Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) causes a highly lethal, economically important disease of salmon and trout. The virus is enzootic throughout western North America, and has been spread to Asia and Europe. The nucleotide sequences of the glycoprotein (G) and non-virion (NV) genes of 12 diverse IHNV isolates were determined in order to examine the molecular epizootiology of IHN, the primary structure and conservation of NV, and the evolution of the virus. The G and NV genes and their encoded proteins were highly conserved, with a maximum pairwise nucleotide divergence of 3.6 and 4.4.%, and amino acid divergence of 3.7 and 6.2%, respectively. Conservation of NV protein sequence (111 amino acids in length) confirms that the protein is functional and plays an important role in virus replication. The phylogenetic relationship of viruses was found to correlate with the geographic origin of virus isolates rather than with host species or time of isolation. These data are consistent with stable maintenance of virus in enzootic foci. Two main IHNV genetic lineages were identified; one in the Columbia River Basin (Oregon, Washington and Idaho), the other in the Sacramento River Basin (California). The first major IHNV outbreak in chinook salmon in 1973 in the Columbia River was genetically linked to importation of virus-infected fish eggs from the Sacramento River where outbreaks in chinook salmon are common. However, the introduced virus apparently did not persist, subsequent virus outbreaks in Columbia River chinook salmon being associated with Columbia River genetic lineages. In general, virus monoclonal antibody reactivity profiles and phylogenetic relationships correlated well.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier ","doi":"10.1016/0168-1702(95)00054-T","usgsCitation":"Nichol, S.T., Rowe, J.E., and Winton, J., 1995, Molecular epizootiology and evolution of the glycoprotein and non-virion protein genes of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus, a fish rhabdovirus: Virus Research, v. 38, no. 2-3, p. 159-173, https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1702(95)00054-T.","productDescription":"15 p. ","startPage":"159","endPage":"173","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334161,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"588c6a90e4b08c8121c90912","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nichol, Stuart T.","contributorId":178836,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nichol","given":"Stuart","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rowe, Joan E.","contributorId":178838,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rowe","given":"Joan","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Winton, James R. jwinton@usgs.gov","contributorId":127569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winton","given":"James R.","email":"jwinton@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":661255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70178210,"text":"70178210 - 1995 - Contaminants in fishes from great lakes-influenced sections and above dams of three Michigan Rivers: III. Implications for health of bald eagles","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-23T12:51:03","indexId":"70178210","displayToPublicDate":"1995-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Contaminants in fishes from great lakes-influenced sections and above dams of three Michigan Rivers: III. Implications for health of bald eagles","docAbstract":"Recently, there have been discussions of the relative merits of passage of fishes around hydroelectric dams on three rivers (Au Sable, Manistee, and Muskegon) in Michigan. A hazard assessment was conducted to determine the potential for adverse effects on bald eagles that could consume such fishes from above and below dams on the three primary rivers. The hazard assessments were verified by comparing the reproductive productivities of eagles nesting in areas where they ate primarily fish from either above or below dams on the three primary rivers, as well as on two additional rivers in Michigan, the Menominee and Thunder Bay. Concentrations of organochlorine insecticides (OCI), polychlorinated biphenyls (total PCBs), 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents (TCDD-EQ), and total mercury (Hg) were measured in composite samples of fishes from above and below hydroelectric dams on the Manistee and Muskegon Rivers, which flow into Lake Michigan, and the Au Sable River, which flows into Lake Huron. Mean concentrations of OCI, total PCBs, and TCDD-EQ were all greater in fishes from below the dams than in those from above. The hazard assessment indicated that current concentrations of Hg and OCI other than DDT (DDT + DDE + DDD) in fish from neither above nor below dams would present a significant hazard to bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus). Both total PCBs and TCDD-EQ in fishes from below the dams currently present a significant hazard to bald eagles, since their mean hazard quotients (HQ) were all greater than one.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00212495","usgsCitation":"Giesy, J., Bowerman, W., Mora, M., Verbrugge, D., Othoudt, R.A., Newsted, J., Summer, C.L., Aulerich, R., Bursian, S., Ludwig, J.P., Dawson, G.A., Kubiak, T., Best, D.A., and Tillitt, D., 1995, Contaminants in fishes from great lakes-influenced sections and above dams of three Michigan Rivers: III. Implications for health of bald eagles: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 29, no. 3, p. 309-321, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00212495.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"309","endPage":"321","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330846,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Au Sable River, Manistee River, Muskegon Rivers","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.3140869140625,\n 43.19516498456403\n ],\n [\n -83.375244140625,\n 44.308126684886126\n ],\n [\n -83.309326171875,\n 45.1510532655634\n ],\n [\n -86.1328125,\n 44.74673324024678\n ],\n [\n -86.253662109375,\n 44.692088041727786\n ],\n [\n -86.495361328125,\n 44.04811573082351\n ],\n [\n -86.539306640625,\n 43.57243174740972\n ],\n [\n -86.3140869140625,\n 43.19516498456403\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"29","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5821a0dfe4b02f1a881de984","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Giesy, J. 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A.","contributorId":176718,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Othoudt","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Newsted, J.L.","contributorId":94937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newsted","given":"J.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Summer, C. L.","contributorId":176719,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Summer","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Aulerich, R.J.","contributorId":39904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aulerich","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Bursian, S.J.","contributorId":16127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bursian","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Ludwig, J. P.","contributorId":176341,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ludwig","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Dawson, G. A.","contributorId":176720,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dawson","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Kubiak, T.J.","contributorId":150393,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kubiak","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6927,"text":"USFWS, National Wildlife Refuge System","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":653258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Best, D. A.","contributorId":175435,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Best","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Tillitt, D. E.","contributorId":118820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tillitt","given":"D. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14}]}} ,{"id":70006642,"text":"70006642 - 1995 - Pasteurella multocida isolated from wild birds of North America: a serotype and DNA fingerprint study of isolates from 1978 to 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-23T16:53:46","indexId":"70006642","displayToPublicDate":"1995-09-01T13:49:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":948,"text":"Avian Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pasteurella multocida isolated from wild birds of North America: a serotype and DNA fingerprint study of isolates from 1978 to 1993","docAbstract":"Serotype and DNA fingerprint methods were used to study Pasteurella multocida isolated from 320 wild birds of North America. Isolates were collected during 1978-93. The HhaI profiles of 314 isolates matched the HhaI profile of somatic reference type 1, strain X-73; somatic type 1 antigen was expressed by 310 isolates, and the serotype of four isolates was undetected. Differentiation of the 314 isolates was observed by digestion of DNA with HpaII. None of the HpaII profiles matched the HpaII profile of X-73 (designated HhaI 001/HpaII 001). Three HpaII profiles were recognized among the somatic type 1 isolates: HpaII 002 (n = 18), HpaII 003 (n = 122), and HpaII 004 (n = 174). Profile HpaII 002 was found among isolates collected during 1979-83. Profile HpaII 003 was identified from isolates collected during 1979-89, with the exception of two isolates in 1992. The HpaII 004 profile was identified from isolates collected during 1983-93. Of the six remaining isolates, four expressed somatic type 4 and had HhaI profiles identical to the somatic type 4 reference strain P-1662 profile (designated HhaI 004); these isolates were differentiated by digestion of DNA with HpaII. One isolate was identified as serotype F:11, and another was serotype A:3,4. In the present study, 314 of 316 (99.4%) isolates from wild birds in the Central, Mississippi, and Pacific flyways during 1978-93, were P. multocida somatic type 1.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Avian Diseases","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Avian Pathologists","doi":"10.2307/1591812","usgsCitation":"Wilson, M.A., Duncan, R.M., Nordholm, G., and Berlowski, B., 1995, Pasteurella multocida isolated from wild birds of North America: a serotype and DNA fingerprint study of isolates from 1978 to 1993: Avian Diseases, v. 39, no. 3, p. 587-593, https://doi.org/10.2307/1591812.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"587","endPage":"593","numberOfPages":"7","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288509,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":288507,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object 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America\"}}]}","volume":"39","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"539acc0ce4b0e83db6d08fa1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilson, M. A.","contributorId":107649,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wilson","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Duncan, R. M.","contributorId":102828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duncan","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nordholm, G.E.","contributorId":51246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordholm","given":"G.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Berlowski, B.M.","contributorId":76685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berlowski","given":"B.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70185382,"text":"70185382 - 1995 - Gross-beta activity in ground water: natural sources and artifacts of sampling and laboratory analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-17T15:23:29.393021","indexId":"70185382","displayToPublicDate":"1995-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gross-beta activity in ground water: natural sources and artifacts of sampling and laboratory analysis","docAbstract":"Gross-beta activity has been used as an indicator of beta-emitting isotopes in water since at least the early 1950s. Originally designed for detection of radioactive releases from nuclear facilities and weapons tests, analysis of gross-beta activity is widely used in studies of naturally occurring radioactivity in ground water. Analyses of about 800 samples from 5 ground-water regions of the United States provide a basis for evaluating the utility of this measurement. The data suggest that measured gross-beta activities are due to (1) long-lived radionuclides in ground water, and (2) ingrowth of beta-emitting radionuclides during holding times between collection of samples and laboratory measurements.
Although40K and228Ra appear to be the primary sources of beta activity in ground water, the sum of40K plus228Ra appears to be less than the measured gross-beta activity in most ground-water samples. The difference between the contribution from these radionuclides and gross-beta activity is most pronounced in ground water with gross-beta activities > 10 pCi/L, where these 2 radionuclides account for less than one-half the measured ross-beta activity. One exception is groundwater from the Coastal Plain of New Jersey, where40K plus228Ra generally contribute most of the gross-beta activity. In contrast,40K and228Ra generally contribute most of beta activity in ground water with gross-beta activities < 1 pCi/L.
The gross-beta technique does not measure all beta activity in ground water. Although3H contributes beta activity to some ground water, it is driven from the sample before counting and therefore is not detected by gross-beta measurements. Beta-emitting radionuclides with half-lives shorter than a few days can decay to low values between sampling and counting. Although little is known about concentrations of most short-lived beta-emitting radionuclides in environmental ground water (water unaffected by direct releases from nuclear facilities and weapons tests), their activities are expected to be low.
Ingrowth of beta-emitting radionuclides during sample holding times can contribute to gross-beta activity, particularly in ground water with gross-beta activities > 10 pCi/L. Ingrowth of beta-emitting progeny of238U, specifically234Pa and234Th, contributes much of the measured gross-beta activity in ground water from 4 of the 5 areas studied. Consequently, gross-beta activity measurements commonly overestimate the abundance of beta-emitting radionuclides actually present in ground water. Differing sample holding times before analysis lead to differing amounts of ingrowth of the two progeny. Therefore, holding times can affect observed gross-beta measurements, particularly in ground water with238U activities that are moderate to high compared with the activity of40K plus228Ra. Uncertainties associated with counting efficiencies for beta particles with different energies further complicate the interpretation of gross-beta measurements.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0883-2927(95)00020-8","usgsCitation":"Welch, A., Szabo, Z., Parkhurst, D.L., Van Metre, P.C., and Mullin, A.H., 1995, Gross-beta activity in ground water: natural sources and artifacts of sampling and laboratory analysis: Applied Geochemistry, v. 10, no. 5, p. 491-503, https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(95)00020-8.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"491","endPage":"503","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337945,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b93e4b0236b68f82910","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Welch, Alan H.","contributorId":45286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welch","given":"Alan H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Szabo, Zoltan 0000-0002-0760-9607 zszabo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0760-9607","contributorId":138827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szabo","given":"Zoltan","email":"zszabo@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":814580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parkhurst, David L. 0000-0003-3348-1544 dlpark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3348-1544","contributorId":1088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parkhurst","given":"David","email":"dlpark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":814581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Van Metre, Peter C. 0000-0001-7564-9814","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7564-9814","contributorId":211144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Metre","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":814582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mullin, Ann H. ahmullin@usgs.gov","contributorId":2188,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mullin","given":"Ann","email":"ahmullin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":814583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70246310,"text":"70246310 - 1995 - Teleseismic tomography of the Loma Prieta Earthquake Region, California: Implications for strain partitioning","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-30T17:24:44.480017","indexId":"70246310","displayToPublicDate":"1995-08-15T12:15:56","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Teleseismic tomography of the Loma Prieta Earthquake Region, California: Implications for strain partitioning","docAbstract":"From teleseismic travel times we derive three-dimensional velocity models of the upper 71 km in the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake region, central California. Shallow crustal structure is consistent with local-earthquake tomography. Horizontal velocity gradients at all depths suggest that the San Andreas fault was a deep shear locus, at least at one time. A large low-velocity feature near the Moho beneath Loma Prieta probably is caused by a crustal root. Two low-velocity features at about 45–70 km depth are offset right-laterally along the San Andreas by about 45 km. Cooling of this portion of the upper mantle [Furlong et al., 1989] could have frozen in displacements in this region within a few million years after passage of the Mendocino Triple Junction. These results are consistent with Furlong et al.'s model.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95GL01601","usgsCitation":"Takauchi, Y., and Evans, J.R., 1995, Teleseismic tomography of the Loma Prieta Earthquake Region, California: Implications for strain partitioning: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 22, no. 16, p. 2203-2206, https://doi.org/10.1029/95GL01601.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"2203","endPage":"2206","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":418660,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.37937587396601,\n 38.26107361339473\n ],\n [\n -123.37937587396601,\n 36.3520641025833\n ],\n [\n -120.05804415719149,\n 36.3520641025833\n ],\n [\n -120.05804415719149,\n 38.26107361339473\n ],\n [\n -123.37937587396601,\n 38.26107361339473\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"16","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-07","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Takauchi, Y.","contributorId":315546,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Takauchi","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":876779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Evans, John R. jrevans@usgs.gov","contributorId":529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"John","email":"jrevans@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":876780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70244263,"text":"70244263 - 1995 - Evidence of hydrous differentiation and crystal accumulation in the low-MgO, high-Al2O3 Lake Basalt from Medicine Lake volcano, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-30T19:37:39.817437","indexId":"70244263","displayToPublicDate":"1995-08-01T09:10:51","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Evidence of hydrous differentiation and crystal accumulation in the low-MgO, high-Al2O3 Lake Basalt from Medicine Lake volcano, California","title":"Evidence of hydrous differentiation and crystal accumulation in the low-MgO, high-Al2O3 Lake Basalt from Medicine Lake volcano, California","docAbstract":"The late Pleistocene Lake Basalt of Medicine Lake volcano, California is comprised of variably porphyritic basalt and basaltic andesite flows and scoria. These eruptives are similar in composition and phenocryst abundance to the low-MgO, high-Al2O3 mafic magmas common in convergent margin settings. The petrogenesis of the magmas that produced the Lake Basalt has been inferred from field relations, melting experiments and subsequent major and trace element modeling. Their formation involved both hydrous differentiation and plagioclase accumulation and thus the Lake Basalt can be used to constrain the relative contributions of these processes to the production of high-Al2O3 arc basalt. Phenocryst-poor lavas of the Lake Basalt formed by hydrous differentiation; their compositions and observed phenocrysts were reproduced in 1 kbar, H2O-saturated melting experiments. Anorthite-rich plagioclase compositions of the lavas of the Lake Basalt necessitate crystallization from melts with between 4 and 6 wt% dissolved H2O. Phenocryst-rich lavas of the Lake Basalt, with 18 modal% phenocrysts and greater, formed by plagioclase accumulation in magmas similar to the phenocryst-poor lavas. This interpretation is supported by the depleted incompatible element abundances and enriched Sr/Zr ratio of the more porphyritic lavas relative to the phenocryst-poor lavas. We model the formation of the Lake Basalt as a two-stage process that combines a differentiation model and a plagioclase accumulation model. Stage one involved hydrous fractionation, granitic assimilation and mixing with undifferentiated parent magma. This process generated lavas with up to 19.2 wt% A12O3 and 7 modal% phenocrysts. In stage two, plagioclase accumulated in these liquids and produced more aluminous and porphyritic lavas with up to 21.8 wt% A12O3 and 33 modal% phenocrysts.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s004100050099","usgsCitation":"Wagner, T., Donnelly-Nolan, J.M., and Grove, T., 1995, Evidence of hydrous differentiation and crystal accumulation in the low-MgO, high-Al2O3 Lake Basalt from Medicine Lake volcano, California: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 121, p. 201-216, https://doi.org/10.1007/s004100050099.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"201","endPage":"216","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":417963,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Medicine Lake Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.61232260853029,\n 41.55284180417138\n ],\n [\n -121.60199531704687,\n 41.55617059950828\n ],\n [\n -121.58845702051747,\n 41.554578599373144\n ],\n [\n -121.57143744773737,\n 41.55356548796203\n ],\n [\n -121.56505510794497,\n 41.55617059950828\n ],\n [\n -121.55731893849934,\n 41.55660477455788\n ],\n [\n -121.5459080885674,\n 41.55877560605711\n ],\n [\n -121.524440218356,\n 41.56601118443771\n ],\n [\n -121.52946872849556,\n 41.573969384875056\n ],\n [\n -121.53662468523292,\n 41.58554319905008\n ],\n [\n -121.55035638599867,\n 41.590750738701644\n ],\n [\n -121.56524851218093,\n 41.59812736749333\n ],\n [\n -121.57317808586254,\n 41.60564776806328\n ],\n [\n -121.57201766044562,\n 41.61041987536811\n ],\n [\n -121.57433851127942,\n 41.61374568080481\n ],\n [\n -121.59058446711495,\n 41.610853685801374\n ],\n [\n -121.60052495012607,\n 41.613745657765946\n ],\n [\n -121.61483686360009,\n 41.612733474263024\n ],\n [\n -121.62412026693454,\n 41.61186587576191\n ],\n [\n -121.62508728811547,\n 41.60535851505239\n ],\n [\n -121.62934218131042,\n 41.59827197580219\n ],\n [\n -121.63321026603305,\n 41.59537928715548\n ],\n [\n -121.63785196770029,\n 41.59581319871742\n ],\n [\n -121.65893302943937,\n 41.58670044333542\n ],\n [\n -121.66647579464865,\n 41.57845446096894\n ],\n [\n -121.65661217860554,\n 41.56919455920061\n ],\n [\n -121.6496496261045,\n 41.56919455920061\n ],\n [\n -121.63823877617259,\n 41.56355115563437\n ],\n [\n -121.63727175499201,\n 41.561959337302\n ],\n [\n -121.62624771353201,\n 41.55674947586718\n ],\n [\n -121.62160601186477,\n 41.55284180417138\n ],\n [\n -121.61232260853029,\n 41.55284180417138\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"121","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wagner, T.P.","contributorId":29143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wagner","given":"T.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":875071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Donnelly-Nolan, Julie M. 0000-0001-8714-9606 jdnolan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8714-9606","contributorId":3271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Donnelly-Nolan","given":"Julie","email":"jdnolan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":875072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grove, T.L.","contributorId":22088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grove","given":"T.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":875073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70185709,"text":"70185709 - 1995 - Virus and bacteria transport in a sandy aquifer, Cape Cod, MA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-28T10:06:43","indexId":"70185709","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Virus and bacteria transport in a sandy aquifer, Cape Cod, MA","docAbstract":"Transport of the bacteriophage PRD-1, bacteria, and latex microspheres was studied in a sandy aquifer under natural-gradient conditions. The field injection was carried out at the U.S. Geological Survey's Toxic Substances Hydrology research site on Cape Cod. The three colloids and a salt tracer (Br−) moved along the same path. There was significant attenuation of the phage, with PRD-1 peak concentrations less than 0.001 percent of Br− peaks 6 m from the source; but the low detection limit (one per ml) enabled tracking movement of the PRD-1 plume for 12 m downgradient over the 25-day experiment. Attenuation of phage was apparently due to retention on soil particles (adsorption). Attenuation of bacteria and microspheres was less, with peak concentrations 6 m from the source on the order of 10 and 0.4 percent of Br−, respectively. Injection of a high-pH pulse of water 20 days into the experiment resulted in significant remobilization of retained phage, demonstrating that attached phage remained viable, and that PRD-1 attachment to and detachment from the sandy soil particles was highly pH dependent. Phage behavior in this experiment, i.e. attenuation at pH 5.7 and rapid resuspension at pH 6–8, was consistent with that observed previously in laboratory column studies. Results illustrate that biocolloids travel in a fairly narrow plume in sandy (relatively homogeneous) media, with virus concentrations dropping below detection limit several meters away from the source; bacteria concentrations above detection limits can persist over longer distances.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1995.tb00321.x","usgsCitation":"Bales, R.C., Li, S., Maguire, K.M., Yahya, M.T., Gerba, C.P., and Harvey, R.W., 1995, Virus and bacteria transport in a sandy aquifer, Cape Cod, MA: Groundwater, v. 33, no. 4, p. 653-661, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1995.tb00321.x.","productDescription":"9 p. ","startPage":"653","endPage":"661","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338442,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58db7633e4b0ee37af29e4ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bales, Roger C.","contributorId":189659,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bales","given":"Roger","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Li, Shimin","contributorId":189923,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Li","given":"Shimin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Maguire, Kimberly M.","contributorId":189924,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Maguire","given":"Kimberly","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Yahya, Moyasar T.","contributorId":189925,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yahya","given":"Moyasar","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gerba, Charles P.","contributorId":189661,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gerba","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Harvey, Ronald W. 0000-0002-2791-8503 rwharvey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2791-8503","contributorId":564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"Ronald","email":"rwharvey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":686490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70018833,"text":"70018833 - 1995 - Source parameters and crustal Q for four earthquakes in South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-29T16:47:27.902508","indexId":"70018833","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Source parameters and crustal Q for four earthquakes in South Carolina","docAbstract":"Two three-component seismometers (one surface and one borehole) were re-installed on the Savannah River Site (SRS), South Carolina in July 1992 to determine attenuation in the Coastal Plain sediment wedge and source parameters of local earthquakes. Four earthquakes M ∼ 1.8 to 3.6 were recorded during the next 6 months. The largest event was located near Summerville within the meizoseismal area for the 1886 Charleston earthquake. Two shocks were located 50 km to the east near Neeses, and one was located 20 km north of the SRS near Aiken. Although source parameters have been determined from strong motion data and short-period regional networks for east coast earthquakes, such as the Saguenay, Nahanni, and Mt. Laurier earthquakes (e.g., Atkinson, 1993), these are some of the first source parameters determined from broad-band digital recorders. Seismograms for the Summerville event are also available from Chapel Hill, North Carolina and Blacksburg, Virginia, providing estimates of t* beyond 200 km. Here we determine source parameters such as moment, stress drop, and the attenuation parameter t* using a non-linear least-squares algorithm. We do not correct for site response because the deepest borehole is not below the Coastal Plain sediments (about 300m thick at this site) and because only one station is available for most of the data. Values of t* are marginally higher from seismograms recorded at the surface when compared to records from the 91m depth borehole seismograph. A value of 170-200 bars was determined for the Brune stress drop of the Summerville event using the borehole data, which is high compared to a value of 50 bars usually specified for modeling strong motion in western North America, but similar to other estimates for eastern North America. A higher stress drop leads to a higher seismic risk because peak acceleration is approximately proportional to stress drop. Moreover, mid- to upper-crustal Qs are in the range of 2,000 to 3,000, which would permit the propagation of high frequency seismic waves. A comparison of the surface records from the SRS with a record from the USGS dense array at Parkfield, CA for an event at about the same distance range and moment as the Summerville event-SRS case shows that the peak acceleration of the Summerville event is 16 times higher than that for the event from California (stress drop of 21 bars).
","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.1785/gssrl.66.4.44","issn":"08950695","usgsCitation":"Fletcher, J.B., 1995, Source parameters and crustal Q for four earthquakes in South Carolina: Seismological Research Letters, v. 66, no. 4, p. 44-61, https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.66.4.44.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"44","endPage":"61","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226661,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South 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Carolina\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","volume":"66","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9334e4b08c986b31a368","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fletcher, Joe B.","contributorId":8850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fletcher","given":"Joe","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018786,"text":"70018786 - 1995 - Deep-sea biostratigraphy of prograding platform margins (Neogene, Bahamas): Key evidence linked to depositional rhythm","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-30T17:03:55.384101","indexId":"70018786","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2673,"text":"Marine Micropaleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deep-sea biostratigraphy of prograding platform margins (Neogene, Bahamas): Key evidence linked to depositional rhythm","docAbstract":"New foraminiferal evidence from two boreholes on the paleoshelf and slope of western Great Bahama Bank has wide-ranging implications for understanding formation and evolution of carbonate-platform margins. The new data, abundant well-preserved planktic foraminifera, were obtained by disaggregating samples from intercalated pelagic layers and selected parts of thick hemipelagic limestone. Earlier efforts to obtain biostratigraphic ages identified six biostratigraphic units in each borehole, provided biozonal age alternatives for both holes, and resulted in different Pliocene biozones between them. The new data define six units in one hole and seven in the other, bracket the biozones present and their ages, indicate different sedimentation rates, and show that within the limits of biostratigraphic resolution the biozones are correlative between the holes. Most importantly, the revised ages show that the paleoshelf borehole probably penetrated the late Miocene rather than middle Miocene.
The oldest unit is on the paleoshelf and the youngest (uppermost Pliocene) is on the slope. Between the holes, the stratigraphic interval spans the temporal interval from an inferred maximum of ~ 10.2 Ma to a minimum of ~ 1.6 Ma. Although the biozones range sequentially from the Neogloboquadrina acostaensis (N16) Zone to the basal part of the Globorotalia truncatulinoides truncatulinoides (N22) Zone ( Globorotalia crassaformis viola Subzone), absence of key species indicates that deposition was discontinuous. Numerous periods of erosion and/or nondeposition are inferred, the largest of which is a condensed section/ hiatus (~ 1.2 Myr) above the paleoslope Miocene/Pliocene boundary. In addition, the late Pliocene Globorotalia tosaensis tosaensis (N21) Zone is not recognized on the slope. Its absence is consistent with a widespread regional unconformity.
Sedimentation rates and depths of series boundaries vary widely in both holes. The paleoslope Miocene/Pliocene boundary lies at ~540 m below top of the hole. The lower/upper Pliocene boundary is placed at or near 444 m. Position of the Pliocene/ Pleistocene boundary is less certain but is within the top 382 m of the hole. Its placement anywhere within this interval is a reasonable assessment considering an exceptionally high rate of sedimentation (~562 m/Myr; 168.6 m interval, based on topmost foraminiferal sample; 1.9–1.6 Ma). As expected, the lowest sedimentation rate occurs in the condensed section overlying the Miocene/Pliocene boundary (~ 5 m/Myr, 9.5 m, 5.3–4.1 Ma).
The paleoshelf Miocene/Pliocene boundary lies below a hiatal condensed section (295–278 m below top of the hole) that has a greater sedimentation rate (~ 89 m/Myr, 17.7 m, 5.5–5.3 Ma) than that at the slope. The lower/upper Pliocene boundary is placed at or near a depth of 236 m, and the Pliocene/Pleistocene boundary lies within the top 113 m of the hole. Sedimentation rates on the shelf range from ~ 15 m/Myr above the condensed section (22.9 m, 5.3–3.8 Ma) to a late Pliocene high of ~ 183 m/Myr (54.9 m interval, based on the point at which the age-depth line crosses the 1.9 Myr mark between the topmost two fossiliferous samples; 2.2–1.9 Ma).
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0377-8398(95)00021-R","usgsCitation":"Lidz, B., and McNeill, D., 1995, Deep-sea biostratigraphy of prograding platform margins (Neogene, Bahamas): Key evidence linked to depositional rhythm: Marine Micropaleontology, v. 25, no. 2-3, p. 87-125, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8398(95)00021-R.","productDescription":"39 p.","startPage":"87","endPage":"125","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479212,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8398(95)00021-r","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":227494,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Bahamas","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-77.53466,23.75975],[-77.78,23.71],[-78.03405,24.28615],[-78.40848,24.57564],[-78.19087,25.2103],[-77.89,25.17],[-77.54,24.34],[-77.53466,23.75975]]],[[[-77.82,26.58],[-78.91,26.42],[-78.98,26.79],[-78.51,26.87],[-77.85,26.84],[-77.82,26.58]]],[[[-77,26.59],[-77.17255,25.87918],[-77.35641,26.00735],[-77.34,26.53],[-77.78802,26.92516],[-77.79,27.04],[-77,26.59]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"The Bahamas\"}}]}","volume":"25","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe2ee4b0c8380cd4eb8c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lidz, Barbara H.","contributorId":64576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lidz","given":"Barbara H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McNeill, D.F.","contributorId":68901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McNeill","given":"D.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1003454,"text":"1003454 - 1995 - Improving electrofishing catch consistency by standardizing power","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-27T16:49:49.351647","indexId":"1003454","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Improving electrofishing catch consistency by standardizing power","docAbstract":"The electrical output of electrofishing equipment is commonly standardized by using either constant voltage or constant amperage, However, simplified circuit and wave theories of electricity suggest that standardization of power (wattage) available for transfer from water to fish may be critical for effective standardization of electrofishing. Electrofishing with standardized power ensures that constant power is transferable to fish regardless of water conditions. The in situ performance of standardized power output is poorly known. We used data collected by the interagency Long Term Resource Monitoring Program (LTRMP) in the upper Mississippi River system to assess the effectiveness of standardizing power output. The data consisted of 278 electrofishing collections, comprising 9,282 fishes in eight species groups, obtained during 1990 from main channel border, backwater, and tailwater aquatic areas in four reaches of the upper Mississippi River and one reach of the Illinois River. Variation in power output explained an average of 14.9% of catch variance for night electrofishing and 12.1 % for day electrofishing. Three patterns in catch per unit effort were observed for different species: increasing catch with increasing power, decreasing catch with increasing power, and no power-related pattern. Therefore, in addition to reducing catch variation, controlling power output may provide some capability to select particular species. The LTRMP adopted standardized power output beginning in 1991; standardized power output is adjusted for variation in water conductivity and water temperature by reference to a simple chart. Our data suggest that by standardizing electrofishing power output, the LTRMP has eliminated substantial amounts of catch variation at virtually no additional cost.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(1995)015<0375:IECCBS>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Burkhardt, R.W., and Gutreuter, S., 1995, Improving electrofishing catch consistency by standardizing power: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 15, no. 2, p. 375-381, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1995)015<0375:IECCBS>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"375","endPage":"381","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134421,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"upper Mississippi River system","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-87.800477,42.49192],[-87.812461,42.232278],[-87.524844,41.691635],[-87.531646,39.347888],[-87.640435,39.166727],[-87.496537,38.778571],[-87.975511,38.232742],[-88.158207,37.664542],[-88.078046,37.532029],[-88.450127,37.411717],[-88.490068,37.067874],[-89.058036,37.188767],[-89.171881,37.068184],[-89.202607,36.601576],[-89.343753,36.630991],[-89.429311,36.481875],[-89.55264,36.577178],[-89.527029,36.341679],[-89.703511,36.243412],[-89.615128,36.113816],[-89.733095,36.000608],[-90.368718,35.995812],[-90.075934,36.281485],[-90.157136,36.484317],[-94.617919,36.499414],[-94.605734,39.122204],[-95.082714,39.516712],[-94.876344,39.806894],[-95.382957,40.027112],[-95.870481,40.71248],[-95.929889,41.415155],[-96.096186,41.547192],[-96.077543,41.777824],[-96.628741,42.757532],[-96.448134,43.104452],[-96.598396,43.495074],[-96.453049,43.500415],[-96.452948,45.268925],[-96.835451,45.586129],[-96.587093,45.816445],[-96.559271,46.058272],[-96.789572,46.639079],[-96.851293,47.589264],[-97.139497,48.153108],[-97.108655,48.691484],[-97.238387,48.982631],[-95.153711,48.998903],[-95.153314,49.384358],[-94.974286,49.367738],[-94.555835,48.716207],[-93.741843,48.517347],[-92.984963,48.623731],[-92.634931,48.542873],[-92.698824,48.494892],[-92.341207,48.23248],[-92.066269,48.359602],[-91.542512,48.053268],[-90.88548,48.245784],[-90.703702,48.096009],[-89.489226,48.014528],[-90.735927,47.624343],[-92.058888,46.809938],[-92.025789,46.710839],[-91.781928,46.697604],[-90.880358,46.957661],[-90.78804,46.844886],[-90.920813,46.637432],[-90.327548,46.550262],[-89.929158,46.29975],[-88.141001,45.930608],[-88.13364,45.823128],[-87.831442,45.714938],[-87.887828,45.358122],[-87.647454,45.345232],[-87.72796,45.207956],[-87.59188,45.094689],[-87.983065,44.72073],[-87.970702,44.530292],[-87.021088,45.296541],[-87.73063,43.893862],[-87.910172,43.236634],[-87.800477,42.49192]]],[[[-86.880572,45.331467],[-86.956192,45.351179],[-86.82177,45.427602],[-86.880572,45.331467]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Iowa\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","volume":"15","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a2f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burkhardt, Randy W.","contributorId":50493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burkhardt","given":"Randy","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gutreuter, Steve","contributorId":91437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gutreuter","given":"Steve","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185363,"text":"70185363 - 1995 - Effects of colloids on metal transport in a river receiving acid mine drainage, upper Arkansas River, Colorado, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-22T07:42:43","indexId":"70185363","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of colloids on metal transport in a river receiving acid mine drainage, upper Arkansas River, Colorado, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"Inflows of metal-rich, acidic water that drain from mine dumps and tailings piles in the Leadville, Colorado, area enter the non-acidic water in the upper Arkansas River. Hydrous iron oxides precipitate as colloids and move downstream in suspension, particularly downstream from California Gulch, which has been the major source of metal loads. The colloids influence the concentrations of metals dissolved in the water and the concentrations in bed sediments. To determine the role of colloids, samples of water, colloids, and fine-grained bed sediment were obtained at stream-gaging sites on the upper Arkansas River and at the mouths of major tributaries over a 250-km reach. Dissolved and colloidal metal concentrations in the water column were operationally defined using tangential-flow filtration through 0.001-pm membranes to separate the water and the colloids. Surface-extractable and total bed sediment metal concentrations were obtained on the <60-μm fraction of the bed sediment. The highest concentrations of metals in water, colloids, and bed sediments occurred just downstream from California Gulch. Iron dominated the colloid composition, but substantial concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb, and Zn also occurred in the colloidal solids. The colloidal load decreased by one half in the first 50 km downstream from the mining inflows due to sedimentation of aggregated colloids to the streambed. Nevertheless, a substantial load of colloids was transported through the entire study reach to Pueblo Reservoir. Dissolved metals were dominated by Mn and Zn, and their concentrations remained relatively high throughout the 250-km reach. The composition of extractable and total metals in bed sediment for several kilometers downstream from California Gulch is similar to the composition of the colloids that settle to the bed. Substantial concentrations of Mn and Zn were extractable, which is consistent with sediment-water chemical reaction. Concentrations of Cd, Pb, and Zn in bed sediment clearly result from the influence of mining near Leadville. Concentrations of Fe and Cu in bed sediments are nearly equal to concentrations in colloids for about 10 km downstream from California Gulch. Farther downstream, concentrations of Fe and Cu in tributary sediments mask the signal of mining inflows. These results indicate that colloids indeed influence the occurrence and transport of metals in rivers affected by mining.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0883-2927(95)00011-8","usgsCitation":"Kimball, B.A., 1995, Effects of colloids on metal transport in a river receiving acid mine drainage, upper Arkansas River, Colorado, U.S.A.: Applied Geochemistry, v. 10, no. 3, p. 285-306, https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(95)00011-8.","productDescription":"22 p. ","startPage":"285","endPage":"306","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337924,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Upper Arkansas River ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -104.47860717773438,\n 38.28454701883166\n ],\n [\n -104.48204040527342,\n 38.29155339372579\n ],\n [\n -104.7930908203125,\n 38.313645991657935\n ],\n [\n -104.9036407470703,\n 38.36804051336666\n ],\n [\n -105.12577056884766,\n 38.43664852683647\n ],\n [\n -105.27339935302734,\n 38.46649284538942\n ],\n [\n -105.39802551269531,\n 38.505997401358286\n ],\n [\n -105.50239562988281,\n 38.47590065618779\n ],\n [\n -105.61912536621094,\n 38.434766038944815\n ],\n [\n -105.71800231933594,\n 38.395222455895585\n ],\n [\n -105.81310272216797,\n 38.45923455268316\n ],\n [\n -105.91472625732422,\n 38.510564558375776\n ],\n [\n -105.99781036376953,\n 38.647176385570134\n ],\n [\n -106.04621887207031,\n 38.76532733447257\n ],\n [\n -106.09909057617188,\n 38.8771359067301\n ],\n [\n -106.19762420654295,\n 38.997841307500714\n ],\n [\n -106.25736236572266,\n 39.103955972576166\n ],\n [\n -106.29478454589844,\n 39.16760145633732\n ],\n [\n -106.23710632324217,\n 39.26947400794335\n ],\n [\n -106.2077522277832,\n 39.30574532850959\n ],\n [\n -106.24465942382811,\n 39.33376633431887\n ],\n [\n -106.32808685302734,\n 39.32194841624885\n ],\n [\n -106.36533737182616,\n 39.295516858108876\n ],\n [\n -106.40396118164062,\n 39.25246120620435\n ],\n [\n -106.37374877929688,\n 39.19235172186499\n ],\n [\n -106.29135131835936,\n 39.032519409191565\n ],\n [\n -106.11557006835938,\n 38.57340069124239\n ],\n [\n -105.80108642578125,\n 38.35942628215571\n ],\n [\n -105.64384460449217,\n 38.3712705857646\n ],\n [\n -105.40145874023438,\n 38.441757889396904\n ],\n [\n -104.930419921875,\n 38.27700093565902\n ],\n [\n -104.51156616210938,\n 38.23062921938795\n ],\n [\n -104.47860717773438,\n 38.28454701883166\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b94e4b0236b68f82927","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kimball, Briant A. bkimball@usgs.gov","contributorId":533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kimball","given":"Briant","email":"bkimball@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70203145,"text":"70203145 - 1995 - Processes controlling the chemistry of two snowmelt‐dominated streams in the Rocky Mountains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-22T14:24:13","indexId":"70203145","displayToPublicDate":"1995-04-16T15:32:10","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Processes controlling the chemistry of two snowmelt‐dominated streams in the Rocky Mountains","docAbstract":"Time‐intensive discharge and chemical data for two alpine streams in the Loch Vale watershed, Colorado, were used to identify sources of runoff, flow paths, and important biogeochemical processes during the 1992 snowmelt runoff season. In spite of the paucity of soil cover the chemical composition of the streams is regulated much as in typical forested watersheds. Soils and other shallow groundwater matrices such as boulder fields appear to be more important in controlling surface‐water chemistry than their abundance would indicate. The chemical composition of the major source waters (usually thought of as end‐members whose chemical composition is relatively constant over time) changes at the same time that their mixing ratio in streams changes, confounding use of end‐member mixing models to describe stream‐water chemistry. Changes in the chemical composition of these source waters are caused by the ionic pulse of solutes from the snowpack and the small size of the shallow groundwater reservoir compared to the volume of snowmelt passing through it. The brief hydrologic residence time in the shallow groundwater indicates that concentrations of most dissolved constituents of stream water were controlled by fast geochemical processes that occurred on timescales of hours to days, rather than slower processes such as weathering of primary minerals. Differences in the timing of snowmelt‐related processes between different areas of the watershed also affect the stream‐water chemical composition. Cirque lakes affect discharge and chemical composition of one of the streams; seasonal control on stream‐water NO3 and SiO2 concentrations by diatom uptake in the lakes was inferred. Elution of acidic waters from the snowpack, along with dilution of base cations originating in shallow groundwater, caused episodes of decreased acid‐neutralizing capacity in the streams, but the streams did not become acidic.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95WR02037","usgsCitation":"Campbell, D.H., Clow, D.W., Ingersoll, G.P., Mast, M.A., Spahr, N.E., and Turk, J.T., 1995, Processes controlling the chemistry of two snowmelt‐dominated streams in the Rocky Mountains: Water Resources Research, v. 31, no. 11, p. 2811-2821, https://doi.org/10.1029/95WR02037.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"2811","endPage":"2821","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":363156,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Loch Vale, Rocky Mountain National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.12518310546875,\n 40.111688665595956\n ],\n [\n -105.11993408203125,\n 40.111688665595956\n ],\n [\n -105.11993408203125,\n 40.64521960545374\n ],\n [\n -106.12518310546875,\n 40.64521960545374\n ],\n [\n -106.12518310546875,\n 40.111688665595956\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"31","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Campbell, Donald H. dhcampbe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"Donald","email":"dhcampbe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":761379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clow, David W. 0000-0001-6183-4824 dwclow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6183-4824","contributorId":1671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clow","given":"David","email":"dwclow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":761380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ingersoll, George P. gpingers@usgs.gov","contributorId":1469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"George","email":"gpingers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":761381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mast, M. Alisa 0000-0001-6253-8162 mamast@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6253-8162","contributorId":827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mast","given":"M.","email":"mamast@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Alisa","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":761382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Spahr, Norman E. nspahr@usgs.gov","contributorId":1977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spahr","given":"Norman","email":"nspahr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":761383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Turk, John T.","contributorId":53363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turk","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":761384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70209257,"text":"70209257 - 1995 - The M2 tide on the Amazon Shelf","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-25T14:18:28","indexId":"70209257","displayToPublicDate":"1995-03-25T14:08:41","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2315,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"The M2 tide on the Amazon Shelf","title":"The M2 tide on the Amazon Shelf","docAbstract":"As part of A Multidisciplinary Amazon Shelf Sediment Study (AMASSEDS), moored and shipboard current measurements made over the Amazon shelf during 1990–1991 have been analyzed to determine the dominant semidiurnal tidal constituent, the M2. These results have been combined with coastal sea level data from within the Amazon and Para Rivers, the adjacent shelf, and with satellite‐derived tidal elevation data from off the shelf to provide a more complete description of the M2 tide in this complex river/shelf system. Near the Amazon River mouth the M2 tide propagates across the shelf and through the mouth as a damped progressive wave, with its amplitude decreasing and phase increasing upriver. Over the adjacent shelf north of Cabo Norte, the M2 tide approaches a damped standing wave, with large amplitudes (greater than 1.5 m) near the coast due to near resonance within the coastal embayment formed by the Cabo Norte shoal to the south and Cabo Cassipore to the north. The observed M2 tidal currents are nearly rectilinear and oriented primarily across the local isobaths. Comparisons between tidal observations in both the North Channel and the Cabo Norte‐Cabo Cassipore embayment and a simple variable‐width channel tidal model indicate that (1) most of the M2 tidal energy dissipation occurs over the mid‐ and inner shelf (in water depths less than 20 m) and (2) fluid muds found there cause a significant reduction (of order 50%) in the effective bottom friction felt by the M2 tide. The approximate resonant period of the Cabo Norte‐Cabo Cassipore embayment is 11.9 hours, and at resonance the average energy dissipation per forcing period is roughly 2.2 times the average mechanical energy in the embayment. This damping rate is large enough that the tidal amplification is rather insensitive to forcing frequency, so that the response of the embayment to forcing over the semidiurnal band should be essentially the same. The vertical structure of the M2 tidal current is examined at one outer shelf site located in 65‐m water depth. The observed semimajor axis increases logarithmically with height above bottom within the lowest 1–2 m and reaches a maximum in excess of 0.5 m/s at approximately 11 m above bottom. The mean ellipticity is small (less than 0.1) and positive, indicating clockwise rotation of a nearly rectilinear current, and the semimajor axis is oriented within 10° of the local cross‐isobath direction. The M2 phase increases with height above bottom, with flood at the bottom leading flood at the surface by about 1 hour. A simple, local homogeneous tidal model with time‐ and space‐dependent eddy viscosity simulates the observed near‐bottom velocity reasonably well, however, the model suggests that stratification above the lowest few meters may significantly affect the tidal boundary layer structure at this site. The M2 energy flux onto the Amazon shelf and into the Amazon and Para Rivers has been estimated using current and surface elevation data and the best fit variable‐width channel model results. The net M2 energy flux into the mouths of the Amazon and Para Rivers is 0.47×1010W and 0.19×1010W, respectively. A net M2 energy flux of about 3.3×1010W occurs onto the shelf between the North Channel of the Amazon River and Cabo Cassipore. This stretch of the Amazon shelf accounts for about 1.3% of the global dissipation of the M2 tide.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/94JC01688","usgsCitation":"Beardsley, R., Candela, J., Limeburner, R., Geyer, W.R., Lentz, S.J., Castro, B.M., Cacchione, D., and Carneiro, N., 1995, The M2 tide on the Amazon Shelf: Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans, v. 100, no. C2, p. 2283-2319, https://doi.org/10.1029/94JC01688.","productDescription":"37 p.","startPage":"2283","endPage":"2319","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":373525,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Amazon Shelf","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -60.8203125,\n -33.137551192346145\n ],\n [\n 21.09375,\n -33.137551192346145\n ],\n [\n 21.09375,\n 26.115985925333536\n ],\n [\n -60.8203125,\n 26.115985925333536\n ],\n [\n -60.8203125,\n -33.137551192346145\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"100","issue":"C2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beardsley, R.C.","contributorId":106508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beardsley","given":"R.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":785605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Candela, J.L.","contributorId":6884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Candela","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":785606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Limeburner, R.","contributorId":104237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Limeburner","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":785607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Geyer, W. Rockwell","contributorId":195908,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Geyer","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Rockwell","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":785608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lentz, Steven J.","contributorId":41687,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lentz","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":6706,"text":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":785609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Castro, Belmiro M.","contributorId":223606,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Castro","given":"Belmiro","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":785610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Cacchione, D.A.","contributorId":65448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cacchione","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":785611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Carneiro, Nelson","contributorId":223607,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Carneiro","given":"Nelson","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":785612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70210157,"text":"70210157 - 1995 - Seismic refraction measurements within the Peninsular terrane, south central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-18T15:15:27.738989","indexId":"70210157","displayToPublicDate":"1995-03-10T10:07:55","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic refraction measurements within the Peninsular terrane, south central Alaska","docAbstract":"We present an interpretation of crustal seismic refraction data from the Peninsular terrane, one of the many exotic terranes that have been accreted to the continental margin of southern Alaska in the past 200 m.y. A seismic refraction line was collected along the Glenn Highway in the Copper River Basin of south central Alaska in 1984 and 1985, as part of the U.S. Geological Survey Trans‐Alaska Crustal Transect (TACT) program. P wave velocities of 2.7–3.5 km/s and thicknesses of 1–2 km characterize post‐Lower Jurassic sedimentary rocks that underlie most of the seismic refraction line. An average crustal velocity structure includes the following five velocity divisions. Beneath the sedimentary rocks lie 1–2 km of 4.0–4.6 km/s materials, correlating with andesitic volcaniclastic sedimentary rocks and lava flows of the Lower Jurassic Talkeetna Formation. Below these rocks, seismic velocity increases rapidly, from 5.0 to 6.1 km/s, in 2–3 km. At 7–8 km depth, velocity jumps to 6.3 km/s and increments to 6.6 km/s by 10–12 km depth. Velocities increase from 6.8 to 7.0 km/s between 12 to 20 km depth. At about 22 km depth, a jump in velocity from 7.0 to 7.4 km/s is inferred but is poorly resolved. Depth to the Moho discontinuity could not be determined from our data. The absence of clear PmP reflections may indicate that Moho is deeper than 40 km. Data from two offset shotpoints northeast of the line and within the Wrangellia terrane constrain the deep structure transition between Peninsular and Wrangellia terranes. The 6.3–6.6 km/s material thickens to the northeast, toward the suture between Peninsular and Wrangellia terranes, but southwest of its mapped trace at the West Fork fault. Peninsular terrane crustal structure appears dissimilar to that of continental interiors. It is similar to velocity structures determined for accreted island arc fragments in California, such as the basement of the Great Valley and the Klamath Mountains.
The Materials Failure Forecasting Method for volcanic eruptions (FFM) analyses the rate of precursory phenomena. Time of eruption onset is derived from the time of “failure” implied by accelerating rate of deformation. The approach attempts to fit data, Ω, to the differential relationship Ω
Several kinds of eruption precursory phenomena, all simulating accelerating creep during the mechanical deformation of the system, can be used with FFM. Among these are tilt data, slope-distance measurements, crater fault movements and seismicity. The use of seismic coda, seismic amplitude-derived energy release and time-integrated amplitudes or coda lengths are examined. Usage of cumulative coda length directly has some practical advantages to more rigorously derived parameters, and RSAM and SSAM technologies appear to be well suited to real-time applications.
One graphical and four numerical techniques of applying FFM are discussed. The graphical technique is based on an inverse representation of rate versus time. For α = 2, the inverse rate plot is linear; it is concave upward for α < 2 and concave downward for α > 2. The eruption time is found by simple extrapolation of the data set toward the time axis. Three numerical techniques are based on linear least-squares fits to linearized data sets. The “linearized least-squares technique” is most robust and is expected to be the most practical numerical technique. This technique is based on an iterative linearization of the given rate-time series. The hindsight technique is disadvantaged by a bias favouring a too early eruption time in foresight applications. The “log rate versus log acceleration technique”, utilizing a logarithmic representation of the fundamental differential equation, is disadvantaged by large data scatter after interpolation of accelerations. One further numerical technique, a nonlinear least-squares fit to rate data, requires special and more complex software.
PC-oriented computer codes were developed for data manipulation, application of the three linearizing numerical methods, and curve fitting. Separate software is required for graphing purposes. All three linearizing techniques facilitate an eruption window based on a data envelope according to the linear least-squares fit, at a specific level of confidence, and an estimated rate at time of failure.
Detailed depth profiles of Chlorofluorocarbons CFC-11(CFCl3(, CFC-12 (CF2Cl2) and CFC-113 (C2F3Cl3) have been obtained from a well-characterized field site in central Ontario. Aquifer materials comprise predominantly silty sands, with a mean organic carbon content of 0.03%. Nearly one-dimensional flow exists at this site, and the vertical migration of a well-defined 3H peak has been tracked through time. Detailed vertical sampling has allowed CFC tracer velocities to be estimated to within 10%. Comparison with 3H profiles enables estimation of chlorofluorocarbon transport parameters. CFC-12 appears to be the most conservative of the CFCs measured. Sorption at this site is low (Kd < 0.03), and degradation does not appear to be important. CFC- 113 is retarded both with respect to CFC-12 and with respect to 3H (Kd = 0.09−0.14). CFC-11 appears to be degraded both in the highly organic unsaturated zone and below 3.5 m depth in the aquifer, where dissolved oxygen concentrations decrease to below 0.5 mg L−1. The half-life for CFC-11 degradation below 3.5 m depth is less than 2 years. While apparent CFC-12 ages match hydraulic ages to within 20% (up to 30 years), apparent CFC-11 and CFC-113 ages significantly overestimate hydraulic ages at our field site.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/94WR02528","usgsCitation":"Cook, P., Solomon, D.K., Plummer, N., Busenberg, E., and Schiff, S., 1995, Chlorofluorocarbons as tracers of groundwater transport processes in a shallow, silty sand aquifer: Water Resources Research, v. 31, no. 3, p. 425-434, https://doi.org/10.1029/94WR02528.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"425","endPage":"434","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337867,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d0ea1fe4b0236b68f673a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cook, P.G.","contributorId":103807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cook","given":"P.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Solomon, D. K.","contributorId":98324,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Solomon","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Busenberg, E.","contributorId":56796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busenberg","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schiff, S.L.","contributorId":13001,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schiff","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70185375,"text":"70185375 - 1995 - Screening tests for assessing the anaerobic biodegradation of pollutant chemicals in subsurface environments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-25T08:17:20","indexId":"70185375","displayToPublicDate":"1995-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2390,"text":"Journal of Microbiological Methods","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Screening tests for assessing the anaerobic biodegradation of pollutant chemicals in subsurface environments","docAbstract":"Screening methods were developed to assess the susceptibility of ground water contaminants to anaerobic biodegradation. One method was an extrapolation of a procedure previously used to measure biodegradation activity in dilute sewage sludge. Aquifer solids and ground water with no additional nutritive media were incubated anaerobically in 160-ml serum bottles containing 250 mg·l−1 carbon of the substrate of interest. This method relied on the detection of gas pressure or methane production in substrateamended microcosms relative to background controls. Other screening procedures involved the consumption of stoichiometrically required amounts of sulfate or nitrate from the same type of incubations. Close agreement was obtained between the measured and calculated amounts of substrate bioconversion based on the measured biogas pressure in methanogenic microcosms. Storage of the microcosms for up to 6 months did not adversely influence the onset or rate of benzoic acid mineralization. The lower detection limits of the methanogenic assay were found to be a function of the size of the microcosm headspace, the mean oxidation state of the substrate carbon, and the method used to correct for background temperature fluctuations. Using these simple screening procedures, biodegradation information of regulatory interest could be generated, including, (i) the length of the adaptation period, (ii) the rate of substrate decay and (iii) the completeness of the bioconversion.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0167-7012(94)00054-B","usgsCitation":"Suflita, J.M., and Concannon, F., 1995, Screening tests for assessing the anaerobic biodegradation of pollutant chemicals in subsurface environments: Journal of Microbiological Methods, v. 21, no. 3, p. 267-281, https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-7012(94)00054-B.","productDescription":"15 p. ","startPage":"267","endPage":"281","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337936,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b94e4b0236b68f8292c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Suflita, Joseph M.","contributorId":187604,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Suflita","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Concannon, Frank","contributorId":189607,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Concannon","given":"Frank","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70174698,"text":"70174698 - 1995 - Ecosystem responses to phytoplankton blooms - examples from south San Francisco Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-26T16:43:12","indexId":"70174698","displayToPublicDate":"1995-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3914,"text":"Interagency Ecological Program Newsletter","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ecosystem responses to phytoplankton blooms - examples from south San Francisco Bay","docAbstract":"In 1968, USGS began a program of basic research in San Francisco Bay that has complemented the research and monitoring elements of the Interagency Program. Although the USGS program ranges its focus of study. From year to year, it has elements of continuity because some measurements have been made routinely for decades. One of these elements has been a study of the spring phytoplankton bloom in South San Francisco Bay. Here I present data from multiple sources to explain why such emphasis has been placed on this biological phenomenon.
","language":"English","publisher":"Interagency","usgsCitation":"Cloern, J., 1995, Ecosystem responses to phytoplankton blooms - examples from south San Francisco Bay: Interagency Ecological Program Newsletter, v. 8, no. 2, p. 10-13.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"10","endPage":"13","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325258,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":325257,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.water.ca.gov/iep/newsletters/1995/IEPNewsletterSpring1995.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"South San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.39044189453124,\n 37.76420119453823\n ],\n [\n -122.32177734375,\n 37.803273851858656\n ],\n [\n -122.21466064453125,\n 37.75334401310656\n ],\n [\n -122.14324951171874,\n 37.62945956107554\n ],\n [\n -122.05535888671875,\n 37.5249753680482\n ],\n [\n -121.9317626953125,\n 37.472678309670826\n ],\n [\n -121.98394775390625,\n 37.4356124041315\n ],\n [\n -122.08831787109375,\n 37.43125050179356\n ],\n [\n -122.19268798828126,\n 37.50318937824072\n ],\n [\n -122.28057861328124,\n 37.56199695314352\n ],\n [\n -122.3822021484375,\n 37.6033522588369\n ],\n [\n -122.4151611328125,\n 37.67729913640427\n ],\n [\n -122.40142822265625,\n 37.751172385606196\n ],\n [\n -122.39044189453124,\n 37.76420119453823\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"8","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5788b7b3e4b0d27deb386fd6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cloern, J. E.","contributorId":59453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloern","given":"J. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70208653,"text":"70208653 - 1995 - Uppermost Campanian–Maestrichtian strontium isotopic, biostratigraphic, and sequence stratigraphic framework of the New Jersey Coastal Plain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-24T10:33:54","indexId":"70208653","displayToPublicDate":"1995-02-24T10:25:45","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Uppermost Campanian–Maestrichtian strontium isotopic, biostratigraphic, and sequence stratigraphic framework of the New Jersey Coastal Plain","docAbstract":"Firm stratigraphic correlations are needed to evaluate the global significance of unconformity bounded units (sequences). We correlate the well-developed uppermost Campanian and Maestrichtian sequences of the New Jersey Coastal Plain to the geomagnetic polarity time scale (GPTS) by integrating Sr-isotopic stratigraphy and biostratigraphy. To do this, we developed a Maestrichtian (ca. 73–65 Ma) Sr-isotopic reference section at Deep Sea Drilling Project Hole 525A in the southeastern Atlantic Ocean. Maestrichtian strata can then be dated by measuring their 87Sr/86Sr composition, calibrating to the GPTS of S. C. Cande and D. V. Kent (1993, personal commun.), and using the equation Age (Ma) = 37 326.894–52 639.89 (87Sr/86Sr). Sr-stratigraphic resolution for the Maestrichtian is estimated as ±1.2 to ±2 m.y.
At least two unconformity-bounded units comprise the uppermost Campanian to Maestrichtian strata in New Jersey. The lower one, the Marshalltown sequence, is assigned to calcareous nannofossil Zones CC20/21 (∼NC19) and CC22b (∼NC20). It ranges in age from ∼74.1 to 69.9 Ma based on Sr-isotope age estimates. The overlying Navesink sequence is assigned to calcareous nannoplankton Zones CC25–26 (∼NC21–23); it ranges in age from 69.3 to 65 Ma based on Sr-isotope age estimates. The upper part of this sequence, the Tinton Formation, has no calcareous planktonic control; Sr-isotopes provide an age estimate of 66 ± 1.2 Ma (latest Maestrichtian).
Sequence boundaries at the base and the top of the Marshalltown sequence match boundaries elsewhere in the Atlantic Coastal Plain (Owens and Gohn, 1985) and the inferred global sea-level record of Haq et al. (1987); they support eustatic changes as the mechanism controlling depositional history of this sequence. However, the latest Maestrichtian record in New Jersey does not agree with Haq et al. (1987); we attribute this to correlation and time-scale differences near the Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary. High sedimentation rates in the latest Maestrichtian of New Jersey (Shrewsbury Member of the Red Bank Formation and the Tinton Formation) suggest tectonic uplift and/or rapid progradation during deposition of the highstand systems tract.
","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1995)107<0019:UCMSIB>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Sugarman, P.J., Miller, K., Bukry, D., and Feigenson, M.D., 1995, Uppermost Campanian–Maestrichtian strontium isotopic, biostratigraphic, and sequence stratigraphic framework of the New Jersey Coastal Plain: GSA Bulletin, v. 107, no. 1, p. 19-37, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1995)107<0019:UCMSIB>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"19","endPage":"37","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":372547,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"107","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sugarman, Peter J.","contributorId":9251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sugarman","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":782906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, K.G.","contributorId":18094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"K.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":782907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bukry, David 0000-0003-4540-890X dbukry@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4540-890X","contributorId":3550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bukry","given":"David","email":"dbukry@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":782908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Feigenson, Mark D.","contributorId":35198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feigenson","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":782909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70246575,"text":"70246575 - 1995 - Shear-wave splitting from local earthquakes at the Geysers Geothermal Field, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-10T16:56:13.15144","indexId":"70246575","displayToPublicDate":"1995-02-12T11:45:16","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Shear-wave splitting from local earthquakes at the Geysers Geothermal Field, California","docAbstract":"Shear-wave splitting from local microearth-quakes recorded in The Geysers geothermal field shows that seismic anisotropy is distributed in a complex geographic pattern. At stations within about 2 km of northwest-striking regional faults, the fast polarization direction is parallel to those faults. The geothermal field, lying between two such faults, has both northwest and northeast fast polarization directions, often at the same station. This pattern suggests at least two causes of splitting: (1) extensive dilatancy anisotropy (EDA) and (2) fault-produced fractures or rock fabric. The observed anisotropy may derive from the upper 1.5 km of the crust, averaging 4% there, or it may be heterogeneously distributed throughout the upper 5 km. Fast polarization directions coincide with fracture directions inferred from borehole data for one of the youngest rock types in the region, a felsite pluton of about 1 Ma, and with injectate pathways inferred from microseismicity and geochemistry. Including in reservoir models a permeability anisotropy with a pattern similar to seismic anisotropy may help in optimizing fluid injection and steam recovery.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/94GL03295","usgsCitation":"Evans, J.R., Julian, B.R., Foulger, G., and Ross, A., 1995, Shear-wave splitting from local earthquakes at the Geysers Geothermal Field, California: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 22, no. 4, p. 501-504, https://doi.org/10.1029/94GL03295.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"501","endPage":"504","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":418816,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Geysers Geothermal Field, Mayacamas Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.89240209113163,\n 38.88571164883868\n ],\n [\n -122.89240209113163,\n 38.75766115853094\n ],\n [\n -122.6532160912488,\n 38.75766115853094\n ],\n [\n -122.6532160912488,\n 38.88571164883868\n ],\n [\n -122.89240209113163,\n 38.88571164883868\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-07","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Evans, John R. jevans1@usgs.gov","contributorId":621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"John","email":"jevans1@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":877260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Julian, Bruce R.","contributorId":50063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Julian","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":877261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Foulger, G.R.","contributorId":14439,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Foulger","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":877262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ross, Alwyn","contributorId":316270,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ross","given":"Alwyn","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":877263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70246658,"text":"70246658 - 1995 - Inflation of Long Valley Caldera from one year of continuous GPS observations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-12T17:57:47.107623","indexId":"70246658","displayToPublicDate":"1995-02-02T12:44:33","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Inflation of Long Valley Caldera from one year of continuous GPS observations","docAbstract":"A permanent Global Positioning System receiver at Casa Diablo Hot Springs, Long Valley Caldera, California was installed in January, 1993, and has operated almost continuously since then. The data have been transmitted daily to the Jet Propulsion Laboratory for routine analysis with data from the Fiducial Laboratories for an International Natural sciences Network (FLINN) by the JPL FLINN analysis center. Results from these analyses have been used to interpret the on going deformation at Long Valley, with data excluded from periods when the antenna was covered under 2.5 meters of snow and from some periods when Anti Spoofing was enforced on the GPS signal. The remaining time series suggests that uplift of the resurgent dome of Long Valley Caldera during 1993 has been 2.5±1.1 cm/yr and horizontal motion has been 3.0±0.7 cm/yr at S53W in a no-net-rotation global reference frame, or 1.5±0.7 cm/yr at S14W relative to the Sierra Nevada block. These rates are consistent with uplift predicted from frequent horizontal strain measurements. Spectral analysis of the observations suggests that tidal forcing of the magma chamber is not a source of the variability in the 3 dimensional station location. These results suggest that remotely operated, continuously recording GPS receivers could prove to be a reliable tool for volcano monitoring throughout the world.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/94GL02968","usgsCitation":"Webb, F., Bursik, M., Dixon, T., Farina, F., Marshall, G., and Stein, R.S., 1995, Inflation of Long Valley Caldera from one year of continuous GPS observations: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 22, no. 3, p. 195-198, https://doi.org/10.1029/94GL02968.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"195","endPage":"198","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":418907,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Long Valley, Long Valley Caldera","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.77106157151525,\n 37.77714255586369\n ],\n [\n -118.84819623944793,\n 37.77777762813558\n ],\n [\n -118.91809953226178,\n 37.78285800990062\n ],\n [\n -118.95505989397981,\n 37.78158794719458\n ],\n [\n -118.99202025569743,\n 37.762534387895315\n ],\n [\n -119.02094575617225,\n 37.7479233342322\n ],\n [\n -119.02255272842058,\n 37.66592091817077\n ],\n [\n -118.98880631120039,\n 37.6245675034359\n ],\n [\n -118.95023897723405,\n 37.6150211385162\n ],\n [\n -118.93497274087208,\n 37.62647662932321\n ],\n [\n -118.91649256001347,\n 37.611838744487486\n ],\n [\n -118.86426596193385,\n 37.59656135748165\n ],\n [\n -118.83534046145903,\n 37.60420044317853\n ],\n [\n -118.80239753036278,\n 37.59847120243916\n ],\n [\n -118.79677312749268,\n 37.56281268104874\n ],\n [\n -118.7871312940012,\n 37.551984393856955\n ],\n [\n -118.65535956961627,\n 37.544339949661804\n ],\n [\n -118.62482709689309,\n 37.53096028596843\n ],\n [\n -118.56376215144638,\n 37.53032309924566\n ],\n [\n -118.53242619259845,\n 37.56472339191225\n ],\n [\n -118.58143884618104,\n 37.632840028139114\n ],\n [\n -118.62402361076873,\n 37.66528488617554\n ],\n [\n -118.67223277822654,\n 37.71170089672235\n ],\n [\n -118.72526286243011,\n 37.75935831734384\n ],\n [\n -118.77106157151525,\n 37.77714255586369\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-07","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Webb, Frank","contributorId":172624,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Webb","given":"Frank","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":877811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bursik, Marcus","contributorId":36030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bursik","given":"Marcus","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":877812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dixon, Timothy","contributorId":191178,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dixon","given":"Timothy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":877813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Farina, Frederic","contributorId":316597,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Farina","given":"Frederic","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":877814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Marshall, Grant","contributorId":316598,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Marshall","given":"Grant","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":877815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Stein, Ross S. 0000-0001-7586-3933 rstein@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7586-3933","contributorId":2604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stein","given":"Ross","email":"rstein@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":877816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70248770,"text":"70248770 - 1995 - 238U-234U-230Th chronometry of Fe-Mn crusts: Growth processes and recovery of thorium isotopic ratios of seawater","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-20T19:42:16.353084","indexId":"70248770","displayToPublicDate":"1995-02-01T14:09:49","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"238U-234U-230Th chronometry of Fe-Mn crusts: Growth processes and recovery of thorium isotopic ratios of seawater","title":"238U-234U-230Th chronometry of Fe-Mn crusts: Growth processes and recovery of thorium isotopic ratios of seawater","docAbstract":"Comparison of (
The geological evolution of the northern Peru convergent margin can be traced using samples collected during deep-sea dives of the submersible Nautile. In the Paita area (5°–6°S), the sedimentary sequence was intensively sampled along the main scarp of the middle slope area. It consists of Upper Miocene (7–9 Ma) to Pleistocene siltstone, sandstone and rare dolostone. The age distribution of these samples is the basis for a new geologic interpretation of the multichannel seismic line CDP3.
Siliceous microfossils (both diatoms and radiolarians) show influence of both cold and temperature waters (local species mixed with upwelling ones). Diatom assemblages studied from the NP1-13 and NP1-15 dives bear a strong resemblance to assemblages from the Pisco Formation of southern Peru.
Micropaleontological data from siliceous microfossils, provide evidence for two main unconformities, one is at the base of the Quaternary sequence and the other corresponds to a hiatus of 1 Myr, separating the Upper Miocene (7–8 Ma) sediments from uppermost Miocene (5–6 Ma) sediments.
During the past 400 kyr, a wide rollover fold developed in the middle slope area associated with a major seaward dipping detachment fault. A catastrophic debris a valanche occurred as the results of an oversteepening of the landward flank of the rollover fold. The gravity failure of the slope, recognized by SeaBEAM and hydrosweep mapping, displaced enough material to produce a destructive tsunami which occurred 13.8 ± 2.7 kyr ago.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0377-8398(94)00014-E","usgsCitation":"De Wever, P., Bourgois, J., Caulet, J., Fourtanier, E., Barron, J., and Dumitrica, P., 1995, Stratigraphic significance of siliceous microfossils collected during NAUTIPERC dives (off Peru, 5 °-6°S): Marine Micropaleontology, v. 24, no. 3-4, p. 287-305, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8398(94)00014-E.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"287","endPage":"305","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":420642,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"http://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Peru","otherGeospatial":"Pacific Ocean","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.60595035803571,\n -5.138594399665109\n ],\n [\n -83.60595035803571,\n -6.721676578113986\n ],\n [\n -81.1180992158362,\n -6.721676578113986\n ],\n [\n -81.1180992158362,\n -5.138594399665109\n ],\n [\n -83.60595035803571,\n -5.138594399665109\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"24","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"De Wever, P.","contributorId":329533,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"De Wever","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":882559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bourgois, J.","contributorId":83281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bourgois","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":882560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Caulet, J.-P.","contributorId":329534,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Caulet","given":"J.-P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":882561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fourtanier, E.","contributorId":54361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fourtanier","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":882562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Barron, J.","contributorId":66416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barron","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":882563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Dumitrica, P.","contributorId":329535,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dumitrica","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":882564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70185374,"text":"70185374 - 1995 - Modeling the effects of variable groundwater chemistry on adsorption of molybdate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-25T08:37:54","indexId":"70185374","displayToPublicDate":"1995-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling the effects of variable groundwater chemistry on adsorption of molybdate","docAbstract":"Laboratory experiments were used to identify and quantify processes having a significant effect on molybdate (MoO42−) adsorption in a shallow alluvial aquifer on Cape Cod, assachusetts. Aqueous chemistry in the aquifer changes as a result of treated sewage effluent mixing with groundwater. Molybdate adsorption decreased as pH, ionic strength, and the concentration of competing anions increased. A diffuse-layer surface complexation model was used to simulate adsorption of MoO42−, phosphate (PO43−), and sulfate (SO42−) on aquifer sediment. Equilibrium constants for the model were calculated by calibration to data from batch experiments. The model was then used in a one-dimensional solute transport program to successfully simulate initial breakthrough of MoO42− from column experiments. A shortcoming of the solute transport program was the inability to account for kinetics of physical and chemical processes. This resulted in a failure of the model to predict the slow rate of desorption of MoO42− from the columns. The mobility of MoO42− ncreased with ionic strength and with the formation of aqueous complexes with calcium, magnesium, and sodium. Failure to account for MoO42− speciation and ionic strength in the model resulted in overpredicting MoO42− adsorption. Qualitatively, the laboratory data predicted the observed behavior of MoO42− in the aquifer, where retardation of MoO42− was greatest in uncontaminated roundwater having low pH, low ionic strength, and low concentrations of PO43− and SO42−.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/94WR02675","usgsCitation":"Stollenwerk, K.G., 1995, Modeling the effects of variable groundwater chemistry on adsorption of molybdate: Water Resources Research, v. 31, no. 2, p. 347-357, https://doi.org/10.1029/94WR02675.","productDescription":"11 p. ","startPage":"347","endPage":"357","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337935,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b95e4b0236b68f82944","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stollenwerk, Kenneth G. kgstolle@usgs.gov","contributorId":578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stollenwerk","given":"Kenneth","email":"kgstolle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":685369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70207968,"text":"70207968 - 1995 - Ribbon Cliff landslide Washington, and the earthquake of 14 December 1872","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-25T00:06:30.256118","indexId":"70207968","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-21T15:14:36","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ribbon Cliff landslide Washington, and the earthquake of 14 December 1872","docAbstract":"Estimates of the epicentral location and maximum intensity of the earthquake of 14 December 1872, the largest and oldest historic earthquake documented in the Pacific Northwest, are controversial largely because the estimates are based on ground effects. The Ribbon Cliff landslide is one of the more critical ground effects used to argue that the epicenter was in the vicinity of Lake Chelan in central Washington. Sketchy historical accounts link the Ribbon Cliff landslide to the 1872 earthquake, but a subsequent study disputed the historical accounts and, on the basis of dendrochronology, concluded that the landslide occurred more than 100 yr prior to the earthquake. However, Quaternary stratigraphic relations and the results of multiple dating techniques reported here indicate that the main Ribbon Cliff landslide probably occurred within a 14-yr period that includes the time of the 1872 earthquake. Although our study supports the historical accounts that link the landslide to the December 1872 earthquake, it does not prove that seismic shaking triggered the landslide.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0850040986","usgsCitation":"Madole, R.F., Schuster, R.L., and Sarna-Wojcicki, A.M., 1995, Ribbon Cliff landslide Washington, and the earthquake of 14 December 1872: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 85, no. 4, p. 986-1002, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0850040986.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"986","endPage":"1002","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":422071,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article/85/4/986/102607/Ribbon-cliff-landslide-Washington-and-the"},{"id":371423,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Ribbon Cliff","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.640869140625,\n 47.537601245618134\n ],\n [\n -119.8004150390625,\n 47.537601245618134\n ],\n [\n -119.8004150390625,\n 47.9329065912321\n ],\n [\n -120.640869140625,\n 47.9329065912321\n ],\n [\n -120.640869140625,\n 47.537601245618134\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"85","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Madole, Richard F. 0000-0002-9081-570X madole@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9081-570X","contributorId":1340,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madole","given":"Richard","email":"madole@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schuster, Robert L.","contributorId":19162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuster","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sarna-Wojcicki, Andrei M. 0000-0002-0244-9149 asarna@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0244-9149","contributorId":1046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sarna-Wojcicki","given":"Andrei","email":"asarna@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":779976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}