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","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr9988","usgsCitation":"Curtin, S.E., Andreasen, D., and Mack, F., 1999, The difference between the potentiometric surfaces of the lower Patapsco Aquifer, September 1990 and September 1997 in southern Maryland: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-88, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9988.","productDescription":"HTML Document","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":163155,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3171,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr99-88/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":391334,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_75830.htm"}],"scale":"710000","country":"United States","state":"Maryland","otherGeospatial":"lower Patapsco Aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.2833,\n 38.25\n ],\n [\n -76.8833,\n 38.25\n ],\n [\n -76.8833,\n 39.25\n ],\n [\n -77.2833,\n 39.25\n ],\n [\n -77.2833,\n 38.25\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa9e4b07f02db668466","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Curtin, Stephen E. securtin@usgs.gov","contributorId":3703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curtin","given":"Stephen","email":"securtin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":207974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Andreasen, David C.","contributorId":59003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andreasen","given":"David C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mack, Frederick K.","contributorId":95858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mack","given":"Frederick K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":32206,"text":"ofr9985 - 1999 - Potentiometric surface of the upper Patapsco aquifer in southern Maryland, September 1997","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-20T21:50:51.196976","indexId":"ofr9985","displayToPublicDate":"1999-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-85","title":"Potentiometric surface of the upper Patapsco aquifer in southern Maryland, September 1997","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr9985","usgsCitation":"Curtin, S.E., Andreasen, D., and Mack, F., 1999, Potentiometric surface of the upper Patapsco aquifer in southern Maryland, September 1997: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-85, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9985.","productDescription":"HTML Document","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":163153,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3169,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr99-85/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":393160,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_75833.htm"}],"scale":"710000","country":"United States","state":"Maryland","otherGeospatial":"upper Patapsco aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.25,\n 38.333\n ],\n [\n -76.8833,\n 38.333\n ],\n [\n -76.8833,\n 39.25\n ],\n [\n -77.25,\n 39.25\n ],\n [\n -77.25,\n 38.333\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad3e4b07f02db682813","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Curtin, Stephen E. securtin@usgs.gov","contributorId":3703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curtin","given":"Stephen","email":"securtin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":207968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Andreasen, David C.","contributorId":59003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andreasen","given":"David C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mack, Frederick K.","contributorId":95858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mack","given":"Frederick K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70021341,"text":"70021341 - 1999 - Effects of winter burning and structural marsh management on vegetation and winter bird abundance in the Gulf Coast Chenier Plain, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-23T15:55:18.225752","indexId":"70021341","displayToPublicDate":"1999-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of winter burning and structural marsh management on vegetation and winter bird abundance in the Gulf Coast Chenier Plain, USA","docAbstract":"Marshes in the Gulf Coast Chenier Plain provide important winter habitats for many species of birds. Many of, these marshes are managed intensively through a combination of fall/winter burning and construction of impoundments to improve wintering waterfowl habitat, reduce wetland loss, and create emergent wetlands. Little information is available on effects of this management on wintering birds, particularly passerines. We conducted experimental burns in impounded and unimpounded marshes on Rockefeller State Wildlife Refuge in southwest Louisiana and recorded species composition and abundance of birds during the 1996 and 1997 winters. We found that burning and impoundment influenced vegetation structure, which in turn influenced bird abundance and species composition. Blackbirds (Icteridae) preferred recently burned plots. Sparrows (Emberizidae) and wrens (Troglodytidae) avoided recently burned plots but recolonized these plots after one year of vegetation recovery. Sparrows and wrens present in burned plots during the first winter following burning generally were observed in scattered patches of unburned vegetation. Suitability of Chenier Plain marshes as winter habitat for several bird species was reduced during the winter in which burning was conducted, particularly if a high proportion of the plot was burned. We recommend that patchy burns be used, at both the landscape level and within specific burned areas, to achieve management objectives and still provide suitable winter habitat for non-target species. Although many groups of birds depend on Chenier Plain marshes for winter habitat, these groups differ in their specific habitat requirements. We recommend that a diverse wetland complex (e.g., impoundments managed for waterfowl foraging habitat interspersed with those managed for passerine winter cover) be maintained.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1007/BF03161697","issn":"02775212","usgsCitation":"Gabrey, S., Afton, A., and Wilson, B., 1999, Effects of winter burning and structural marsh management on vegetation and winter bird abundance in the Gulf Coast Chenier Plain, USA: Wetlands, v. 19, no. 3, p. 594-606, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03161697.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"594","endPage":"606","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230227,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Gulfcoast Chenier Plain, Rockefeller State Wildlife Refuge, southwestern Louisiana","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.82789741477039,\n 29.737982156223495\n ],\n [\n -92.82789741477039,\n 29.574766394490894\n ],\n [\n -92.50585743733826,\n 29.574766394490894\n ],\n [\n -92.50585743733826,\n 29.737982156223495\n ],\n [\n -92.82789741477039,\n 29.737982156223495\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"19","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0848e4b0c8380cd51a66","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gabrey, S.W.","contributorId":68062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gabrey","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Afton, A. D.","contributorId":83467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Afton","given":"A. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilson, B.C.","contributorId":103026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"B.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":32197,"text":"ofr9947 - 1999 - Geologic map of the Islamabad-Rawalpindi area, Punjab, northern Pakistan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:17","indexId":"ofr9947","displayToPublicDate":"1999-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-47","title":"Geologic map of the Islamabad-Rawalpindi area, Punjab, northern Pakistan","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr9947","usgsCitation":"Williams, V.S., Pasha, M., and Sheikh, I., 1999, Geologic map of the Islamabad-Rawalpindi area, Punjab, northern Pakistan: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-47, 16 p., one over-size sheet. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9947.","productDescription":"16 p., one over-size sheet. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":164387,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0047/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":19666,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0047/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":60302,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0047/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62bf13","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, V. S.","contributorId":8876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pasha, M.K.","contributorId":75598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pasha","given":"M.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sheikh, I.M.","contributorId":66320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sheikh","given":"I.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":24518,"text":"ofr99143 - 1999 - New radiocarbon ages from Haleakalā Crater, island of Maui, Hawai'i","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-04T19:32:30.432577","indexId":"ofr99143","displayToPublicDate":"1999-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-143","title":"New radiocarbon ages from Haleakalā Crater, island of Maui, Hawai'i","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr99143","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Sherrod, D.R., and McGeehin, J., 1999, New radiocarbon ages from Haleakalā Crater, island of Maui, Hawai'i: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-143, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr99143.","productDescription":"14 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":391397,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_16282.htm"},{"id":155909,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0143/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53570,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0143/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Haleakala Crater","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -156.29837036132812,\n 20.653346148076064\n ],\n [\n -156.0944366455078,\n 20.653346148076064\n ],\n [\n -156.0944366455078,\n 20.77922700256325\n ],\n [\n -156.29837036132812,\n 20.77922700256325\n ],\n [\n -156.29837036132812,\n 20.653346148076064\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db6975a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sherrod, D. R.","contributorId":44559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McGeehin, J. P. 0000-0002-5320-6091","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5320-6091","contributorId":48593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGeehin","given":"J. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":65768,"text":"i2576 - 1999 - Revised shaded relief map and controlled color photomosaic of the Casius Quadrangle (MC-6) of Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-24T13:47:20","indexId":"i2576","displayToPublicDate":"1999-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2576","title":"Revised shaded relief map and controlled color photomosaic of the Casius Quadrangle (MC-6) of Mars","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/i2576","isbn":"0607926023","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1999, Revised shaded relief map and controlled color photomosaic of the Casius Quadrangle (MC-6) of Mars: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2576, 2 Plates: 33.57 x 30.24 inches and 29.25 x 24.85 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/i2576.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 33.57 x 30.24 inches and 29.25 x 24.85 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":115055,"rank":399,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2576/plate-1.pdf","size":"5744","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":115056,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2576/plate-2.pdf","size":"4833","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":189534,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2576/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"46000","otherGeospatial":"Mars","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a16e4b07f02db603cfa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":534126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5656,"text":"pp1578 - 1999 - Hydrothermal mineralogy of core from geothermal drill holes at Newberry Volcano, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:49","indexId":"pp1578","displayToPublicDate":"1999-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1578","title":"Hydrothermal mineralogy of core from geothermal drill holes at Newberry Volcano, Oregon","docAbstract":"Hydrothermal mineralogy studies of specimens collected from nine geothermal drill holes suggest that, at the locations and depths drilled, past temperatures have been hottest (exceeding 300?C) near ring fractures on the south and west sides of Newberry Volcano.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/pp1578","usgsCitation":"Bargar, K.E., and Keith, T.E., 1999, Hydrothermal mineralogy of core from geothermal drill holes at Newberry Volcano, Oregon (Online version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1578, 101 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1578.","productDescription":"101 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":118348,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1578.jpg"},{"id":798,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/pp1578/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Online version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc6bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bargar, Keith E.","contributorId":9643,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bargar","given":"Keith","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":151375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keith, Terry E.","contributorId":51734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keith","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":151376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":65769,"text":"i2577 - 1999 - Revised shaded relief map and controlled color photomosaic of the Cebrenia Quadrangle (MC-7) of Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-14T16:10:15","indexId":"i2577","displayToPublicDate":"1999-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2577","title":"Revised shaded relief map and controlled color photomosaic of the Cebrenia Quadrangle (MC-7) of Mars","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/i2577","isbn":"0607926031","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1999, Revised shaded relief map and controlled color photomosaic of the Cebrenia Quadrangle (MC-7) of Mars: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2577, Report: 1 p.; 2 Plates: 33.85 x 30.22 inches and 29.80 x 25.74 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/i2577.","productDescription":"Report: 1 p.; 2 Plates: 33.85 x 30.22 inches and 29.80 x 25.74 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":115057,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2577/report.pdf","size":"26","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":115058,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2577/plate-1.pdf","size":"5454","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":115059,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2577/plate-2.pdf","size":"4050","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":189535,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2577/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"46000","otherGeospatial":"Mars","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a16e4b07f02db603d34","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":534127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70021523,"text":"70021523 - 1999 - Influence of externally attached transmitters on the swimming performance of juvenile white sturgeon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-19T17:01:55.973636","indexId":"70021523","displayToPublicDate":"1999-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of externally attached transmitters on the swimming performance of juvenile white sturgeon","docAbstract":"We measured the critical swimming speed of juvenile white sturgeons Acipenser transmontanus equipped with externally attached dummy ultrasonic transmitters and of untagged control fish in the laboratory. White sturgeons ranging from 31.9 to 37.0 cm fork length were subjected to one of three treatments: Control (handled but not tagged), tag attached below the dorsal fin, and tag attached with the anterior insertion point between the fourth and fifth dorsal scutes. Although transmitters were of recommended weight, we found that the swimming performance of tagged white sturgeons was significantly less than that of untagged control fish. Swimming performance of tagged fish was not differentially affected by tag location. Our results suggest that data from ultrasonic telemetry studies of externally tagged juvenile white sturgeons should be interpreted with caution due to the reduced swimming performance caused by external transmitters.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1999)128<0965:IOEATO>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00028487","usgsCitation":"Counihan, T., and Frost, C., 1999, Influence of externally attached transmitters on the swimming performance of juvenile white sturgeon: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 128, no. 5, p. 965-970, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1999)128<0965:IOEATO>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"965","endPage":"970","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229068,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"128","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3b32e4b0c8380cd622e4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Counihan, T.D.","contributorId":9789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Counihan","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Frost, C.N.","contributorId":99324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frost","given":"C.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021192,"text":"70021192 - 1999 - Biomass of coastal cutthroat trout in unlogged and previously clear-cut basins in the central Coast Range of Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-19T16:57:54.687269","indexId":"70021192","displayToPublicDate":"1999-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Biomass of coastal cutthroat trout in unlogged and previously clear-cut basins in the central Coast Range of Oregon","docAbstract":"Populations of coastal cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki clarki were sampled in 16 Oregon headwater streams during 1991–1993. These streams were above upstream migration barriers and distributed among basins that had been logged 20–30 and 40–60 years ago and basins that had not been logged but had burned 125–150 years ago. The objective of our study was to characterize the populations and habitats of age‐1 or older cutthroat trout within these three forest management types. Streams within unlogged basins had relatively low levels and a small range of trout biomass (g/m2). Streams in basins logged 40–60 years ago supported low levels but an intermediate range of trout biomass. Streams in basins logged 20–30 years ago supported the widest range of biomass, including the lowest and highest biomasses among all streams sampled. The variable that best explained the variation of trout biomass among all 16 streams was the amount of large woody debris (LWD). All streams were heavily shaded during at least part of the year by mostly closed tree canopies. Deciduous trees were more prominent in canopies over streams in logged basins, while conifers were more prominent in the stream canopies of unlogged basins. Our results suggest that trout production in basins extensively clear‐cut 20–60 years ago may generally decrease or remain low over the next 50 or more years because of decreasing loads of remnant LWD, persistent low recruitment potential for new LWD, and persistent heavy shading by conifers. These logged basins are not likely to show an increase in trout biomass over the next 50 years unless reset by favorable natural disturbances or by habitat restoration efforts.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1999)128<0890:BOCCTI>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00028487","usgsCitation":"Connolly, P., and Hall, J., 1999, Biomass of coastal cutthroat trout in unlogged and previously clear-cut basins in the central Coast Range of Oregon: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 128, no. 5, p. 890-899, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1999)128<0890:BOCCTI>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"890","endPage":"899","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230256,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"central Coast Range","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.43196828538251,\n 45.37360896316039\n ],\n [\n -124.43196828538251,\n 43.66288574680826\n ],\n [\n -123.38007159213834,\n 43.66288574680826\n ],\n [\n -123.38007159213834,\n 45.37360896316039\n ],\n [\n -124.43196828538251,\n 45.37360896316039\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"128","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f18ce4b0c8380cd4acc4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Connolly, P.J.","contributorId":70141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Connolly","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":389016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hall, J.D.","contributorId":67112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1014797,"text":"1014797 - 1999 - The effect of dietary protein and lipid source on dorsal fin erosion rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-04T15:52:33.806212","indexId":"1014797","displayToPublicDate":"1999-08-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":853,"text":"Aquaculture","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"The effect of dietary protein and lipid source on dorsal fin erosion rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss","title":"The effect of dietary protein and lipid source on dorsal fin erosion rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss","docAbstract":"A study was conducted to determine the effect of dietary protein and lipid source on dorsal fin erosion in rainbow trout. Seven diets were each fed to four replicate lots of 300 first-feeding fry cultured in 75 l aluminum troughs for 8 weeks. Two basal diets were manufactured with approximately equal nutrient content, one using krill and squid meals and the other anchovy meal as the primary protein-containing ingredients. The meals used to manufacture the diets were separated into two fractions: lipid (ether-extractable); and protein/ash (non-ether-extractable) using a large soxhlet. The fractions were then recombined to create two additional diets; one containing anchovy protein/ash with krill/squid lipid, the other krill/squid protein/ash with fish lipid. A fifth diet recombined krill/squid protein/ash with krill/squid lipid to evaluate effects of the extraction process. Two additional treatments included a diet with a portion of the krill meal replaced by poultry by-product meal, and the basal anchovy meal diet supplemented with sodium, magnesium, and copper. Fish consuming diets containing anchovy meal as the primary protein source gained more weight (P<0.05) than fish consuming krill/squid meal-based diets. Dorsal fin index (DFI, measured as mean dorsal fin height×100/total fish length) was greater (P<0.05) for fish consuming diets containing krill/squid meal protein/ash fraction (DFI=9.9%–10.0%) than for fish consuming diets containing anchovy meal protein/ash fraction (DFI=4.9%–5.3%), regardless of lipid source. Supplementation of the anchovy meal diet with sodium, magnesium, and copper improved (P<0.05) DFI by approximately 20%, but not to the level supported by the krill/squid meal protein/ash fraction diets. The cost of the krill meal diet was reduced by inclusion of poultry by-product meal without affecting dorsal fin condition. These data indicate that the dietary agent contributing to dorsal fin erosion in rainbow trout is not present in the ether-extractable fraction of the diet, but rather in the protein or mineral fraction.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0044-8486(99)00188-X","usgsCitation":"Barrows, F.T., and Lellis, W.A., 1999, The effect of dietary protein and lipid source on dorsal fin erosion rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss: Aquaculture, v. 180, no. 1/2, p. 167-175, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(99)00188-X.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"167","endPage":"175","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131052,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"180","issue":"1/2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667679","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barrows, Frederic T.","contributorId":172541,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barrows","given":"Frederic","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lellis, William A. 0000-0001-7806-2904 wlellis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7806-2904","contributorId":2369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lellis","given":"William","email":"wlellis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":506,"text":"Office of the AD Ecosystems","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":321213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70243826,"text":"70243826 - 1999 - General report theme 3: Rock dynamics and tectonophysics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-22T16:32:46.932015","indexId":"70243826","displayToPublicDate":"1999-08-25T11:28:07","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"General report theme 3: Rock dynamics and tectonophysics","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","conferenceTitle":"9th ISRM Congress","conferenceDate":"August 25-28, 1999","conferenceLocation":"Paris, France","language":"English","publisher":"International Society for Rock Mechanics","usgsCitation":"McGarr, A., and Dubinski, J., 1999, General report theme 3: Rock dynamics and tectonophysics, 9th ISRM Congress, Paris, France, August 25-28, 1999, p. 1691-1695.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1691","endPage":"1695","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":417295,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGarr, Art 0000-0001-9769-4093","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9769-4093","contributorId":43491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGarr","given":"Art","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":873398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dubinski, J.","contributorId":305626,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dubinski","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":873399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185726,"text":"70185726 - 1999 - Bathymetric change off the Washington-Oregon coast","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-28T12:15:41","indexId":"70185726","displayToPublicDate":"1999-08-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Bathymetric change off the Washington-Oregon coast","docAbstract":"Historical hydrographic data from the Washington/Oregon shelf are compared for the first time to identify bathymetric change on a regional scale. Offshore data sets exist for four time periods: 1800s, pre-1950s, post-1950s, and 1990s. Data from only two time periods, 1868-87 and 1926-27, cover the entire offshore region between Tillamook Head, Oregon and Grays Harbor, Washington. A confidence interval of + or -1.7 m is established for the bathymetric comparison between these two data sets. Wide trackline spacings within the 1868/87 surveys, sounding errors due to horizontal positioning inaccuracies and heavy seas and currents encountered during the surveys, questionable tidal correction methods, and vertical datum inconsistencies, compose most of the uncertainties in this data set. Surveys collected closer to shore, in water depths less than -30 m, contain smaller errors and define the sea-floor morphology well. Errors and uncertainties increase with depth and distance offshore. Comparison between these two surveys shows large areas of both accretion and erosion on the shelf between the shoreline and -70 m of water, with the greatest change occurring off the mouth of the Columbia River. Quantitative analysis and interpretation of the regional bathymetric changes within the Columbia River Littoral Cell should be approached with caution and with a thorough knowledge of the error distribution and uncertainties associated with the data set.
","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"4th international symposium on Coastal engineering and science of coastal sediment processes; Scales of coastal sediment motion and geomorphic change","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Gibbs, A.E., Gelfenbaum, G.R., Kraus, N.C., and McDougal, W.G., 1999, Bathymetric change off the Washington-Oregon coast, in 4th international symposium on Coastal engineering and science of coastal sediment processes; Scales of coastal sediment motion and geomorphic change, v. 4, no. 2, p. 1627-1642.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1627","endPage":"1642","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":338468,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon, Washington","volume":"4","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58db7632e4b0ee37af29e4ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gibbs, Ann E. 0000-0002-0883-3774 agibbs@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0883-3774","contributorId":2644,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gibbs","given":"Ann","email":"agibbs@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":686557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gelfenbaum, Guy R. 0000-0003-1291-6107 ggelfenbaum@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1291-6107","contributorId":742,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gelfenbaum","given":"Guy","email":"ggelfenbaum@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":686558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kraus, Nicholas C.","contributorId":112294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kraus","given":"Nicholas","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McDougal, William G.","contributorId":112467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDougal","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70189654,"text":"70189654 - 1999 - Fishes of Missouri River, chute, and flood plain habitats: Chapter 4 in Initial biotic survey of Lisbon Bottom, Big Muddy National Fish and Wildlife Refuge","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70189654,"text":"70189654 - 1999 - Fishes of Missouri River, chute, and flood plain habitats: Chapter 4 in Initial biotic survey of Lisbon Bottom, Big Muddy National Fish and Wildlife Refuge","indexId":"70189654","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"chapter":"4","displayTitle":"Fishes of Missouri River, chute, and flood plain habitats: Chapter 4 in Initial biotic survey of Lisbon Bottom, Big Muddy National Fish and Wildlife Refuge","title":"Fishes of Missouri River, chute, and flood plain habitats: Chapter 4 in Initial biotic survey of Lisbon Bottom, Big Muddy National Fish and Wildlife Refuge"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":53909,"text":"bsr000001 - 1999 - Initial biotic survey of Lisbon Bottom, Big Muddy National Fish and Wildlife Refuge","indexId":"bsr000001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Initial biotic survey of Lisbon Bottom, Big Muddy National Fish and Wildlife Refuge"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":53909,"text":"bsr000001 - 1999 - Initial biotic survey of Lisbon Bottom, Big Muddy National Fish and Wildlife Refuge","indexId":"bsr000001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Initial biotic survey of Lisbon Bottom, Big Muddy National Fish and Wildlife Refuge"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-19T14:35:11","indexId":"70189654","displayToPublicDate":"1999-08-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":9,"text":"Biological Science Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"2000-0001","chapter":"4","displayTitle":"Fishes of Missouri River, chute, and flood plain habitats: Chapter 4 in Initial biotic survey of Lisbon Bottom, Big Muddy National Fish and Wildlife Refuge","title":"Fishes of Missouri River, chute, and flood plain habitats: Chapter 4 in Initial biotic survey of Lisbon Bottom, Big Muddy National Fish and Wildlife Refuge","docAbstract":"The Lisbon Bottom Unit of the Big Muddy National Fish and Wildlife Refuge (Refuge) is approximately 2,200 acres and is the first complete unit of the Refuge. Primary objectives of the Refuge are to create and restore diverse riverine aquatic habitats and reconnect the Missouri River to its flood plain where feasible. Management seeks to accomplish these objectives by encouraging natural processes of erosion, deposition, and succession to the greatest extent possible.
One of the most salient aquatic features of the Lisbon Bottom Unit is a newly created 2-mile-long free-flowing chute, or side channel (Fig. 1). This chute began forming as a levee breech scour hole during the Great Flood of 1993. The chute continued to develop during the 1995 flood and finally cut through to a flowing side channel during the 1996 flood. Extensive erosion and bank sluffing continued during 1997 due to sustained high flows that occurred throughout most of the year. The chute has progressively become wider and deeper with a developing meander pattern and channel bars have begun to form. Lisbon Bottom also contains several seasonal and permanent wetlands and is subject to periodic flooding at high Missouri River stages.
Eight studies have been completed or are ongoing to evaluate Missouri River fishes associated with various habitat components of Lisbon Bottom and adjacent Missouri River reaches (Table 1). Several are part of much larger investigations to evaluate fish use of flood-created habitat features, basinwide fish assessment, and endangered or candidate species concerns.
At the Lisbon Bottom Unit or in the Missouri River adjacent to the unit 54 fish species were collected (Table 2). Eight of these species have either a protected status under State or Federal laws or biologists consider them to potentially qualify for protected status. The status of the following fish is listed in Table 2: pallid sturgeon x shovelnose sturgeon hybrid, paddlefish, northern pike, sturgeon chub, sicklefin chub, ghost shiner, western silvery minnow, plains minnow, and blue sucker. Equally important to note are fish species that were not collected. The flathead chub, currently listed as State endangered and proposed for Federal listing, were not collected in any of the studies.
Common fish species, collected in all seven sampling studies, included gizzard shad, common carp, river carpsucker, and freshwater drum. Paddlefish, skipjack herring, silver carp, white sucker, redfin shiner, western silvery minnow, bullhead minnow, and black bullhead were each collected in only one of the seven studies.
Pflieger (1971) developed a guild system for the fishes of Missouri based on distribution patterns and centers of abundance. Fish were assigned to one of four primary faunal groups: Ozark, Big River, Lowland, and Prairie. Two secondary groups (Ozark-prairie and Ozark-lowland) were defined for species equally abundant and distributed in two of the primary areas. Two Ozark-prairie species, shorthead redhorse and white sucker, were collected on or near the Lisbon Bottom Unit.
Big River species are found primarily in the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers. The environmental factors controlling fish distribution in these rivers appear to be substrate, current velocity, and turbidity. On or near the Lisbon Bottom Unit 18 Big River species were collected (Table 2).
Lowland species are intolerant of siltation and high turbidity. They inhabit standing or slow-moving water with sand, fine gravel, and organic debris substrates. Two Lowland species, bullhead minnow and mosquitofish, were collected in connected scours on the Lisbon Bottom Unit.
Prairie species have broader ecological tolerances than the Ozark and Lowland species. They are largely absent in high gradient streams and cool, clear waters. Prairie species make up a significant proportion of Missouri and Mississippi River fishes. Seven Prairie species were collected on or near the Lisbon Bottom Unit (Table 2).
The last group, Wide-ranging, was defined as the species more widespread than the other faunal groups with broader environmental tolerances. Most Wide-ranging species occur at least occasionally in all sections of the state. Nineteen Wide-ranging species were collected on or near the Lisbon Bottom Unit (Table 2).
Kubisiak (1997) found that isolated scours in the Lower Missouri River were dominated by Wide-ranging species. Connected scours also held Wideranging species but they contained Prairie species and were dominated by Big River species. Faunal group diversity and species richness were compared between isolated (Study l) and connected (Studies 4, 5, 7, and 8) scours of the Lisbon Bottom Unit. Species richness was similar with 22 species collected in isolated scours and an average of 24.8 species collected in connected scours. Isolated scour fish catches were dominated by Wide-ranging fish (59%) with 14% Big River fishes and 14% Prairie fishes. Connected scours had a larger percentage of Big River fish (32%) and fewer Wide-ranging (36%) and Prairie (13%) species than the isolated scours. In the combined studies, Wide-ranging fish dominated the connected scours.
A similar comparison was made of fish from chute habitats and the Missouri River. Chute habitats include the Lisbon Bottom Chute, the chute between the right bank and island located at river mile 219, and a shallow channel running between a large sandbar complex and the channel border adjacent to Lisbon Bottom. Species richness in the chutes (35 species) was greater than that of the adjacent river (23 species). Big River species (40%) dominated the chute samples, followed by Wide-ranging at 31% Cand Prairie Cut 14%.
The river samples contained equal numbers of Wide-ranging species (35%) and Big River species (35%) with 17% Prairie species. Differences in fish guild diversity and species richness may be due to numerous factors including sampling effort and sampling season. River samples were collected only in Study 3 in October; chute samples were collected in July, August, and October. Fish may have been using the chute in July and August to spawn, feed, or escape high river levels.
The Lisbon Bottom Chute is a truly unique feature of the Lower Missouri River. It is the first naturally created side channel to develop since the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers tamed the river. The Corps eliminated 89% of the islands in the Missouri River between 1879 and 1954 (Funk and Robinson 1974). The chutes between the islands and the shore were shallower with less current than the main channel. These areas provided diversity to the Missouri River fish habitat, serving as nursery and feeding areas. The Lisbon Bottom Unit of the Big Muddy National Fish and Wildlife Refuge will continue to be studied in an effort to understand the complex role these areas play in river systems.
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Tomographic analysis of these data determined the velocity structure of sandy sediment that underlie the failed bluff. Because GPR velocity is dependent on electrical properties, we use it as a proxy for geotechnical properties of the soils. Our working hypothesis is that the hidden channel may act as a conduit for pore water flow between upland regions and Lake Michigan, and thereby locally reduce soil strength and promote slope failure.
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