No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs06599","usgsCitation":"Swarzenski, P.W., 1999, Examining freshwater-saltwater interface processes with four radium isotopes: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 065-99, 1 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs06599.","productDescription":"1 p.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":34195,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1999/0065/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"932 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 065-99"},{"id":121535,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1999/0065/report-thumb.jpg"}],"contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
We undertook a demographic analysis of the Yellowstone grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) to identify critical environmental factors controlling grizzly bear vital rates, and thereby to help evaluate the effectiveness of past management and to identify future conservation issues. We concluded that, within the limits of uncertainty implied by the available data and our methods of data analysis, the size of the Yellowstone grizzly bear population changed little from 1975 to 1995. We found that grizzly bear mortality rates are about double in years when the whitebark pine crop fails than in mast years, and that the population probably declines when the crop fails and increases in mast years. Our model suggests that natural variation in whitebark pine crop size over the last two decades explains more of the perceived fluctuations in Yellowstone grizzly population size than do other variables.
Our analysis used demographic data from 202 radio-telemetered bears followed between 1975 and 1992 and accounted for whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) crop failures during 1993–1995. We used a maximum likelihood method to estimate demographic parameters and used the Akaike Information Criteria to judge the significance of various independent variables. We identified no independent variables correlated with grizzly bear fecundity. In order of importance, we found that grizzly bear mortality rates are correlated with season, whitebark pine crop size (mast vs. nonmast year), sex, management-trapping status (never management-trapped vs. mangement-trapped once or more), and age. The mortality rate of bears that were management-trapped at least once was almost double that of bears that were never management-trapped, implying a source/sink (i.e., never management-trapped/management-trapped) structure. The rate at which bears move between the source and sink, estimated as the management-trapping rate (h), is critical to estimating the finite rate of increase, λ͞. We quantified h by estimating the rate at which bears that have never been management-trapped are management-trapped for the first time. It differed across seasons, was higher in nonmast than mast years, and varied with age. We calculate that λ͞ = 1.00 from 1975 to 1983 (four mast and five nonmast years) and 1.02 from 1984 to 1995 (seven mast and five nonmast years). Overall, we find that λ͞ = 1.01 ± 0.04 (mean ± 1 se) from 1975 to 1995.
Our models suggest that future management should concentrate on the threats to whitebark pine, such as those posed by white pine blister rust, global warming, and fire suppression. As is currently widely recognized by Yellowstone land managers, our model also suggests that future management must compensate for the increased grizzly bear mortality that is likely to be caused by an increasing number of humans in Yellowstone.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/0012-9658(1999)080[0957:DOTYGB]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Pease, C.M., and Mattson, D.J., 1999, Demography of the Yellowstone grizzly bears: Ecology, v. 80, no. 3, p. 957-975, https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(1999)080[0957:DOTYGB]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"957","endPage":"975","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133511,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Montana, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.10748291015625,\n 44.12702800650004\n ],\n [\n -109.98138427734375,\n 44.1289994645142\n ],\n [\n -109.98687744140624,\n 44.33367180085156\n ],\n [\n -110.03631591796875,\n 44.34152959888481\n ],\n [\n -110.04730224609375,\n 44.3906169787868\n ],\n [\n -110.00885009765625,\n 44.422011314236634\n ],\n [\n -109.98138427734375,\n 44.50825885600572\n ],\n [\n -110.028076171875,\n 44.52196830685208\n ],\n [\n -110.1104736328125,\n 44.50825885600572\n ],\n [\n -110.12969970703125,\n 44.53371669765759\n ],\n [\n -110.07476806640625,\n 44.56503415498704\n ],\n [\n -110.0225830078125,\n 44.58655513209543\n ],\n [\n -109.84954833984375,\n 44.61784415342067\n ],\n [\n -109.80010986328124,\n 44.71161010858431\n ],\n [\n -109.84405517578125,\n 44.75258502192499\n ],\n [\n -109.90997314453125,\n 44.813018740612776\n ],\n [\n -109.9127197265625,\n 44.89868701215517\n ],\n [\n -109.9346923828125,\n 44.97839955494438\n ],\n [\n -109.96490478515625,\n 45.017243565102596\n ],\n [\n -110.00885009765625,\n 45.06770141120143\n ],\n [\n -110.06378173828125,\n 45.05412098425883\n ],\n [\n -110.13519287109374,\n 45.042478050891546\n ],\n [\n -110.69549560546874,\n 45.04053733158769\n ],\n [\n -110.775146484375,\n 45.079339209738094\n ],\n [\n -110.82183837890625,\n 45.06964120886863\n ],\n [\n -110.86578369140625,\n 45.04635929200553\n ],\n [\n -110.89874267578124,\n 45.0502402697946\n ],\n [\n -110.928955078125,\n 45.08127861241874\n ],\n [\n -110.9619140625,\n 45.09679146394738\n ],\n [\n -111.005859375,\n 45.10842333769411\n ],\n [\n -111.0333251953125,\n 45.10260769705975\n ],\n [\n -111.060791015625,\n 45.10066901851988\n ],\n [\n -111.0992431640625,\n 45.11811475546806\n ],\n [\n -111.126708984375,\n 45.120052841530516\n ],\n [\n -111.15966796875,\n 45.089035564831036\n ],\n [\n -111.181640625,\n 45.059941562221226\n ],\n [\n -111.11846923828125,\n 45.01918507438176\n ],\n [\n -111.10748291015625,\n 44.12702800650004\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"80","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab2e4b07f02db66ec86","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pease, C. M.","contributorId":44507,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pease","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mattson, David J. david_mattson@usgs.gov","contributorId":3662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mattson","given":"David","email":"david_mattson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":323414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185334,"text":"70185334 - 1999 - Evaluations of plastic mesh tubes for protecting conifer seedlings from pocket gophers in three western states","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-19T13:31:15.428362","indexId":"70185334","displayToPublicDate":"1999-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3744,"text":"Western Journal of Applied Forestry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluations of plastic mesh tubes for protecting conifer seedlings from pocket gophers in three western states","docAbstract":"The efficacy of plastic mesh tubes for protecting conifer seedlings from pocket gopher damage was evaluated on three national forest lands in three states. In each area, cohorts of 640 protected seedlings and 640 unprotected seedlings (3,840 total) were individually monitored for damage, survival, and growth twice each summer for 5 yr after planting. Substantial differences were found between protected and unprotected seedlings for time until occurrence of damage, survival time, proportion damaged and proportion surviving, as well as differences in growth. Over the three forest study sites, the proportion of unprotected seedlings damaged ranged from 60-89%, whereas the proportion of protected seedlings damaged after 5 yr ranged from 18-27%. The proportion of unprotected seedlings that died of gopher damage over 5 yr ranged from 46-64%, versus 1-19% for protected seedlings. Height growth was 25% greater for protected seedlings. Even when only undamaged seedlings were considered, protected seedlings exhibited superior height growth, possibly due to a more favorable microclimate provided by the tubes. These results were reflected in the higher and more uniform stocking rates for protected seedlings.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of American Foresters","doi":"10.1093/wjaf/14.2.86","usgsCitation":"Engeman, R., Anthony, R.M., Barnes, V., Krupa, H.W., and Evans, J., 1999, Evaluations of plastic mesh tubes for protecting conifer seedlings from pocket gophers in three western states: Western Journal of Applied Forestry, v. 14, no. 2, p. 86-90, https://doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/14.2.86.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"86","endPage":"90","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":501366,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/14.2.86","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":337877,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d0ea1be4b0236b68f67377","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Engeman, Richard M.","contributorId":39301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engeman","given":"Richard M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anthony, Richard M.","contributorId":181903,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anthony","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barnes, Victor G.","contributorId":189568,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barnes","given":"Victor G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Krupa, Heather W.","contributorId":181901,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Krupa","given":"Heather","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":12749,"text":"USDA APHIS National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":685218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Evans, James","contributorId":83570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":5500,"text":"fs03699 - 1999 - Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:45","indexId":"fs03699","displayToPublicDate":"1999-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"036-99","title":"Ohio","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/fs03699","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1999, Ohio: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 036-99, 1 folded sheet ([4] p.) : col. ill., col. maps ; 28 cm. col. ill., col. maps ;, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs03699.","productDescription":"1 folded sheet ([4] p.) : col. ill., col. maps ; 28 cm. col. ill., col. maps ;","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":677,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/FS/FS-036-99/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":117649,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_036_99.bmp"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af4e4b07f02db691d46","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70204854,"text":"70204854 - 1999 - The effects of global climate change on seagrasses","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-20T09:00:51","indexId":"70204854","displayToPublicDate":"1999-03-24T08:55:20","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":861,"text":"Aquatic Botany","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effects of global climate change on seagrasses","docAbstract":"The increasing rate of global climate change seen in this century, and predicted to accelerate into the next, will significantly impact the Earth's oceans. In this review, we examine previously published seagrass research through a lens of global climate change in order to consider the potential effects on the world's seagrasses. A primary effect of increased global temperature on seagrasses will be the alteration of growth rates and other physiological functions of the plants themselves. The distribution of seagrasses will shift as a result of increased temperature stress and changes in the patterns of sexual reproduction. Indirect temperature effects may include plant community changes as a result of increased eutrophication and changes in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events. The direct effects of sea level rise on the coastal oceans will be to increase water depths, change tidal variation (both mean tide level and tidal prism), alter water movement, and increase seawater intrusion into estuaries and rivers. A major impact of all these changes on seagrasses and tidal freshwater plants will be a redistribution of existing habitats. The intrusion of ocean water into formerly fresh or brackish water areas will directly affect estuarine plant distribution by changing conditions at specific locations, causing some plants to relocate in order to stay within their tolerance zones and allowing others to expand their distribution inland. Distribution changes will result from the effects of salinity change on seed germination, propagule formation, photosynthesis, growth and biomass. Also, some plant communities may decline or be eliminated as a result of increased disease activity under more highly saline conditions. Increased water depth, which reduces the amount of light reaching existing seagrass beds, will directly reduce plant productivity where plants are light limited. Likewise, increases in water motion and tidal circulation will decrease the amount of light reaching the plants by increasing turbidity or by stimulating the growth of epiphytes. Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide will directly elevate the amount of CO2 in coastal waters. In areas where seagrasses are carbon limited, this may increase primary production, although whether this increase will be sustained with long-term CO2 enrichment is uncertain. The impact of increases in CO2 will vary with species and environmental circumstances, but will likely include species distribution by altering the competition between seagrass species as well as between seagrass and algal populations. The reaction of seagrasses to UV-B radiation may range from inhibition of photosynthetic activity, as seen for terrestrial plants and marine algae, to the increased metabolic cost of producing UV-B blocking compounds within plant tissue. The effects of UV-B radiation will likely be greatest in the tropics and in southern oceans. There is every reason to believe that, as with the predicted terrestrial effects of global climate change, impacts to seagrasses will be great. The changes that will occur in seagrass communities are difficult to predict; our assessment clearly points out the need for research directed toward the impact of global climate change on seagrasses.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0304-3770(98)00117-X","usgsCitation":"Short, F.T., and Neckles, H.A., 1999, The effects of global climate change on seagrasses: Aquatic Botany, v. 63, no. 3-4, p. 169-196, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3770(98)00117-X.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"169","endPage":"196","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":366676,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"63","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Short, Frederick T.","contributorId":72078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Short","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":768756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Neckles, Hilary A. 0000-0002-5662-2314 hneckles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5662-2314","contributorId":3821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neckles","given":"Hilary","email":"hneckles@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":768757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70209194,"text":"70209194 - 1999 - Development of an integrated earthquake early warning system in Taiwan - Case for the Hualien area earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-23T10:46:11","indexId":"70209194","displayToPublicDate":"1999-03-23T10:26:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3532,"text":"Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Development of an integrated earthquake early warning system in Taiwan - Case for the Hualien area earthquakes","docAbstract":"In order to explore the feasibility of an earthquake early warning system for Taipei, two prototype seismic early warning systems have been implemented in Hualien, about 120 km away. The Taiwan Rapid Earthquake Information Release (TREIRS) can routinely determine earthquake location and magnitude in about one minute after the earthquake occurred. However, this reporting time is too long for earthquake early warning purposes. A dense, real-time monitoring system composed of 8 strong-motion stations was installed in Hualien area for testing earthquake early warning capability. For the 27 earthquakes occurred during August 1998 to April 1999, this system has successfully reported earthquake information in about 18 sec after the origin time. Therefore, it provided about 15 sec of early warning time before shear waves arrival in the Taipei urban area. Based on our experience of these two systems, we are encouraged to proceed forward in the development of an earthquake early warning system.
","language":"English","publisher":"CGU","doi":"10.3319/TAO.1999.10.4.719(T)","usgsCitation":"Wu, Y., Chung, J., Shin, T., Hsiao, N., Tsai, Y., Lee, W., and Teng, T., 1999, Development of an integrated earthquake early warning system in Taiwan - Case for the Hualien area earthquakes: Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, v. 10, no. 4, p. 719-736, https://doi.org/10.3319/TAO.1999.10.4.719(T).","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"719","endPage":"736","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479430,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3319/tao.1999.10.4.719(t)","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":373444,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Taiwan","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[121.77782,24.39427],[121.17563,22.79086],[120.74708,21.97057],[120.22008,22.81486],[120.10619,23.55626],[120.69468,24.53845],[121.49504,25.29546],[121.95124,24.9976],[121.77782,24.39427]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Taiwan\"}}]}","volume":"10","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wu, Y.","contributorId":79312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wu","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":785342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chung, J.","contributorId":100971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chung","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":785343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shin, Tzay-Chyn","contributorId":199137,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shin","given":"Tzay-Chyn","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":785344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hsiao, Nai-Chi","contributorId":223526,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hsiao","given":"Nai-Chi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":785345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tsai, Y.B.","contributorId":87722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tsai","given":"Y.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":785346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lee, W.H.K.","contributorId":35303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"W.H.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":785347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Teng, Ta-Liang","contributorId":119512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Teng","given":"Ta-Liang","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":785348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70175095,"text":"70175095 - 1999 - Sedimentation in the delta of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-28T15:23:35","indexId":"70175095","displayToPublicDate":"1999-03-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Sedimentation in the delta of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings, 4th biennial state of the estuary conference","conferenceTitle":"4th biennial state of the estuary conference","conferenceDate":"March 17-19, 1999","conferenceLocation":"San Francisco, Calif.","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Dinehart, R., and Schoellhamer, D., 1999, Sedimentation in the delta of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers, in Proceedings, 4th biennial state of the estuary conference, San Francisco, Calif., March 17-19, 1999, 75 p.","productDescription":"75 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325801,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"579b2cb4e4b0589fa1c980d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dinehart, R.L.","contributorId":54610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dinehart","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schoellhamer, D. H. 0000-0001-9488-7340","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9488-7340","contributorId":85624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoellhamer","given":"D. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021610,"text":"70021610 - 1999 - The origin and paleoecologic significance of the trace fossil Asteriadtes in the Pennsylvanian of Kansas and Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-01T16:57:42.967541","indexId":"70021610","displayToPublicDate":"1999-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2614,"text":"Lethaia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The origin and paleoecologic significance of the trace fossil Asteriadtes in the Pennsylvanian of Kansas and Missouri","docAbstract":"The trace fossil Asteriacites, recorded in Cambrian to Recent shallow- and deep-marine facies, is traditionally interpreted as the resting trace of asterozoans. Well-preserved specimens of A. lumbricalis are abundant in Pennsylvanian (Upper Carboniferous) shallow- and marginal-marine siliciclastic deposits of eastern Kansas and western Missouri. Detailed morphologic analysis of these specimens suggests that they record the activities of mobile epifaunal ophiuroids. Evidence of a brittle star (ophiuroid) producer rather than sea star (asteroid) is provided by (1) trace-fossil morphologic features reflecting the anatomy of the producer (e.g., well-differentiated central structure, slender vermiform arms) and ophiuroid burrowing technique (e.g., proximal arm expansion, arm branching), and (2) mode of occurrence (e.g., gregarious behavior, horizontal and vertical repetition). Vertical and horizontal repetition produces complex aggregates of A. lumbricalis that are interpreted either as escape structures (fugichnia) or as feeding structures, respectively. Ophiura texturata is proposed as a modern analogue for the A. lumbricalis producer, based on inferred life habit and feeding behavior. Asteriacites lumbricalis is present in two different intertidal trace-fossil assemblages. The first assemblage is characterized by high diversity and records tidal flats developed outside of embayments under normal marine conditions. The second assemblage consists of A. lumbricalis together with a few other ichnotaxa and represents a depauperate association that developed in restricted tidal flats within an embayment or estuarine setting. This challenges the conventional view of Asteriacites as a normal-marine salinity indicator. Some echinoderms, and particularly asterozoans, penetrate and inhabit modern environments of depressed salinity. The presence of Asteriacites in Pennsylvanian marginal-marine facies of Kansas and Missouri provides evidence that ophiuroids had adapted to brackish-water conditions by the late Paleozoic.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1502-3931.1999.tb00577.x","issn":"00241164","usgsCitation":"Mángano, M., Buatois, L., West, R., and Maples, C., 1999, The origin and paleoecologic significance of the trace fossil Asteriadtes in the Pennsylvanian of Kansas and Missouri: Lethaia, v. 32, no. 1, p. 17-30, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3931.1999.tb00577.x.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"17","endPage":"30","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229253,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas, Missouri","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.78743457517571,\n 40.57055423435091\n ],\n [\n -95.42548524020488,\n 39.994251126739925\n ],\n [\n -96.53059573719439,\n 38.7508393332237\n ],\n [\n -96.69469650025734,\n 37.05229924209462\n ],\n [\n -95.25659749165769,\n 36.982917252089536\n ],\n [\n -95.1890600833755,\n 38.82938607710616\n ],\n [\n -94.29150626451565,\n 40.57055423435091\n ],\n [\n -95.78743457517571,\n 40.57055423435091\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"32","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bae66e4b08c986b324082","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mángano, M. Gabriela","contributorId":57619,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mángano","given":"M. Gabriela","affiliations":[{"id":35641,"text":"Kansas Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":390467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buatois, L.A.","contributorId":40740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buatois","given":"L.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"West, R.R.","contributorId":37491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"West","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Maples, C.G.","contributorId":7425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maples","given":"C.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70162426,"text":"70162426 - 1999 - Herpetology in the federal government: a personal view","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-17T14:10:40","indexId":"70162426","displayToPublicDate":"1999-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5045,"text":"Herpetologists' League Communications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Herpetology in the federal government: a personal view","docAbstract":"In late 1976, I received a phone call from an ichthyological colleague who asked if I would be willing to take a temporary position in the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's (FWS) Office of Endangered Species (OES) in Washington. They had a backlog of proposed and final rules that needed to be finished, and they thought that a 30-day stint by a temporary herpetologist would clear the slate. Thus began a 23-year odyssey through the sometimes bizarre, sometimes rewarding, sometimes discouraging, but always different federal government. Fortunately, I have been able to stay involved with herpetology, both as a science and in terms of conservation policy. In my career, I have worked both in an administrative and in a research capacity. Many individuals with an interest in herpetology enter the federal government as field biologists and drift into administration as they become older and removed from the dynamically changing nature of their science. I moved in the other direction.
","language":"English","publisher":"Herpetologists' League","publisherLocation":"Provo, UT","usgsCitation":"Dodd, C.K., 1999, Herpetology in the federal government: a personal view: Herpetologists' League Communications, v. 6, no. 1, p. 7-9.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"7","endPage":"9","numberOfPages":"3","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":323909,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":314733,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.herpetologistsleague.org/dox/HL%20Communications%20-%20March%201999,%20Vol.%206%20No.pdf"}],"volume":"6","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57651f35e4b07657d19c78a8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dodd, C. Kenneth Jr.","contributorId":89215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dodd","given":"C.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"Kenneth","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70021756,"text":"70021756 - 1999 - Seasonal relationships between precipitation, forest floor, and streamwater nitrogen, Isle Royale, Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-30T16:10:24.514782","indexId":"70021756","displayToPublicDate":"1999-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3420,"text":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seasonal relationships between precipitation, forest floor, and streamwater nitrogen, Isle Royale, Michigan","docAbstract":"The Upper Great Lakes receive large amounts of precipitation-NH+4 and moderate NO-3 inputs. Increased atmospheric inorganic N input has led to concern about ecosystem capacity to utilize excess N. This paper summarizes a 5-yr study of seasonal N content and flux in precipitation, snowpack, forest floor, and streamwater in order to assess the source of inorganic N outputs in streamflow from a small boreal watershed. Average precipitation N input was 3 kg ha-1 yr-1. The peak snowpack N content averaged 0.55 kg ha-1. The forest floor inorganic N pool was ≈ 2 kg ha-1, eight times larger than monthly precipitation N input. The inorganic N pool size peaked in spring and early summer. Ninety percent of the forest floor inorganic N pool was made up of NH+4-N. Forest floor inorganic N pools generally increased with temperature. Net N mineralization was 15 kg ha-1 yr-1, and monthly rates peaked in early summer. During winter, the mean monthly net N mineralization rate was twice the peak snowpack N content. Streamwater NO-3 concentration peaked in winter, and inorganic N output peaked in late fall. Beneath the dominant boreal forest species, net N mineralization rates were positively correlated (P < 0.05) with streamwater NO-3 concentrations. Forest floor NO-3 pools beneath alder [Alnus rugosa (Du Roi) Spreng] were positively correlated (P < 0.01) to streamwater NO-3 output. At the watershed mouth, streamwater NO-3 concentrations were positively correlated (P < 0.05) with precipitation NO-3 input and precipitation amount. The relatively small snowpack N content and seasonal precipitation N input compared to forest floor inorganic N pools and net N mineralization rates, the strong ecosystem retention of precipitation N inputs, and the seasonal streamwater NO-3 concentration and output pattern all indicated that little streamwater NO-3 came directly from precipitation or snowmelt.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2136/sssaj1999.03615995006300020018x","issn":"03615995","usgsCitation":"Stottlemyer, R., and Toczydlowski, D., 1999, Seasonal relationships between precipitation, forest floor, and streamwater nitrogen, Isle Royale, Michigan: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 63, no. 2, p. 389-398, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1999.03615995006300020018x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"389","endPage":"398","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229334,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Isle Royale","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.2744062880767,\n 47.96122142363615\n ],\n [\n -89.36750314495156,\n 47.782808115126784\n ],\n [\n -89.04166391993593,\n 47.79174718718136\n ],\n [\n -88.71582469492029,\n 47.80068625923593\n ],\n [\n -88.47310290308579,\n 48.00084206374413\n ],\n [\n -88.3716915469542,\n 48.11427864725877\n ],\n [\n -88.4564758954884,\n 48.23659697229141\n ],\n [\n -89.2744062880767,\n 47.96122142363615\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"63","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b88d4e4b08c986b316bbc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stottlemyer, Robert","contributorId":97058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stottlemyer","given":"Robert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Toczydlowski, D.","contributorId":9790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Toczydlowski","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1008633,"text":"1008633 - 1999 - Fire and aquatic ecosystems in forested biomes of North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-19T18:35:33.642007","indexId":"1008633","displayToPublicDate":"1999-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fire and aquatic ecosystems in forested biomes of North America","docAbstract":"Synthesis of the literature suggests that physical, chemical, and biological elements of a watershed interact with long‐term climate to influence fire regime, and that these factors, in concordance with the postfire vegetation mosaic, combine with local‐scale weather to govern the trajectory and magnitude of change following a fire event. Perturbation associated with hydrological processes is probably the primary factor influencing postfire persistence of fishes, benthic macroinvertebrates, and diatoms in fluvial systems. It is apparent that salmonids have evolved strategies to survive perturbations occurring at the frequency of wildland fires (10°–102 years), but local populations of a species may be more ephemeral. Habitat alteration probably has the greatest impact on individual organisms and local populations that are the least mobile, and reinvasion will be most rapid by aquatic organisms with high mobility. It is becoming increasingly apparent that during the past century fire suppression has altered fire regimes in some vegetation types, and consequently, the probability of large stand‐replacing fires has increased in those areas. Current evidence suggests, however, that even in the case of extensive high‐severity fires, local extirpation of fishes is patchy, and recolonization is rapid. Lasting detrimental effects on fish populations have been limited to areas where native populations have declined and become increasingly isolated because of anthropogenic activities. A strategy of protecting robust aquatic communities and restoring aquatic habitat structure and life history complexity in degraded areas may be the most effective means for insuring the persistence of native biota where the probability of large‐scale fires has increased.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1999)128<0193:FAAEIF>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Gresswell, R., 1999, Fire and aquatic ecosystems in forested biomes of North America: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 128, no. 2, p. 193-221, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1999)128<0193:FAAEIF>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"193","endPage":"221","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132553,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"128","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fbe4b07f02db5f45c6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gresswell, R. E.","contributorId":38084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gresswell","given":"R. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1002956,"text":"1002956 - 1999 - Lead effects on body composition and organ size of wintering canvasbacks Aythya valisineria in Louisiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-20T15:35:05.320219","indexId":"1002956","displayToPublicDate":"1999-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3766,"text":"Wildlife Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Lead effects on body composition and organ size of wintering canvasbacks Aythya valisineria in Louisiana","title":"Lead effects on body composition and organ size of wintering canvasbacks Aythya valisineria in Louisiana","docAbstract":"We tested whether lead exposure, as evidenced by liver lead concentration, affected body composition and organ sizes of canvasback ducks Aythya valisineria in Louisiana during winter 1987-88. After adjusting for body size, sex, age, and site and month of collection, we found decreases in ingesta-free body mass; breast, leg, and body protein; body fat; intestine length; and liver and gizzard masses associated with increased liver lead concentrations. There were no apparent associations between liver lead concentrations and testes and body ash masses, or caecal length. We used the concentration of 26.7 ppm of liver lead on a dry matter (dm) basis as indicative of lead toxicosis. We predicted that a canvasback with 26.7 ppm dm liver lead would weigh 209 g less and have 105 g less fat than an unexposed individual. Whereas many lead exposed canvasbacks may survive through winter, their subsequent survival, ability to reproduce and perform other annual cycle events may be compromised. We recommend management to make lead unavailable to waterfowl at major concentration areas and periodic monitoring of lead contamination in waterfowl populations.
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W. 0000-0003-3170-6519","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3170-6519","contributorId":91802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Custer","given":"T. W.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":312424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70185684,"text":"70185684 - 1999 - Integrating surface and borehole geophysics in ground water studies: An example using electromagnetic soundings in south Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-19T08:09:41","indexId":"70185684","displayToPublicDate":"1999-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3928,"text":"Journal of Environmental & Engineering Geophysics","printIssn":"1083-1363","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Integrating surface and borehole geophysics in ground water studies: An example using electromagnetic soundings in south Florida","docAbstract":"Time domain surface electromagnetic soundings, borehole induction logs, and other borehole logging techniques are used to construct a realistic model for the shallow subsurface hydraulic properties of unconsolidated sediments in south Florida. Induction logs are used to calibrate surface induction soundings in units of pore water salinity by correlating water sample specific electrical conductivity with the electrical conductivity of the formation over the sampled interval for a two‐layered aquifer model. Geophysical logs are also used to show that a constant conductivity layer model is appropriate for the south Florida study. Several physically independent log measurements are used to quantify the dependence of formation electrical conductivity on such parameters as salinity, permeability, and clay mineral fraction. The combined interpretation of electromagnetic soundings and induction logs was verified by logging three validation boreholes, confirming quantitative estimates of formation conductivity and thickness in the upper model layer, and qualitative estimates of conductivity in the lower model layer.
A 15-month-long hydrogeologic investigation of a fen-wetland complex in northeastern Illinois, USA indicated the encroachment of ground-water-borne anthropogenic contaminants into two of three high quality fens. Ground-water flow directions and chemical evidence indicated that plumes of ground water with anomalously large concentrations of Na− and Cl− originated from a private septic system and from rock salt spread on an adjacent road. The contamination, in turn, had an adverse effect on fen vegetation; within the plumes, diverse vegetation was replaced by the more salt-tolerant narrow-leaf cattail (Typha angustifolia). Ground water of the third fen contained large concentrations of SO4 2− as high as 516 mg/L. The SO4 2− anomaly was observed on a transient and/or seasonal basis in the fen ground water and in an adjacent marsh and pond. Isotopically light δ34S values in these waters indicated that the addition of SO4 2− resulted from the oxidation of pyrite within underlying peat and/or pyritic gravel. However, the large SO4 2− concentrations had no discernible effect on fen vegetation. The results of this investigation indicate how easily construction of houses with private septic systems and deicing agents from roadway maintenance can contaminate fen ground water with relatively large concentrations of Na+ and Cl−, resulting in a significant loss of biodiversity in fens.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1007/BF03161753","issn":"02775212","usgsCitation":"Panno, S., Nuzzo, V., Cartwright, K., Hensel, B., and Krapac, I., 1999, Impact of urban development on the chemical composition of ground water in a fen-wetland complex: Wetlands, v. 19, no. 1, p. 236-245, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03161753.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"236","endPage":"245","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229479,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","otherGeospatial":"Sterne's Woods Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.2943594062442,\n 42.25726337392922\n ],\n [\n -88.2943594062442,\n 42.25024496776126\n ],\n [\n -88.28886849117136,\n 42.25024496776126\n ],\n [\n -88.28886849117136,\n 42.25726337392922\n ],\n [\n -88.2943594062442,\n 42.25726337392922\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"19","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a38d1e4b0c8380cd616d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Panno, S.V.","contributorId":102990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Panno","given":"S.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nuzzo, V.A.","contributorId":86520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nuzzo","given":"V.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cartwright, K.","contributorId":50292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cartwright","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hensel, B.R.","contributorId":83669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hensel","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Krapac, I.G.","contributorId":33850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krapac","given":"I.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70021984,"text":"70021984 - 1999 - Structure and stability of the midsummer fish communities in Chequamegon Bay, Lake Superior, 1973-1996","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-19T18:06:22.381481","indexId":"70021984","displayToPublicDate":"1999-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Structure and stability of the midsummer fish communities in Chequamegon Bay, Lake Superior, 1973-1996","docAbstract":"We analyzed the structure and stability of the summer fish communities of Chequamegon Bay, Lake Superior, during 1973–1996 from data collected with bottom trawls at 39 stations. Fifty‐three taxa were collected during the study, but we found that relative abundances for 20 taxa described most of the internal variability of the data for all taxa. Abundance data for the 20 species showed that two communities existed in the bay; one inhabited shallow water (≤3.0 m) whereas the other inhabited deeper water (>3.0 m). No temporal patterns of change were found in the structure of the shallow‐water community, whose variation was best described by abundances of 12 taxa. The deepwater community, whose variation was best described by eight taxa, underwent three periods ofstability; 1973–1978, 1979–1988, and 1989–1996. We conclude that the shallow‐water community was stable throughout the 24 years studied. Dynamics of the deepwater community were greatly affected by changes in stocking rates of lake trout Salvelinus namaycush and splake (hybrid of brook trout S. fontinalis × lake trout) and by rehabilitation of populations of lake herring Coregonus artedi and lake whitefish C. clupeaformis. Information on the existence, structure, stability, and habitats of fish communities in the bay will be useful for assessing changes in those communities that result from further changes in the bay or lake ecosystems.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1999)128<0362:SASOTM>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Hoff, M., and Bronte, C., 1999, Structure and stability of the midsummer fish communities in Chequamegon Bay, Lake Superior, 1973-1996: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 128, no. 2, p. 362-373, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1999)128<0362:SASOTM>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"362","endPage":"373","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229126,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Chequamegon Bay, Lake Superior","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.87854080424309,\n 46.720261632885496\n ],\n [\n -90.97923358589996,\n 46.597784806642295\n ],\n [\n -90.94537347910202,\n 46.57186055769611\n ],\n [\n -90.85827777582416,\n 46.57883268534488\n ],\n [\n -90.75527397988641,\n 46.62421897807657\n ],\n [\n -90.72401274728661,\n 46.688576820004926\n ],\n [\n -90.87854080424309,\n 46.720261632885496\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"128","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9c2ee4b08c986b31d302","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoff, M.H.","contributorId":95439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoff","given":"M.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bronte, C.R.","contributorId":20100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bronte","given":"C.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":64613,"text":"i2358B - 1999 - Regional bedrock mineral resource assessment of the Roseau 1° x 2° quadrangle, northern Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-06T21:00:45.769269","indexId":"i2358B","displayToPublicDate":"1999-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2358","chapter":"B","title":"Regional bedrock mineral resource assessment of the Roseau 1° x 2° quadrangle, northern Minnesota","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/i2358B","isbn":"0607905093","usgsCitation":"Klein, T.L., Day, W.C., Horton, R.J., and Green, G., 1999, Regional bedrock mineral resource assessment of the Roseau 1° x 2° quadrangle, northern Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2358, Report: ii, 29 p.; 1 Plate: 35.50 × 63.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/i2358B.","productDescription":"Report: ii, 29 p.; 1 Plate: 35.50 × 63.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":91406,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2358b/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":91407,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2358b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":6077,"rank":300,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_16303.htm","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":187427,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2358b/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Roseau 1° x 2° quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -96,48 ], [ -96,49 ], [ -94,49 ], [ -94,48 ], [ -96,48 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c695","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Klein, T. L.","contributorId":76322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klein","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":271746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Day, W. C.","contributorId":6876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Day","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":271743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Horton, R. J.","contributorId":19926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horton","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":271744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Green, G.N.","contributorId":22349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"G.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":271745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1015986,"text":"1015986 - 1999 - Fire and aquatic ecosystems in forested biomes of North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-19T17:31:22.40852","indexId":"1015986","displayToPublicDate":"1999-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fire and aquatic ecosystems in forested biomes of North America","docAbstract":"Synthesis of the literature suggests that physical, chemical, and biological elements of a watershed interact with long‐term climate to influence fire regime, and that these factors, in concordance with the postfire vegetation mosaic, combine with local‐scale weather to govern the trajectory and magnitude of change following a fire event. Perturbation associated with hydrological processes is probably the primary factor influencing postfire persistence of fishes, benthic macroinvertebrates, and diatoms in fluvial systems. It is apparent that salmonids have evolved strategies to survive perturbations occurring at the frequency of wildland fires (10°–102 years), but local populations of a species may be more ephemeral. Habitat alteration probably has the greatest impact on individual organisms and local populations that are the least mobile, and reinvasion will be most rapid by aquatic organisms with high mobility. It is becoming increasingly apparent that during the past century fire suppression has altered fire regimes in some vegetation types, and consequently, the probability of large stand‐replacing fires has increased in those areas. Current evidence suggests, however, that even in the case of extensive high‐severity fires, local extirpation of fishes is patchy, and recolonization is rapid. Lasting detrimental effects on fish populations have been limited to areas where native populations have declined and become increasingly isolated because of anthropogenic activities. A strategy of protecting robust aquatic communities and restoring aquatic habitat structure and life history complexity in degraded areas may be the most effective means for insuring the persistence of native biota where the probability of large‐scale fires has increased.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1999)128<0193:FAAEIF>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Gresswell, R., 1999, Fire and aquatic ecosystems in forested biomes of North America: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 128, no. 2, p. 193-221, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1999)128<0193:FAAEIF>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"193","endPage":"221","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134308,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"128","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fbe4b07f02db5f45e8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gresswell, Robert E.","contributorId":13194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gresswell","given":"Robert E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1014997,"text":"1014997 - 1999 - Migration timing of Atlantic salmon smolts relative to environmental and physiological factors","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-19T17:35:38.307463","indexId":"1014997","displayToPublicDate":"1999-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Migration timing of Atlantic salmon smolts relative to environmental and physiological factors","docAbstract":"We determined the migration timing of fry‐stocked smolts of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar relative to environmental and physiological factors, by using net weirs and counting fences in three tributaries of the West River, Vermont. Smolt migration began in late April and early May when water temperature was 5°C, peak movements occurred in early and mid‐May at temperatures exceeding 8°C, and migration was complete by early June. Within this seasonal window, significant differences in migration timing and gill Na+,K+‐ATPase activity occurred among tributaries. In both years of the study, smolts tended to migrate earlier and exhibit greater gill Na+,K+‐ATPase activity in the warmest tributary than in the coolest tributary. Smolt migration timing differed most among tributaries in mid‐May when (1) water temperatures were more than 8°C, (2) smolts peaked in gill Na+,K+‐ATPase activity, and (3) discharge peaked, stimulating smolt migration. Smolts captured after the migratory period had lower gill Na+,K+‐ATPase activity than migrating smolts. Relating smolt physiology to migration was crucial for explaining complex interactions among water temperature, discharge, and smolt behavior during both the onset and cessation of migratory activity. Because the period between onset of migration and loss of smolt physiological characteristics may be brief, delays in downstream passage that may occur at dams must be minimized to maximize the successful recruitment of smolts to the marine environment.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1999)128<0289:MTOASS>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Whalen, K., Parrish, D., and McCormick, S., 1999, Migration timing of Atlantic salmon smolts relative to environmental and physiological factors: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 128, no. 2, p. 289-301, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1999)128<0289:MTOASS>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"289","endPage":"301","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130606,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"128","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db635564","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Whalen, K.G.","contributorId":88692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whalen","given":"K.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Parrish, D.L.","contributorId":15144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parrish","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McCormick, S. D. 0000-0003-0621-6200","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0621-6200","contributorId":20278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCormick","given":"S. D.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":321782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1014932,"text":"1014932 - 1999 - Effect of slope and headpond on passage of American shad and blueback herring through simple Denil and deepened Alaska steeppass fishways","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-24T16:20:06.508802","indexId":"1014932","displayToPublicDate":"1999-02-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of slope and headpond on passage of American shad and blueback herring through simple Denil and deepened Alaska steeppass fishways","docAbstract":"Passage and transit time of adult upstream-migrant American shad Alosa sapidissima and blueback herring A. aestivalis were investigated in standard Denil and Alaska steeppass fishways with variable slope and headpond under semicontrolled conditions. Percent of American shad passed per unit time (percent passage) increased with temperature, while time required to ascend from the fishway entrance to the exit (transit time) decreased with increasing temperature for both species. Increasing fishway slope decreased percent passage of American shad, regardless of fishway type. Higher fishway slope decreased percent passage of blueback herring in the steeppass fishway only. Low headpond enhanced percent passage of American shad in the Denil fishway, but decreased percent passage of American shad in the steeppass fishway. Headpond level had no effect on percent passage of blueback herring in either fishway. Because headpond level in the steeppass fishway affected percent passage of American shad but not the smaller blueback herring, the relatively small cross-sectional area of the steeppass fishway operated at low headpond may inhibit passage of larger species such as American shad. Transit time of American shad decreased with both increasing slope and high headpond, and American shad increased through-water swimming speed under these conditions. American shad appeared to regulate their swimming speed through Denil-type fishways below maximal values. Blueback herring ascended the fishways at speeds comparable to those of American shad. Shorter transit times were not associated with increased percent passage. Turbulence and air entrainment may influence percent passage of American shad more than longitudinal water velocity.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(1999)019<0051:EOSAHO>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Haro, A.J., Odeh, M., Castro-Santos, T., and Noreika, J., 1999, Effect of slope and headpond on passage of American shad and blueback herring through simple Denil and deepened Alaska steeppass fishways: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 19, no. 1, p. 51-58, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1999)019<0051:EOSAHO>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"51","endPage":"58","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130920,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"19","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db62556b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haro, Alexander J. 0000-0002-7188-9172 aharo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7188-9172","contributorId":2917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haro","given":"Alexander","email":"aharo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":321568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Odeh, Mufeed","contributorId":69746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Odeh","given":"Mufeed","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Castro-Santos, Theodore 0000-0003-2575-9120","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2575-9120","contributorId":207043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Castro-Santos","given":"Theodore","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":321569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Noreika, John 0000-0002-6637-5812 jnoreika@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6637-5812","contributorId":167858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noreika","given":"John","email":"jnoreika@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":321570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5223841,"text":"5223841 - 1999 - The influence of sampling interval on the accuracy of trail impact assessment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-29T15:54:44.950668","indexId":"5223841","displayToPublicDate":"1999-02-01T12:18:52","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2603,"text":"Landscape and Urban Planning","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The influence of sampling interval on the accuracy of trail impact assessment","docAbstract":"Trail impact assessment and monitoring (IA&M) programs have been growing in importance and application in recreation resource management at protected areas. Census-based and sampling-based approaches have been developed in such programs, with systematic point sampling being the most common survey design. This paper examines the influence of sampling interval on the accuracy of estimates for selected trail impact problems. A complete census of four impact types on 70 trails in Great Smoky Mountains National Park was utilized as the base data set for the analyses. The census data were resampled at increasing intervals to create a series of simulated point data sets. Estimates of frequency of occurrence and lineal extent for the four impact types were compared with the census data set. The responses of accuracy loss on lineal extent estimates to increasing sampling intervals varied across different impact types, while the responses on frequency of occurrence estimates were consistent, approximating an inverse asymptotic curve. These findings suggest that systematic point sampling may be an appropriate method for estimating the lineal extent but not the frequency of trail impacts. Sample intervals of less than 100 m appear to yield an excellent level of accuracy for the four impact types evaluated. Multiple regression analysis results suggest that appropriate sampling intervals are more likely to be determined by the type of impact in question rather than the length of trail. The census-based trail survey and the resampling-simulation method developed in this study can be a valuable first step in establishing long-term trail IA&M programs, in which an optimal sampling interval range with acceptable accuracy is determined before investing efforts in data collection.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0169-2046(98)00110-8","usgsCitation":"Leung, Y., and Marion, J., 1999, The influence of sampling interval on the accuracy of trail impact assessment: Landscape and Urban Planning, v. 43, no. 4, p. 167-179, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(98)00110-8.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"167","endPage":"179","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202233,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"43","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fe459","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leung, Y.-F.","contributorId":34613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leung","given":"Y.-F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marion, J. L. 0000-0003-2226-689X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2226-689X","contributorId":10888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marion","given":"J. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5223819,"text":"5223819 - 1999 - Of elephants and blind men: Deer management in the U.S. National Parks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-19T19:35:58.013548","indexId":"5223819","displayToPublicDate":"1999-02-01T12:18:49","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Of elephants and blind men: Deer management in the U.S. National Parks","docAbstract":"Overabundant populations of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) are becoming common in the eastern United States. Faced with burgeoning deer populations in eastern parks, the National Park Service (NPS) formulated policy based on its long experience with ungulate management in western parks. That the NPS failed to find a management solution acceptable to its many constituencies was inevitable. Like blind men touching different parts of an elephant and disagreeing about its form, those engaged in the debate about deer management in parks are viewing different parts of the ecological system. None has seen the entire system, and consequently, there is neither common agreement on the nature of the problem nor on the solutions. We explore the quandary of deer management in eastern parks by addressing three questions: (1) Can the National Park Service reconcile its management goals with those of its neighbors? (2) Can thresholds be identified for determining when to intervene in natural processes? (3) Is there a scientific foundation for proceeding with effective management of deer? We argue that reconciling the NPS management with that of state conservation agencies is not possible because management policy guides these agencies in opposite directions: the NPS is charged with limiting human impact on ecological processes, and state agencies are charged with exerting human control over population abundance. Questions about thresholds and a scientific basis for management arise from concern that irrupting deer populations are a manifestation of disrupted natural processes. Several population growth paradigms are at the heart of this ecological question. The science provides no consensus about which of these paradigms are appropriate to deer in eastern ecosystems. Thus, it is premature to expect science to identify if or when natural processes have been disrupted. While the NPS cannot effectively achieve its goals without better science, neither can it wait for science to fully understand the dynamics of plant–herbivore interactions. The best hope for resolving both the biological and political dilemmas surrounding deer management is through an adaptive management approach.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[0003:OEABMD]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Porter, W., and Underwood, H.B., 1999, Of elephants and blind men: Deer management in the U.S. National Parks: Ecological Applications, v. 9, no. 1, p. 3-9, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[0003:OEABMD]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"3","endPage":"9","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202232,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af4e4b07f02db691e49","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Porter, W.F.","contributorId":81597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Porter","given":"W.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Underwood, H. Brian 0000-0002-2064-9128","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2064-9128","contributorId":112421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Underwood","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"Brian","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":339598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1015973,"text":"1015973 - 1999 - Breeding bird responses to three silvicultural treatments in the Oregon Coast Range","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-19T19:28:31.141294","indexId":"1015973","displayToPublicDate":"1999-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Breeding bird responses to three silvicultural treatments in the Oregon Coast Range","docAbstract":"Silvicultural alternatives to clear-cutting have been suggested to promote development, retention, or creation of late-successional features such as large trees, multilayered canopies, snags, and logs. We assessed bird response to three silvicultural alternatives to clear-cutting that retained structural features found in old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) forests and that imitated natural disturbance regimes more closely than did traditional clear-cutting: (1) small-patch group selection treatment representing a low-intensity disturbance; (2) two-story treatment, representing a moderate to high-intensity disturbance; and (3) modified clear-cut treatment, representing a high-intensity disturbance. We counted diurnal breeding birds 1 yr prior to and 2 yr after harvest to estimate effects of the silvicultural treatments on bird communities compared with uncut controls. The small-patch group selection treatment was most similar in species composition to control stands. The two-story treatment was more similar to the modified clear-cut treatment. Ten bird species remained abundant following the small-patch group selection treatment. They declined in abundance in modified clearcuts and two-story stands. These species included four neotropical migratory species and five species with restricted geographic ranges and habitat associations. Nine species increased in response to moderate and/or high-intensity disturbances. This group included a larger proportion of species that were habitat generalists. Silvicultural treatments imitating low-intensity disturbances were most effective in retaining bird communities associated with mature forest; high-intensity disturbances such as the two-story and modified clear-cut treatments greatly altered bird community composition. Bird responses to the silvicultural treatments that we studied indicate that a variety of stand types is needed to meet needs of all species.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[0171:BBRTTS]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Chambers, C.L., McComb, W.C., and Tappeiner, J.C., 1999, Breeding bird responses to three silvicultural treatments in the Oregon Coast Range: Ecological Applications, v. 9, no. 1, p. 171-185, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[0171:BBRTTS]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"171","endPage":"185","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134068,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Coast Range","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.1614667364226,\n 42.1157664514723\n ],\n [\n -122.99062674162005,\n 42.14807611352717\n ],\n [\n -123.13688618690949,\n 46.02569261953079\n ],\n [\n -123.8822579822214,\n 46.15867010652789\n ],\n [\n -124.06284984492194,\n 45.10688502886359\n ],\n [\n -124.2521623857067,\n 43.86464197534306\n ],\n [\n -124.60186049370935,\n 42.80456674327448\n ],\n [\n -124.37832996954444,\n 42.05437611554527\n ],\n [\n -124.1614667364226,\n 42.1157664514723\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"9","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb48a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chambers, C. L.","contributorId":48525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chambers","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McComb, William C.","contributorId":113578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McComb","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tappeiner, John C. II","contributorId":48929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tappeiner","given":"John","suffix":"II","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5223949,"text":"5223949 - 1999 - Factors influencing estimation of pesticide-related wildlife mortality","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-12T15:00:26.028961","indexId":"5223949","displayToPublicDate":"1999-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3613,"text":"Toxicology and Industrial Health","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Factors influencing estimation of pesticide-related wildlife mortality","docAbstract":"Free-ranging wildlife is regularly exposed to pesticides and can serve as a sentinel for human and environmental health. Therefore a comprehensive pesticide hazard assessment must incorporate the effects of actual applications on free-ranging wildlife. Mortality is the most readily reported wildlife effect, and the significance of these data can be realized only when placed in context with the factors that affect the gathering of this type of information. This paper reviews the variables that affect the collection of wildlife mortality data. Data show that most effects on wildlife are not observed, and much of observed mortality is not reported. Delays in reporting or in the response to a report and exposure to multiple stressors distort the exposure-effect relationship and can result in uncertainty in determining the cause of death. The synthesis of information strongly indicates that the actual number of affected animals exceeds the number recovered.
","language":"English","publisher":"Sage Publications","doi":"10.1177/074823379901500116","usgsCitation":"Vyas, N., 1999, Factors influencing estimation of pesticide-related wildlife mortality: Toxicology and Industrial Health, v. 15, no. 1-2, p. 187-192, https://doi.org/10.1177/074823379901500116.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"187","endPage":"192","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200101,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fde23","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vyas, N.B. 0000-0003-0191-1319","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0191-1319","contributorId":65567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vyas","given":"N.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70021820,"text":"70021820 - 1999 - How grazing and soil quality affect native and exotic plant diversity in Rocky Mountain grasslands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-19T19:33:17.46144","indexId":"70021820","displayToPublicDate":"1999-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"How grazing and soil quality affect native and exotic plant diversity in Rocky Mountain grasslands","docAbstract":"We used multiscale plots to sample vascular plant diversity and soil characteristics in and adjacent to 26 long-term grazing exclosure sites in Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, and South Dakota, USA. The exclosures were 7–60 yr old (31.2 ± 2.5 yr, mean ± 1 se). Plots were also randomly placed in the broader landscape in open rangeland in the same vegetation type at each site to assess spatial variation in grazed landscapes. Consistent sampling in the nine National Parks, Wildlife Refuges, and other management units yielded data from 78 1000-m2 plots and 780 1-m2 subplots. We hypothesized that native species richness would be lower in the exclosures than in grazed sites, due to competitive exclusion in the absence of grazing. We also hypothesized that grazed sites would have higher native and exotic species richness compared to ungrazed areas, due to disturbance (i.e., the intermediate-disturbance hypothesis) and the conventional wisdom that grazing may accelerate weed invasion. Both hypotheses were soundly rejected. Although native species richness in 1-m2 subplots was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in grazed sites, we found nearly identical native or exotic species richness in 1000-m2 plots in exclosures (31.5 ± 2.5 native and 3.1 ± 0.5 exotic species), adjacent grazed plots (32.6 ± 2.8 native and 3.2 ± 0.6 exotic species), and randomly selected grazed plots (31.6 ± 2.9 native and 3.2 ± 0.6 exotic species). We found no significant differences in species diversity (Hill’s diversity indices, N1 and N2), evenness (Hill’s ratio of evenness, E5), cover of various life-forms (grasses, forbs, and shrubs), soil texture, or soil percentage of N and C between grazed and ungrazed sites at the 1000-m2 plot scale. The species lists of the long-ungrazed and adjacent grazed plots overlapped just 57.9 ± 2.8%. This difference in species composition is commonly attributed solely to the difference in grazing regimes. However, the species lists between pairs of grazed plots (adjacent and distant 1000-m2 plots) in the same vegetation type overlapped just 48.6 ± 3.6%, and the ungrazed plots and distant grazed plots overlapped 49.4 ± 3.6%. Differences in vegetation and soils between grazed and ungrazed sites were minimal in most cases, but soil characteristics and elevation were strongly correlated with native and exotic plant diversity in the study region. For the 78 1000-m2 plots, 59.4% of the variance in total species richness was explained by percentage of silt (coefficient = 0.647, t = 5.107, P < 0.001), elevation (coefficient = 0.012, t = 5.084, P < 0.001), and total foliar cover (coefficient = 0.110, t = 2.104, P < 0.039). Only 12.8% of the variance in exotic species cover (log10cover) was explained by percentage of clay (coefficient = −0.011, t = −2.878, P < 0.005), native species richness (coefficient = −0.011, t = −2.156, P < 0.034), and log10N (coefficient = 2.827, t = 1.860, P < 0.067). Native species cover and exotic species richness and frequency were also significantly positively correlated with percentage of soil N at the 1000-m2 plot scale. Our research led to five broad generalizations about current levels of grazing in these Rocky Mountain grasslands: (1) grazing probably has little effect on native species richness at landscape scales; (2) grazing probably has little effect on the accelerated spread of most exotic plant species at landscape scales; (3) grazing affects local plant species and life-form composition and cover, but spatial variation is considerable; (4) soil characteristics, climate, anddisturbances may have a greater effect on plant species diversity than do current levels of grazing; and (5) few plant species show consistent, directional responses to grazing or cessation of grazing.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[0045:HGASQA]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Stohlgren, T.J., Schell, L.D., and Vanden Heuvel, B., 1999, How grazing and soil quality affect native and exotic plant diversity in Rocky Mountain grasslands: Ecological Applications, v. 9, no. 1, p. 45-64, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[0045:HGASQA]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"45","endPage":"64","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229228,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a324ce4b0c8380cd5e6ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stohlgren, Thomas J.","contributorId":213895,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stohlgren","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":38925,"text":"Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":391302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schell, L. D.","contributorId":75881,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schell","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vanden Heuvel, B.","contributorId":17392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vanden Heuvel","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}