Silvicultural alternatives to clear-cutting have been suggested to promote development, retention, or creation of late-successional features such as large trees, multilayered canopies, snags, and logs. We assessed bird response to three silvicultural alternatives to clear-cutting that retained structural features found in old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) forests and that imitated natural disturbance regimes more closely than did traditional clear-cutting: (1) small-patch group selection treatment representing a low-intensity disturbance; (2) two-story treatment, representing a moderate to high-intensity disturbance; and (3) modified clear-cut treatment, representing a high-intensity disturbance. We counted diurnal breeding birds 1 yr prior to and 2 yr after harvest to estimate effects of the silvicultural treatments on bird communities compared with uncut controls. The small-patch group selection treatment was most similar in species composition to control stands. The two-story treatment was more similar to the modified clear-cut treatment. Ten bird species remained abundant following the small-patch group selection treatment. They declined in abundance in modified clearcuts and two-story stands. These species included four neotropical migratory species and five species with restricted geographic ranges and habitat associations. Nine species increased in response to moderate and/or high-intensity disturbances. This group included a larger proportion of species that were habitat generalists. Silvicultural treatments imitating low-intensity disturbances were most effective in retaining bird communities associated with mature forest; high-intensity disturbances such as the two-story and modified clear-cut treatments greatly altered bird community composition. Bird responses to the silvicultural treatments that we studied indicate that a variety of stand types is needed to meet needs of all species.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[0171:BBRTTS]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Chambers, C.L., McComb, W.C., and Tappeiner, J.C., 1999, Breeding bird responses to three silvicultural treatments in the Oregon Coast Range: Ecological Applications, v. 9, no. 1, p. 171-185, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[0171:BBRTTS]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"171","endPage":"185","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134068,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Coast Range","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.1614667364226,\n 42.1157664514723\n ],\n [\n -122.99062674162005,\n 42.14807611352717\n ],\n [\n -123.13688618690949,\n 46.02569261953079\n ],\n [\n -123.8822579822214,\n 46.15867010652789\n ],\n [\n -124.06284984492194,\n 45.10688502886359\n ],\n [\n -124.2521623857067,\n 43.86464197534306\n ],\n [\n -124.60186049370935,\n 42.80456674327448\n ],\n [\n -124.37832996954444,\n 42.05437611554527\n ],\n [\n -124.1614667364226,\n 42.1157664514723\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"9","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb48a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chambers, C. L.","contributorId":48525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chambers","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McComb, William C.","contributorId":113578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McComb","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tappeiner, John C. II","contributorId":48929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tappeiner","given":"John","suffix":"II","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70021820,"text":"70021820 - 1999 - How grazing and soil quality affect native and exotic plant diversity in Rocky Mountain grasslands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-19T19:33:17.46144","indexId":"70021820","displayToPublicDate":"1999-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"How grazing and soil quality affect native and exotic plant diversity in Rocky Mountain grasslands","docAbstract":"We used multiscale plots to sample vascular plant diversity and soil characteristics in and adjacent to 26 long-term grazing exclosure sites in Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, and South Dakota, USA. The exclosures were 7–60 yr old (31.2 ± 2.5 yr, mean ± 1 se). Plots were also randomly placed in the broader landscape in open rangeland in the same vegetation type at each site to assess spatial variation in grazed landscapes. Consistent sampling in the nine National Parks, Wildlife Refuges, and other management units yielded data from 78 1000-m2 plots and 780 1-m2 subplots. We hypothesized that native species richness would be lower in the exclosures than in grazed sites, due to competitive exclusion in the absence of grazing. We also hypothesized that grazed sites would have higher native and exotic species richness compared to ungrazed areas, due to disturbance (i.e., the intermediate-disturbance hypothesis) and the conventional wisdom that grazing may accelerate weed invasion. Both hypotheses were soundly rejected. Although native species richness in 1-m2 subplots was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in grazed sites, we found nearly identical native or exotic species richness in 1000-m2 plots in exclosures (31.5 ± 2.5 native and 3.1 ± 0.5 exotic species), adjacent grazed plots (32.6 ± 2.8 native and 3.2 ± 0.6 exotic species), and randomly selected grazed plots (31.6 ± 2.9 native and 3.2 ± 0.6 exotic species). We found no significant differences in species diversity (Hill’s diversity indices, N1 and N2), evenness (Hill’s ratio of evenness, E5), cover of various life-forms (grasses, forbs, and shrubs), soil texture, or soil percentage of N and C between grazed and ungrazed sites at the 1000-m2 plot scale. The species lists of the long-ungrazed and adjacent grazed plots overlapped just 57.9 ± 2.8%. This difference in species composition is commonly attributed solely to the difference in grazing regimes. However, the species lists between pairs of grazed plots (adjacent and distant 1000-m2 plots) in the same vegetation type overlapped just 48.6 ± 3.6%, and the ungrazed plots and distant grazed plots overlapped 49.4 ± 3.6%. Differences in vegetation and soils between grazed and ungrazed sites were minimal in most cases, but soil characteristics and elevation were strongly correlated with native and exotic plant diversity in the study region. For the 78 1000-m2 plots, 59.4% of the variance in total species richness was explained by percentage of silt (coefficient = 0.647, t = 5.107, P < 0.001), elevation (coefficient = 0.012, t = 5.084, P < 0.001), and total foliar cover (coefficient = 0.110, t = 2.104, P < 0.039). Only 12.8% of the variance in exotic species cover (log10cover) was explained by percentage of clay (coefficient = −0.011, t = −2.878, P < 0.005), native species richness (coefficient = −0.011, t = −2.156, P < 0.034), and log10N (coefficient = 2.827, t = 1.860, P < 0.067). Native species cover and exotic species richness and frequency were also significantly positively correlated with percentage of soil N at the 1000-m2 plot scale. Our research led to five broad generalizations about current levels of grazing in these Rocky Mountain grasslands: (1) grazing probably has little effect on native species richness at landscape scales; (2) grazing probably has little effect on the accelerated spread of most exotic plant species at landscape scales; (3) grazing affects local plant species and life-form composition and cover, but spatial variation is considerable; (4) soil characteristics, climate, anddisturbances may have a greater effect on plant species diversity than do current levels of grazing; and (5) few plant species show consistent, directional responses to grazing or cessation of grazing.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[0045:HGASQA]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Stohlgren, T.J., Schell, L.D., and Vanden Heuvel, B., 1999, How grazing and soil quality affect native and exotic plant diversity in Rocky Mountain grasslands: Ecological Applications, v. 9, no. 1, p. 45-64, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[0045:HGASQA]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"45","endPage":"64","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229228,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a324ce4b0c8380cd5e6ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stohlgren, Thomas J.","contributorId":213895,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stohlgren","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":38925,"text":"Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":391302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schell, L. D.","contributorId":75881,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schell","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vanden Heuvel, B.","contributorId":17392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vanden Heuvel","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70021919,"text":"70021919 - 1999 - Characterizing fish community diversity across Virginia landscapes: Prerequisite for conservation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-19T17:54:09.809613","indexId":"70021919","displayToPublicDate":"1999-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characterizing fish community diversity across Virginia landscapes: Prerequisite for conservation","docAbstract":"The number of community types occurring within landscapes is an important, but often unprotected, component of biological diversity. Generally applicable protocols for characterizing community diversity need to be developed to facilitate conservation. We used several multivariate techniques to analyze geographic variation in the composition of fish communities in Virginia streams. We examined relationships between community composition and six landscape variables: drainage basin, physiography, stream order, elevation, channel slope, and map coordinates. We compared patterns at two scales (statewide and subdrainage-specific) to assess sensitivity of community classification to spatial scale. We also compared patterns based on characterizing communities by species composition vs. ecological composition. All landscape variables explained significant proportions of the variance in community composition. Statewide, they explained 32% of the variance in species composition and 48% of the variance in ecological composition. Typical communities in each drainage or physiography were statistically distinctive. Communities in different combinations of drainage, physiography, and stream size were even more distinctive, but composition was strongly spatially autocorrelated. Ecological similarity and species similarity of community pairs were strongly related, but replacement by ecologically similar species was common among drainage–physiography combinations. Landscape variables explained significant proportions of variance in community composition within selected subdrainages, but proportions were less than at the statewide scale, and the explanatory power of individual variables varied considerably among subdrainages. Community variation within subdrainages appeared to be much more closely related to environmental variation than to replacement among ecologically similar species.
Our results suggest that taxonomic and ecological characterizations of community composition are complementary; both are useful in a conservation context. Landscape features such as drainage, physiography, and water body size generally may provide a basis for assessing aquatic community diversity, especially in regions where the biota is poorly known. Systematic conservation of community types would be a major advance relative to most current conservation programs, which typically focus narrowly on populations of imperiled species. More effective conservation of aquatic biodiversity will require new approaches that recognize the value of both species and assemblages, and that emphasize protection of key landscape-scale processes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[0335:CFCDAV]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Angermeier, P.L., and Winston, M., 1999, Characterizing fish community diversity across Virginia landscapes: Prerequisite for conservation: Ecological Applications, v. 9, no. 1, p. 335-349, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[0335:CFCDAV]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"335","endPage":"349","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479432,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10919/46857","text":"External Repository"},{"id":229379,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f4fde4b0c8380cd4c00f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Angermeier, Paul L. biota@usgs.gov","contributorId":1432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Angermeier","given":"Paul","email":"biota@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":613,"text":"Virginia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":391697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Winston, M.R.","contributorId":57620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winston","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021732,"text":"70021732 - 1999 - Zooplankton variability and larval striped bass foraging: Evaluating potential match/mismatch regulation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-19T17:56:54.981847","indexId":"70021732","displayToPublicDate":"1999-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Zooplankton variability and larval striped bass foraging: Evaluating potential match/mismatch regulation","docAbstract":"We quantified temporal and spatial variability of zooplankton in three potential nursery sites (river, transition zone, lake) for larval striped bass (Morone saxatilis) in Lake Marion, South Carolina, during April and May 1993–1995. In two of three years, microzooplankton (rotifers and copepod nauplii) density was significantly greater in the lake site than in the river or transition zone. Macrozooplankton (>200 μm) composition varied among the three sites in all years with adult copepods and cladocerans dominant at the lake, and juvenile Corbicula fluminea dominant at the river and transition zone. Laboratory feeding experiments, simulating both among-site (site treatments) and within-site (density treatments) variability, were conducted in 1995 to quantify the effects of the observed zooplankton variability on foraging success of larval striped bass. A greater proportion of larvae fed in the lake than in the river or transition-zone treatments across all density treatments: mean (x), 10x and 100x. Larvae also ingested significantly more dry mass of prey in the lake treatment in both the mean and 10x density treatments. Field zooplankton and laboratory feeding data suggest that both spatial and temporal variability of zooplankton influence larval striped bass foraging. Prey density levels that supported successful foraging in our feeding experiments occurred in the lake during late April and May in 1994 and 1995 but were never observed in the river or transition zone. Because the rivers flowing into Lake Marion are regulated, it may be possible to devise flow management schemes that facilitate larval transport to the lake and thereby increase the proportion of larvae matched to suitable prey resources.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[0320:ZVALSB]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Chick, J.H., and Van Den Avyle, M.J., 1999, Zooplankton variability and larval striped bass foraging: Evaluating potential match/mismatch regulation: Ecological Applications, v. 9, no. 1, p. 320-334, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[0320:ZVALSB]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"320","endPage":"334","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229483,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd2a1e4b08c986b32f921","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chick, John H.","contributorId":229508,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chick","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":36894,"text":"Illinois Natural History Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":390947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Van Den Avyle, Michael J.","contributorId":106547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Den Avyle","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5223949,"text":"5223949 - 1999 - Factors influencing estimation of pesticide-related wildlife mortality","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-12T15:00:26.028961","indexId":"5223949","displayToPublicDate":"1999-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3613,"text":"Toxicology and Industrial Health","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Factors influencing estimation of pesticide-related wildlife mortality","docAbstract":"Free-ranging wildlife is regularly exposed to pesticides and can serve as a sentinel for human and environmental health. Therefore a comprehensive pesticide hazard assessment must incorporate the effects of actual applications on free-ranging wildlife. Mortality is the most readily reported wildlife effect, and the significance of these data can be realized only when placed in context with the factors that affect the gathering of this type of information. This paper reviews the variables that affect the collection of wildlife mortality data. Data show that most effects on wildlife are not observed, and much of observed mortality is not reported. Delays in reporting or in the response to a report and exposure to multiple stressors distort the exposure-effect relationship and can result in uncertainty in determining the cause of death. The synthesis of information strongly indicates that the actual number of affected animals exceeds the number recovered.
","language":"English","publisher":"Sage Publications","doi":"10.1177/074823379901500116","usgsCitation":"Vyas, N., 1999, Factors influencing estimation of pesticide-related wildlife mortality: Toxicology and Industrial Health, v. 15, no. 1-2, p. 187-192, https://doi.org/10.1177/074823379901500116.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"187","endPage":"192","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200101,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fde23","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vyas, N.B. 0000-0003-0191-1319","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0191-1319","contributorId":65567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vyas","given":"N.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1016366,"text":"1016366 - 1999 - Multiscale thermal refugia and stream habitat associations of chinook salmon in northwestern Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-20T11:56:42.653865","indexId":"1016366","displayToPublicDate":"1999-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multiscale thermal refugia and stream habitat associations of chinook salmon in northwestern Oregon","docAbstract":"We quantified distribution and behavior of adult spring chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) related to patterns of stream temperature and physical habitat at channel-unit, reach-, and section-level spatial scales in a wilderness stream and a disturbed stream in the John Day River basin in northeastern Oregon. We investigated the effectiveness of thermal remote sensing for analyzing spatial patterns of stream temperature and assessed habitat selection by spring chinook salmon, evaluating whether thermal refugia might be responsible for the persistence of these stocks in rivers where water temperatures frequently exceed their upper tolerance levels (25°C) during spawning migration. By presenting stream temperature and the ecology of chinook salmon in a historical context, we could evaluate how changes in riverine habitat and thermal spatial structure, which can be caused by land-use practices, may influence distributional patterns of chinook salmon. Thermal remote sensing provided spatially continuous maps of stream temperature for reaches used by chinook salmon in the upper subbasins of the Middle Fork and North Fork John Day River. Electivity analysis and logistic regression were used to test for associations between the longitudinal distribution of salmon and cool-water areas and stream habitat characteristics. Chinook salmon were distributed nonuniformly in reaches throughout each stream. Salmon distribution and cool water temperature patterns were most strongly related at reach-level spatial scales in the warm stream, the Middle Fork (maximum likelihood ratio: P < 0.01), and most weakly related in the cold stream, the North Fork (P > 0.30). Pools were preferred by adult chinook salmon in both subbasins (Bonferroni confidence interval: P ≤ 0.05); however, riffles were used proportionately more frequently in the North Fork than in the Middle Fork. Our observations of thermal refugia and their use by chinook salmon at multiple spatial scales reveal that, although heterogeneity in the longitudinal stream temperature profile may be viewed as an ecological warning sign, thermal patchiness in streams also should be recognized for its biological potential to provide habitat for species existing at the margin of their environmental tolerances.
Methane hydrates are ice‐like inclusion compounds, in which every volume of hydrate can contain as much as 180 volumes (STP) of gas.The amount of methane in natural gas hydrates is twice the total recoverable fossil fuel reserve. Because of their natural abundance in oceans and permafrost, hydrates have become an exciting national and international research issue. The movement of the gas and oil industry to ever deepening waters where hydrates occur, the compelling size and distribution of hydrate deposits, and strong international interest all support identification of crucial elements in a hydrate research program.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/99EO00184","usgsCitation":"Sloan, D., Brewer, P., Paull, C.K., Collett, T.S., Holbrook, W.S., and Kvenvolden, K.A., 1999, Future of gas hydrate research: Eos, Earth and Space Science News, v. 80, no. 22, p. 247-248, https://doi.org/10.1029/99EO00184.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"247","endPage":"248","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488863,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/99eo00184","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":371825,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"80","issue":"22","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-06-03","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sloan, D.E.","contributorId":78816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sloan","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":781159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brewer, P.G.","contributorId":16080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brewer","given":"P.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":781160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Paull, C. K.","contributorId":200384,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Paull","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":781161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Collett, Timothy S. 0000-0002-7598-4708 tcollett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7598-4708","contributorId":1698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collett","given":"Timothy","email":"tcollett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":781162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Holbrook, W. Steven","contributorId":175481,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Holbrook","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Steven","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":781163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kvenvolden, Keith A. kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","contributorId":3384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvenvolden","given":"Keith","email":"kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":781164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70201861,"text":"70201861 - 1999 - Creation of a 30-meter land cover database for the conterminous United States—Accomplishments and future goals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-01-31T12:39:22","indexId":"70201861","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-31T12:31:03","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Creation of a 30-meter land cover database for the conterminous United States—Accomplishments and future goals","conferenceTitle":" From image to information: 1999 ASPRS Annual Conference","conferenceDate":"May 17-21, 1999","conferenceLocation":"Portland, OR","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","usgsCitation":"Sohl, T.L., Vogelmann, J., Wylie, B., Larson, C.R., and Van Driel, J.N., 1999, Creation of a 30-meter land cover database for the conterminous United States—Accomplishments and future goals, From image to information: 1999 ASPRS Annual Conference, Portland, OR, May 17-21, 1999, 1 CD Rom.","productDescription":"1 CD Rom","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":360868,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sohl, Terry L. 0000-0002-9771-4231 sohl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9771-4231","contributorId":648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sohl","given":"Terry","email":"sohl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":755544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vogelmann, James 0000-0002-0804-5823 vogel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0804-5823","contributorId":192352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vogelmann","given":"James","email":"vogel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5055,"text":"Land Change Science","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":755545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wylie, B.K. 0000-0002-7374-1083","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7374-1083","contributorId":24877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wylie","given":"B.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":755546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Larson, Charles R. larson@usgs.gov","contributorId":3640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"Charles","email":"larson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":755547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Van Driel, J. Nicholas","contributorId":80688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Driel","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Nicholas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":755548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70185250,"text":"70185250 - 1999 - Double-disk solid-phase extraction--Simultaneous cleanup and trace enrichment of herbicides and metabolites from environmental samples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-19T08:33:08","indexId":"70185250","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":761,"text":"Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Double-disk solid-phase extraction--Simultaneous cleanup and trace enrichment of herbicides and metabolites from environmental samples","docAbstract":"Phenylurea and triazine herbicides, including some metabolites, were isolated from water and soil extracts by solid-phase extraction using a layered system of two extraction disks, a method called double-disk solid-phase extraction. The first disk consisted of strong anion exchange (SAX) of 10-μm styrene divinylbenzene (SDB) particles embedded in Teflon, and the second disk was a C18 disk of 10-μm particles also embedded in Teflon. A volume of 500 mL of water or aqueous soil extract is passed through the layered system with the SAX disk first. The purpose of the SAX disk is to remove the humic and fulvic acids from the water or aqueous soil extract by ion exchange through their carboxyl groups. Even during methanol elution of herbicides, the humic substances remain bound to the SAX disk with >85% retention. Elution with methanol results in more than 90% recovery of the herbicides from the layered extraction disks. Removal of the humic and fulvic acids results in greater sensitivity for diode array detection quantitation (0.05 μg/L for herbicides) by substantially reducing the absorbance of the humic peak on the LC chromatogram. The herbicides adsorb to the SAX disk either through hydrogen bonding to the anion-exchange sites or by hydrophobic interaction with the SDB surface of the anion-exchange disk. The method was tested for the analysis of natural water samples from the Mississippi Embayment, a cotton-growing area of the southeastern United States.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/ac980975q","usgsCitation":"Ferrar, I., Barcelo, D., and Thurman, E., 1999, Double-disk solid-phase extraction--Simultaneous cleanup and trace enrichment of herbicides and metabolites from environmental samples: Analytical Chemistry, v. 71, no. 5, p. 1009-1015, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac980975q.","productDescription":"7 p. ","startPage":"1009","endPage":"1015","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337784,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"71","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-01-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58cba425e4b0849ce97dc7a8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ferrar, Imma","contributorId":169361,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ferrar","given":"Imma","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25479,"text":"CU Boulder","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":684871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barcelo, Damia","contributorId":189407,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barcelo","given":"Damia","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70207829,"text":"70207829 - 1999 - Potassium-calcium decay system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-14T16:46:57","indexId":"70207829","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-14T16:45:57","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Potassium-calcium decay system","docAbstract":"Potassium has three isotopes (see Potassium); potassium-40 ( 40K) is radioactive and decays to both calcium-40 ( 40Ca) and argon-40 ( 40Ar). The combined half-life of 40K is 1.25 billion years. The branched decay scheme of 40K is shown in Figure P33. It decays by β- decay to 40Ca and to 40Ar by both electron capture and positron decay (see Potassium-argon decay system). Although 89.52% of the decays produce 40Ca, the system is of somewhat limited use due to the large natural abundance of 40Ca (96.9% of calcium, see Calcium).
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Encyclopedia of geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/1-4020-4496-8_260","usgsCitation":"Marshall, B.D., 1999, Potassium-calcium decay system, chap. of Encyclopedia of geochemistry, p. 525-526, https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4496-8_260.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"525","endPage":"526","costCenters":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371244,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marshall, Brian D. 0000-0002-8093-0093 bdmarsha@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8093-0093","contributorId":520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marshall","given":"Brian","email":"bdmarsha@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70207828,"text":"70207828 - 1999 - Dating methods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-14T16:48:03","indexId":"70207828","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-14T16:38:32","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Dating methods","docAbstract":"One of the greatest contributions of geochemistry to man's knowledge of the Earth and solar system has been the development and application of chemical and isotopic techniques used to measure the passage of time. Rates of geologic processes, rates of biological evolution, and contemporaneity of past events all depend on accurate ages of geologic materials. Many geochemical methods have been used to determine ages of rocks and minerals; the ages determined may record the time of mineral crystallization or recrystallization, the time of last heating beyond a given temperature (see Geothermometers), or the time elapsed since exposure on the surface. The basic requirement for a chemical or isotopic geochronometer is some measurable parameter that changes as a function of time. Furthermore, for accurate ages to be determined, the parameter must have a known (and invariant) relationship with age or must be able to be calibrated.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Encyclopedia of geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer ","doi":"10.1007/1-4020-4496-8_74","usgsCitation":"Marshall, B.D., 1999, Dating methods, chap. of Encyclopedia of geochemistry, p. 124-125, https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4496-8_74.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"124","endPage":"125","costCenters":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371243,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marshall, Brian D. 0000-0002-8093-0093 bdmarsha@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8093-0093","contributorId":520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marshall","given":"Brian","email":"bdmarsha@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70207706,"text":"70207706 - 1999 - The hunt for Antarctic climate history","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-08T20:50:06.195059","indexId":"70207706","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-07T11:35:38","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":814,"text":"Antarctic Science","onlineIssn":"1365-2079","printIssn":"0954-1020","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The hunt for Antarctic climate history","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.1017/S0954102099000358","usgsCitation":"Barker, P., and Cooper, A.K., 1999, The hunt for Antarctic climate history: Antarctic Science, v. 11, no. 3, p. 273-273, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102099000358.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"273","endPage":"273","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479435,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954102099000358","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":371037,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-05-06","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barker, Peter","contributorId":146727,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barker","given":"Peter","affiliations":[{"id":590,"text":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","active":false,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":779030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cooper, Alan K. acooper@usgs.gov","contributorId":2854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"Alan","email":"acooper@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":22249,"text":"ofr99218 - 1999 - Vegetative resistance to flow in south Florida: Summary of vegetation sampling at sites NESRS3 and P33, Shark River Slough, November, 1996","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-04T17:24:15.537386","indexId":"ofr99218","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T21:50:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-218","title":"Vegetative resistance to flow in south Florida: Summary of vegetation sampling at sites NESRS3 and P33, Shark River Slough, November, 1996","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey is one of many agencies participating in the effort to restore the South Florida Everglades. We are sampling and characterizing the vegetation at selected sites in the Everglades as part of a study to quantify vegetative flow resistance. The objectives of the vegetation sampling are (1) to provide detailed information on species composition, vegetation characteristics, vegetation structure, and biomass for quantification of vegetative resistance to flow, and (2) to use this information to classify the vegetation and to improve existing vegetation maps for use with numerical models of surface-water flow. Vegetation was sampled at two sites in the Shark River Slough in November, 1996. The data collected and presented here include those for live and dead standing sawgrass, other dead material, periphyton biomass, vegetation characteristics and structure, and leaf area index.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr99218","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Carter, V., Reel, J.T., Rybicki, N.B., Ruhl, H.A., Gammon, P.T., and Lee, J.K., 1999, Vegetative resistance to flow in south Florida: Summary of vegetation sampling at sites NESRS3 and P33, Shark River Slough, November, 1996: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-218, vi, 90 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr99218.","productDescription":"vi, 90 p.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":51676,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0218/ofr99218.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.27 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":155167,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/0218/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Everglades National Park, Shark River Slough","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.892333984375,\n 25.456914906486638\n ],\n [\n -80.4913330078125,\n 25.456914906486638\n ],\n [\n -80.4913330078125,\n 25.752898642900437\n ],\n [\n -80.892333984375,\n 25.752898642900437\n ],\n [\n -80.892333984375,\n 25.456914906486638\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
Whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) habitats are important to Yellowstone grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) as refugia and sources of food. Ecological relationships between whitebark pine, red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus), and grizzly bear use of pine seeds on Mt. Washburn in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, were examined during 1984-86. Following large-scale fires in 1988, we repeated the study in 1995-97 to examine the effects of fire on availability of whitebark pine seed in red squirrel middens and on bear use of middens. Half of the total length of the original line transects burned. We found no red squirrel middens in burned areas. Post-fire linear-abundance (no./km) of active squirrel middens that were pooled from burned and unburned areas decreased 27% compared to pre-fire abundance, but increased in unburned portions of some habitat types. Mean size of active middens decreased 54% post-fire. Use of pine seeds by bears (linear abundance of excavated middens) in pooled burned and unburned habitats decreased by 64%, likely due to the combined effects of reduced midden availability and smaller midden size. We discourage any further large-scale losses of seed producing trees from management-prescribed fires or timber harvesting until the effects of fire on ecological relationships in the whitebark pine zone are better understood.
","language":"English","publisher":"International Association for Bear Research and Management","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","usgsCitation":"Podruzny, S., Reinhart, D.P., and Mattson, D.J., 1999, Fire, red squirrels, whitebark pine, and Yellowstone grizzly bears: Ursus, v. 11, p. 131-138.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"131","endPage":"138","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319428,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":319427,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3872994 ","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Mount Washburn","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.45087814331053,\n 44.78207873134966\n ],\n [\n -110.45087814331053,\n 44.80644233196344\n ],\n [\n -110.40864944458008,\n 44.80644233196344\n ],\n [\n -110.40864944458008,\n 44.78207873134966\n ],\n [\n -110.45087814331053,\n 44.78207873134966\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"11","publicComments":"Form a Special Issue: A Selection of Papers from the Eleventh International Conference on Bear Research and Management, Graz, Austria, September 1997, and Gatlinburg, Tennessee, April 1998","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56f6615de4b07d796bf77057","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Podruzny, Shannon","contributorId":45614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Podruzny","given":"Shannon","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":624072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reinhart, Daniel P.","contributorId":94258,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reinhart","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":624073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mattson, David J. david_mattson@usgs.gov","contributorId":3662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mattson","given":"David","email":"david_mattson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":624074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70220369,"text":"70220369 - 1999 - Stable isotopes and mineral resource investigations in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-06T20:10:53.198343","indexId":"70220369","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T16:10:41","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":8585,"text":"Information Handout","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Stable isotopes and mineral resource investigations in the United States","docAbstract":"The elements oxygen, hydrogen, sulfur, and carbon are important constituents of hydrothermal ore-forming systems and the weathering processes of mineral deposits in the surficial environment. They also play key roles in volcanic activity, ecosystem dynamics, climate change, and hydrologic and atmospheric processes. Therefore, study of the stable isotopes of these elements can provide powerful insights into these processes. This is especially true for ongoing U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) projects in the Eastern United States that are concerned with the origins of base (copper, lead, and zinc) and precious (gold and silver) metal deposits in the Carolina slate belt and northern Maine and with the environmental effects of weathering of mineral deposits (fig. 1).
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II 0000-0003-0901-2529 rseal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0901-2529","contributorId":141204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seal,","given":"Robert R.","suffix":"II","email":"rseal@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":815269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70220368,"text":"70220368 - 1999 - Environmental processes that affect mineral deposits in the eastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-06T20:08:19.512337","indexId":"70220368","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T16:08:04","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":8585,"text":"Information Handout","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Environmental processes that affect mineral deposits in the eastern United States","docAbstract":"A thorough understanding of the environmental processes that affect mineral deposits and mine wastes has become increasingly important as the Nation wrestles with how to meet our current demand for metals without compromising the environment and how to mitigate the damage caused by the mining practices of previous generations. Regulatory requirements are dominated by empirical approaches to environmental problems associated with mining, but mitigation and reclamation can be enhanced greatly by a theoretical and conceptual understanding of the processes that affect the availability, transport, and fixation of metals and the generation of acidic waters.
U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) research efforts in the Eastern United States are concentrating on environmental processes that affect a class of mineral deposits known as massive sulfide deposits. These occurrences were valued historically for their sulfur content and recently for their metals. This deposit type is a research priority because of its economic significance and high potential for adverse environmental impact due to its high sulfide content and the low acid-buffering capacity of host rocks. Numerous examples of these deposits are found in the East, including reclaimed mine sites, abandoned mines, active mines, and sites currently in the permitting process for future production.
Published studies of mine drainage chemistry from the Iron Mountain massive sulfide deposit in California have documented extreme conditions of very low pH and high heavy-metal concentrations. These extreme conditions are attributed to the unique hydrologic and climatic settings of the deposit and probably are independent of the mineral deposit type.
Areas currently under study include Bald Mountain, Maine, the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, the Vermont copper belt, Contrary Creek, Virginia, and Prince William Forest Park, Virginia (fig.1). Goals of the research are (1) to give land-use planners and the mining industry a better empirical framework from which to assess potential environmental impacts of mining, particularly under eastern climatic conditions, and (2) to provide a better theoretical and conceptual framework from which to design more effective and cost efficient mitigation and reclamation programs.
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