Long-term records from five streamflow-gaging stations within and near the 300-square mile Beaver Kill Basin were analyzed to determine whether construction and presence of New York State Route 17 (NY 17), which was completed in the late 1960's, could have altered hydrologic processes in the basin and thereby adversely affected the basin's trout populations. The hypothesis investigated is that NY 17 has altered surface-water and shallow ground-water flowpaths where it parallels the stream and has increased runoff rates and thereby (1) increased the range in stream discharge (prolonged the base flows, decreased the low flows, and increased the high flows), and (2) altered stream-channel morphology through increased volume and velocity of stormflows.
\nAnalyses of base flows, discharge-duration curves, stage-to-discharge relations, peak and bankfull discharges, and flow extremes at a downstream (Beaver Kill at Cooks Falls) and a small tributary (Little Beaver Kill at Livingston Manor) site provide only limited evidence that NY 17 affected hydrologic processes within the basin. These effects are best indicated by significant increases in the magnitude and (or) the frequency of moderate to large discharges (exceedence probabilities) on an instantaneous basis at the Beaver Kill at Cooks Falls site after 1965. Increases in stormflows can not be attributed solely to NY 17, however, because the trend was evident long before NY 17 was constructed. Changes in land use in parts of the watershed may have contributed to gradual and continuous increases in stormflows throughout the entire 80 (plus) years of record.
\nChanges in most base-flow and low-flow statistics for the downstream (Beaver Kill at Cooks Falls) site after 1965 are not statistically significant, but, changes in flow-duration curves and annual peak flows are evident. Flow-duration curves at this site indicate that there is a 16 percent increase in average daily flows after 1965. Annual peak flow data indicate that peak flows from storms recurring at 2-year (and longer) intervals after 1965 are significantly larger than those that recur at the same frequencies before 1965. The lack of comparable increases in peak flows from several nearby reference sites after 1965 indicate that the observed increases in peak flows may be unique to the Beaver Kill Basin.
\nFlow-duration curves and many base-flow and high-flow statistics for the small tributary paralleled by NY 17 in the in the upper reaches of the basin (Little Beaver Kill at Livingston Manor) appear to be considerably altered since NY 17 was constructed. Flow-duration curves at this site indicate that there is about a 54 percent increase in average daily flows after 1965. Increases in the ratio of average annual base flow to average annual flow until 1965 then subsequent decreases suggest an extreme affect of NY 17 on hydrology of the subbasin. The effect of NY 17 on hydrology of the Little Beaver Kill subbasin cannot be defined with certainty, however, because the flow record after 1965 is too short; discharge monitoring was discontinued in 1981.
\nThe increases in peak stormflows in the lower Beaver Kill basin through the period of record may have increased the rates of bed-sediment erosion (degradation) and deposition and accelerated changes in stream-channel morphology, however, these possible effects were not examined. Suggestions for further investigation of the effects of NY 17 and of other factors on hydrology, channel morphology, fish habitat, and fish populations in the Beaver Kill Basin include (1) addition of streamflow gages or a creststage gage network at critical locations, (2) a review of engineering records and other aerial photographs for indications of changes in channel morphology, (3) compilation of temperature data and modeling spatial extent and magnitude of stressful summer temperatures (to selected trout species), and (4) confirming the extent and severity of toxic thermal episodes using in-situ fish toxicity tests.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr9865","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Town of Rockland","usgsCitation":"Baldigo, B., 1999, Trends in base flows and extreme flows in the Beaver Kill Basin, Catskill Mountains, New York, 1915-94: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-65, iv, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9865.","productDescription":"iv, 17 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":155228,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0065/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":51805,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0065/ofr19980065.pdf","text":"Report","size":"277 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 1998-0065"}],"contact":"Director, New York Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
425 Jordan Rd
Troy, NY 12180
(518) 285-5695
http://ny.water.usgs.gov/
Coal will remain a very significant part of U.S. energy needs (fig.l), even though there will continue to be concern about environmental impacts associated with its use. Currently, about 88 percent of U.S. coal production is used by electric utilities. The remaining 12 percent is either exported or used domestically for other industrial applications, such as coke for steel production.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs12099","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1999, National Coal Quality Inventory (NaCQI) and U.S. Geological Survey Coal Quality Databases: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 120-99, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs12099.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":31981,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1999/0120/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":121305,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1999/0120/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db698957","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":22878,"text":"ofr9914 - 1999 - Regional geologic map of San Andreas and related faults in Carrizo Plain, Temblor, Caliente and La Panza Ranges and vicinity, California: A digital database","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-05T18:53:31.084128","indexId":"ofr9914","displayToPublicDate":"1999-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-14","title":"Regional geologic map of San Andreas and related faults in Carrizo Plain, Temblor, Caliente and La Panza Ranges and vicinity, California: A digital database","docAbstract":"This Open-File Report is a digital geologic map database. The report serves to introduce and describe the digital data. There is no paper map included in the Open-File Report. The report includes PostScript and PDF plot files that can be used to plot images of the geologic map sheet and explanation sheet.\r\n\r\nThis digital map database is prepared from a previously published map by Dibblee (1973). The geologic map database delineates map units that are identified by general age, lithology, and clast size following the stratigraphic nomenclature of the U.S. Geological Survey. For descriptions of the units, their stratigraphic relations, and sources of geologic mapping, consult the explanation sheet (of99-14_4b.ps or of99-14_4d.pdf), or the original published paper map (Dibblee, 1973). The scale of the source map limits the spatial resolution (scale) of the database to 1:125,000 or smaller.\r\n\r\nFor those interested in the geology of Carrizo Plain and vicinity who do not use an ARC/INFO compatible Geographic Information System (GIS), but would like to obtain a paper map and explanation, PDF and PostScript plot files containing map images of the data in the digital database, as well as PostScript and PDF plot files of the explanation sheet and explanatory text, have been included in the database package (please see the section 'Digital Plot Files', page 5). The PostScript plot files require a gzip utility to access them.\r\n\r\nFor those without computer capability, we can provide users with the PostScript or PDF files on tape that can be taken to a vendor for plotting. Paper plots can also be ordered directly from the USGS (please see the section 'Obtaining Plots from USGS Open-File Services', page 5).\r\n\r\nThe content and character of the database, methods of obtaining it, and processes of extracting the map database from the tar (tape archive) file are described herein. The map database itself, consisting of six ARC/INFO coverages, can be obtained over the Internet or by magnetic tape copy as described below.\r\n\r\nThe database was compiled using ARC/INFO, a commercial Geographic Information System (Environmental Systems Research Institute, Redlands, California), with version 3.0 of the menu interface ALACARTE (Fitzgibbon and Wentworth, 1991, Fitzgibbon, 1991, Wentworth and Fitzgibbon, 1991). The ARC/INFO coverages are stored in uncompressed ARC export format (ARC/INFO version 7.x). All data files have been compressed, and may be uncompressed with gzip, which is available free of charge over the Internet via links from the USGS Public Domain Software page (http://edcwww.cr.usgs.gov/doc/edchome/ndcdb/public.html). ARC/INFO export files (files with the .e00 extension) can be converted into ARC/INFO coverages in ARC/INFO (see below) and can be read by some other Geographic Information Systems, such as MapInfo via ArcLink and ESRI's ArcView.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr9914","usgsCitation":"Dibblee, T., Graham, S.E., Mahony, T.M., Blissenbach, J.L., Mariant, J.J., and Wentworth, C., 1999, Regional geologic map of San Andreas and related faults in Carrizo Plain, Temblor, Caliente and La Panza Ranges and vicinity, California: A digital database (Version 1.2, Revised Apr 5 1999): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-14, Report: 12 p.; Data Files; Plot Files; Maps, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9914.","productDescription":"Report: 12 p.; Data Files; Plot Files; Maps","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":647,"text":"Western Earth Surface Processes","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":154478,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12102,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/of99-014/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":108390,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_13191.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"13191"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Carrizo Plain, Temblor, Caliente and La Panza Ranges and vicinity","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.5,\n 34.75\n ],\n [\n -119.5,\n 34.75\n ],\n [\n -119.5,\n 36\n ],\n [\n -120.5,\n 36\n ],\n [\n -120.5,\n 34.75\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.2, Revised Apr 5 1999","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ee4b07f02db61513d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dibblee, T. W.","contributorId":61455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dibblee","given":"T. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Graham, S. E.","contributorId":89923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graham","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mahony, T. M.","contributorId":41451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mahony","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Blissenbach, J. L.","contributorId":104934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blissenbach","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mariant, J. J.","contributorId":6085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mariant","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wentworth, C. M. 0000-0003-2569-569X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2569-569X","contributorId":106466,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wentworth","given":"C. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":5024,"text":"fs08699 - 1999 - Simulating contaminant attenuation, double-porosity exchange, and water age in aquifers using MOC3D","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-26T19:41:55","indexId":"fs08699","displayToPublicDate":"1999-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"086-99","title":"Simulating contaminant attenuation, double-porosity exchange, and water age in aquifers using MOC3D","docAbstract":"MOC3D is a general-purpose computer model developed by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) for simulation of three-dimensional solute transport in ground water (Konikow and others, 1996). The model is an update to the widely used USGS two-dimensional solute-transport model (MOC) and is implemented as an optional “package” for the ground-water flow model MODFLOW (Harbaugh and McDonald, 1996). Directly coupling the time-tested MOC transport algorithms with the widely used MODFLOW program makes MOC3D a powerful tool for simulation of solute transport in ground water in many hydrogeologic settings. The model simulates transport processes that include:
Director, Pennsylvania Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070
During the past 25 years, industry and government have made large financial investments in manufacturing, processing, and wastewater-treatment facilities to reduce the amount of contaminants being discharged. Although these investments have led to improved water quality across the Nation, concerns about the effects of nutrients, toxins, and pathogens on human health and that of ecological communities remain. To address the need for consistent and scientifically sound information for managing the Nation's water resources, the U.S. Geological Survey began the National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) program in 1991. This program is unique in that it integrates surface- and ground-water-quality monitoring with the study of aquatic ecosystems. The goals of the NAWQA program are to (1) describe current water-quality conditions for a large part of the Nation's freshwater streams and aquifers (water-bearing sediments and rocks), (2) describe how water quality is changing over time, and (3) increase our understanding of the natural and human factors that affect water quality (Leahy and others, 1990, Gilliom and others, 1995).
\nAssessing the quality of water in every location of the Nation would not be practical. Therefore, NAWQA investigations are conducted within 59 selected areas called study units (fig. 1). These study units encompass important river and aquifer systems in the United States and represent the diverse geographic, waterresource, land-use, and water-use characteristics of the Nation. The Delaware River Basin is one of 15 study units in which work began in 1996. Water-quality sampling in the study unit will begin in 1999. This fact sheet provides a brief overview of the NAWQA program, describes the Delaware River Basin study unit, identifies the major water-quality issues in the basin, and documents the plan of study that will be followed during the study-unit investigation.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs05699","usgsCitation":"Fischer, J., 1999, Delaware River Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 056-99, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs05699.","productDescription":"6 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122858,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_056_99.jpg"},{"id":397,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1999/0056/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Delaware River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.5966796875,\n 38.993572058209466\n ],\n [\n -76.5966796875,\n 42.32606244456202\n ],\n [\n -74.72900390625,\n 42.32606244456202\n ],\n [\n -74.72900390625,\n 38.993572058209466\n ],\n [\n -76.5966796875,\n 38.993572058209466\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db672462","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fischer, Jeffrey M. 0000-0003-2996-9272 fischer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2996-9272","contributorId":573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fischer","given":"Jeffrey M.","email":"fischer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":150361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5488,"text":"fs02899 - 1999 - Nebraska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:41","indexId":"fs02899","displayToPublicDate":"1999-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"028-99","title":"Nebraska","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/fs02899","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1999, Nebraska: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 028-99, 1 folded sheet ([4] p.) : col. ill., maps (some col.) ; 28 cm. col. ill., maps (some col.) ;, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs02899.","productDescription":"1 folded sheet ([4] p.) : col. ill., maps (some col.) ; 28 cm. col. ill., maps (some col.) ;","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":117620,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_028_99.bmp"},{"id":667,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/FS/FS-028-99/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697e6c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5798,"text":"pp1607 - 1999 - Structural relationships of pre-Tertiary rocks in the Nevada Test Site region, southern Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:57","indexId":"pp1607","displayToPublicDate":"1999-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1607","title":"Structural relationships of pre-Tertiary rocks in the Nevada Test Site region, southern Nevada","docAbstract":"This report contains a synthesis and interpretation of structural and stratigraphic data for pre-Tertiary rocks in a large area of southern Nevada within and near the Nevada Test Site. Its presents descriptive and interpretive information from discontinuously exposed localities in the context of a regional model that integrates stratigraphy, sedimentology, crustal structure, and deformational style and timing. Evidence is given for substantial strike-slip faults, for modest excursion on low-angle faults, and for pre-Oligocene formation of the regional oroclinal flexure in neighboring mountain ranges.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ;\r\nFor sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services,","doi":"10.3133/pp1607","usgsCitation":"Cole, J., and Cashman, P.H., 1999, Structural relationships of pre-Tertiary rocks in the Nevada Test Site region, southern Nevada (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1607, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1607.","productDescription":"39 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":908,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/p1607/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":122542,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1607.jpg"}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a490a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cole, J. C.","contributorId":21539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"J. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":151599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cashman, Patricia Hughes","contributorId":95054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cashman","given":"Patricia","email":"","middleInitial":"Hughes","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":151600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":32196,"text":"ofr9930 - 1999 - Physiographic rim of the Grand Canyon, Arizona: A digital database","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-14T13:37:21.153672","indexId":"ofr9930","displayToPublicDate":"1999-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-30","title":"Physiographic rim of the Grand Canyon, Arizona: A digital database","docAbstract":"This Open-File report is a digital physiographic map database. This pamphlet serves to introduce and describe the digital data. There is no paper map included in the Open-File report. The report does include, however, PostScript and PDF format plot files, each containing an image of the map. For those interested in a paper plot of information contained in the database or in obtaining the PostScript plot files, please see the section entitled \"For Those Who Don't Use Digital Geologic Map Databases\" below.\n\nThis physiographic map of the Grand Canyon is modified from previous versions by Billingsley and Hendricks (1989), and Billingsley and others (1997). The boundary is drawn approximately along the topographic rim of the Grand Canyon and its tributary canyons between Lees Ferry and Lake Mead (shown in red). Several isolated small mesas, buttes, and plateaus are within this area, which overall encompasses about 2,600 square miles. The Grand Canyon lies within the southwestern part of the Colorado Plateaus of northern Arizona between Lees Ferry, Colorado River Mile 0, and Lake Mead, Colorado River Mile 277. The Colorado River is the corridor for raft trips through the Grand Canyon.\n\nLimestone rocks of the Kaibab Formation form most of the north and south rims of the Grand Canyon, and a few volcanic rocks form the north rim of parts of the Uinkaret and Shivwits Plateaus. Limestones of the Redwall Limestone and lower Supai Group form the rim of the Hualapai Plateau area, and Limestones of Devonian and Cambrian age form the boundary rim near the mouth of Grand Canyon at the Lake Mead. The natural physiographic boundary of the Grand Canyon is roughly the area a visitor would first view any part of the Grand Canyon and its tributaries.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr9930","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Billingsley, G.H., and Hampton, H.M., 1999, Physiographic rim of the Grand Canyon, Arizona: A digital database: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-30, 1 Plate: 37.47 inches x 27.85 inches, Map: EPS.GZ, Data Package, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9930.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 37.47 inches x 27.85 inches, Map: EPS.GZ, Data Package","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":284849,"rank":2,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0030/gcrim.eps.gz"},{"id":284850,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0030/pdf/gcrim.pdf","text":"Plate 1"},{"id":284858,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0030/gcrim.tar.gz"},{"id":164386,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr9930.jpg"},{"id":3151,"rank":5,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0030/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"250000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection","datum":"1927 North American Datum","country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Grand Canyon","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.000,35.500 ], [ -114.000,37.000 ], [ -111.500,37.000 ], [ -111.500,35.500 ], [ -114.000,35.500 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd6b84e4b0b29085103f54","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Billingsley, George H.","contributorId":20711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Billingsley","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hampton, Haydee M.","contributorId":38228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hampton","given":"Haydee","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021213,"text":"70021213 - 1999 - The modeler's influence on calculated solubilities for performance assessments at the Aspo Hard-rock Laboratory","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-12T17:05:11.496589","indexId":"70021213","displayToPublicDate":"1999-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2697,"text":"Materials Research Society Symposium - Proceedings","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The modeler's influence on calculated solubilities for performance assessments at the Aspo Hard-rock Laboratory","docAbstract":"Four researchers were asked to provide independent modeled estimates of the solubility of a radionuclide solid phase, specifically Pu(OH)4, under five specified sets of conditions. The objectives of the study were to assess the variability in the results obtained and to determine the primary causes for this variability.
In the exercise, modelers were supplied with the composition, pH and redox properties of the water and with a description of the mineralogy of the surrounding fracture system A standard thermodynamic data base was provided to all modelers. Each modeler was encouraged to use other data bases in addition to the standard data base and to try different approaches to solving the problem.
In all, about fifty approaches were used, some of which included a large number of solubility calculations. For each of the five test cases, the calculated solubilities from different approaches covered several orders of magnitude. The variability resulting from the use of different thermodynamic data bases was in most cases, far smaller than that resulting from the use of different approaches to solving the problem.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1557/PROC-556-559","issn":"02729172","usgsCitation":"Ernren, A., Arthur, R., Glynn, P.D., and McMurry, J., 1999, The modeler's influence on calculated solubilities for performance assessments at the Aspo Hard-rock Laboratory: Materials Research Society Symposium - Proceedings, v. 556, 559, https://doi.org/10.1557/PROC-556-559.","productDescription":"559","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229942,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"556","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-02-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baddfe4b08c986b323e35","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ernren, A.T.","contributorId":96857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ernren","given":"A.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arthur, R.","contributorId":29595,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arthur","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Glynn, P. D.","contributorId":7008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glynn","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McMurry, J.","contributorId":105464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMurry","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":389093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70021508,"text":"70021508 - 1999 - DNA repair and resistance to UV-B radiation in western spotted frogs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-19T17:48:30.383015","indexId":"70021508","displayToPublicDate":"1999-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"DNA repair and resistance to UV-B radiation in western spotted frogs","docAbstract":"We assessed DNA repair and resistance to solar radiation in eggs of members of the western spotted frog complex (Rana pretiosa and R. luteiventris), species whose populations are suffering severe range reductions and declines. Specifically, we measured the activity of photoreactivating enzyme (photolyase) in oocytes of spotted frogs. In some species, photoreactivation is the most important mechanism for repair of UV-damaged DNA. Using field experiments, we also compared the hatching success of spotted frog embryos at natural oviposition sites at three elevations, where some embryos were subjected to ambient levels of UV-B radiation and others were shielded from UV-B radiation. Compared with other amphibians, photolyase activities in spotted frogs were relatively high. At all sites, hatching success was unaffected by UV-B. Our data support the interpretation that amphibian embryos with relatively high levels of photolyase are more resistant to UV-B radiation than those with lower levels of photolyase. At the embryonic stage, UV-B radiation does not presently seem to be contributing to the population declines of spotted frogs.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[1100:DRARTU]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Blaustein, A.R., Hays, J., Hoffman, P., Chivers, D., Kiesecker, J.M., Leonard, W.P., Marco, A., Olson, D., Reaser, J.K., and Anthony, R.G., 1999, DNA repair and resistance to UV-B radiation in western spotted frogs: Ecological Applications, v. 9, no. 3, p. 1100-1105, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[1100:DRARTU]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1100","endPage":"1105","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229427,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fd4ee4b0c8380cd4e76a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blaustein, Andrew R.","contributorId":44276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blaustein","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hays, J.B.","contributorId":98901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hays","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hoffman, P.D.","contributorId":68910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"P.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chivers, D.P.","contributorId":51037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chivers","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kiesecker, Joseph M.","contributorId":146679,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kiesecker","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":7041,"text":"The Nature Conservancy","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":390138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Leonard, William P.","contributorId":112010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leonard","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Marco, A.","contributorId":55988,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marco","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Olson, Deanna H.","contributorId":257261,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Olson","given":"Deanna H.","affiliations":[{"id":51996,"text":"USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":390136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Reaser, Jamie K","contributorId":223683,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reaser","given":"Jamie","email":"","middleInitial":"K","affiliations":[{"id":39207,"text":"Department of the Interior","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":390131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Anthony, Robert G.","contributorId":206136,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anthony","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":6680,"text":"Oregon State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":390139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":23644,"text":"ofr9923 - 1999 - HYPOELLIPSE; a computer program for determining local earthquake hypocentral parameters, magnitude, and first-motion pattern","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-06-13T01:01:47","indexId":"ofr9923","displayToPublicDate":"1999-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-23","title":"HYPOELLIPSE; a computer program for determining local earthquake hypocentral parameters, magnitude, and first-motion pattern","docAbstract":"This report provides Fortran source code and program manuals for HYPOELLIPSE, a computer program for determining hypocenters and magnitudes of near regional earthquakes and the ellipsoids that enclose the 68-percent confidence volumes of the computed hypocenters. HYPOELLIPSE was developed to meet the needs of U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) scientists studying crustal and sub-crustal earthquakes recorded by a sparse regional seismograph network. The program was extended to locate hypocenters of volcanic earthquakes recorded by seismographs distributed on and around the volcanic edifice, at elevations above and below the hypocenter. HYPOELLIPSE was used to locate events recorded by the USGS southern Alaska seismograph network from October 1971 to the early 1990s. Both UNIX and PC/DOS versions of the source code of the program are provided along with sample runs.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr9923","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Lahr, J.C., 1999, HYPOELLIPSE; a computer program for determining local earthquake hypocentral parameters, magnitude, and first-motion pattern (Version 1.1, Revised 2012): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-23, 1 v. 116 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9923.","productDescription":"1 v. 116 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":379,"text":"Menlo Park Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262842,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_99_23.gif"},{"id":257486,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/ofr-99-0023/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.1, Revised 2012","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db649e82","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lahr, John C.","contributorId":20328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lahr","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":35408,"text":"b2164 - 1999 - Distribution of benthic foraminifers (>125 um) in the surface sediments of the Arctic Ocean","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:38","indexId":"b2164","displayToPublicDate":"1999-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2164","title":"Distribution of benthic foraminifers (>125 um) in the surface sediments of the Arctic Ocean","docAbstract":"Census data on benthic foraminifers (>125 ?m) in surface\r\nsediment samples from 49 box cores are used to define\r\nfour depth-controlled biofacies, which will aid in the paleoceanographic\r\nreconstruction of the Arctic Ocean. The shelf\r\nbiofacies contains a mix of shallow-water calcareous and\r\nagglutinated species from the continental shelves of the\r\nBeaufort and Chukchi Seas and reflects the variable sedimentologic\r\nand oceanic conditions of the Arctic shelves.\r\nThe intermediate-depth calcareous biofacies, found between\r\n500 and 1,100 meters water depth (mwd), contains abundant\r\nCassidulina teretis\r\n, presumably indicating the influence of\r\nAtlantic-derived water at this depth. In water depths\r\nbetween 1,100 and 3,500 m, a deepwater calcareous biofacies\r\ncontains abundant\r\nOridorsalis umbonatus\r\n. Below 3,500\r\nmwd, the deepwater mixed calcareous/agglutinated biofacies\r\nof the Canada, Makarov, and Eurasian Basins reflects a\r\ncombination of low productivity, dissolution, and sediment\r\ntransport.\r\nTwo other benthic foraminiferal species show specific\r\nenvironmental preferences.\r\nFontbotia wuellerstorfi\r\nhas a\r\ndepth distribution between 900 and 3,500 mwd, but maximum\r\nabundance occurs in the region of the Mendeleyev\r\nRidge. The elevated abundance of\r\nF. wuellerstorfi\r\nmay be\r\nrelated to increased food supply carried by a branch of\r\nAtlantic water that crosses the Lomonosov Ridge near the\r\nRussian Continental Shelf.\r\nTriloculina frigida\r\nis recognized\r\nto be a species preferring lower slope sediments commonly\r\ndisturbed by turbidites and bottom currents.\r\nINTRODUCTION\r\nAt present, our understanding of the Arctic Ocean lags\r\nbehind our understanding of other oceans, and fundamental\r\nquestions still exist about its role in and response to global\r\nclimate change. The Arctic Ocean is particularly sensitive to\r\nclimatic fluctuations because small changes in the amounts\r\nof sea-ice cover can alter global albedo and thermohaline\r\ncirculation (Aagaard and Carmack, 1994). Numerous questions\r\nstill exist regarding the nature and timing of paleoclimatic\r\nevents in the Arctic Ocean. In order to attempt to\r\nanswer some of these questions, baseline studies are imperative.\r\nThis report discusses the distribution of benthic foraminifers\r\nin surface sediment samples from 49 box cores\r\n(figs. 1 and 2, table 1) collected by the U.S. Geological Survey\r\n(USGS) with the assistance of the U.S. Coast Guard\r\n(USCG). A modern data set of benthic foraminiferal distribution\r\nis necessary for interpreting the paleoclimatic and\r\noceanographic history of the Arctic Ocean.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U. S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/b2164","usgsCitation":"Osterman, L.E., Poore, R.Z., and Foley, K.M., 1999, Distribution of benthic foraminifers (>125 um) in the surface sediments of the Arctic Ocean (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2164, iv, 28 p. ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/b2164.","productDescription":"iv, 28 p. ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":3408,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/b2164/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":167060,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db6486f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Osterman, Lisa E. osterman@usgs.gov","contributorId":3058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Osterman","given":"Lisa","email":"osterman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":214584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Poore, Richard Z. rpoore@usgs.gov","contributorId":345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poore","given":"Richard","email":"rpoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Z.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":214582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Foley, Kevin M. 0000-0003-1013-462X kfoley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1013-462X","contributorId":2543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foley","given":"Kevin","email":"kfoley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":214583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":21726,"text":"ofr99159 - 1999 - Determination of chemical-constituent loads during base-flow and storm-runoff conditions near historical mines in Prospect Gulch, upper Animas River watershed, southwestern Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-03T06:54:28","indexId":"ofr99159","displayToPublicDate":"1999-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-159","title":"Determination of chemical-constituent loads during base-flow and storm-runoff conditions near historical mines in Prospect Gulch, upper Animas River watershed, southwestern Colorado","docAbstract":"Prospect Gulch is a major source of iron, aluminum, zinc, and other metals to\r\nCement Creek. Information is needed to prioritize remediation and develop strategies for\r\ncleanup of historical abandoned mine sites in Prospect Gulch. Chemical-constituent\r\nloads were determined in Prospect Gulch, a high-elevation alpine stream in southwestern\r\nColorado that is affected by natural acid drainage from weathering of hydro-thermally\r\naltered igneous rock and acidic metal-laden discharge from historical abandoned mines.\r\nThe objective of the study was to identify metal sources to Prospect Gulch. A tracer\r\nsolution was injected into Prospect Gulch during water-quality sampling so that loading\r\nof geochemical constituents could be calculated throughout the study reach. A\r\nthunderstorm occurred during the tracer study, hence, metal loads were measured for\r\nstorm-runoff as well as for base flow. Data from different parts of the study reach\r\nrepresents different flow conditions. The beginning of the reach represents background\r\nconditions during base flow immediately upstream from the Lark and Henrietta mines\r\n(samples PG5 to PG45). Other samples were collected during storm runoff conditions\r\n(PG100 to PG291); during the first flush of metal runoff following the onset of rainfall\r\n(PG303 to PG504), and samples PG542 to PG700 were collected during low-flow\r\nconditions.\r\nDuring base-flow conditions, the percentage increase in loads for major\r\nconstituents and trace metals was more than an order of magnitude greater than the\r\ncorresponding 36 % increase in stream discharge. Within the study reach, the highest\r\npercentage increases for dissolved loads were 740 % for iron (Fe), 465 % for aluminum\r\n(Al), 500 % for lead (Pb), 380 % for copper (Cu), 100 % for sulfate (SO4), and 50 % for\r\nzinc (Zn). Downstream loads near the mouth of Prospect Gulch often greatly exceeded\r\nthe loads generated within the study reach but varied by metal species. For example, the\r\nstudy reach accounts for about 6 % of the dissolved-Fe load, 13 % of the dissolved-Al\r\nload, and 18 % of the dissolved-Zn load; but probably contributes virtually all of the\r\ndissolved Cu and Pb. The greatest downstream gains in dissolved trace-metal loads\r\noccurred near waste-rock dumps for the historical mines. The major sources of trace\r\nmetals to the study reach were related to mining. The major source of trace metals in the\r\nreach near the mouth is unknown, however is probably related to weathering of highly\r\naltered igneous rocks, although an unknown component of trace metals could be derived\r\nfrom mining sources The late-summer storm dramatically increased the loads of most dissolved and\r\ntotal constituents. The effects of the storm were divided into two distinct periods; (1) a\r\nfirst flush of higher metal concentrations that occurred soon after rainfall began and (2)\r\nthe peak discharge of the storm runoff. The first flush contained the highest loads of\r\ndissolved Fe, total and dissolved Zn, Cu, and Cd. The larger concentrations of Fe and\r\nsulfate in the first flush were likely derived from iron hydroxide minerals such as jarosite\r\nand schwertmanite, which are common on mine dumps in the Prospect Gulch drainage\r\nbasin. Peak storm runoff contained the highest measured loads of total Fe, and of total\r\nand dissolved calcium, magnesium, silica and Al, which were probably derived from\r\nweathering of igneous rocks and clay minerals in the drainage basin.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr99159","issn":"0566-8174","usgsCitation":"Wirt, L., Leib, K., Bove, D.J., Mast, M., Evans, J., and Meeker, G., 1999, Determination of chemical-constituent loads during base-flow and storm-runoff conditions near historical mines in Prospect Gulch, upper Animas River watershed, southwestern Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-159, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr99159.","productDescription":"39 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":154783,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1171,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/ofr-99-0159/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado ","otherGeospatial":"Prospect Gulch","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.072265625,\n 36.80928470205937\n ],\n [\n -104.1064453125,\n 36.80928470205937\n ],\n [\n -104.1064453125,\n 39.87601941962116\n ],\n [\n -109.072265625,\n 39.87601941962116\n ],\n [\n -109.072265625,\n 36.80928470205937\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667823","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wirt, Laurie","contributorId":13204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wirt","given":"Laurie","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leib, K.J.","contributorId":62236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leib","given":"K.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bove, D. J.","contributorId":70767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bove","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mast, M.A.","contributorId":67871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mast","given":"M.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Evans, J. B.","contributorId":77182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"J. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Meeker, G.P.","contributorId":34539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meeker","given":"G.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":6552,"text":"fs00799 - 1999 - Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:58","indexId":"fs00799","displayToPublicDate":"1999-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"007-99","title":"Colorado","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/fs00799","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1999, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 007-99, 1 folded sheet ([4] p.) : col. ill., col. maps ; 28 x 22 cm. col. ill., col. maps ;, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs00799.","productDescription":"1 folded sheet ([4] p.) : col. ill., col. maps ; 28 x 22 cm. col. ill., col. maps ;","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":126338,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_007_99.bmp"},{"id":833,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/FS/FS-007-99","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d4b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":24186,"text":"ofr9940 - 1999 - Alaska resource data file: Afognak quadrangle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-29T17:17:01.932603","indexId":"ofr9940","displayToPublicDate":"1999-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-40","title":"Alaska resource data file: Afognak quadrangle","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr9940","usgsCitation":"Pilcher, S.H., 1999, Alaska resource data file: Afognak quadrangle: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-40, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9940.","productDescription":"15 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":53329,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0040/ofr9940.pdf","size":"112 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 99-40"},{"id":156997,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0040/coverthb2.jpg"},{"id":404058,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_16276.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":1592,"rank":3,"type":{"id":18,"text":"Project Site"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P96MMRFD","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Afognak quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -154,\n 58\n ],\n [\n -151,\n 58\n ],\n [\n -151,\n 59\n ],\n [\n -154,\n 59\n ],\n [\n -154,\n 58\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db688673","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pilcher, S. H.","contributorId":41861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pilcher","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":24189,"text":"ofr9941 - 1999 - Alaska resource data file: Trinity Islands quadrangle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-21T18:46:46.898742","indexId":"ofr9941","displayToPublicDate":"1999-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-41","title":"Alaska resource data file: Trinity Islands quadrangle","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr9941","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Pilcher, S.H., 1999, Alaska resource data file: Trinity Islands quadrangle: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-41, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9941.","productDescription":"12 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1595,"rank":3,"type":{"id":18,"text":"Project Site"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P96MMRFD","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":389179,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_16270.htm"},{"id":53332,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0041/ofr9941.pdf","text":"Report","size":"102 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 99-41 PDF"},{"id":157132,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0041/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Trinity Islands quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -156,\n 56.0\n ],\n [\n -154,\n 56.0\n ],\n [\n -154,\n 57.0\n ],\n [\n -156,\n 57.0\n ],\n [\n -156,\n 56.0\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db688322","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pilcher, S. H.","contributorId":41861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pilcher","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":24347,"text":"ofr995 - 1999 - Calculation of coal resources using ARC/INFO and Earth Vision; methodology for the National Coal Resource Assessment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-09T12:46:49","indexId":"ofr995","displayToPublicDate":"1999-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-5","title":"Calculation of coal resources using ARC/INFO and Earth Vision; methodology for the National Coal Resource Assessment","docAbstract":"This report documents a comparison of two methods of resource calculation that are being used in the National Coal Resource Assessment project of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Tewalt (1998) discusses the history of using computer software packages such as GARNET (Graphic Analysis of Resources using Numerical Evaluation Techniques), GRASS (Geographic Resource Analysis Support System), and the vector-based geographic information system (GIS) ARC/INFO (ESRI, 1998) to calculate coal resources within the USGS. The study discussed here, compares resource calculations using ARC/INFO* (ESRI, 1998) and EarthVision (EV)* (Dynamic Graphics, Inc. 1997) for the coal-bearing John Henry Member of the Straight Cliffs Formation of Late Cretaceous age in the Kaiparowits Plateau of southern Utah. Coal resource estimates in the Kaiparowits Plateau using ARC/INFO are reported in Hettinger, and others, 1996.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr995","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Roberts, L., and Biewick, L., 1999, Calculation of coal resources using ARC/INFO and Earth Vision; methodology for the National Coal Resource Assessment: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-5, 7 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr995.","productDescription":"7 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156749,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0005/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53447,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0005/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":1708,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/ofr-99-0005/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f969a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roberts, L.N.","contributorId":71559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberts","given":"L.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Biewick, L.R.","contributorId":61067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Biewick","given":"L.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":24226,"text":"ofr9927 - 1999 - An interactive computer program to extrapolate the clay fraction distributions of truncated grain-size data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:05","indexId":"ofr9927","displayToPublicDate":"1999-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-27","title":"An interactive computer program to extrapolate the clay fraction distributions of truncated grain-size data","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr9927","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Poppe, L., and Eliason, A., 1999, An interactive computer program to extrapolate the clay fraction distributions of truncated grain-size data: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-27, 44 p. ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9927.","productDescription":"44 p. ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155552,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0027/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53360,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0027/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad7e4b07f02db68445f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poppe, L.J.","contributorId":72782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poppe","given":"L.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eliason, A.H.","contributorId":40972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eliason","given":"A.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":23941,"text":"ofr9932 - 1999 - Preliminary geologic map of the San Guillermo Mountain Quadrangle, Ventura County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-09T14:08:29","indexId":"ofr9932","displayToPublicDate":"1999-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-32","title":"Preliminary geologic map of the San Guillermo Mountain Quadrangle, Ventura County, California","docAbstract":"New 1:24,000-scale geologic mapping in the Cuyama 30' x 60' quadrangle, in support of the USGS Southern California Areal Mapping Project (SCAMP), is contributing to a more complete understanding of the stratigraphy, structure, and tectonic evolution of the complex junction area between the NW-striking Coast Ranges and EW-striking western Transverse Ranges. The 1:24,000-scale geologic map of the San Guillermo Mountain quadrangle is one of six contiguous 7 1/2' quadrangle geologic maps in the eastern part of the Cuyama map area being compiled for a more detailed portrayal and reevaluation of geologic structures and rock units shown on previous geologic maps of the area (e.g., Dibblee, 1979). The following observations and interpretations are based on the new San Guillermo Mountain geologic compilation: \r\n(1) The new geologic mapping in the northern part of the San Guillermo Mountain quadrangle allows for reinterpretation of fault architecture that bears on potential seismic hazards of the region. Previous mapping had depicted the eastern Big Pine fault (BPF) as a northeast-striking, sinistral strike-slip fault that extends for 30 km northeast of the Cuyama River to its intersection with the San Andreas fault (SAF). In contrast the new mapping indicates that the eastern BPF is a thrust fault that curves from a northeast strike to an east strike, where it is continuous with the San Guillermo thrust fault, and dies out further east about 15 km south of the SAF. This redefined segment of the BPF is a south-dipping, north-directed thrust, with dominantly dip slip components (rakes > 60 deg.), that places Middle Eocene marine rocks (Juncal and Matilija Formations) over Miocene through Pliocene(?) nonmarine rocks (Caliente, Quatal, and Morales Formations). Although a broad northeast-striking fault zone, exhibiting predominantly sinistral components of slip (rakes < 45 deg.), extends to the SAF as previously mapped, the fault zone does not connect to the southwest with the BPF but instead curves into a southwest-directed thrust fault system a short distance north of the BPF. Oligocene to Pliocene(?) nonmarine sedimentary and volcanic rocks of the Plush Ranch, Caliente, and Morales(?) Formations are folded on both sides of this fault zone (informally named the Lockwood Valley fault zone [LVFZ] on the map). South-southeast of the LVFZ overturned folds have southward vergence. Several moderate-displacement (< 50 m), mainly northwest-dipping thrust and reverse faults, exhibiting mostly sinistral-oblique slip, flank and strike parallel to the overturned folds. The fold vergence and thrust direction associated with the LVFZ is opposite to that of the redefined BPF, providing further evidence that the two faults are distinct structures. These revised fault interpretations bring into question earlier estimates of net sinistral strike-slip displacement of as much as 13 km along the originally defined eastern BPF, which assumed structural connection with the LVFZ. Also, despite sparse evidence for repeated Quaternary movement on the LVFZ (e.g., Dibblee, 1982), the potential for a large earthquake involving coseismic slip on both the LVFZ and the central BPF to the southwest may not be as great as once believed. (2) Several generations of Pleistocene and younger dissected alluvial terrace and fan deposits sit at various levels above modern stream channels throughout the quadrangle. These deposits give testimony to the recent uplift and related fault deformation that has occurred in the area. (3) A vast terrane of Eocene marine sedimentary rocks (Juncal and Matilija Formations and Cozy Dell Shale) exposed south of the Big Pine fault forms the southern two-thirds of the San Guillermo Mountain quadrangle. Benthic foraminifers collected from various shale intervals within the Juncal Formation indicate a Middle Eocene age (Ulatisian) for the entire formation (K. McDougall, unpub. data, 1998) and deposition at paleodepths as great as 2,000 m (i.e., lowe","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr9932","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Minor, S., 1999, Preliminary geologic map of the San Guillermo Mountain Quadrangle, Ventura County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-32, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9932.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154924,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1648,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/ofr-99-0032/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":109852,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22573.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"22573"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67ac75","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Minor, S.A.","contributorId":65047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Minor","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":24061,"text":"ofr9934 - 1999 - Geologic map of the Hart Peak quadrangle, California and Nevada: A digital database","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-14T14:47:54.029909","indexId":"ofr9934","displayToPublicDate":"1999-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-34","title":"Geologic map of the Hart Peak quadrangle, California and Nevada: A digital database","docAbstract":"The Hart Peak 1:24,000-scale quadrangle is located about 12 km southwest of Searchlight, Nevada, comprehending the eastern part of the Castle Peaks, California, and most of the Castle Mountains and the northwestern part of the Piute Range, in California and Nevada. The Castle Peaks area constitutes the northeasternmost part of the northeast-trending New York Mountains. The Castle Mountains straddle the California-Nevada State line between the Castle Peaks and north-trending Piute Range. The southern part of the Piute Range, near Civil War-era Fort Piute, adjoins Homer Mountain mapped by Spencer and Turner (1985). Adjacent and nearby 1:24,000-scale quadrangles include Castle Peaks, East of Grotto Hills, Homer Mountain, and Signal Hill, Calif.; also Tenmile Well and West of Juniper Mine, Calif. and Nev.\n\nThe oldest rocks in the Hart Peak quadrangle are Early Proterozoic gneiss and foliated granite that crop out in the northern part of the quadrangle on the eastern flank of the Castle Peaks and in the central Castle Mountains (Wooden and Miller, 1990). Paleozoic rocks are uncommon and Mesozoic granitic rocks are not found in the map area. The older rocks are overlain nonconformably by several km of Miocene volcanic deposits, which accumulated in local basins. Local dikes and domes are sources of most Miocene eruptive units; younger Miocene intrusions cut all the older rocks. Upper Miocene to Quaternary gravel deposits interfinger with the uppermost volcanic flows; the contact between volcanic rocks and the gravel deposits is unconformable locally. 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