Co-rich Fe-Mn crusts occur throughout the Pacific on seamounts, ridges, and plateaus where currents have kept the rocks swept clean of sediments at least intermittently for millions of years. Crusts precipitate out of cold ambient sea water onto hard-rock substrates forming pavements up to 250 mm thick. Crusts are important as a potential resource for Co, Ni, Pt, Mn, Tl, Te, and other metals, as well as for the paleoclimate signals stored in their stratigraphic layers. Crusts form at water depths of about 400 to 4000 m, with the thickest and most Co-rich crusts occurring at depths of about 800 to 2500 m, which may vary on a regional scale. Gravity processes, sediment cover, submerged and emergent reefs, and currents control the distribution and thickness of crusts on seamounts. Crusts occur on a variety of substrate rocks that generally decrease in the order, breccia, basalt, phosphorite, limestone, hyaloclastite, and mudstone. Because of this wide variety of substrate types, crusts are difficult to distinguish from the substrate using remotely sensed data, such as geophysical measurements, but are generally weaker and lighter-weight than the substrate. Crusts can be distinguished from the substrates, however, by their much higher gamma radiation levels. The mean dry bulk density of crusts is 1.3 g/cm3, the mean porosity is 60%, and the mean surface area is extremely high, 300 m2/g. Crusts generally grow at rates of 1 to 10 mm/Ma. Crust surfaces are botryoidal, which may be modified to a variety of forms by current erosion. In cross-section, crusts are generally layered, with individual layers displaying massive, botryoidal, laminated, columnar, or mottled textures. Characteristic layering is persistent regionally in the Pacific. Crusts are composed of ferruginous vernadite (δ-MnO2) and X-ray amorphous Fe oxyhydroxide, with moderate amounts of carbonate fluorapatite (CFA) in thick crusts and minor amounts of quartz and feldspar in most crusts. Elements most commonly associated with the vernadite phase include Mn, Co, Ni, Cd, and Mo, whereas those most commonly associated with Fe oxyhydroxide are Fe and As. Detrital phases are represented by Si, Al, K, Ti, Cr, Mg, Fe, and Na; the CFA phase by Ca, P, Sr, Y, and CO2; and a residual biogenic phase by Ba, Sr, Ce, Cu, V, Ca, and Mg. Crusts contain Co contents up to about 2.3%, Ni to 1%, and Pt to 3 ppm, with mean Fe/Mn ratios of 0.6 to 1.3. Fe/Mn decreases, whereas Co, Ni, Ti, and Pt increase in central Pacific crusts and Fe/Mn, Si, and Al increase in continental margin crusts and in crusts with proximity to west Pacific volcanic arcs. Vernadite and CFA-related elements decrease, whereas Fe, Cu, and detrital-related elements increase with increasing water depth of crust occurrence. Cobalt, Ce, Tl, and maybe also Ti, Pb, and Pt are strongly concentrated in crusts over other metals because of oxidation reactions. Total rare earth elements (REEs) commonly vary between 0.1% and 0.3% and are derived from sea water along with other hydrogenetic elements, Co, Mn, Ni, etc. Platinum, Rh, Ir, and some Ru in crusts are also derived from sea water, whereas Pd and the remainder of the Ru derive from detrital minerals. The older parts of thick crusts were phosphatized during at least two global phosphogenic events during the Tertiary, which mobilized and redistributed elements in those parts of the crusts. 240Silicon, Fe, Al, Th, Ti, Co, Mn, Pb, and U are commonly depleted, whereas Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, REEs, Sr, and Pt are commonly enriched in phosphatized layers compared to younger nonphosphatized layers. The dominant controls on the concentration of elements in crusts include the concentration of metals in sea water and their ratios, colloid surface charge, types of complexing agents, surface area, and growth rates. Crusts act as closed systems with regard to the isotopic ratios of Be, Nd, Pb, Hf, Os, and U-series, which in part have been used to date crusts and in part used as isotopic tracers of paleoceanographic and paleoclimatic conditions. Those tracers are especially useful in delineating temporal changes in deep-ocean circulation. Research and development on the technology of mining crusts are only in their infancy. Detailed maps of crust deposits and a better understanding of small-scale seamount topography are required to design the most appropriate mining equipment.
A multidisciplinary seismic survey earlier this year in the Pacific Northwest is expected to reveal much new information about the earthquake threat to U.S. and Canadian urban areas there. A disastrous earthquake is a very real possibility in the region.
\nThe survey, known as the Seismic Hazards Investigation in Puget Sound (SHIPS), engendered close cooperation among geologists, biologists, environmental groups, and government agencies. It also succeeded in striking a fine balance between the need to prepare for a great earthquake and the requirement to protect a coveted marine environment while operating a large airgun array.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/99EO00011","usgsCitation":"Fisher, M.A., Brocher, T., Hyndman, R., Trehu, A., Weaver, C., Creager, K.C., Crosson, R.S., Parsons, T., Cooper, A.K., Mosher, D., Spence, G., Zelt, B., Hammer, P., Childs, J., Cochrane, G., Chopra, S., and Walia, R., 1999, Seismic survey probes urban earthquake hazards in Pacific Northwest: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 80, no. 2, p. 13-17, https://doi.org/10.1029/99EO00011.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"13","endPage":"17","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479415,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/99eo00011","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":294657,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":294656,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/99EO00011"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Puget Sound","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -123.0859,47.0346 ], [ -123.0859,48.4526 ], [ -122.2023,48.4526 ], [ -122.2023,47.0346 ], [ -123.0859,47.0346 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"80","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-06-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"542bc64be4b0abfb4c8098c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fisher, M. A.","contributorId":69972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brocher, T.M. 0000-0002-9740-839X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9740-839X","contributorId":69994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brocher","given":"T.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hyndman, R.D.","contributorId":45831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hyndman","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Trehu, A.M.","contributorId":90754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trehu","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Weaver, C.S.","contributorId":57874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weaver","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Creager, K. C.","contributorId":105078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Creager","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Crosson, R. S.","contributorId":104987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crosson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Parsons, T.","contributorId":48288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Cooper, A. K.","contributorId":50149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Mosher, D.","contributorId":49289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mosher","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Spence, G.","contributorId":106425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spence","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Zelt, B.C.","contributorId":63572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zelt","given":"B.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Hammer, P.T.","contributorId":17928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammer","given":"P.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Childs, J.R.","contributorId":63011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Childs","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Cochrane, G.R.","contributorId":104002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cochrane","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Chopra, S.","contributorId":94237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chopra","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Walia, R.","contributorId":55756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walia","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17}]}} ,{"id":70127578,"text":"70127578 - 1999 - Seismic reflections identify finite differences in gas hydrate resources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-09T12:51:44","indexId":"70127578","displayToPublicDate":"1999-09-30T13:19:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2935,"text":"Offshore","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic reflections identify finite differences in gas hydrate resources","docAbstract":"Gas hydrate is a gas-bearing, ice-like crystalline solid. The substance's build ing blocks consist of a gas molecule (generally methane) sur-rounded by a cage of water molecules. The total amount of methane in hydrate in the world is immense - the most recent speculative estimate centers on values of 21x1015 cu meters. Thus, it may represent a future energy resource. This estimate was presented by Keith Kvenvolden at the International Symposium on Methane Hydrates, Resources in the Near Future, sponsor ed by Japanese National Oil Company (Tokyo, October, 1998).
But, as with any natural resource, there is a need to find naturally occurring concentrations in order to effectively extract gas. We need to answer four basic questions:
Gas hydrate occurs naturally at the pressure/ temperature/chemical conditions that are present within ocean floor sediments at water depths greater than about 500 meters. The gas hydrate stability zone (GHSZ) extends from the sea bottom downward to a depth where the natural increase in temperature causes the hydrate to melt (dissociate), even though the downward pressure increase is working to increase gas hydrate stability.
Thus, the base of the GHSZ tends to parallel the seafloor at any given water depth (pressure), because the sub-seafloor isotherms (depths of constant temperature) generally parallel the seafloor. The layer at which gas hydrate is stable commonly extends from the sea floor to several hundred meters below it. The gas in most gas hydrates is methane, generated by bacteria in the sediments. In some cases, it can be higher carbon-number, thermogenic hydrocarbon gases that rise from greater depths.
","language":"English","publisher":"PenWell Corporation","usgsCitation":"Dillon, W.P., and Max, M., 1999, Seismic reflections identify finite differences in gas hydrate resources: Offshore, v. 59, no. 11.","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":294655,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":294654,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.offshore-mag.com/articles/print/volume-59/issue-11/news/general-interest/seismic-reflections-identify-finite-differences-in-gas-hydrate-resources.html"}],"volume":"59","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"542bc64ae4b0abfb4c8098b7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dillon, William P. bdillon@usgs.gov","contributorId":79820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dillon","given":"William","email":"bdillon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":502447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Max, M.","contributorId":83699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Max","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70127571,"text":"70127571 - 1999 - Anoxia pre-dates Frasnian–Famennian boundary mass extinction horizon in the Great Basin, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-07T16:11:19","indexId":"70127571","displayToPublicDate":"1999-09-30T11:27:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Anoxia pre-dates Frasnian–Famennian boundary mass extinction horizon in the Great Basin, USA","docAbstract":"Major and trace metal results from three Great Basin stratigraphic sections with strong conodont biostratigraphy identify a distinct anoxic interval that precedes, but ends approximately 100 kyr before, the Frasnian–Famennian (F–F, mid-Late Devonian) boundary mass extinction horizon. This horizon corresponds to the final and most severe step of a more protracted extinction period. These results are inconsistent with data reported by others from the upper Kellwasser horizon in Europe, which show anoxia persisting up to the F–F boundary in most sections. Conditions returned to fully oxygenated prior to the F–F boundary in the study area. These data indicate that the worst part of the F–F extinction was not related directly to oceanic anoxia in this region and potentially globally.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0031-0182(99)00116-9","usgsCitation":"Bratton, J.F., Berry, W.B., and Morrow, J.R., 1999, Anoxia pre-dates Frasnian–Famennian boundary mass extinction horizon in the Great Basin, USA: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 154, no. 3, p. 275-292, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(99)00116-9.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"275","endPage":"292","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":294639,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada, Utah","otherGeospatial":"Great Basin","volume":"154","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"542bc61fe4b0abfb4c809701","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bratton, John F. 0000-0003-0376-4981 jbratton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0376-4981","contributorId":92757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bratton","given":"John","email":"jbratton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":502435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Berry, William B. N.","contributorId":76372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berry","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"B. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morrow, Jared R.","contributorId":65934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morrow","given":"Jared","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70127566,"text":"70127566 - 1999 - Vegetation and hydrology of land-margin ecosystems: the mangroves of South Florida in relation to disturbance, global change and response to restoration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-30T11:15:07","indexId":"70127566","displayToPublicDate":"1999-09-30T11:10:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Vegetation and hydrology of land-margin ecosystems: the mangroves of South Florida in relation to disturbance, global change and response to restoration","docAbstract":"The USGS Florida Caribbean Science Center's Restoration Ecology Branch and Florida International University is conducting research on disturbance, global change and restoration of land margin ecosystems of South Florida. Criticial research for the restoration of these systems involves understanding the responses of mangrove forests to changes in the quality, quantity, timing and distribution of freshwater inflows, response to global change (e.g. sea level rise) and catastrophic disturbances such as hurricanes.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70127566","usgsCitation":"Best, G., and Smith, T., 1999, Vegetation and hydrology of land-margin ecosystems: the mangroves of South Florida in relation to disturbance, global change and response to restoration, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70127566.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":294632,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":294631,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://fl.biology.usgs.gov/Center_Publications/Fact_Sheets/smithflierv2.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Everglades National Park","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -81.5212,24.85 ], [ -81.5212,25.8918 ], [ -80.3887,25.8918 ], [ -80.3887,24.85 ], [ -81.5212,24.85 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"542bc651e4b0abfb4c80990a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Best, G.R.","contributorId":27007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Best","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, T.J.","contributorId":45034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70179249,"text":"70179249 - 1999 - A test of the variable circular-plot method where exact density of a bird population was known","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-04T13:11:52","indexId":"70179249","displayToPublicDate":"1999-09-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2984,"text":"Pacific Conservation Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A test of the variable circular-plot method where exact density of a bird population was known","docAbstract":"Variable circular-plot (VCP) counts are statistically more sound than point counts because they are adjusted for the probability of detecting birds at different distances and under different conditions. However, many ornithologists use point counts rather than VCP counts because they believe that assumptions of the VCP method are almost always violated, leading to poor results, and because earlier field tests using ad hoc analysis methods gave variable and relatively poor results. We conducted the first field test of the VCP method where the exact density of a forest bird was known as part of re-establishing the 'Oma'o Myadestes obscurus in former range. All 'Oma'o in the new population were intensively monitored by radio telemetry so that the number present during four VCP censuses was known. Excluding the first census, when three of the four detections were of the same individual, differences in VCP density estimates ranged from -34% to +24% (mean 0%) even though =18 'Oma'o were detected per survey. We review critical assumptions of the VCP method and make recommendations for data analysis based on our experience with the method on Pacific islands.
","language":"English","publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","doi":"10.1071/PC990139","usgsCitation":"Nelson, J.T., and Fancy, S.G., 1999, A test of the variable circular-plot method where exact density of a bird population was known: Pacific Conservation Biology, v. 5, no. 2, p. 139-143, https://doi.org/10.1071/PC990139.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"139","endPage":"143","costCenters":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332497,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"585cf500e4b01224f329bcd4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, Jay T.","contributorId":176154,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nelson","given":"Jay","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fancy, Steven G.","contributorId":176135,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fancy","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70178651,"text":"70178651 - 1999 - New island record of Carposina nigronotata Walsingham on Maui","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-04T13:11:27","indexId":"70178651","displayToPublicDate":"1999-09-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1059,"text":"Bishop Museum Occasional Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"New island record of Carposina nigronotata Walsingham on Maui","docAbstract":"The following represents a new island record of Carposina nigronotata for Maui. Voucher specimens are housed in the Bishop Museum (BPBM), Honolulu.
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We also include the waveforms and travel times from five aftershocks of the April 1980 Livermore earthquake that were recorded on temporary seismic stations and that have not been published. Although seismic refraction profiles from the 1980 Livermore study have been published, none of the other data for this experiment, including shot times and locations, receiver locations, data quality, and travel times, have been reported. Similarly, such data from the 1981 to 1982 seismic refraction survey in the Santa Cruz Mountains included here have not been published. The first-arrival travel times from these profiles are reported in the hope that they can be used for three-dimensional velocity models in the San Francisco Bay area, particularly for the Livermore Valley and Santa Cruz Mountains.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr99146","usgsCitation":"Williams, A.J., Brocher, T.M., Mooney, W.D., and Boken, A., 1999, Data report for seismic refraction surveys conducted from 1980 to 1982 in the Livermore Valley and the Santa Cruz Mountains, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-146, 61 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr99146.","productDescription":"61 p.","numberOfPages":"79","temporalStart":"1980-01-01","temporalEnd":"1982-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":51245,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0146/pdf/of99-146.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":154807,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0146/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":1161,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0146/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":411920,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_16295.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Livermore Valley, Santa Cruz Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.25,\n 37.5\n ],\n [\n -122.25,\n 38\n ],\n [\n -121.25,\n 38\n ],\n [\n -121.25,\n 37.5\n ],\n [\n -122.25,\n 37.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd53cce4b0b290850f55c6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, Angela J.","contributorId":36008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Angela","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brocher, Thomas M. 0000-0002-9740-839X brocher@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9740-839X","contributorId":262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brocher","given":"Thomas","email":"brocher@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":185397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":185398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Boken, Annette","contributorId":61703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boken","given":"Annette","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":24961,"text":"ofr9915 - 1999 - Selected data from eleven wildcat wells in the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-09T13:16:28","indexId":"ofr9915","displayToPublicDate":"1999-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-15","title":"Selected data from eleven wildcat wells in the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska","docAbstract":"Between 1978 and 1981, the U.S. Geological Survey drilled 27 wells in the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska. This publication presents the following data from eleven of those 27 wells: general information, well core images, depths to specific stratigraphic units, well core gamma ray logs in LAS format, well log information in LAS format, geological and drilling history reports in Adobe Acrobat PDF format, and permeability and porosity data.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr9915","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Zihlman, F.N., and Oliver, H.L., 1999, Selected data from eleven wildcat wells in the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-15, 1 disk, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9915.","productDescription":"1 disk","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157716,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1926,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/ofr-99-0015/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb9fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zihlman, F. N.","contributorId":16819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zihlman","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Oliver, H. L.","contributorId":87130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oliver","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":21836,"text":"ofr98640 - 1999 - Geology, hydrology, and results of tracer testing in the Galena-Platteville aquifer at a waste-disposal site near Byron, Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-10T21:12:52.818357","indexId":"ofr98640","displayToPublicDate":"1999-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-640","title":"Geology, hydrology, and results of tracer testing in the Galena-Platteville aquifer at a waste-disposal site near Byron, Illinois","docAbstract":"A study was conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency of the geohydrology of the dolomite bedrock at a waste-disposal site near Byron, Illinois. The study was designed to identify and characterize the flow pathways through the bedrock aquifer beneath the site. The geologic units of concern at the site are the Glenwood Formation of the Ancell Group, and the Platteville and Galena Groups. These deposits compose the Galena-Platteville aquifer and the underlying Harmony Hill Shale semiconfining unit. The Galena-Platteville aquifer is an unconfined aquifer.\r\nGeophysical logging, water levels, and aquifer-test data indicate the presence of interconnected, hydraulically active fractures in the middle of the Galena-Platteville aquifer (the upper flow pathway), and a second set of hydraulically active fractures (the lower flow pathway). The lower flow pathway may be present through much of the site. Few hydraulically active fractures are present in the upper part of the aquifer near the center of the site, but appear to be more numerous in the upper part of the aquifer in the western and northeastern parts of the site.\r\n\r\nWater-level data obtained during the tracer test indicate that pumping effects were present near the pumped wells. Pumping effects may have been present at several wells located along directions of identified fracture orientation from the pumped well. The upper part of the aquifer did not appear to be hydraulically well connected to the flow pathways supplying water to the pumped well. Large background changes in water levels obscured the effects of pumping and prevented calculation of aquifer properties. The velocity of the bromide tracer through the lower flow pathway under the hydraulic gradient resulting from the pumping was about 152 feet per day. Solution of the Darcy velocity equation results in a calculated effective porosity for this interval of 3.5 percent, indicating hydraulic interconnection between the fractures and the aquifer matrix. Ground-water velocity through the lower flow pathway was calculated to be 15.4 feet per day under hydrostatic conditions.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr98640","usgsCitation":"Kay, R.T., Yeskis, D.J., Prinos, S.T., Morrow, W.S., and Vendl, M., 1999, Geology, hydrology, and results of tracer testing in the Galena-Platteville aquifer at a waste-disposal site near Byron, Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-640, iv, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98640.","productDescription":"iv, 49 p.","costCenters":[{"id":269,"text":"FLWSC-Ft. Lauderdale","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":413967,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_19332.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":51323,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0640/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":153598,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0640/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","city":"Byron","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.067,\n 42.317\n ],\n [\n -89.1,\n 42.317\n ],\n [\n -89.1,\n 42.283\n ],\n [\n -89.067,\n 42.283\n ],\n [\n -89.067,\n 42.317\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c5ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kay, Robert T. 0000-0002-6281-8997 rtkay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6281-8997","contributorId":1122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kay","given":"Robert","email":"rtkay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":185894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yeskis, Douglas J. djyeskis@usgs.gov","contributorId":2323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yeskis","given":"Douglas","email":"djyeskis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":185896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Prinos, Scott T. 0000-0002-5776-8956 stprinos@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5776-8956","contributorId":4045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prinos","given":"Scott","email":"stprinos@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":269,"text":"FLWSC-Ft. 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db69841c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stamey, T. C.","contributorId":95496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stamey","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":23733,"text":"ofr9950G - 1999 - The Timan-Pechora Basin province of northwest Arctic Russia; Domanik, Paleozoic total petroleum system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-21T15:59:20","indexId":"ofr9950G","displayToPublicDate":"1999-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-50","chapter":"G","title":"The Timan-Pechora Basin province of northwest Arctic Russia; Domanik, Paleozoic total petroleum system","docAbstract":"The Domanik-Paleozoic oil-prone total petroleum system covers most of the Timan-Pechora Basin Province of northwestern Arctic Russia. It contains nearly 20 BBOE ultimate recoverable reserves (66% oil). West of the province is the early Precambrian Eastern European craton margin. The province itself was the site of periodic Paleozoic tectonic events, culminating with the Hercynian Uralian orogeny along its eastern border. The stratigraphic record is dominated by Paleozoic platform and shelf-edge carbonates succeeded by Upper Permian to Triassic molasse siliciclastics that are locally present in depressions. Upper Devonian (Frasnian), deep marine shale and limestone source rocks ? with typically 5 wt % total organic carbon ? by middle Mesozoic time had generated hydrocarbons that migrated into reservoirs ranging in age from Ordovician to Triassic but most focused in Devonian and Permian rocks. Carboniferous structural inversions of old aulacogen borders, and Hercynian (Permian) to Early Cimmerian (Late Triassic to Early Jurassic) orogenic compression not only impacted depositional patterns, but also created and subsequently modified numerous structural traps within the province.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr9950G","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Lindquist, S.J., 1999, The Timan-Pechora Basin province of northwest Arctic Russia; Domanik, Paleozoic total petroleum system: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-50, 40 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9950G.","productDescription":"40 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1748,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/ofr-99-0050/OF99-50G/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":156783,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0050g/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52973,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0050g/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"Russia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 45.703125,\n 66.6181218846659\n ],\n [\n 72.333984375,\n 62.103882522897855\n ],\n [\n 61.69921875,\n 69.7485511291223\n ],\n [\n 47.373046875,\n 70.34831755984779\n ],\n [\n 45.703125,\n 66.6181218846659\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abce4b07f02db6735f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lindquist, Sandra J.","contributorId":17646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindquist","given":"Sandra","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":23730,"text":"ofr9950A - 1999 - The Red Sea Basin Province: Sudr-Nubia(!) and Maqna(!) Petroleum Systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:15","indexId":"ofr9950A","displayToPublicDate":"1999-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-50","chapter":"A","title":"The Red Sea Basin Province: Sudr-Nubia(!) and Maqna(!) Petroleum Systems","docAbstract":"The Sudr-Nubia(!) oil-prone total petroleum system dominates the densely explored Gulf of Suez part of the rifted Red Sea Basin Province. Upper Cretaceous to Eocene source rocks, primarily the Senonian Sudr Formation, are organic-rich, areally uniform marine carbonates that have generated known ultimate recoverable reserves exceeding 11 BBOE. The name Nubia is used for sandstone reservoirs with a wide range of poorly constrained, pre-rift geologic ages ranging from Early Paleozoic to Early Cretaceous. Syn- and post-rift Tertiary reservoirs, especially the Kareem Formation, also contain significant reserves.\r\n\r\nPartly overlapping Sudr-Nubia(!) is the areally larger and geochemically distinct, oil-and-gas-prone Maqna(!) total petroleum system within the southern Gulf of Suez basin and the sparsely explored remaining Red Sea basin. Known ultimate recoverable reserves are 50-100 MMBOE and more than 900 MMBOE, respectively, in those areas. Both the source and reservoir rocks in this petroleum system are Tertiary, dominantly Miocene, in age. Maqna(!) has the greater potential for future resource development.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr9950A","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Lindquist, S.J., 1999, The Red Sea Basin Province: Sudr-Nubia(!) and Maqna(!) Petroleum Systems: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-50, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9950A.","productDescription":"21 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":156780,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11541,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/ofr-99-0050/OF99-50A/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67acd1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lindquist, Sandra J.","contributorId":17646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindquist","given":"Sandra","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":23731,"text":"ofr9950C - 1999 - The Santa Cruz - Tarija Province of Central South America: Los Monos - Machareti(!) Petroleum System","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:15","indexId":"ofr9950C","displayToPublicDate":"1999-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-50","chapter":"C","title":"The Santa Cruz - Tarija Province of Central South America: Los Monos - Machareti(!) Petroleum System","docAbstract":"The Los Monos - Machareti(!) total petroleum system is in the Santa Cruz - Tarija Province of Bolivia, Argentina and Paraguay. Province history is that of a Paleozoic, intracratonic, siliciclastic rift basin that evolved into a Miocene (Andean) foreland fold and thrust belt. Existing fields are typified by alternating reservoir and seal rocks in post-Ordovician sandstones and shales on anticlines. Thick Devonian and Silurian shale source rocks, depositionally and erosionally confined to this province, at a minimum have generated 4.1 BBOE known ultimate recoverable reserves (as of 1995, 77% gas, 15% condensate, 8% oil) into dominantly Carboniferous reservoirs with average 20% porosity and 156 md permeability. Major detachment surfaces within the source rocks contributed to the thin-skinned and laterally continuous nature of the deformation. Tertiary foreland burial adequate for significant source maturation coincided with the formation of compressional traps. Further hydrocarbon discovery in the fold and thrust belt is expected. In the foreland basin, higher thermal gradients and variable burial history - combined with the presence of unconformity and onlap wedges - create potential there for stratigraphic traps and pre-Andean, block-fault and forced-fold traps.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr9950C","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Lindquist, S.J., 1999, The Santa Cruz - Tarija Province of Central South America: Los Monos - Machareti(!) Petroleum System: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-50, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9950C.","productDescription":"16 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":156781,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11542,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/ofr-99-0050/OF99-50C/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67abb7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lindquist, Sandra J.","contributorId":17646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindquist","given":"Sandra","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70174933,"text":"70174933 - 1999 - Spatial variation among lakes within landscapes: Ecological organization along lake chains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T17:59:00","indexId":"70174933","displayToPublicDate":"1999-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1478,"text":"Ecosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial variation among lakes within landscapes: Ecological organization along lake chains","docAbstract":"Although limnologists have long been interested in regional patterns in lake attributes, only recently have they considered lakes connected and organized across the landscape, rather than as spatially independent entities. Here we explore the spatial organization of lake districts through the concept of landscape position, a concept that considers lakes longitudinally along gradients of geomorphology and hydrology. We analyzed long-term chemical and biological data from nine lake chains (lakes in a series connected through surface or groundwater flow) from seven lake districts of diverse hydrologic and geomorphic settings across North America. Spatial patterns in lake variables driven by landscape position were surprisingly common across lake districts and across a wide range of variables. On the other hand, temporal patterns of lake variables, quantified using synchrony, the degree to which pairs of lakes exhibit similar dynamics through time, related to landscape position only for lake chains with lake water residence times that spanned a wide range and were generally long (close to or greater than 1 year). Highest synchrony of lakes within a lake chain occurred when lakes had short water residence times. Our results from both the spatial and temporal analyses suggest that certain features of the landscape position concept are robust enough to span a wide range of seemingly disparate lake types. The strong spatial patterns observed in this analysis, and some unexplained patterns, suggest the need to further study these scales and to continue to view lake ecosystems spatially, longitudinally, and broadly across the landscape.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s100219900089","usgsCitation":"Soranno, P.A., Webster, K.E., Riera, J., Kratz, T.K., Baron, J., Bukaveckas, P.A., Kling, G., White, D.S., Caine, N., Lathrop, R.C., and Leavitt, P.R., 1999, Spatial variation among lakes within landscapes: Ecological organization along lake chains: Ecosystems, v. 2, no. 5, p. 395-410, https://doi.org/10.1007/s100219900089.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"395","endPage":"410","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479416,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/42434>","text":"External Repository"},{"id":325540,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5793444ce4b0eb1ce79e8c15","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Soranno, Patricia A.","contributorId":172104,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Soranno","given":"Patricia","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Webster, Katherine E.","contributorId":147903,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Webster","given":"Katherine","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Riera, Joan L.","contributorId":173066,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Riera","given":"Joan L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kratz, Timothy K.","contributorId":173067,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kratz","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Baron, Jill 0000-0002-5902-6251 jill_baron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-6251","contributorId":194124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"Jill","email":"jill_baron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":643205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bukaveckas, Paul A.","contributorId":173068,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bukaveckas","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Kling, George","contributorId":120446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kling","given":"George","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"White, David S.","contributorId":173069,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"White","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Caine, Nel","contributorId":169277,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Caine","given":"Nel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Lathrop, Richard C","contributorId":172075,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lathrop","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"C","affiliations":[{"id":6913,"text":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":643210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Leavitt, Peter R.","contributorId":173070,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Leavitt","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":32200,"text":"ofr9959 - 1999 - Potentiometric surface of the upper Floridan Aquifer, west-central Florida, May 1998","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:15","indexId":"ofr9959","displayToPublicDate":"1999-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-59","title":"Potentiometric surface of the upper Floridan Aquifer, west-central Florida, May 1998","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr9959","usgsCitation":"Broska, J.C., Mattie, J.A., Torres, A.E., and Corral, M.A., 1999, Potentiometric surface of the upper Floridan Aquifer, west-central Florida, May 1998: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-59, One over-size sheet, scale 1:500,000 (1 inch = about 8 miles). , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9959.","productDescription":"One over-size sheet, scale 1:500,000 (1 inch = about 8 miles). ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":162986,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":60304,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0059/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"500000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad4e4b07f02db682be5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Broska, J. C.","contributorId":62628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Broska","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mattie, J. A.","contributorId":86392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mattie","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Torres, A. E.","contributorId":94350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torres","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Corral, M. A.","contributorId":25201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Corral","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}