is unusual in that it also has erupted ∼1 km</span><sup>3</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>of rhyolite. The rhyolitic phase marked a 10-fold decrease in the mass-eruption rate of the volcano, and the volcano has returned to erupting basalt. The basalts are tholeiitic and range from strongly to sparsely porphyritic. Olivine and plagiodase are the liquidus phases in the most primitive basalts. The MgO and Ni concentrations in the most primitive basalts indicate that they have undergone substantial differentiation since extraction from the mantle. The rhyolites contain the assemblage oligoclase-augite-titanomagnetite-fayalite-apatite and sparse xenoliths of quenched basalt and cumulate gabbros. Intermediate rocks are very rare, but some are apparently basaltrhyolite hybrids, and others resulted from differentiation of tholeiitic magma. Several modeling approaches and Sr-, Nd-, and O-isotopic data indicate that the rhyolites resulted from ∼ 90% fractionation (by weight) of plagiodase, augite, titanomagnetite, olivine, and apatite from the most primitive olivine tholeiite. The data are inconsistent with the rhyolites originating by crustal anatexis. The extreme Daly gap may be caused by the large increase in viscosity as the basaltic magma differentiates to intermediate and siliceous compositions; highly evolved magmas are eruptible only after they become saturated with volatiles by second boiling. The close association of the hybrid intermediate magmas and magmatic inclusions with the climactic plinian eruption indicates mixing between mafic and silicic magmas immediately before eruption. Rhyolite production was favored by the decrease in supply of basaltic magma as Alcedo was carried away from the focus of the Galápagos hotspot. A three-stage model for the magmatic evolution of a Galápagos volcano is proposed. In the first stage, the supply of basaltic magma is large. Basaltic magma continually intrudes the subcaldera magma chamber, buffering the magmas' compositional and thermal evolution. As the volcano is carried away from the basaltic source, the magma chamber is allowed to cool and differentiate, as exemplified by Alcedo's rhyolitic phase. Finally, the volcano receives even smaller influx of basalt, so a large magma chamber cannot be sustained, and the volcano shifts to isolated basaltic eruptions.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic Press","doi":"10.1093/petrology/36.4.965","usgsCitation":"Geist, D., Howard, K.A., and Larson, P., 1995, The generation of oceanic rhyolites by crystal fractionation: the basalt-rhyolite association at Volcán Alcedo, Galápagos archipelago: Journal of Petrology, v. 36, no. 4, p. 965-982, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/36.4.965.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"965","endPage":"982","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":355878,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Ecuador","otherGeospatial":"Galapagos Islands","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -94.46044921875,\n              -2.921097018708451\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.220703125,\n              -2.921097018708451\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.220703125,\n              1.7794990011582255\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.46044921875,\n              1.7794990011582255\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.46044921875,\n              -2.921097018708451\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"36","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c110e12e4b034bf6a810d5a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Geist, Dennis","contributorId":194545,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Geist","given":"Dennis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Howard, Keith A. 0000-0002-6462-2947 khoward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6462-2947","contributorId":3439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howard","given":"Keith","email":"khoward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":740681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Larson, Peter","contributorId":57265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"Peter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70193468,"text":"70193468 - 1995 - Relations between benthic community structure and metals concentrations in aquatic macroinvertebrates: Clark Fork River, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-01T14:45:51","indexId":"70193468","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2299,"text":"Journal of Freshwater Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relations between benthic community structure and metals concentrations in aquatic macroinvertebrates: Clark Fork River, Montana","docAbstract":"<p><span>We sampled macroinvertebrate communities at six sites on the upper Clark Fork River, Montana, to determine relations between macroinvertebrate community structure and metals in invertebrates and the best benthic community metrics to use for ranking sites based on the relative severity of the effects of metals. Concentrations (μg/g) of six metals in invertebrates were determined: Al (range = 591–4193), As (2.7–34.1), Cd (0.13–8.38), Cu (26–1382), Pb (0.54–67.1), and Zn (212–1665). Concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and total metals were significantly correlated with at least one benthic metric. Copper (r = 0.88–0.94) and total metals (r = 0.90–0.97) provided the most highly significant correlations. Based on longitudinal site comparisons of metals in invertebrates, benthic community structure, and differences between proportionally scaled ranks, five benthic metrics provided the best indicators of relative impact: taxa richness, Ephemeroptera-Plecoptera-Trichoptera (EPT) richness, chironomid richness, percentage of the most dominant taxon, and density. The two sites with the highest accumulations of invertebrate metals also demonstrated the greatest relative degree of impact based on these parameters. The most meaningful combinations of metrics indicate that the benthic community at the most upstream site is being severely impacted by metals. Two sites demonstrated little or no negative impact, and three sites demonstrated low or moderate levels of negative impacts, which may be due to a combination of metals and other factors such as organic enrichment. We recommend that benthic community structure and metals in invertebrates collected from riffle habitats be used to determine relative impacts in metals-contaminated river systems, owing to their close relation to metal availability and transfer to higher trophic levels.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/02705060.1995.9663447","usgsCitation":"Taylor & Francis, 1995, Relations between benthic community structure and metals concentrations in aquatic macroinvertebrates: Clark Fork River, Montana: Journal of Freshwater Ecology, v. 10, no. 3, p. 277-293, https://doi.org/10.1080/02705060.1995.9663447.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"277","endPage":"293","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":348035,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Upper 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,{"id":70133642,"text":"70133642 - 1995 - Comparison of BASS and VACM current measurements during STRESS","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-23T12:31:08","indexId":"70133642","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-22T01:15:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2186,"text":"Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of BASS and VACM current measurements during STRESS","docAbstract":"<p>Current measurements from a vector-averaging current meter (VACM) on a subsurface mooring and a benthic acoustic stress sensor (BASS) on a bottom tripod are compared to assess their relative accuracy. The instruments were deployed off northern California at a midshelf site (water depth approximately 90 m) as part of the STRESS (Sediment Transport Events on Shelves and Slopes) field program. The subsurface mooring and bottom tripod were within a few hundred meters of each other, with the BASS 5.0 m and the VACM 6.7 m above the bottom, during two tripod deployments of 49 and 32 days in the winter of 1988/89. Speed differences between the VACM and BASS current observations have a mean of 0.2 cm s<sup>&minus;1</sup>&nbsp;and a standard deviation of 1.2 cm s<sup>&minus;1</sup>. If the mean speed profile is logarithmic, the expected mean speed difference due to the vertical separation is about 0.4 cm s<sup>&minus;1</sup>. The average speed difference between the VACM and BASS increases as near-bottom wave orbital velocities get large relative to hourly averaged currents, consistent with laboratory studies of VACMs in oscillating flows. Direction differences have a mean of 1&deg; and standard deviations of about 5&deg; for speeds greater than 10 cm s<sup>&minus;1</sup>. The relative accuracy of the corresponding velocity measurements is &plusmn;2 cm s<sup>&minus;1</sup>&nbsp;(mean differences less than 0.6 cm s<sup>&minus;1</sup>&nbsp;and standard deviations of about 1 cm s<sup>&minus;1</sup>).</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>The equations used to convert VACM rotor rotation rates to current speed we based on a calibration study by Woodward and Appell rather than one based on a study by Cherriman that is routinely used at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. The former yields closer agreement between the BASS and VACM speed measurements during STRESS (mean speed difference 0.2 cm s<sup>&minus;1</sup>&nbsp;versus 1.4 cm s<sup>&minus;1</sup>).</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Meteorological Society","doi":"10.1175/1520-0426(1995)012<1328:COBAVC>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Lentz, S.J., Butman, B., and Williams, A., 1995, Comparison of BASS and VACM current measurements during STRESS: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, v. 12, no. 6, p. 1328-1337, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1995)012<1328:COBAVC>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1328","endPage":"1337","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479195,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1995)012<1328:cobavc>2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":296148,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"546c75f8e4b0f4a3478a60fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lentz, Steven J.","contributorId":41687,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lentz","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":6706,"text":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Butman, Bradford 0000-0002-4174-2073 bbutman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4174-2073","contributorId":943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butman","given":"Bradford","email":"bbutman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":525338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Williams, A. J. III","contributorId":58029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"A. J.","suffix":"III","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":525339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70207053,"text":"70207053 - 1995 - Changes in long‐term extension rates associated with the Morgan Hill and Loma Prieta earthquakes in California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-28T13:02:20.52008","indexId":"70207053","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-04T15:05:47","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Changes in long‐term extension rates associated with the Morgan Hill and Loma Prieta earthquakes in California","docAbstract":"<p><span>Frequent measurements since mid‐1981 of the distances from a geodetic monument located about 100 km south‐southeast of San Francisco to three monuments 30 to 40 km distant provide an unusually complete record of the deformation before and after two nearby earthquakes, the 1984 Morgan Hill (</span><i>M<sub>L</sub></i><span>&nbsp;= 6.2) and 1989 Loma Prieta (</span><i>M<sub>s</sub></i><span>&nbsp;= 7.1) earthquakes. Except possibly for the first few months postseismic, the extension rates indicated by these measurements appear to be steady over the four or five years both preceding and following those earthquakes. However, the preseismic and postseismic rates differ significantly for at least one of the baselines measured for each earthquake. The data over the four to five year postseismic records available are not adequate to demonstrate whether the postseismic rates are relaxing back to the preseismic rates.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95GL00084","usgsCitation":"Savage, J.C., and Lisowski, M., 1995, Changes in long‐term extension rates associated with the Morgan Hill and Loma Prieta earthquakes in California: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 22, no. 7, p. 759-762, https://doi.org/10.1029/95GL00084.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"759","endPage":"762","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":369914,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Loma Prieta monitor array","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.574462890625,\n              36.474306755095235\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.7010498046875,\n              36.474306755095235\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.7010498046875,\n              37.81846319511331\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.574462890625,\n              37.81846319511331\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.574462890625,\n              36.474306755095235\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-07","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savage, James C. 0000-0002-5114-7673 jasavage@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":2412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"James","email":"jasavage@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lisowski, Michael 0000-0003-4818-2504 mlisowski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4818-2504","contributorId":637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisowski","given":"Michael","email":"mlisowski@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70185358,"text":"70185358 - 1995 - Comment on \"Horizontal aquifer movement in a theis-theim confined system\" by Donald C. Helm","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-25T02:26:37.22791","indexId":"70185358","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comment on \"Horizontal aquifer movement in a theis-theim confined system\" by Donald C. Helm","docAbstract":"<p>In a recent paper, Helm [1994] presents an analysis of horizontal aquifer movement induced by groundwater withdrawal from a confined aquifer in which fluid and grains are incompressible. The analysis considers the aquifer in isolation (ignoring overlying and underlying strata) and assumes that the aquifer deforms purely in the horizontal direction (with no vertical movement). Helm's solution for grain displacement is obtained through introduction of a quantity known as bulk flux, q<i><sub>b</sub></i>, defined as</p><p>q<i><sub>b</sub></i> = <i>n</i>v<i><sub>w</sub></i> + (1 - <i>n</i>)v<i><sub>s</sub></i></p><p>where n is porosity, v<i><sub>w</sub></i> is velocity of water, and v<i><sub>s</sub></i> is the velocity of the solid grains. On the basis of the bulk flux concept, Helm develops an explanation for the driving force on the bulk material.</p><p>It is our view that Helm's analysis is subject to four limitations. First, Helm's assumption of zero vertical displacement is not supported by field observations and could result in over- estimation of radial displacement. Second, in ignoring the role of overlying and underlying strata, Helm's solution does not yield reliable estimates of aquifer deformation. Third, Helm's solution method works only for problems that involve one spatial coordinate (for example, x or r) but does not generally work for problems involving three-dimensional flow and de- formation. Fourth, Helm's explanation of the driving force on the bulk material is faulty for general three-dimensional problems. The purpose of our comment is to discuss these four issues.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95WR02713","usgsCitation":"Hsieh, P.A., and Cooley, R.L., 1995, Comment on \"Horizontal aquifer movement in a theis-theim confined system\" by Donald C. Helm: Water Resources Research, v. 31, no. 12, p. 3107-3111, https://doi.org/10.1029/95WR02713.","productDescription":"5 p. ","startPage":"3107","endPage":"3111","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479198,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/95wr02713","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":337920,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b92e4b0236b68f82908","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hsieh, Paul A. 0000-0003-4873-4874 pahsieh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4873-4874","contributorId":1634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hsieh","given":"Paul","email":"pahsieh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":39113,"text":"WMA - Office of Quality Assurance","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cooley, Richard L.","contributorId":8831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooley","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70180334,"text":"70180334 - 1995 - The influence of life history trade-offs and the size of the incubation gravels on egg size variation in sockeye salmon Onchorhynchus nerka","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-27T12:16:16","indexId":"70180334","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2939,"text":"Oikos","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The influence of life history trade-offs and the size of the incubation gravels on egg size variation in sockeye salmon Onchorhynchus nerka","docAbstract":"<p> Egg size is a critical life history trait, reflecting female investment and affecting off- spring fitness. We investigated several factors which may influence variation in egg weight for sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). Comparisons were based on col- lections from 18 Alaskan populations, among which adult migration distance and ju- venile rearing habitat were similar but the size composition of incubation gravels was different. Among populations, most of the variation in egg weight could be explained by a positive correlation with different measures of the size composition of incubation gravels (Pearson's r = 0.45-0.91). In contrast, egg weight was poorly correlated with female body length and with female snout length, a morphological feature used during intra-sexual competition. Within each of the Alaskan populations, however, egg weight and snout length were positively correlated with female body length and hence with each other. A positive association between snout length and egg weight was still evident even after the effects of covariance with body size were removed using resid- uals analysis: for all of the fish pooled and within 6 of the 16 populations. A signifi- cant relationship was not detected in the other populations but the trend was neverthe- less positive in 8 of the other 10. Examination of reproductive traits (gonad weight, egg weight, egg number, snout length and hump size) within another population iden- tified a trade-off between egg weight and egg number for females of a given body length. In contrast, positive correlations between reproductive traits were more com- mon, suggesting that energy-rich individuals produce large eggs and large secondary sexual characteristics rather than sacrificing one for the other. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3545987","usgsCitation":"Quinn, T.P., Hendry, A.P., and Wetzel, L.A., 1995, The influence of life history trade-offs and the size of the incubation gravels on egg size variation in sockeye salmon Onchorhynchus nerka: Oikos, v. 74, no. 3, p. 425-438, https://doi.org/10.2307/3545987.","productDescription":"14 p. ","startPage":"425","endPage":"438","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334163,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"74","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"588c6a90e4b08c8121c90910","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Quinn, Thomas P.","contributorId":167272,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Quinn","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":24671,"text":"School of Aquatic and Fsiery Sciences, UW, Box 355020, Seattle, WA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":661257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hendry, Andrew P.","contributorId":178839,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hendry","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wetzel, Lisa A. 0000-0003-3178-9940 lwetzel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3178-9940","contributorId":3016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wetzel","given":"Lisa","email":"lwetzel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":661259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":18426,"text":"ofr95313 - 1995 - Hydrologic data through 1993 for the Huron Project of the High Plains Ground-Water Demonstration Program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:25","indexId":"ofr95313","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-313","title":"Hydrologic data through 1993 for the Huron Project of the High Plains Ground-Water Demonstration Program","docAbstract":"This report presents data on precipitation, geologic logs, water levels, and water quality that have been collected or compiled, through water year 1993, for the Huron Project of the High Plains Ground-Water Demonstration Program, under the guidance of the Bureau of Reclamation. The purpose of the Huron Project is to demonstrate the artificial recharge potential of glacial aquifers in eastern South Dakota. High flows from the James River during spring runoff are used as a source of supplemental recharge for the Warren aquifer, which is a buried, glacial aquifer. Prior to the injection of recharge water, which began in April 1994, many sites were monitored to obtain background information. This report presents data that were collected prior to the initiation of recharge. Precipitation data are collected at two sites within the study area. A site description and daily precipitation for water years 1991-93 are presented for one precipitation site. In 1990, 76 test holes were drilled and observation wells were installed at 70 sites. Well information and geologic logs collected during the drilling program for the Huron Project are presented. In addition to the 70 new Huron Project wells, 15 existing observation wells owned by the South Dakota Department of Environment and Natural Resources were incorporated into the study. Water- level hydrographs are presented for the 85 observation wells. The period of record shown for the hydrographs is from the earliest available record through September 1993. Water-quality data were collected from both screening and detailed sampling programs. Screening water-quality data for 32 observation wells are presented. These data include primarily field parameters and common ions. The eight detailed sampling sites represent the quality of untreated water, treated water, an intermittent stream, and ground water from the Warren aquifer. Data presented for the detailed sampling program include field parameters, bacteria counts, and concentrations of common ions, solids, nutrients, trace elements, radiometrics, total organic carbon, herbicides, insecticides, and volatile organic compounds.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr95313","usgsCitation":"Carter, J.M., 1995, Hydrologic data through 1993 for the Huron Project of the High Plains Ground-Water Demonstration Program: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-313, vi, 151 p. ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95313.","productDescription":"vi, 151 p. ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151181,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0313/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47775,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0313/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ce4b07f02db608040","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carter, Janet M. 0000-0002-6376-3473 jmcarter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6376-3473","contributorId":339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"Janet","email":"jmcarter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":179098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70216600,"text":"70216600 - 1995 - Two-year simulation of the Great Lakes region with a coupled modeling system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-01T13:05:06.053468","indexId":"70216600","displayToPublicDate":"1995-11-25T14:12:33","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2786,"text":"Monthly Weather Review","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Two-year simulation of the Great Lakes region with a coupled modeling system","docAbstract":"<p>In this paper, we report on an experiment aimed at evaluating the feasibility of the application of our coupled regional climate modeling system to long-term climate simulations over the Great Lakes region. The simulation analyzed covers a continuous 24-month period beginning 1 September 1990 and extending to 1 September 1992.</p><p>Many aspects of this simulation agreed well with observations. Compared with European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) analyses, area-averaged atmospheric temperature and moisture biases were generally small. The largest temperature biases were found in the simulated boundary layer, up to 1–1.5 K colder than observed in most months. Atmospheric moisture biases were of both signs and small in magnitude, almost universally less than 0.5 g kg<sup>−1</sup>.</p><p>Comparison of simulated surface air temperatures with station observations also indicated that model simulated temperatures generally display a cold bias. Simulated precipitation values agreed well with observations during the cold portions of the year while during warm months precipitation was overpredicted by 10%–50%. Spatial patterns of precipitation over the model domain agreed well with observations during the winter months but were not as well simulated during the other seasons.</p><p>A one-dimensional lake model was coupled to the atmospheric component of the model to capture the effects of the Great Lakes on regional climate. Lake surface temperatures were generally well simulated by the lake model in the summer and fall seasons, and lake ice extent agreed well with the analysis over at least three of the five lakes. The greatest shortcomings in lake temperature simulation were the earlier-than-observed warm-up in the spring and warmer than observed peak temperatures in the summer over the northern portions of the lakes. Also, lake ice extent was generally overpredicted over Lake Superior and underpredicted over Lake Erie.</p><p>In summary, the coupled modeling system described in this paper shows promise for use in climate simulators over regions where lakes are important such as the Great Lakes. It has been shown that many aspects of the simulation are in good agreement with available observations. Areas in which the results point to the need for further work are the model's convective parameterization, the eddy diffusivities in the lake model, and the treatment of clouds in the radiation package.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Meteorological Society","doi":"10.1175/1520-0493(1995)123<1505:TYSOTG>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Bates, G.T., Hostetler, S.W., and Giorgi, F., 1995, Two-year simulation of the Great Lakes region with a coupled modeling system: Monthly Weather Review, v. 123, no. 5, p. 1505-1522, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1995)123<1505:TYSOTG>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"1505","endPage":"1522","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479199,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1995)123<1505:tysotg>2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":380817,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Ontario","otherGeospatial":"Great Lakes region","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -74.091796875,\n              44.02442151965934\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.5078125,\n              46.6795944656402\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.099609375,\n              49.49667452747045\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.515625,\n              46.800059446787316\n            ],\n            [\n              -90,\n              45.9511496866914\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.76953125,\n              46.01222384063236\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.76953125,\n              43.51668853502906\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.802734375,\n              40.91351257612758\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.517578125,\n              41.902277040963696\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.55078125,\n              44.715513732021336\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.55078125,\n              41.902277040963696\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.3203125,\n              40.91351257612758\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.1015625,\n              41.83682786072714\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.091796875,\n              44.02442151965934\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"123","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bates, G. T.","contributorId":29147,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bates","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":805693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hostetler, S. W. 0000-0003-2272-8302","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2272-8302","contributorId":42911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostetler","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":805694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Giorgi, F.","contributorId":24924,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Giorgi","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":805695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70246360,"text":"70246360 - 1995 - Fault healing inferred from time dependent variations in source properties of repeating earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-06T12:26:39.165471","indexId":"70246360","displayToPublicDate":"1995-11-15T06:56:47","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fault healing inferred from time dependent variations in source properties of repeating earthquakes","docAbstract":"<p><span>We analyze two sets of repeating earthquakes on the Calaveras fault to estimate in-situ rates of fault strengthening (healing). Earthquake recurrence intervals&nbsp;</span><i>t<sub>r</sub></i><span>&nbsp;range from 3 to 803 days. Variations in relative moment and duration are combined to study changes in stress drop, rupture dimension, rupture velocity, and particle velocity as a function of&nbsp;</span><i>t<sub>r</sub></i><span>. Healing rates and source variations are compared with predictions of laboratory-derived friction laws. Two interpretations of event duration τ are used: one in which τ is given by the ratio of slip to particle velocity and one in which it scales as rupture dimension divided by rupture velocity. Our data indicate that faults strengthen during the interseismic period. We infer that source dimension decreases with&nbsp;</span><i>t<sub>r</sub></i><span>&nbsp;due to aseismic creep within the region surrounding the repeating events. Stress drop increases 1–3MPa per decade increase in&nbsp;</span><i>t<sub>r</sub></i><span>, which represents an increase of a factor of 2–3 relative to events with&nbsp;</span><i>t<sub>r</sub></i><span>&nbsp;between 10 and 100 days. This rate of fault healing is consistent with extrapolations of laboratory measurements of healing rates if fault strength is high, on order of 60MPa, and stress drop is roughly 10% of this value.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95GL03076","usgsCitation":"Marone, C., Vidale, J.E., and Ellsworth, W.L., 1995, Fault healing inferred from time dependent variations in source properties of repeating earthquakes: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 22, no. 22, p. 3095-3098, https://doi.org/10.1029/95GL03076.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"3095","endPage":"3098","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":418706,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Calaveras Fault","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.4052173911836,\n              36.689160402516464\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.0187556020827,\n              36.689160402516464\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.0187556020827,\n              37.40239566504556\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.4052173911836,\n              37.40239566504556\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.4052173911836,\n              36.689160402516464\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"22","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-07","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marone, Chris","contributorId":7426,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Marone","given":"Chris","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":876962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vidale, John E.","contributorId":48850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vidale","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":876963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ellsworth, William L. ellsworth@usgs.gov","contributorId":787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellsworth","given":"William","email":"ellsworth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":876964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70185355,"text":"70185355 - 1995 - Modeling hexavalent chromium reduction in groundwater in field-scale transport and laboratory batch experiments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-08T14:55:21","indexId":"70185355","displayToPublicDate":"1995-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling hexavalent chromium reduction in groundwater in field-scale transport and laboratory batch experiments","docAbstract":"<p><span>A plausible and consistent model is developed to obtain a quantitative description of the gradual disappearance of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) from groundwater in a small-scale field tracer test and in batch kinetic experiments using aquifer sediments under similar chemical conditions. The data exhibit three distinct timescales. Fast reduction occurs in well-stirred batch reactors in times much less than 1 hour and is followed by slow reduction over a timescale of the order of 2 days. In the field, reduction occurs on a timescale of the order of 8 days. The model is based on the following hypotheses. The chemical reduction reaction occurs very fast, and the longer timescales are caused by diffusion resistance. Diffusion into the secondary porosity of grains causes the apparent slow reduction rate in batch experiments. In the model of the field experiments, the reducing agent, heavy Fe(II)-bearing minerals, is heterogeneously distributed in thin strata located between larger nonreducing sand lenses that comprise the bulk of the aquifer solids. It is found that reducing strata of the order of centimeters thick are sufficient to contribute enough diffusion resistance to cause the observed longest timescale in the field. A one-dimensional advection/dispersion model is formulated that describes the major experimental trends. Diffusion rates are estimated in terms of an elementary physical picture of flow through a stratified medium containing identically sized spherical grains. Both reduction and sorption reactions are included. Batch simulation results are sensitive to the fraction of reductant located at or near the surface of grains, which controls the amount of rapid reduction, and the secondary porosity, which controls the rate of slow reduction observed in batch experiments. Results of Cr(VI) transport simulations are sensitive to the thickness and relative size of the reducing stratum. Transport simulation results suggest that nearly all of the reductant must be located in the reducing stratum. Within this context and as long as there is adequate reductive capacity present, the transport simulation results are insensitive to the parameters important for the batch simulations. The results illustrate how a combination of field measurements and batch laboratory studies can be used to improve predictive modeling of contaminant transport.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95WR02104","usgsCitation":"Friedly, J., Davis, J., and Kent, D., 1995, Modeling hexavalent chromium reduction in groundwater in field-scale transport and laboratory batch experiments: Water Resources Research, v. 31, no. 11, p. 2783-2794, https://doi.org/10.1029/95WR02104.","productDescription":"12 p. ","startPage":"2783","endPage":"2794","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337916,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b92e4b0236b68f8290a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friedly, J.C.","contributorId":189596,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Friedly","given":"J.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davis, J.A.","contributorId":71694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kent, D.B.","contributorId":16588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kent","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70185325,"text":"70185325 - 1995 - An empirical model of the phytoplankton chlorophyll : carbon ratio-the conversion factor between productivity and growth rate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-25T07:56:08","indexId":"70185325","displayToPublicDate":"1995-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An empirical model of the phytoplankton chlorophyll : carbon ratio-the conversion factor between productivity and growth rate","docAbstract":"<p><span>We present an empirical model that describes the ratio of phytoplankton chlorophyll </span><i>a</i><span> to carbon, Chl: C, as a function of temperature, daily irradiance, and nutrient-limited growth rate. Our model is based on 219 published measurements of algal cultures exposed to light-limited or nutrient-limited growth conditions. We illustrate an approach for using this estimator of Chl: C to calculate phytoplankton population growth rate from measured primary productivity. This adaptive Chl: C model gives rise to interactive light-nutrient effects in which growth efficiency increases with nutrient availability under low-light conditions. One implication of this interaction is the enhancement of phytoplankton growth efficiency, in addition to enhancement of biomass yield, as a response to eutrophication.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.4319/lo.1995.40.7.1313","usgsCitation":"Cloern, J.E., Grenz, C., and Vidergar-Lucas, L., 1995, An empirical model of the phytoplankton chlorophyll : carbon ratio-the conversion factor between productivity and growth rate: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 40, no. 7, p. 1313-1321, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1995.40.7.1313.","productDescription":"9 p. ","startPage":"1313","endPage":"1321","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479203,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1995.40.7.1313","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":337866,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-12-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d0ea1ee4b0236b68f67395","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cloern, James E. 0000-0002-5880-6862 jecloern@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5880-6862","contributorId":1488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloern","given":"James","email":"jecloern@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grenz, Christian","contributorId":189559,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Grenz","given":"Christian","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vidergar-Lucas, Lisa","contributorId":189560,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vidergar-Lucas","given":"Lisa","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70185316,"text":"70185316 - 1995 - Use of a reactive gas transport model to determine rates of hydrocarbon biodegradation in unsaturated porous media","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-08T10:06:58","indexId":"70185316","displayToPublicDate":"1995-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of a reactive gas transport model to determine rates of hydrocarbon biodegradation in unsaturated porous media","docAbstract":"<p><span>A mathematical model is presented that simulates the transport and reaction of any number of gaseous phase constituents (e.g. CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>, O</span><sub>2</sub><span>, N</span><sub>2</sub><span>, and hydrocarbons) in unsaturated porous media. The model was developed as part of a method to determine rates of hydrocarbon biodegradation associated with natural cleansing at petroleum product spill sites. The one-dimensional model can be applied to analyze data from column experiments or from field sites where gas transport in the unsaturated zone is approximately vertical. A coupled, non-Fickian constitutive relation between fluxes and concentration gradients, together with the capability of incorporating heterogeneity with respect to model parameters, results in model applicability over a wide range of experimental and field conditions. When applied in a calibration mode, the model allows for the determination of constituent production/consumption rates as a function of the spatial coordinate. Alternatively, the model can be applied in a predictive mode to obtain the distribution of constituent concentrations and fluxes on the basis of assumed values of model parameters and a biodegradation hypothesis. Data requirements for the model are illustrated by analyzing data from a column experiment designed to determine the aerobic degradation rate of toluene in sediments collected from a gasoline spill site in Galloway Township, New Jersey.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95WR02077","usgsCitation":"Baehr, A.L., and Baker, R.J., 1995, Use of a reactive gas transport model to determine rates of hydrocarbon biodegradation in unsaturated porous media: Water Resources Research, v. 31, no. 11, p. 2877-2882, https://doi.org/10.1029/95WR02077.","productDescription":"6 p. ","startPage":"2877","endPage":"2882","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337859,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d0ea1ee4b0236b68f67397","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baehr, Arthur L.","contributorId":104523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baehr","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baker, Ronald J. rbaker@usgs.gov","contributorId":1436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"Ronald","email":"rbaker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70246572,"text":"70246572 - 1995 - A mass proportion method for calculating melting reactions and application to melting of model upper mantle lherzolite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-10T16:01:46.6507","indexId":"70246572","displayToPublicDate":"1995-10-01T10:56:04","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A mass proportion method for calculating melting reactions and application to melting of model upper mantle lherzolite","docAbstract":"<p><span>We present a method for calculating quantitative melting reactions in systems with multiple solid solutions that accounts for changes in the mass proportions of phases between two points at different temperatures along a melting curve. This method can be applied to any data set that defines the phase proportions along a melting curve. The method yields the net change in mass proportion of all phases for the chosen melting interval, and gives an average reaction for the melting path. Instantaneous melting reactions can be approximated closely by choosing sufficiently small melting intervals. As an application of the method, reactions for melting of model upper mantle peridotite are calculated using data from the system CaO-MgO-Al</span><sub>2</sub><span>O</span><sub>3</sub><span>-SiO</span><sub>2</sub><span>-Na</span><sub>2</sub><span>O (CMASN) over the pressure interval 0.7 – 3.5 GPa. Throughout almost this entire pressure range, melting of model lherzolite involves the crystallization of one or more solid phases, and is analogous to melting at a peritectic invariant point. In addition, we show that melting reactions for small melting intervals (&lt; 5%) along the solidus of mantle peridotite are significantly different from those calculated for large melting intervals. For large melting intervals (&gt; 10%), reaction stoichiometries calculated in CMASN are usually in good agreement with those available for melting of natural peridotite. The coefficients of melting reactions calculated from this method can be used in equations that describe the behavior of trace elements during melting. We compare results from near-fractional melting models using (1) melting reactions and rock modes from CMASN, and (2) constant reactions representative of those used in the literature. In modeling trace element abundances in melt, significant differences arise for some elements at low degrees of melting (&lt; 10%). In modeling element abundances in the residue, differences increase with increase in degree of melting. Reactions calculated along the model lherzolite solidus in CMASN are the only ones available at present for small degrees of melting so we recommend them for accurate trace element modeling of natural lherzolite.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0012-821X(95)00148-6","usgsCitation":"Walter, M.J., Sisson, T.W., and Presnall, D.C., 1995, A mass proportion method for calculating melting reactions and application to melting of model upper mantle lherzolite: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 135, no. 1-4, p. 77-90, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(95)00148-6.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"77","endPage":"90","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":418811,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"135","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walter, Michael J.","contributorId":204871,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Walter","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":877252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sisson, Thomas W. 0000-0003-3380-6425 tsisson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3380-6425","contributorId":2341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sisson","given":"Thomas","email":"tsisson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":877253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Presnall, Dean C.","contributorId":299499,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Presnall","given":"Dean","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":877254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
]}