In March of 1997, an airborne electromagnetic (AEM) survey of the Fort Huachuca Military Reservation and immediate surrounds was conducted. This survey was sponsored by the U.S. Army and contracted through the Geologic Division of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Data were gathered by Geoterrex-Dighem Ltd. of Ottawa, Canada. The survey aircraft is surrounded by a coil through which a large current pulse is passed. This pulse induces currents in the Earth which are recorded by a set of three mutually perpendicular coils towed in a \"bird\" about 100 m behind and below the aircraft. The bird also records the Earth's magnetic field. The system samples the Earth response to the electromagnetic pulse about every 16 m along the aircraft flight path. For this survey, the bulk of the flightpaths were spaced about 400 m apart and oriented in a northeast-southwest direction extending from bedrock over the Huachuca Mountains to bedrock over the Tombstone Hills. A preliminary report on the unprocessed data collected in the field was delivered to the U.S. Army by USGS in July 1997 (USGS Open-File Report 97–457). The final data were delivered in March, 1998 by the contractor to USGS and thence to the U.S. Army. The present report represents the final interpretive report from USGS.
The objectives of the survey were to: 1) define the structure of the San Pedro basin in the Sierra Vista-Fort Huachuca-Huachuca City area, including the depth and shape of the basin, and to delineate large faults that may be active within the basin fill and therefore important in the hydrologic regime; 2) define near surface and subsurface areas that contain a large volume fraction of silt and clay in the basin fill and which both reduce the volume of available storage for water and reduce the permeability of the aquifer; and 3) to evaluate the use of the time domain electromagnetic method in the southwest desert setting as a means of mapping depth to water.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr997B","usgsCitation":"Bultman, M.W., Gettings, M.E., and Wynn, J., 1999, An interpretation of the 1997 airborne electromagnetic (AEM) survey, Fort Huachuca vicinity, Cochise County, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-7, Executive Summary; Introduction; Chapter 1; Chapter 2; Chapter 3; Appendix 1; Appendix 2, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr997B.","productDescription":"Executive Summary; Introduction; Chapter 1; Chapter 2; Chapter 3; Appendix 1; Appendix 2","temporalStart":"1997-01-01","temporalEnd":"1997-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423388,"rank":10,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_16676.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":3150,"rank":9,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0007-b/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":284860,"rank":8,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0007-b/es.html"},{"id":284861,"rank":7,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0007-b/intro.html"},{"id":284863,"rank":5,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0007-b/wynn/ch2.html"},{"id":284864,"rank":4,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0007-b/bultman/ch3.html"},{"id":284865,"rank":3,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0007-b/wells.txt"},{"id":284866,"rank":2,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0007-b/data.zip"},{"id":164384,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr997B.jpg"},{"id":284862,"rank":6,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0007-b/gettings/ch1.html"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","county":"Cochise County","otherGeospatial":"Fort Huachuca","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -110.5,31.333333 ], [ -110.5,31.833333 ], [ -110.0,31.833333 ], [ -110.0,31.333333 ], [ -110.5,31.333333 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4c9be4b0b290850f1157","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bultman, Mark W. 0000-0001-8352-101X mbultman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8352-101X","contributorId":3348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bultman","given":"Mark","email":"mbultman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":207934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gettings, Mark E. 0000-0002-2910-2321 mgetting@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2910-2321","contributorId":602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gettings","given":"Mark","email":"mgetting@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":207932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wynn, Jeff 0000-0002-8102-3882 jwynn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8102-3882","contributorId":2803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wynn","given":"Jeff","email":"jwynn@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":207933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70020954,"text":"70020954 - 1999 - Salinity as a constraint on growth of oligohaline marsh macrophytes. I. Species variation in stress tolerance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-25T17:09:43","indexId":"70020954","displayToPublicDate":"1999-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":724,"text":"American Journal of Botany","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Salinity as a constraint on growth of oligohaline marsh macrophytes. I. Species variation in stress tolerance","docAbstract":"The effects of increased salinity on plant growth were examined in a greenhouse experiment with four species common to oligohaline marshes of the northern Gulf of Mexico: Eleocharis palustris, Panicum hemitomon, Sagittaria lancifolia, and Scirpus americanus. Effects of final salinity reached (6 or 12 g/L), salinity influx rate (3 d or 3 wk), and duration of exposure (1, 2, or 3 mo) were investigated. Sagittaria lancifolia was the first species to show visible signs of stress, with browning and curling of older leaf edges. The salt effect was delayed for 6-8 wk in P. hemitomon, but this species had the highest aboveground tissue mortality rate at 12 g/L as exposure continued. Final salt concentration affected all species to a greater degree than did salinity influx rate. No aboveground mortality occurred at 6 g/L, but growth suppression was apparent and varied with species. The magnitude of growth suppression in response to salinity increased for all species as the duration of exposure increased. Overall, we ranked the species as follows, in order from least to most salt tolerant: Panicum hemitomon < Sagittaria lancifolia < Eleocharis palustris < Scirpus americanus. This ranking reflects the field occurrence of these species along a gradient of increasing salinity in northern Gulf of Mexico coastal habitats from freshwater wetlands through oligohaline areas to mesohaline wetlands.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Journal of Botany","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","doi":"10.2307/2656700","issn":"00029122","usgsCitation":"Howard, R., and Mendelssohn, I., 1999, Salinity as a constraint on growth of oligohaline marsh macrophytes. I. Species variation in stress tolerance: American Journal of Botany, v. 86, no. 6, p. 785-794, https://doi.org/10.2307/2656700.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"785","endPage":"794","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479425,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2656700","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230241,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Barataria Basin, Lake Pontchartrain Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.098876953125,\n 29.602118211647333\n ],\n [\n -90.263671875,\n 29.520890519025357\n ],\n [\n -90.15380859375,\n 29.209713225868185\n ],\n [\n -89.80224609374999,\n 29.305561325527698\n ],\n [\n -89.7308349609375,\n 29.3965337391284\n ],\n [\n -90.0164794921875,\n 29.611670115197377\n ],\n [\n -90.098876953125,\n 29.602118211647333\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.263671875,\n 30.401306519203583\n ],\n [\n -90.670166015625,\n 30.29701788337205\n ],\n [\n -90.582275390625,\n 30.116621582819377\n ],\n [\n -90.19775390625,\n 29.92637417863576\n ],\n [\n -89.681396484375,\n 29.878755346037977\n ],\n [\n -89.6044921875,\n 30.15462722077597\n ],\n [\n -90.06591796875,\n 30.391830328088137\n ],\n [\n -90.2197265625,\n 30.401306519203583\n ],\n [\n -90.263671875,\n 30.401306519203583\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"86","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aafe5e4b0c8380cd8781b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Howard, R.J. 0000-0001-7264-4364","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7264-4364","contributorId":86452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howard","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":388094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mendelssohn, I.A.","contributorId":24317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mendelssohn","given":"I.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":21736,"text":"ofr98219B - 1999 - Digital geologic map database of the Payette National Forest and vicinity, Idaho","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":21736,"text":"ofr98219B - 1999 - Digital geologic map database of the Payette National Forest and vicinity, Idaho","indexId":"ofr98219B","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"chapter":"B","title":"Digital geologic map database of the Payette National Forest and vicinity, Idaho"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70711,"text":"pp1666 - 2021 - Geology of the Payette National Forest and vicinity, west-central Idaho","indexId":"pp1666","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"title":"Geology of the Payette National Forest and vicinity, west-central Idaho"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":70711,"text":"pp1666 - 2021 - Geology of the Payette National Forest and vicinity, west-central Idaho","indexId":"pp1666","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"title":"Geology of the Payette National Forest and vicinity, west-central Idaho"},"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-14T11:52:12.870509","indexId":"ofr98219B","displayToPublicDate":"1999-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-219","chapter":"B","title":"Digital geologic map database of the Payette National Forest and vicinity, Idaho","docAbstract":"The geology of the Payette National Forest and vicinity, Idaho (Fig. 1), was mapped and compiled by Karen Lund between 1992 and 1996. The geologic data for the digital map are from original mapping as well as compilation by Lund of numerous sources of published and unpublished geologic maps that are cited in the section 'Bibliography of Geologic Map Sources.' The geology was compiled onto 1:100,000-scale topographic base maps for input into a geographic information system (GIS). The digital geologic map database can be queried in many ways to produce a variety of geologic maps. Digital base map data files are not included: they may be obtained from a variety of commercial and government sources. This database is not meant to be used or displayed at any scale larger than 1:100,000 (e.g., 1:62,500 or 1:24,000). This open-file report describes the geologic units and the methods used to convert the geologic map data into a digital format and documents the file structures. We wish to thank Gregory N. Green of the U.S. Geological Survey for reviewing the digital GIS files.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","doi":"10.3133/ofr98219B","issn":"0566-8174","usgsCitation":"Lund, K., Derkey, P.D., Brandt, T.R., and Oblad, J., 1999, Digital geologic map database of the Payette National Forest and vicinity, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-219, 45 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98219B.","productDescription":"45 p.","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":51250,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0219b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":1176,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/ofr-98-0219-b/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":153709,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0219b/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Payette National Forest and vicinity","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.57592773437499,\n 44.34742225636393\n ],\n [\n -114.85107421875,\n 44.34742225636393\n ],\n [\n -114.85107421875,\n 45.49094569262732\n ],\n [\n -116.57592773437499,\n 45.49094569262732\n ],\n [\n -116.57592773437499,\n 44.34742225636393\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d4a4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lund, Karen 0000-0002-4249-3582 klund@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4249-3582","contributorId":1235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lund","given":"Karen","email":"klund@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":185464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Derkey, P. D.","contributorId":55035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Derkey","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brandt, T. R.","contributorId":77553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brandt","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Oblad, J.R.","contributorId":59473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oblad","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":3216,"text":"wsp2354B - 1999 - Surface-water-quality assessment of the Yakima River basin, Washington. Distribution of pesticides and other organic compounds in water, sediment, and aquatic biota, 1987-91: With a section on dissolved organic carbon in the Yakima River basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-06T21:47:03.442364","indexId":"wsp2354B","displayToPublicDate":"1999-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2354","chapter":"B","title":"Surface-water-quality assessment of the Yakima River basin, Washington. Distribution of pesticides and other organic compounds in water, sediment, and aquatic biota, 1987-91: With a section on dissolved organic carbon in the Yakima River basin","docAbstract":"During 1987-91, chemical data were collected for pesticides and other organic compounds in surface water, streambed sediment, suspended sediment, agricultural soil, and aquatic biota to determine the occurrence, distribution, transport, and fate of organic compounds in the Yakima River basin in Washington. The report describes the chemical and physical properties of the compounds most frequently detected in the water column; organochlorine compounds including DDT, organophosphorus compounds, thiocarbamate and sulfite compounds, acetamide and triazine compounds, and chlorophenoxy-acetic acid and benzoic compounds. Concentrations are evaluated relative to chronic-toxicity water quality criteria and guidelines for the protection of human health and freshwater aquatic life.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp2354B","usgsCitation":"Rinella, J.F., McKenzie, S.W., Crawford, J.K., Foreman, W., Fuhrer, G.J., Morace, J.L., and Aiken, G.R., 1999, Surface-water-quality assessment of the Yakima River basin, Washington. Distribution of pesticides and other organic compounds in water, sediment, and aquatic biota, 1987-91: With a section on dissolved organic carbon in the Yakima River basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2354, x, 180 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2354B.","productDescription":"x, 180 p.","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":30208,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2354b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138935,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2354b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":410123,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_19291.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Yakima River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.493,\n 47.5833\n ],\n [\n -121.493,\n 46\n ],\n [\n -119.217,\n 46\n ],\n [\n -119.217,\n 47.5833\n ],\n [\n -121.493,\n 47.5833\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68a4ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rinella, Joseph F. jrinella@usgs.gov","contributorId":1371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rinella","given":"Joseph","email":"jrinella@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":146452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKenzie, Stuart W.","contributorId":27841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKenzie","given":"Stuart","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Crawford, J. 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Kubat Government #1 well, San Juan County, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-24T16:16:28.723668","indexId":"ofr98591","displayToPublicDate":"1999-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-591","title":"Non-zero offset vertical seismic profile data recorded using a downhole marine airgun source and vertical- and horizontal-component surface geophones; Edward J. Kubat Government #1 well, San Juan County, Utah","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
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Risk is defined as chance of failure or loss. Exploration is an economic activity involving risk and uncertainty, so risk also must be defined in an economic context. Risk reduction can be addressed in three fundamental ways: (1) increasing the number of examinations; (2) increasing success probabilities; and (3) changing success probabilities per test by learning. These provide the framework for examining exploration risk. First, the number of prospects examined is increased, such as by joint venturing, thereby reducing chance of gambler's ruin. Second, success probability is increased by exploring for deposit types more likely to be economic, such as those with a high proportion of world-class deposits. For example, in looking for 100+ ton (>3 million oz) Au deposits, porphyry Cu-Au, or epithermal quartz alunite Au types require examining fewer deposits than Comstock epithermal vein and most other deposit types. For porphyry copper exploration, a strong positive relationship between area of sulfide minerals and deposits' contained Cu can be used to reduce exploration risk by only examining large sulfide systems. In some situations, success probabilities can be increased by examining certain geologic environments. Only 8% of kuroko massive sulfide deposits are world class, but success chances can be increased to about 15% by looking in settings containing sediments and rhyolitic rocks. It is possible to reduce risk of loss during mining by sequentially developing and expanding a mine—thus reducing capital exposed at early stages and reducing present value of risked capital. Because this strategy is easier to apply in some deposit types than in others, the strategy can affect deposit types sought. Third, risk is reduced by using prior information and by changing the independence of trials assumption, that is, by learning. Bayes' formula is used to change the probability of existence of the deposit sought on the basis of successive exploration stages. Perhaps the most important way to reduce exploration risk is to employ personnel with the appropriate experience and yet who are learning.
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II. Salt pulses and recovery potential","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-29T07:05:01","indexId":"70020877","displayToPublicDate":"1999-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":724,"text":"American Journal of Botany","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Salinity as a constraint on growth of oligohaline marsh macrophytes. II. Salt pulses and recovery potential","docAbstract":"The ability of common oligohaline marsh macrophytes of the northern Gulf of Mexico coast to recover from pulses of increased salinity was investigated in a greenhouse experiment with Eleocharis palustris, Panicum hemitomon, Sagittaria lancifolia, and Scirpus americanus monocultures. Components of salinity pulses applied were final salinity reached (6 or 12 g/L), salinity influx rate (3 d or 3 wk), and duration of exposure (1, 2, or 3 mo). After each exposure period, we placed plants into freshwater until the end of the 120-d experiment to determine recovery potential. The four species varied in their ability to recover from the salinity pulses. Within a species, recovery varied with final salinity level and duration of exposure, and to a lesser extent with salinity influx rate. Scirpus americanus, growth of which was stimulated by <3 mo of exposure to 6 g/L, was able to recover even under the most extreme conditions of exposure to 12 g/L salinity for 3 mo. Ability to recover decreased with increased salinity and increased duration of exposure for the remaining three species. Recovery of specific aspects of growth was also suppressed in these species by a rapid salinity influx rate compared to a slow influx rate. The complex variations in recovery patterns displayed by the different species may lead to changes in species dominance following the short-term salinity pulses that can occur during storm events, which in turn may affect marsh plant community composition and structure.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/2656701","issn":"00029122","usgsCitation":"Howard, R., and Mendelssohn, I., 1999, Salinity as a constraint on growth of oligohaline marsh macrophytes. II. 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This map was originally published as a paper product in 1999. It has been converted to GIS-based digital form. This work is part of a project being lead by the U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Discipline, Virginia District, to investigate the geologic framework and groundwater resources of Frederick County as well as other areas in the northern Shenandoah Valley of Virginia and West Virginia. For more information about the Project see: http://geology.er.usgs.gov/eespteam/Karst/index.html for Geologic Discipline efforts and http://va.water.usgs.gov/va134/index.htm for Water Resources Discipline efforts.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/gq1803","usgsCitation":"Orndorff, R.C., Epstein, J., and McDowell, R., 1999, Geologic map of the Middletown quadrangle, Frederick, Shenandoah, and Warren Counties, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle 1803, 1 Plate: 53.00 × 35.00 inches; GIS Data Files, https://doi.org/10.3133/gq1803.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 53.00 × 35.00 inches; GIS Data Files","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":180343,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":10517,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gq/gq-1803/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":109029,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_19293.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"19293"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Virginia","county":"Frederick County, Shenandoah County, Warren County","otherGeospatial":"Middletown quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -78.375,\n 39\n ],\n [\n -78.375,\n 39.125\n ],\n [\n -78.25,\n 39.125\n ],\n [\n -78.25,\n 39\n ],\n [\n -78.375,\n 39\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae6e4b07f02db68b72b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Orndorff, Randall C. 0000-0002-8956-5803 rorndorf@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8956-5803","contributorId":2739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orndorff","given":"Randall","email":"rorndorf@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":501,"text":"Office of Science Quality and Integrity","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":267249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Epstein, Jack Burton","contributorId":64625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Epstein","given":"Jack Burton","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":267250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McDowell, Robert C.","contributorId":88345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDowell","given":"Robert C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":267251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70217605,"text":"70217605 - 1999 - Book review of Erosion and Sedimentation by P.Y. 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","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0037-0738(99)00006-8","usgsCitation":"Major, J.J., 1999, Book review of Erosion and Sedimentation by P.Y. Julien: Sedimentary Geology, v. 125, no. 3/4, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0037-0738(99)00006-8.","productDescription":"3 p.","endPage":"243","numberOfPages":"245","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":382502,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"125","issue":"3/4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Major, Jon J. 0000-0003-2449-4466 jjmajor@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2449-4466","contributorId":439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Major","given":"Jon","email":"jjmajor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":808819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70021618,"text":"70021618 - 1999 - Geology of the Thaumasia region, Mars: Plateau development, valley origins, and magmatic evolution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-23T17:16:02.222875","indexId":"70021618","displayToPublicDate":"1999-05-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3083,"text":"Planetary and Space Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology of the Thaumasia region, Mars: Plateau development, valley origins, and magmatic evolution","docAbstract":"We have constructed the complex geologic history of the Thaumasia region of Mars on the basis of detailed geologic mapping and relative-age dating of rock units and structure. The Thaumasia plateau dominates the region and consists of high lava plains partly surrounded by rugged highlands, mostly of Noachian and Hesperian age. Long-lived faulting centered near Syria Planum and at lesser sites produced radiating narrow grabens during the Noachian through Early Amazonian and concentric wrinkle ridges during the Late Noachian and Early Hesperian. Fault activity peaked during the Noachian and waned substantially during Late Hesperian and Amazonian time. Volcanism on the Thaumasia plateau was particularly active in comparison with other martian cratered highlands, resulting in fourteen volcanoes and numerous outcrops of smooth, ridged, and lobate plains materials. A particularly extensive set of overlapping lava-flow units was emplaced sequentially from Thaumasia Planum to Syria Planum, spanning from the Late Noachian to the Late Hesperian; lobate flows succeeded smooth flow at the beginning of the Late Hesperian. Deep crustal intrusion and a thickened, buoyant crust may have caused the uplift of the plateau during the Noachian and Early Hesperian, resulting in outward-verging fold-and-thrust plateau margins. This structural style appears similar to that of the young ranges of the Rocky Mountains in the western U.S. Within the plateau, several sites of volcanotectonic activity and valley erosion may be underlain by large and perhaps long-lived magmatic intrusions. One such site occurs at the headland of Warrego Valles. Here, at least two episodes of valley dissection from the Noachian to Early Hesperian occurred during the formation of two nearby rift systems. The site also is a locus of intersection for regional narrow grabens during the Late Noachian and Early Hesperian. However, at the site, such faults diverge or terminate, which suggests that a resistant body of rock occurs there. The overall volcanotectonic history at Thaumasia fits into a model for Tharsis as a whole in which long-lived Syria Planum-centered activity is ringed by a few significant, shorter-lived centers of activity like the Thaumasia plateau. Valley formation, like tectonism in the region, peaked during the Noachian and declined substantially during the Hesperian and Amazonian. Temporal and spatial associations of single erosional valleys and valley networks with volcanoes, rift systems, and large impact craters suggest that the majority of valleys formed by hydrothermal, deformational, and seismic-induced processes. The origin of scattered, mainly Noachian valleys is more conjectural; possible explanations include local precipitation, seismic disturbance of aquifers, or unrecognized intrusions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0032-0633(98)00141-X","issn":"00320633","usgsCitation":"Dohm, J.M., and Tanaka, K.L., 1999, Geology of the Thaumasia region, Mars: Plateau development, valley origins, and magmatic evolution: Planetary and Space Science, v. 47, no. 3-4, p. 411-431, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-0633(98)00141-X.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"411","endPage":"431","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":491465,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0032-0633(98)00141-x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":229395,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a26a2e4b0c8380cd59218","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dohm, J. M.","contributorId":102150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dohm","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tanaka, K. L.","contributorId":31394,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tanaka","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185235,"text":"70185235 - 1999 - Response to comment on \"Methane as a product of chloroethene biodegradation under methanogenic conditions\"","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-19T10:27:35","indexId":"70185235","displayToPublicDate":"1999-05-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Response to comment on \"Methane as a product of chloroethene biodegradation under methanogenic conditions\"","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es9920112","usgsCitation":"Bradley, P.M., and Chapelle, F.H., 1999, Response to comment on \"Methane as a product of chloroethene biodegradation under methanogenic conditions\": Environmental Science & Technology, v. 33, no. 13, p. 2304-2304, https://doi.org/10.1021/es9920112.","productDescription":"1 p. ","startPage":"2304","endPage":"2304","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337757,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-05-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58cba424e4b0849ce97dc7a4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bradley, Paul M. 0000-0001-7522-8606 pbradley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7522-8606","contributorId":361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"Paul","email":"pbradley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":684823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chapelle, Francis H. chapelle@usgs.gov","contributorId":1350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapelle","given":"Francis","email":"chapelle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":684824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}