We have studied 30 quenched tholeiitic lava flows recovered by 20 dredge hauls and one submersible dive along Puna Ridge, the submarine part of the East Rift Zone of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii Glass grains from numerous additional flows were recovered in turbidite sands cored in the Hawaiian Trough. These quenched lavas document variable primary magma compositions; olivine and multiphase crystallization and fractionation; degassing; wall-rock stoping and assimilation; mixing in the crustal reservoir and the rift zone; entrainment of olivine xenocrysts from a hot, ductile, olivine cumulate body; and disruption of gabbro wallrocks in the rift zone.
Glass grains in turbidite sands contain up to 15⋅0wt% MgO, in contrast to < 7⋅0wt% MgO for the sampled glass rinds on lavas. The most forsteritic olivine phenocryst (F090·7) is in equilibrium with primary Kilauea liquid containing an average 16⋅5 wt% MgO, but ranging from 13⋅4 to 18⋅4%. Lavas and glass grains have more restricted P2O5/K2O and TiO2/K2O than glass inclusions in olivine, because more diverse liquids trapped as glass inclusions are mixed and homogenized before eruption. Variable trace element compositions in glass grains and whole rocks indicate that the primary liquids form by partial melting of mantle sources retaining clinopyroxene and garnet.
Orthopyroxene xenocrysts formed at moderate pressures provide evidence for a sub-crustal staging zone. Chromite and olivine crystallize in the crustal magma reservoir as the liquid cools from an average 1346°C to ∼1170°C. Low viscosities of the primary liquids (0·4 Pas) facilitate olivine settling, and the crystallized olivine forms an olivine cumulate body at the base of the reservoir. Olivine is deformed as the hot ductile dunite body flows down and away from the summit. This flow drives instability of the Hilina landslide on Kilauea. Dikes intrude the dunite, and magma flowing through the dikes disaggregates and entrains olivine xenocrysts in Puna Ridge magmas.
Primary liquids pond at or near the base of Kilauea's crustal reservoir because they are denser than more fractionated liquids that occupy the upper parts of the reservoir. The sulfur and water contents of glass rinds indicate that fractionated liquids near the top of the reservoir degas at low pressure, a process that increases their density and causes them to sink to levels where they mix with resident undegassed, near-primary liquid. The fractionated liquids near the top of the magma reservoir acquire excess Cl, owing to assimilation of hydrothermally altered roofrocks.
Magma flowing into the rift zone encounters and mixes with low-temperature, multiphase-fractionated melt. The mixed magmas typically contain rare orthopyroxene, plagioclase as sodic as andesine, olivine as fayalitic as F075 and Fe-rich augite derived from the fractionated magma. Magma flowing through dikes also dislodged fragments of gabbroic wallrocks that occur as xenoliths.
The interrelations in the Kilauean submarine lavas between host glass and glass inclusion compositions, volatile contents and mineral chemistry reveal an extraordinarily complex sequence of petrogenetic processes and events that are difficult or impossible to determine in subaerial Kilauea lavas because of crystallization, reequilibration and degassing during or after their eruption.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.1093/petrology/36.2.299","usgsCitation":"Clague, D.A., Moore, J.G., Dixon, J., and Friesen, W., 1995, Petrology of Submarine Lavas from Kilauea's Puna Ridge, Hawaii: Journal of Petrology, v. 36, no. 2, p. 299-349, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/36.2.299.","productDescription":"51 p.","startPage":"299","endPage":"349","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371327,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Puna Ridge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -154.775390625,\n 19.228176737766262\n ],\n [\n -153.69873046875,\n 19.228176737766262\n ],\n [\n -153.69873046875,\n 20.694461597907797\n ],\n [\n -154.775390625,\n 20.694461597907797\n ],\n [\n -154.775390625,\n 19.228176737766262\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"36","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clague, D. A.","contributorId":190950,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clague","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, James G. 0000-0002-7543-2401 jmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7543-2401","contributorId":2892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"James","email":"jmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dixon, J.E.","contributorId":53093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dixon","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Friesen, W.B.","contributorId":75532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friesen","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70198727,"text":"70198727 - 1995 - Middle Tertiary extension recorded by lacustrine fan-delta deposits, Plush Ranch Basin, western Transverse Ranges, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-15T15:31:12","indexId":"70198727","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T15:31:04","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2451,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Research","onlineIssn":"1938-3681","printIssn":"1527-1404","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Middle Tertiary extension recorded by lacustrine fan-delta deposits, Plush Ranch Basin, western Transverse Ranges, California","docAbstract":"The Plush Ranch Formation (upper Oligocene and lower Miocene) consists of more than 1800 m of nonmarine sedimentary and volcanic rocks that record the history of an extensional basin referred to here as the Plush Ranch basin. Distinctive depositional facies, provenance, and sediment transport directions along each basin margin suggest an asymmetric basin shape that is consistent with a half-graben origin. The northern basin margin consists of sandstone-dominated alluvial-plain deposits (0.1-1.5 m thick, normally graded, lenticular sandstone beds). Small deltaic sequences 1-2 m thick were formed where these alluvial systems flowed southward into a lake. Lenses of massive, boulder-rich granitic breccia that represent rockslide deposits derived from a nearby northern granitic provenance interfinger with the alluvial-plain facies. In contrast to the northern margin, the southern basin margin is represented by coarse-grained fan-delta deposits. Matrix- and clast-supported lenticular conglomerate beds 0.2-5 m thick with interbedded trough-cross-bedded pebbly sandstone represent braided-stream and flood-flow and/or noncohesive debris-flow deposits of alluvial fans that drained a highland area to the south. The alluvial-fan deposits interfinger to the north with several types of subaqueous sediment-gravity-flow facies including turbidite sandstone beds and matrix-supported debris-flow conglomerate. Each of the basin-margin depositional systems grades basinward and to the east into lacustrine deposits that include organic-rich dark shale, evaporite, and limestone. The lacustrine deposits represent the central and eastern parts of the Plush Ranch basin, which received little coarse siliciclastic sediment. Basalt deposits that are at least 50 m thick in the west and thicken eastward are interbedded mainly with the lacustrine facies. The southern margin of the Plush Ranch basin formed along a north-dipping, normal-slip fault along which dip separation increased toward the southwest; the northern margin developed on the tilted hanging-wall block of this fault. This fault was later reactivated in post-middle Miocene time as the present left-lateral strike-slip Big Pine fault. The Plush Ranch is one of several extensional and transtensional basins that formed in southern California and western Arizona about 25-20 Ma as a response to the change from a convergent to a strikeslip tectonic regime along western North America.
","language":"English","publisher":"SEPM","doi":"10.1306/D4268284-2B26-11D7-8648000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Cole, R.B., and Stanley, R.G., 1995, Middle Tertiary extension recorded by lacustrine fan-delta deposits, Plush Ranch Basin, western Transverse Ranges, California: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 65, no. 4b, p. 455-468, https://doi.org/10.1306/D4268284-2B26-11D7-8648000102C1865D.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"455","endPage":"468","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":356536,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Plush Ranch Basin","volume":"65","issue":"4b","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c110fa0e4b034bf6a811712","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cole, Ronald B.","contributorId":190386,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cole","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":742749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stanley, Richard G. 0000-0001-6192-8783 rstanley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6192-8783","contributorId":1832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanley","given":"Richard","email":"rstanley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":742750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70006644,"text":"70006644 - 1995 - Serotypes and DNA fingerprint profiles of Pasteurella multocida isolated from raptors","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-23T16:55:47","indexId":"70006644","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T15:10:34","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":948,"text":"Avian Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Serotypes and DNA fingerprint profiles of Pasteurella multocida isolated from raptors","docAbstract":"Pasteurella multocida isolates from 21 raptors were examined by DNA fingerprint profile and serotyping methods. Isolates were obtained from noncaptive birds of prey found in 11 states from November 28, 1979, through February 10, 1993. Nine isolates were from bald eagles, and the remaining isolates were from hawks, falcons, and owls. Seven isolates were members of capsule group A, and 14 were nonencapsulated. One isolate was identified as somatic type 3, and another was type 3,4,7; both had unique HhaI DNA fingerprint profiles. Nineteen isolates expressed somatic type 1 antigen; HhaI profiles of all type 1 isolates were identical to each other and to the HhaI profile of the reference somatic type 1, strain X-73. The 19 type 1 isolates were differentiated by sequential digestion of DNA with HpaII; four HpaII fingerprint profiles were obtained. The HpaII profile of one isolate was identical to the HpaII profile of strain X-73. Incidence of P. multocida somatic type 1 in raptors suggests that this type may be prevalent in other wildlife or wildlife environments.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Avian Diseases","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Avian Pathologists","doi":"10.2307/1591987","usgsCitation":"Wilson, M.A., Duncan, R.M., Nordholm, G., and Berlowski, B., 1995, Serotypes and DNA fingerprint profiles of Pasteurella multocida isolated from raptors: Avian Diseases, v. 39, no. 1, p. 94-99, https://doi.org/10.2307/1591987.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"94","endPage":"99","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288594,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1591987"},{"id":288595,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"39","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae782be4b0abf75cf2cc73","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilson, M. 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Individual rod-pair scale errors are estimated by a two-step procedure using a model based on either differences in heights, differences in section height differences, or differences in section tilts. It is shown that the estimated rod-pair scale errors derived from each model are identical only when the data are correctly weighted, and the mathematical correlations are accounted for in the model based on heights. Analyses based on simple regressions of changes in height versus height can easily lead to incorrect conclusions. We also show that the statistically estimated scale errors are not a simple function of height, height difference, or tilt. The models are valid only when terrain slope is constant over adjacent pairs of setups (i.e., smoothly varying terrain). In order to discriminate between rod scale errors and vertical displacements due to crustal motion, the individual rod-pairs should be used in more than one leveling, preferably in areas of contrasting tectonic activity. From an analysis of 37 separately calibrated rod-pairs used in 55 levelings in southern California, we found eight statistically significant coefficients that could be reasonably attributed to rod scale errors, only one of which was larger than the expected random error in the applied calibration-based scale correction. However, significant differences with other independent checks indicate that caution should be exercised before accepting these results as evidence of scale error. Further refinements of the technique are clearly needed if the results are to be routinely applied in practice.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/95JB00614","usgsCitation":"Craymer, M.R., Vaníček, P., and Castle, R.O., 1995, Estimation of rod scale errors in geodetic leveling: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 100, no. B8, p. 15129-15145, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JB00614.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"15129","endPage":"15145","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":281668,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":281667,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/95JB00614"}],"volume":"100","issue":"B8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd5827e4b0b290850f7e9f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Craymer, Michael R.","contributorId":37642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Craymer","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vaníček, Petr","contributorId":15110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vaníček","given":"Petr","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Castle, Robert O.","contributorId":22741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Castle","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5223101,"text":"5223101 - 1995 - A ten-year history of the demography and productivity of an Arctic wolf pack","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-14T14:47:58.286674","indexId":"5223101","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T12:17:43","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":894,"text":"Arctic","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A ten-year history of the demography and productivity of an Arctic wolf pack","docAbstract":"A pack of two to eight adult wolves (Canis lupus arctos) and their pups was observed during ten summers (1986-95) on Ellesmere Island, Northwest Territories, Canada. The author habituated the wolf pack to his presence in the first summer and reinforced the habituation each summer thereafter. The first alpha female produced four to six pups each year between 1986 and 1989. However, her daughter, who succeeded her as the alpha female, produced only one to three pups each year between 1990 and 1992 and in 1994, and apparently did not whelp in 1993 or in 1995. The tenure of the first alpha male was at least two years, and his successor was alpha male for the remaining eight years of the study. The wolf pack was characterized by highly variable annual productivity. The second alpha male-and-female breeding pair likely was an older brother and a younger sister. Early survival of wolf pups was high and constant, with all pups surviving through August of their first year. The pack's demography was consistent with what is known for wolf packs in other regions of North America, but its productivity was more typical of arctic packs.
","language":"English","publisher":"Arctic Institute of North America","doi":"10.14430/arctic1255","usgsCitation":"Mech, L., 1995, A ten-year history of the demography and productivity of an Arctic wolf pack: Arctic, v. 48, no. 4, p. 329-332, https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic1255.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"329","endPage":"332","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479235,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic1255","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":196496,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada","otherGeospatial":"Ellesmere Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.5811513223311,\n 76.82297619841967\n ],\n [\n -89.2014451937311,\n 76.3215487290854\n ],\n [\n -81.41013183979067,\n 76.09128987431768\n ],\n [\n -77.58850899120095,\n 76.63629705443725\n ],\n [\n -73.01226792019128,\n 79.18603851003371\n ],\n [\n -60.293629036818345,\n 82.35971025747855\n ],\n [\n -68.82416150731625,\n 83.15278958450986\n ],\n [\n -80.54056932401815,\n 82.93468308194096\n ],\n [\n -91.80048503847394,\n 81.6755603503411\n ],\n [\n -88.07624843842454,\n 80.61862365776216\n ],\n [\n -86.93658092892795,\n 80.31219537257954\n ],\n [\n -86.3270206049004,\n 79.82207624965858\n ],\n [\n -84.17887533916945,\n 79.19718245636574\n ],\n [\n -85.17836103420198,\n 78.85781222177903\n ],\n [\n -86.99511797117627,\n 78.71047709315377\n ],\n [\n -87.32470631808317,\n 78.04410993832832\n ],\n [\n -87.7630582227282,\n 77.81940378182117\n ],\n [\n -88.39852598399844,\n 77.48983442717872\n ],\n [\n -87.4604318539433,\n 77.22171830758921\n ],\n [\n -89.5811513223311,\n 76.82297619841967\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"48","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a5c9e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mech, L.D. 0000-0003-3944-7769","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3944-7769","contributorId":75466,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mech","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70238526,"text":"70238526 - 1995 - Trichomoniasis as a factor in mourning dove population decline in Fillmore, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-28T17:24:56.81267","indexId":"70238526","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T11:20:13","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trichomoniasis as a factor in mourning dove population decline in Fillmore, Utah","docAbstract":"We examined whether trichomoniasis had been a factor in a dramatic mourning dove (Zenaida macroura) population decline in Fillmore, Utah (USA). We reasoned that if we could not find a high proportion of doves showing clinical signs of disease then the population was not being affected. Prevalences of Trichomonas gallinae in doves were 21% for 1992 and 14% for 1993. We also examined 230 birds and found only one with oral lesions. These prevalences were similar to those observed at the same study site in the 1950's, or reported elsewhere. Based on our results, we believe that trichomoniasis was not affecting the Fillmore mourning dove population at the time of our study.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-31.1.87","usgsCitation":"Ostrand, W.D., Bissonette, J.A., and Conover, M.R., 1995, Trichomoniasis as a factor in mourning dove population decline in Fillmore, Utah: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 31, no. 1, p. 87-89, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-31.1.87.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"87","endPage":"89","costCenters":[{"id":609,"text":"Utah Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479236,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-31.1.87","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":409710,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","city":"Fillmore","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.37075762212206,\n 39.00218145844232\n ],\n [\n -112.37075762212206,\n 38.95240612990142\n ],\n [\n -112.3055721412927,\n 38.95240612990142\n ],\n [\n -112.3055721412927,\n 39.00218145844232\n ],\n [\n -112.37075762212206,\n 39.00218145844232\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"31","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ostrand, William D.","contributorId":90898,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ostrand","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":609,"text":"Utah Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":857740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bissonette, John A.","contributorId":15503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bissonette","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":857741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Conover, M. R.","contributorId":8639,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Conover","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":857742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70182707,"text":"70182707 - 1995 - Brood amalgamation in the Bristle-thighed Curlew Numenius tahitiensis: process and function","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-21T14:38:16","indexId":"70182707","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1961,"text":"Ibis","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Brood amalgamation in the Bristle-thighed Curlew Numenius tahitiensis: process and function","docAbstract":"Alloparental care in birds generally involves nonbreeding adults that help at nests or breeding adults that help raise young in communal nests. A less often reported form involves the amalgamation of broods, where one or more adults care for young that are not their own. We observed this phenomenon among Bristle-thighed Curlew Numenius tahitiensis broods in western Alaska during 1990–1992. Amalgamation of broods generally involved the formation of temporary and extended associations. Temporary associations were formed by the incidental convergence of broods soon after they left their nests. During this period, parents defended distinct brood-rearing areas, were antagonistic to conspecifics and remained together for less than 3 days. Extended associations formed when chicks were 1–2 weeks old. Here, parents and their broods occupied distinct, but adjacent, brood-rearing areas and moved around as a unit. Whether a brood participated in either temporary or extended associations or remained solitary appeared to depend on brood density in the immediate area and on hatching date. When chicks were 3–4 weeks old, aggregations of up to ten broods formed wherein young mixed and parents defended a common brood-rearing area. All broods (n = 48) that survived to fledging joined such aggregations. Alloparental care involved only antipredator defence and was not associated with activities such as feeding and brooding. Most female parents abandoned their broods shortly after the young could fly and when aggregations were forming. The female parent of a pair always deserted its young before or on the same day as the male parent and, in every aggregation, one or two males continued to tend young for about 5 days longer than other male parents. In most cases, adults deserted the young 2–6 days before the young departed the area when about 38 days old. Bristle-thighed Curlews also formed temporary associations with American and Pacific Golden Plover Pluvialis dominica and Pluvialis fulva, Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus, Bar-tailed Godwit Limosa lapponica, Western Sandpiper Cal-idris mauri and Long-tailed Skua Stercorarius longicaudus. Curlews and other larger bodied species commonly attack-mobbed predators together, whereas smaller bodied species generally gave alarm calls and circled the predators. For all species, the intensity of antipredator defence by attending adults gradually decreased as young became older and aggregations formed. We suggest that amalgamation of broods among Bristle-thighed Curlew enhances predator defence, aids in the process of flock formation for migrating young, and allows females and some males to desert their young earlier.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1474-919X.1995.tb03267.x","usgsCitation":"Lanctot, R.B., Gill, R., Tibbitts, T.L., and Handel, C.M., 1995, Brood amalgamation in the Bristle-thighed Curlew Numenius tahitiensis: process and function: Ibis, v. 137, no. 4, p. 559-569, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919X.1995.tb03267.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"559","endPage":"569","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336238,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Kougarok River drainage","volume":"137","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-04-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58b2a59de4b01ccd54fca165","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lanctot, Richard B.","contributorId":31894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanctot","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":7029,"text":"Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":17786,"text":"Carleton University","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":135,"text":"Biological Resources Division","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":6987,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sevice","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":673379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gill, Robert E. Jr. 0000-0002-6385-4500 rgill@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6385-4500","contributorId":171747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gill","given":"Robert E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"rgill@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":673380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tibbitts, T. Lee 0000-0002-0290-7592 ltibbitts@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0290-7592","contributorId":140455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tibbitts","given":"T.","email":"ltibbitts@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Lee","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":673381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Handel, Colleen M. 0000-0002-0267-7408 cmhandel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0267-7408","contributorId":3067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Handel","given":"Colleen","email":"cmhandel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":673382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70180318,"text":"70180318 - 1995 - Assessment of interspecific interactions in plant communities: an illustration from the cold desert saltbush grasslands of North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-27T11:11:58","indexId":"70180318","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2183,"text":"Journal of Arid Environments","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessment of interspecific interactions in plant communities: an illustration from the cold desert saltbush grasslands of North America","docAbstract":"Interspecific interactions influence both the productivity and composition of plant communities. Here, we propose new field procedures and analytical approaches for assessing interspecific interactions in nature and apply these procedures to the salt desert shrub grasslands of western Utah. Data were collected from two grazing treatments over a period of 2 years. The proposed equations were fairly consistent across both treatments and years. In addition to illustrating how to assess interspecific interactions within a community, we also develop a new approach for projecting the community composition as a result of some alteration, i.e. increase or decrease in the abundance of one or more species. Results demonstrate competition both within and between plant life-form groups. While introduced annuals were found to depress profoundly the likelihood of perennial plants replacing themselves, perennials had little influence on annuals. Thus, as native perennials die, they are more likely to be replaced by perennials than for the reverse to occur. Our results suggest that unless conditions change, these communities will become increasingly dominated by introduced annuals.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1006/jare.1995.0059","usgsCitation":"Freeman, C.D., and Emlen, J.M., 1995, Assessment of interspecific interactions in plant communities: an illustration from the cold desert saltbush grasslands of North America: Journal of Arid Environments, v. 31, no. 2, p. 179-198, https://doi.org/10.1006/jare.1995.0059.","productDescription":"20 p. ","startPage":"179","endPage":"198","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334144,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"588c6aa8e4b08c8121c9096e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Freeman, Carl D.","contributorId":178826,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Freeman","given":"Carl","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Emlen, John M.","contributorId":168812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emlen","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":661205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018887,"text":"70018887 - 1995 - Simulation models for conservative and nonconservative solute transport in streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-13T21:17:11","indexId":"70018887","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1483,"text":"Effects of scale on interpretation and management of sediment and water quality. Proc. symposium, Boulder, 1995","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulation models for conservative and nonconservative solute transport in streams","docAbstract":"Solute transport in streams is governed by a suite of hydrologic and chemical processes. Interactions between hydrologic processes and chemical reactions may be quantified through a combination of field-scale experimentation and simulation modeling. Two mathematical models that simulate conservative and nonconservative solute transport in streams are presented. A model for conservative solutes that considers One Dimensional Transport with Inflow and Storage (OTIS) may be used in conjunction with tracer-dilution methods to quantify hydrologic transport processes (advection, dispersion, lateral inflow and transient storage). For nonconservative solutes, a model known as OTEQ may be used to quantify chemical processes within the context of hydrologic transport. OTEQ combines the transport mechanisms in OTIS with a chemical equilibrium sub-model that considers complexation, precipitation/dissolution and sorption. OTEQ has been used to quantify processes affecting trace metals in two streams in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado, USA.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Effects of scale on interpretation and management of sediment and water quality. Proc. symposium, Boulder, 1995","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Runkel, R., 1995, Simulation models for conservative and nonconservative solute transport in streams: Effects of scale on interpretation and management of sediment and water quality. Proc. symposium, Boulder, 1995, v. 226, p. 153-159.","startPage":"153","endPage":"159","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226664,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269310,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/software/OTIS/addl/misc/iahs_226_0153.pdf"}],"volume":"226","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8febe4b08c986b31920b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Runkel, R.L.","contributorId":97529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runkel","given":"R.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019046,"text":"70019046 - 1995 - Fluid-inclusion evidence for past temperature fluctuations in the Kilauea East Rift Zone geothermal area, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-15T10:37:23","indexId":"70019046","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1828,"text":"Geothermics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fluid-inclusion evidence for past temperature fluctuations in the Kilauea East Rift Zone geothermal area, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Heating and freezing data were obtained for fluid inclusions in hydrothermal quartz, calcite, and anhydrite from several depths in three scientific observation holes drilled along the lower East Rift Zone of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii. Compositions of the inclusion fluids range from dilute meteoric water to highly modified sea water concentrated by boiling. Comparison of measured drill-hole temperatures with fluid-inclusion homogenization-temperature (Th) data indicates that only about 15% of the fluid inclusions could have formed under the present thermal conditions. The majority of fluid inclusions studied must have formed during one or more times in the past when temperatures fluctuated in response to the emplacement of nearby dikes and their subsequent cooling. The fluid-inclusion data indicate that past temperatures in SOH-4 well were as much as 64°C hotter than present temperatures between 1000 and 1500 m depth and they were a maximum of 68°C cooler than present temperatures below 1500 m depth. Similarly, the data show that past temperatures near the bottoms of SOH-1 and SOH-2 wells were up to 45 and 59°C, respectively, cooler than the present thermal conditions; however, the remainder of fluid-inclusion Th values for these two drill holes suggest that the temperatures of the trapped waters were nearly the same as the present temperatures at these slightly shallower depths. Several hydrothermal minerals (erionite, mordenite, truscottite, smectite, chlorite-smectite, chalcedony, anhydrite, and hematite), occurring in the drill holes at higher temperatures than they are found in geothermal drill holes of Iceland or other geothermal areas, provide additional evidence for a recent heating trend.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6505(95)00034-8","issn":"03756505","usgsCitation":"Bargar, K.E., Keith, T.E., and Trusdell, F., 1995, Fluid-inclusion evidence for past temperature fluctuations in the Kilauea East Rift Zone geothermal area, Hawaii: Geothermics, v. 24, no. 5-6, p. 639-659, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(95)00034-8.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"639","endPage":"659","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226359,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"5-6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a127ae4b0c8380cd5430b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bargar, Keith E.","contributorId":9643,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bargar","given":"Keith","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keith, Terry E.C.","contributorId":79099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keith","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"E.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Trusdell, Frank A. 0000-0002-0681-0528 trusdell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0681-0528","contributorId":754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trusdell","given":"Frank A.","email":"trusdell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":381513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70133674,"text":"70133674 - 1995 - Radiocarbon ages of pre-bomb clams and the hard-water effect in Lakes Michigan and Huron","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-06T10:01:54","indexId":"70133674","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2411,"text":"Journal of Paleolimnology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Radiocarbon ages of pre-bomb clams and the hard-water effect in Lakes Michigan and Huron","docAbstract":"Five radiocarbon ages, all determined by accelerator mass spectrometry, have been obtained for two pre-bomb bivalves from Lake Michigan and one from Lake Huron. After correcting those ages for the fractionation of14C in calcite and for the radioactively inert CO2 in the atmosphere, we find residual ages, caused by the hard water effect, of about 250 years for Lake Michigan and 440 years for Lake Huron.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00682596","usgsCitation":"Rea, D.K., and Colman, S.M., 1995, Radiocarbon ages of pre-bomb clams and the hard-water effect in Lakes Michigan and Huron: Journal of Paleolimnology, v. 14, p. 89-91, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00682596.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"89","endPage":"91","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480193,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/43072>","text":"External Repository"},{"id":296166,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Lake Huron, Lake Michigan","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n 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Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interseismic deformation along the San Andreas Fault in southern California","docAbstract":"Eight trilateration networks located along the San Andreas fault in southern California have been surveyed 8 to 19 times within a 14- to 17-year interval between 1971 and 1992. The data, measurements of distances between the same 10 to 32 pairs of geodetic monuments within a network in each of the surveys, have been corrected for coseismic offsets from nearby earthquakes calculated from dislocation models. The corrected data, a total of 2027 measurements, are displayed in the form of plots of measured distance versus time for each of the 167 lines measured. The hypothesis that the interseismic deformation is steady is tested by examining whether deviations from linear fits to the data in the plots are within the range expected for observational error. A significant deviation from steady deformation is found only for the network located neax Palmdale, California. In that network, many of the measurements made in the survey of early 1982 deviate from the trend defined by the measurements in other surveys. The deviations are not of the form (fixed proportional error) one would generally expect from systematic survey error. If the survey of early 1982 is excluded, the remaining data at Palmdale are consistent with steady deformation. Thus the apparent strain event observed near Palmdale in 1982 was transient.
Food habits, net-spinning activity, and whole-animal mercury concentrations in Hydropsyche morosa Hagan were examined monthly over a one year period on the South River, Virginia. Gut content analysis revealed seasonal patterns in the consumption of food that was correlated with net-spinning activity. Between April and October, when feeding nets were widespread, detritus represented between 72 and 94% of the total volume of food material found in the guts, while algae represented less than 18%. However, between November and March, when feeding nets were rare or absent, the relative contribution of each of the three food types (i.e., detritus, algae, and animal) changed significantly. Detritus declined to between 51 and 60%, and algae increased to between 39 and 47% of the total food volume. Whole-animal mercury concentrations ranged from 0.14 to 1.20 µg g−1 and were significantly higher in the summer. Seasonal differences were not related to environmental mercury levels and only weakly related to body size. In contrast, whole-animal mercury levels were strongly related to seasonal changes in diet. In summer, when H. morosa larvae were filtering highly contaminated seston, whole-animal mercury levels were high. Conversely, in winter, when larvae were grazing less contaminated algae, whole-animal mercury levels were significantly lower. The primary component of seston was detritus (>81%) throughout the year. Therefore, the high mercury concentration in seston was probably associated with detritus. As a result, a significant relationship was observed between whole-animal mercury concentration and the relative amount of detritus consumed. These patterns indicate that in streams with highly productive hydropsychid populations, the rate of processing of mercury and other heavy metals may be related to seasonal changes in feeding behavior.
Vocalizations of the California sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis) were recorded from wild and captive adults and young and analyzed spectrographically. Parameters measured from the sonagrams included fundamental frequency, duration, maximum frequency, intercall interval, and the location and amplitude of energy peaks. We identified 10 basic vocal categories, one of which consisted of graded signals. The contexts for each call, when known or suspected, are described. Discriminant analysis of the spectrographic parameters for the scream call showed significant differences among individuals for adult females and young. Using only the parameters quantified, each call was assigned correctly to the individual that produced it with 80% accuracy for mothers and 75% for young, thus, indicating that the potential exists for individual vocal recognition in the sea otter. The sea otter's vocal repertoire is similar in complexity to that of certain pinnipeds, but may be less complex than that of several species of social cetaceans and primates. In general, the sea otter's vocal patterns have characteristics thought to be most suitable for short-range communication among familiar individuals.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.2307/1382352","usgsCitation":"McShane, L., Estes, J.A., Riedman, M.L., and Staedler, M., 1995, Repertoire, structure, and individual variation of vocalizations in the sea otter: Journal of Mammalogy, v. 76, p. 414-427, https://doi.org/10.2307/1382352.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"414","endPage":"427","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131310,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"76","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a5fe4b07f02db63403d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McShane, L.J.","contributorId":105671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McShane","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Estes, J. A.","contributorId":53319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estes","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Riedman, Marianne L.","contributorId":89079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riedman","given":"Marianne","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Staedler, M. M.","contributorId":101603,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Staedler","given":"M. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70019087,"text":"70019087 - 1995 - Fluxes of water and solute in a coastal wetland sediment. 2. Effect of macropores on solute exchange with surface water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-25T08:20:46","indexId":"70019087","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fluxes of water and solute in a coastal wetland sediment. 2. Effect of macropores on solute exchange with surface water","docAbstract":"Chloride was highly concentrated relative to seawater in matrix porewater but was comparatively dilute in macropores. Concentration differences in pore-size classes declined with depth until indistinguishable below 10 cm. The segregated chloride distribution can be explained if recharge to the sediment occurred by downward infiltration in macropores and discharge occurred by an upward flux in matrix pores to satisfy evapotranspiration. Without disturbance by the downward infiltration flux in macropores, upward advection of chloride in matrix pores and evapoconcentration increased chloride concentrations in matrix pores to a level well above the concentration in seawater. The resulting high concentrations of chloride in matrix pores induced a large diffusive efflux of chloride into surface water that was sufficient to balance new input of chloride by infiltration of seawater in macropores (0.085 mmol Cl cm -2 day-1). Transport models that were constrained by water balance measurements at the field site explained both the exponential form of the vertical distribution of chloride in matrix pores and the rate of change in storage of chloride in sediment porewater over a one month period.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(94)02562-P","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Harvey, J., and Nuttle, W., 1995, Fluxes of water and solute in a coastal wetland sediment. 2. Effect of macropores on solute exchange with surface water: Journal of Hydrology, v. 164, no. 1-4, p. 109-125, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(94)02562-P.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"109","endPage":"125","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226315,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"164","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a12a8e4b0c8380cd543ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harvey, J. W. 0000-0002-2654-9873","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2654-9873","contributorId":39725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"J. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nuttle, W.K.","contributorId":76268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nuttle","given":"W.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1014557,"text":"1014557 - 1995 - Apparent digestibility coefficients of carbohydrates for white sturgeon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-23T15:33:02.622919","indexId":"1014557","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Apparent digestibility coefficients of carbohydrates for white sturgeon","docAbstract":"Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) were determined for white sturgeons (Acipenser transmontanus) fed purified diets containing different carbohydrates. White sturgeons were fed, at a rate of 1.0% body weight!d, diets containing one of nine carbohydrates, and feces were collected by manual stripping following a 2‐week feeding period; chromium sesquioxide (Cr2O3) was used as an external indicator. The ADCs of carbohydrates, lipid, and protein were significantly affected (P < 0.05) by carbohydrate source. The ADCs of carbohydrates ranked as follows: glucose, galactose, and maltose > dextrin > fructose and sucrose > lactose and raw corn starch > cellulose. Inclusion of dietary fructose and lactose significantly reduced lipid digestibility (P < 0.05). Although protein indigestibility was significantly affected, all ADCs were greater than 92%.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1995)057%3C0137:ADCOCF%3E2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Herold, M., Hung, S.S., and Fynn-Aikins, K., 1995, Apparent digestibility coefficients of carbohydrates for white sturgeon: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 57, no. 2, p. 137-140, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1995)057%3C0137:ADCOCF%3E2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"137","endPage":"140","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132186,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67ad87","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Herold, M.A.","contributorId":48140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herold","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hung, S. S. O.","contributorId":76275,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hung","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"S. O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fynn-Aikins, K.","contributorId":34080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fynn-Aikins","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019086,"text":"70019086 - 1995 - Giant blocks in the South Kona landslide, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-21T22:37:00.78565","indexId":"70019086","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Giant blocks in the South Kona landslide, Hawaii","docAbstract":"A large field of blocky sea-floor hills, up to 10 km long and 500 m high, are gigantic slide blocks derived from the west flank of Mauna Loa volcano on the island of Hawaii. These megablocks are embedded in the toe of the South Kona landslide, which extends ∼80 km seaward from the present coastline to depths of nearly 5 km. A 10–15-km-wide belt of numerous, smaller, 1–3-km-long slide blocks separates the area of giant blocks from two submarine benches at depths of 2600 and 3700 m depth that terminate seaward 20 to 30 km from the shoreline. Similar giant blocks are found on several other major submarine Hawaiian landslides, including those north of Oahu and Molokai, but the South Kona blocks are the first to be examined in detail using high-resolution bathymetry, dredging, and submersible diving. Dredging of two of the giant blocks brought up pillowed tholeiitic lava. Observations from the U.S. Navy submersible Sea Cliff on the asymmetrically steep eastern flank of one block 10 km long and 300 m high revealed a succession of fractured massive basalt, laminar lava flows, hyaloclastite, and pillow lavas. Chemical analyses of dredged lava identified 19 units that overlap compositionally with lavas from the south rift-zone ridge of Mauna Loa. Sulfur content indicates that most of the lavas were erupted in subaerial and shallow submarine (<200 m depth) sites, but some were erupted in deeper submarine sites. These results indicate that the megablocks were carried by a late Pleistocene giant landslide 40–80 km west from the ancestral shoreline of Mauna Loa volcano before growth of the midslope benches by later slump movement.
Sliding on faults in much of the continental crust likely occurs at hydrothermal conditions, i.e., at elevated temperature and elevated pressure of aqueous pore fluids, yet there have been few relevant laboratory studies. To measure the strength, sliding behavior, and friction constitutive properties of faults at hydrothermal conditions, we slid laboratory granite faults containing a layer of granite powder (simulated gouge). Velocity stepping experiments were performed at temperatures of 23° to 600°C, pore fluid pressures PH2O of 0 (“dry”) and 100 MPa (“wet”), effective normal stress of 400 MPa, and sliding velocities V of 0.01 to 1 μm/s (0.32 to 32 m/yr). Conditions were similar to those in earlier tests on dry granite to 845°C by Lockner et al. (1986). The mechanical results define two regimes. The first regime includes dry granite up to at least 845° and wet granite below 250°C. In this regime the coefficient of friction is high (μ = 0.7 to 0.8) and depends only modestly on temperature, slip rate, and PH2O. The second regime includes wet granite above ∼350°C. In this regime friction decreases considerably with increasing temperature (temperature weakening) and with decreasing slip rate (velocity strengthening). These regimes correspond well to those identified in sliding tests on ultrafine quartz. We infer that one or more fluid-assisted deformation mechanisms are activated in the second, hydrothermal, regime and operate concurrently with cataclastic flow. Slip in the first (cool and/or dry) regime is characterized by pervasive shearing and particle size reduction. Slip in the second (hot and wet) regime is localized primarily onto narrow shear bands adjacent to the gouge-rock interfaces. Weakness of these boundary shears may result either from an abundance of phyllosilicates preferentially aligned for easy dislocation glide, or from a dependence of strength on gouge particle size. Major features of the granite data set can be fit reasonably well by a rate- and temperature-dependent, three-regime friction constitutive model (Chester, this issue). We extrapolate the experimental data and model fit in order to estimate steady state shear strength versus depth along natural, slipping faults for sliding rates as low as 31 mm/yr. We do this for two end-member cases. In the first case, pore pressure is assumed hydrostatic at all depths. Shallow crustal strength in this case is similar to that calculated in previous work from room temperature friction data, while at depths below about 9–13 km (depending on slip rate), strength becomes less sensitive to depth but sensitive to slip rate. In the second case, pore pressure is assumed to be near-lithostatic at depths below ∼5 km. Strength is low at all depths in this case (<20 MPa, in agreement with observations of “weak” faults such as the San Andreas). The predicted depth of transition from velocity weakening to velocity strengthening lies at about 13 km depth for a slip rate of 31 mm/yr, in rough agreement with the seismic-aseismic transition depth observed on mature continental faults. These results highlight the importance of fluid-assisted deformation processes active in faults at depth and the need for laboratory studies on the roles of additional factors such as fluid chemistry, large displacements, higher concentrations of phyllosilicates, and time-dependent fault healing.
Compositions of lavas from seven small to medium-sized seamounts, between lat 34.0°N and 30.5°N offshore southern and Baja California, include low-K2O tholeiitic, transitional, and mildly to moderately alkalic basalt and their differentiates. The low-K2O tholeiites resemble primitive (>9% MgO) mid-oceanic-ridge basalt (MORB) with low incompatible element abundances and very depleted, concave-downward, chondrite-normalized rare-earth-element (REE) patterns and lower 87Sr/86Sr and higher 143Nd/144Nd ratios than typical MORB from the East Pacific Rise. The seamounts with these MORB-like lavas are inferred to have formed at or near the spreading center.
Transitional and mildly to moderately alkalic basalts have higher abundances of incompatible elements and steeper slopes for chondrite-normalized REE patterns with light REE enrichment up to 150 times chondrites. The alkalic compositions indicate more variably enriched mantle sources than those of most seamounts presently located near the East Pacific Rise, but the compositions are within the mantle array defined by other ocean-island basalts. Volcanic rocks from the upper part of Rocas Alijos, a much larger and morphologically more complex edifice than the northern seamounts, located offshore central Baja California at lat ∼25°N, are all highly differentiated trachyte and trachyandesite.
Based on 40Ar/39Ar laser fusion techniques, MORB-like lava from one of the northern edifices is as old as the underlying oceanic crust (>20 Ma), indicating that it originated at a spreading center. Other seamount lava ages are much younger than the oceanic crust on which they reside, ranging from 16.8 ± 0.3 to <7 Ma for some of the northern seamounts to 270 ± 16 ka for the trachyte from Rocas Alijos. Similar highly evolved lavas cap fossil spreading centers like Guadalupe and Socorro Islands, but Rocas Alijos, based on magnetic anomalies, is not an abandoned spreading center but may instead have formed on a leaky transform fault.
Some of the seamounts with transitional and alkalic lavas may have formed as part of a short, age-progressive chain formed by a short-lived mantle plume. Many others, aligned along abandoned spreading centers or faults and fracture zones which are abundant in the tectonically complex region offshore southern and peninsular California, may have resulted from upwelling mantle diapirs in response to localized extension. Some of the episodes of volcanism appear to have been contemporaneous with volcanism in the continental borderland and coastal southern California, suggesting linkage between extension along the continental margin and the seamount province farther offshore. The data available for the abundant volcanic edifices of varying sizes, shapes, and orientations in this region suggest that the seamounts formed from multiple episodes of chemically diverse volcanism, tapping variably enriched, heterogeneous mantle, which occurred sporadically from early Miocene to late Pleistocene.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1995)107<0554:CDSVAS>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Davis, A.S., Gunn, S., Bohrson, W., Gray, L., and Hein, J., 1995, Chemically diverse, sporadic volcanism at seamounts offshore southern and Baja California: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 107, no. 5, p. 554-570, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1995)107<0554:CDSVAS>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"554","endPage":"570","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226609,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Baja California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.83747175388358,\n 34.53395613447239\n ],\n [\n -120.83747175388358,\n 20.72556757224477\n ],\n [\n -105.28083112888335,\n 20.72556757224477\n ],\n [\n -105.28083112888335,\n 34.53395613447239\n ],\n [\n -120.83747175388358,\n 34.53395613447239\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"107","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f5a1e4b0c8380cd4c31a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, A. S.","contributorId":41424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gunn, S.H.","contributorId":65236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gunn","given":"S.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bohrson, W.A.","contributorId":102092,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bohrson","given":"W.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gray, L.-B.","contributorId":10171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"L.-B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hein, J.R. 0000-0002-5321-899X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5321-899X","contributorId":61429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hein","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70018828,"text":"70018828 - 1995 - A summary of the effects of mining and related activities on the sediment-trace element geochemistry of Lake Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-16T00:22:38.13734","indexId":"70018828","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A summary of the effects of mining and related activities on the sediment-trace element geochemistry of Lake Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, USA","docAbstract":"During 1989 and 1990 a series of 12 gravity cores, and 150 surface grab samples were collected in Lake Coeur d'Alene, Idaho to determine trace element concentrations, partitioning and surface and subsurface distribution patterns in the bed sediments of the lake. In addition, selected subsamples from one core were analyzed for 117Cs activity to begin to establish a trace element geochemical history for the lake. The intent was to try and relate the trace element concentrations and distributions in the sediment column to past and present mining and mining related activities in the area.
Substantial portions of the surface and near-surface sediments in Lake Coeur d'Alene are markedly enriched in Ag, As, Cd, Hg, Pb, Sb and Zn, and somewhat enriched in Cu, Fe and Mn. Surface distribution patterns, as well as variations in the thickness of the trace element-rich subsurface sediments, indicate that the source of much of this enriched material is the Coeur d'Alene River. The similarity between the trace element-rich surface and subsurface sediments with respect to: their location, their bulk chemistry, and their trace element partitioning indicate that the sources and/or concentrating mechanisms causing the trace element enrichment in the lake sediments probably have been the same throughout their depositional history. An estimated 75 million metric tons of trace element-rich sediments have been deposited on or in the lakebed.
Based on a Mt. St. Helens' ash layer from the 1980 eruption, ages estimated from 137Cs activity, and the presence of 80 discernible and presumably annual layers in a core collected near the Coeur d'Alene River delta, indicate that the deposition of trace element-rich sediments began, at least in the Coeur d'Alene River delta, some time between 1895 and 1910, dates consistent with the onset of mining and ore-processing activities that began in the area in the 1880's.
The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of herbicide active and inactive ingredients (primarily volatile organic compounds) at four selected sites in Iowa representing drain tiles, observation wells, or lysimeters. Water samples were collected monthly and bi-monthly before and after herbicide applications in 1991, respectively. They were analyzed for seven herbicides and 32 volatile organic compounds using methods recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Commercially available herbicide formulations also were obtained and analyzed for volatile organic compounds.
\nHerbicides were detected in 50% of water samples, ranging from 78% of water samples from the Ames site to 25% from the Walnut Creek site. Among herbicides detected, listed in decreasing order of frequency, were atrazine > alachlor > cyanazine > metolachlor > metribuzin. Volatile organic compounds were detected in 11% of water samples. Among the compounds detected, listed in decreasing order of frequency, were xylene > toluene > acetone. One sample contained a detectable amount of aliphatic compound(s), with the empirical formula of C8H18. Results from the Deer Creek site showed that herbicides were detected primarily in the top layer (1.2 m), whereas xylene and other alkylbenzenes were detected at 2.1 m or deeper. Apparently, physico-chemical and other factors are separating herbicides and volatile organic compounds in the shallow unsaturated zone.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water, Air, and Soil Pollution","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","publisherLocation":"Dordrecht, Netherlands","doi":"10.1007/BF00482591","issn":"00496979","usgsCitation":"Wang, W., Liszewski, M., Buchmiller, R., and Cherryholmes, K., 1995, Occurrence of active and inactive herbicide ingredients at selected sites in Iowa: Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, v. 83, no. 1-2, p. 21-35, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00482591.","startPage":"21","endPage":"35","numberOfPages":"15","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226619,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205760,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object 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K.","contributorId":67672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cherryholmes","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1008432,"text":"1008432 - 1995 - Formation and regression of the corpus luteum of the American alligator","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-07T13:26:31","indexId":"1008432","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2394,"text":"Journal of Morphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Formation and regression of the corpus luteum of the American alligator","docAbstract":"Luteal morphology of the American alligator is unique when compared to other reptiles but is similar to that of its phylogenetic relatives, the birds. The theca is extensively hypertrophied, but the granulosa never fills the cavity formed following the ovulation of the ovum. The formation of the corpus luteum (CL) is correlated with elevated plasma progesterone concentrations, which decline dramatically after oviposition with the onset of luteolysis. Unlike those of most other reptiles, the central luteal cell mass is composed of two cell types; one presumably is derived from the granulosa, whereas the other is from the theca interna. Both cell types are present throughout gravidity but only one cell type is seen during mid to late luteolysis. A significant decline in luteal volume occurs following oviposition and continues throughout the post-oviposition period. The fastest decline in luteal volume occurs in the month immediately after oviposition; this rate then slows. Luteolysis appears to continue for a year or more following oviposition, as distinct structures of luteal origin can still be identified in animals 9 months after oviposition. The size of persistent CL can be used to determine whether a given female oviposited during the previous nesting season. Females with CL having volumes greater than 0.2 cm2 or CL diameters greater than 0.4 cm were active the previous season.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/jmor.1052240111","usgsCitation":"Guillette, L., Woodward, A., You-Xiang, Q., Cox, M., Matter, J., and Gross, T., 1995, Formation and regression of the corpus luteum of the American alligator: Journal of Morphology, v. 224, p. 97-110, https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052240111.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"97","endPage":"110","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":275,"text":"Florida Integrated Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131770,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"224","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-02-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d6e4b07f02db5de30a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Guillette, L. J.","contributorId":99094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guillette","given":"L. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Woodward, A.R.","contributorId":81061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodward","given":"A.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"You-Xiang, Q.","contributorId":13188,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"You-Xiang","given":"Q.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cox, M.C.","contributorId":11997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"M.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Matter, J.H.","contributorId":79845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matter","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gross, T. S.","contributorId":95828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gross","given":"T. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70019011,"text":"70019011 - 1995 - Thermodynamics of gas and steam-blast eruptions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-05T12:49:34","indexId":"70019011","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermodynamics of gas and steam-blast eruptions","docAbstract":"Eruptions of gas or steam and non-juvenile debris are common in volcanic and hydrothermal areas. From reports of non-juvenile eruptions or eruptive sequences world-wide, at least three types (or end-members) can be identified: (1) those involving rock and liquid water initially at boiling-point temperatures (‘boiling-point eruptions’); (2) those powered by gas (primarily water vapor) at initial temperatures approaching magmatic (‘gas eruptions’); and (3) those caused by rapid mixing of hot rock and ground- or surface water (‘mixing eruptions’). For these eruption types, the mechanical energy released, final temperatures, liquid water contents and maximum theoretical velocities are compared by assuming that the erupting mixtures of rock and fluid thermally equilibrate, then decompress isentropically from initial, near-surface pressure (≤10 MPa) to atmospheric pressure. Maximum mechanical energy release is by far greatest for gas eruptions (≤∼1.3 MJ/kg of fluid-rock mixture)-about one-half that of an equivalent mass of gunpowder and one-fourth that of TNT. It is somewhat less for mixing eruptions (≤∼0.4 MJ/kg), and least for boiling-point eruptions (≤∼0.25 MJ/kg). The final water contents of crupted boiling-point mixtures are usually high, producing wet, sloppy deposits. Final erupted mixtures from gas eruptions are nearly always dry, whereas those from mixing eruptions vary from wet to dry. If all the enthalpy released in the eruptions were converted to kinetic energy, the final velocity (vmax) of these mixtures could range up to 670 m/s for boiling-point eruptions and 1820 m/s for gas eruptions (highest for high initial pressure and mass fractions of rock (mr) near zero). For mixing eruptions, vmax ranges up to 1150 m/s. All observed eruption velocities are less than 400 m/s, largely because (1) most solid material is expelled when mr is high, hence vmax is low; (2) observations are made of large blocks the velocities of which may be less than the average for the mixture; (3) heat from solid particles is not efficiently transferred to the fluid during the eruptions; and (4) maximum velocities are reduced by choked flow or friction in the conduit.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00301399","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Mastin, L., 1995, Thermodynamics of gas and steam-blast eruptions: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 57, no. 2, p. 85-98, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00301399.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"85","endPage":"98","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226447,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205729,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00301399"}],"volume":"57","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb281e4b08c986b325845","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mastin, L.G.","contributorId":80313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastin","given":"L.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019169,"text":"70019169 - 1995 - Variations of weekly atmospheric deposition for multiple collectors at a site on the shore of Lake Okeechobee, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:15","indexId":"70019169","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":924,"text":"Atmospheric Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variations of weekly atmospheric deposition for multiple collectors at a site on the shore of Lake Okeechobee, Florida","docAbstract":"Eight wet/dry precipitation collectors were modified to house four additional dryfall collectors and one bulk precipitation collector to sample atmospheric deposition for 12 weeks in a small area on the southwestern shore of Lake Okeechobee; sample contamination, primarily by insects, reduced the comparison to the last nine weeks. The deposition was determined for Ca2+, Na+, Cl-, and SO42- and nutrients including total phosphorus, orthophosphate, total ammonia plus organic nitrogen, and nitrite plus nitrate. In general, deposition was lower and less variable in wet precipitation than in bulk precipitation. The higher variability of the bulk precipitation was attributed to local contamination, particularly by dust and insects. Each wet/dry precipitation collector was fitted with dryfall collectors that consisted of the dry-side bucket on a wet/dry collector, which was preloaded with distilled and deionized water, and four glass dish collectors; two of the glass dishes were preloaded with water and the other two remained dry. The deposition to the dry dish collectors was not comparable in adjacent collectors for any constituent; however, the deposition in the adjacent water-loaded dishes was comparable for most major constituents, except nutrients. A comparison of Ortho-P deposition with Total-P indicated that the P collected by the dryfall collectors was predominantly reactive, which also was reflected in the bulk deposition, whereas that in the wet deposition was mostly nonreactive. The large variability in deposition of P among the bulk and dryfall collectors suggests that alternative methods must be used to evaluate the P sources and processes of atmospheric transfer.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Atmospheric Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/1352-2310(94)00233-B","issn":"13522310","usgsCitation":"Peters, N., and Reese, R., 1995, Variations of weekly atmospheric deposition for multiple collectors at a site on the shore of Lake Okeechobee, Florida: Atmospheric Environment, v. 29, no. 2, p. 179-187, https://doi.org/10.1016/1352-2310(94)00233-B.","startPage":"179","endPage":"187","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205799,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1352-2310(94)00233-B"},{"id":226865,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc198e4b08c986b32a67e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peters, N.E.","contributorId":33332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"N.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reese, R.S.","contributorId":17644,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reese","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1014897,"text":"1014897 - 1995 - Diel feeding chronology of six fish species in the Juniata River, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-06T13:36:45.012258","indexId":"1014897","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2299,"text":"Journal of Freshwater Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Diel feeding chronology of six fish species in the Juniata River, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"We examined diel feeding chronology of six fish species in the Juniata River, Pennsylvania. Ephemeropteran nymphs were the major prey of redbreast sunfish (Lepomis auritus; 70.5%) and smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu; 59.7%) during each of six 4-h intervals over a 24-h period. The main dietary component of mimic shiner (Notropis volucellus) was chironomids (42.3%), whereas spotfin shiner (Cyprinella spiloptera) mainly ate terrestrial invertebrates (50.2%). Juvenile white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) exhibited substantial diel variation in diet composition with some prey taxa composing the entire diet during some 4-h intervals and being completely absent from the diet during other periods. Bluntnose minnow (Pimephales notatus) contained mostly detritus (75.5%). Interspecific diel diet overlap (Cγ) was low among the six species except for smallmouth bass-redbreast sunfish (0.735). Mimic shiner ([xbar] = 0.302) had the highest diet overlap with other species and bluntnose minnow ([xbar] = 0.134) had the least similar. Smallmouth bass, redbreast sunfish, white sucker, and spotfin shiner all had diurnal feeding peaks. Peak food consumption of mimic shiner and bluntnose minnow occurred at midnight. Our results indicate that because of diel variation in diet composition and feeding periodicity for these six species, dietary analysis conducted at only one interval would not provide an accurate representation of the diet of these species.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/02705060.1995.9663412","usgsCitation":"Johnson, J.H., and Dropkin, D.S., 1995, Diel feeding chronology of six fish species in the Juniata River, Pennsylvania: Journal of Freshwater Ecology, v. 10, no. 1, p. 11-18, https://doi.org/10.1080/02705060.1995.9663412.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"11","endPage":"18","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131802,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Juniata River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.78732299804688,\n 40.406176423413704\n ],\n [\n -77.003173828125,\n 40.406176423413704\n ],\n [\n -77.003173828125,\n 40.65147128144057\n ],\n [\n -77.78732299804688,\n 40.65147128144057\n ],\n [\n -77.78732299804688,\n 40.406176423413704\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-01-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d94c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, J. H.","contributorId":54914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dropkin, D. S.","contributorId":87084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dropkin","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}