Field studies in the Colorado Plateau occupy an honored place in the development of geomorphic theory. The purpose of this chapter is to briefly review the foundational, regional, and process-oriented studies in the region, and to provide a review of promising threads of inquiry set in a context of more than a century of geomorphologic research in the region.
The Colorado Plateau has sharply defined boundaries that separate it from neighboring geomorphic provinces (Fig. 1; for details see Thornbury, 1965). On the west, faults and the perimeters of volcanic plateaus mark the boundary between the Colorado Plateau and the Basin and Range Province. The boundary extends across the southern edge of the plateau where it is less radically defined, but is nonetheless visible on the surface in the form of an uplifted edge of sedimentary rocks known as the Mogollon Rim, which extends from northwest Arizona diagonally into north-central New Mexico. The eastern and northern boundaries are delineated by the contact between sedimentary rocks and upthrust or folded crystalline rocks of the Rocky Mountains.
The plateau is a definable tectonic unit relatively easily separated from other provinces, but it shows considerable internal variation (Fig. 1; for details see Hunt, 1974a). The interior of the kidney-shaped Colorado Plateau Province reveals a series of subsections that depend on geologic and geomorphologic definition. The centrally located Canyon Lands Section is dominated by gently folded sedimentary rocks, while the western High Plateaus Section reveals widespread accumulations of volcanic materials.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geomorphic systems of North America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/DNAG-CENT-v2.259","usgsCitation":"Graf, W.L., Hereford, R., Laity, J., and Young, R.A., 1987, Colorado Plateau, chap. 8 of Geomorphic systems of North America, v. 2, p. 259-302, https://doi.org/10.1130/DNAG-CENT-v2.259.","productDescription":"44 p.","startPage":"259","endPage":"302","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":374755,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah","otherGeospatial":"Colorado Plateau","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.05029296875,\n 32.76880048488168\n ],\n [\n -106.72119140625,\n 33.797408767572485\n ],\n [\n -105.29296874999999,\n 35.62158189955968\n ],\n [\n -105.09521484375,\n 36.474306755095235\n ],\n [\n -105.029296875,\n 37.71859032558816\n ],\n [\n -105.88623046874999,\n 38.048091067457236\n ],\n [\n -106.01806640624999,\n 39.90973623453719\n ],\n [\n -107.20458984375,\n 40.43022363450862\n ],\n [\n -109.9951171875,\n 40.613952441166596\n ],\n [\n -111.68701171875,\n 39.470125122358176\n ],\n [\n -112.587890625,\n 36.96744946416934\n ],\n [\n -113.9501953125,\n 35.55010533588552\n ],\n [\n -113.66455078125,\n 34.542762387234845\n ],\n [\n -109.05029296875,\n 32.76880048488168\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Graf, William L.","contributorId":92415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graf","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":789039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hereford, Richard 0000-0002-0892-7367 rhereford@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0892-7367","contributorId":3620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hereford","given":"Richard","email":"rhereford@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":789040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Laity, Julie","contributorId":224651,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Laity","given":"Julie","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":789041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Young, Richard A.","contributorId":38975,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":789042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70209769,"text":"70209769 - 1987 - Geology of the Mount St. Helens area: Record of discontinuous volcanic and plutonic activity in the Cascade Arc of southern Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-24T19:03:36.749267","indexId":"70209769","displayToPublicDate":"1987-04-24T13:46:20","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology of the Mount St. Helens area: Record of discontinuous volcanic and plutonic activity in the Cascade Arc of southern Washington","docAbstract":"The Quaternary edifice of Mount St. Helens volcano was built upon a deeply eroded terrane of gently folded and altered volcanic and plutonic rocks that represent the core of the Tertiary Cascade magmatic arc. These rocks constitute an east dipping homoclinal sequence, several kilometers thick, of subaerially erupted mafic to silicic flows and volcaniclastic strata; K‐Ar ages from this section range from about 28 to 23 Ma (late Oligocene and earliest Miocene), which corresponds to an apparent lull in Cascade volcanism to the north of Mount Rainier. Volcanism was essentially continuous during this period of time, and neither a well‐defined base nor top of the section is exposed within the mapped area. Basalt and basaltic andesite dominate the lower part of the mid‐Tertiary section, whereas andesitic and dacitic rocks comprise most of the upper part. This section was intruded by numerous mafic to silicic dikes, sills, and irregular plutonic bodies, most no more than a few million years younger than their host rocks, and subjected to pervasive burial metamorphism and widespread hydrothermal alteration. Large areas of hornfelsed rock surrounding even relatively small intrusions indicate that the proportion of plutonic rock becomes significantly greater at shallow depth beneath the existing erosion surface. A large granitic pluton intruded the mid‐Tertiary section north of Spirit Lake at about 21 Ma. The Earl porphyry copper deposit occurs within the pluton but appears too young (17 Ma) to be genetically related to it. In contrast to the rather continuous and voluminous Oligocene to early Miocene activity, volcanism since then in the Mount St. Helens area has been localized and Volumetrically minor. Products of three younger eruptive periods have been recognized: a sequence of 15 m.y. old pyroxene andesite flows resting unconformably on mid‐Tertiary strata south of Mount St. Helens, widespread shallow dikes and sills of pyroxene andesite between 10 and 8 m.y. old, and compositionally diverse rocks erupted during the past 3 m.y. The Quaternary lavas are more potassic than the Tertiary lavas and typically contain phenocrysts of hornblende and biotite, which are absent from the older rocks. A number of Tertiary structures define a broad NNE trending zone that may reflect a deep‐seated lithospheric flaw that has controlled the locus of Cascade magmatism in southern Washington for the past 25 m.y. Mount St. Helens lies within this zone at the intersection of the NNW striking St. Helens seismic zone (SHZ) and an ENE trending alignment of Pleistocene silicic plug‐domes. No surface breakage has been detected along the SHZ, which is apparently very young. The linear zone of silicic vents is probably controlled by a fault that has been interpreted from seismic records to occur directly beneath the volcano. This zone parallels the directions of regional maximum horizontal compressive stress and North America/Juan de Fuca plate convergence. Mount St. Helens is an example of a low‐volume tectonically controlled magmatic system in an early stage of development.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/JB092iB10p10155","usgsCitation":"Evarts, R.C., Ashley, R.P., and Smith, J., 1987, Geology of the Mount St. Helens area: Record of discontinuous volcanic and plutonic activity in the Cascade Arc of southern Washington: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 92, no. B10, p. 10155-10169, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB092iB10p10155.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"10155","endPage":"10169","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":374268,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens Area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.75048828124999,\n 47.15984001304432\n ],\n [\n -122.56347656249999,\n 46.51351558059737\n ],\n [\n -122.40966796874999,\n 46.01222384063236\n ],\n [\n -121.75048828124999,\n 45.874712248904764\n ],\n [\n -120.69580078125001,\n 46.800059446787316\n ],\n [\n -120.673828125,\n 47.234489635299184\n ],\n [\n -121.17919921875001,\n 47.264320080254805\n ],\n [\n -121.75048828124999,\n 47.15984001304432\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"92","issue":"B10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Evarts, Russell C. revarts@usgs.gov","contributorId":1974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evarts","given":"Russell","email":"revarts@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":787936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ashley, Roger P. ashley@usgs.gov","contributorId":2749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ashley","given":"Roger","email":"ashley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":787937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, J.G.","contributorId":224359,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":787938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70121648,"text":"70121648 - 1987 - Synopsis of wetland functions and values: bottomland hardwoods with special emphasis on eastern Texas and Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-22T16:43:05","indexId":"70121648","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T16:37:39","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Synopsis of wetland functions and values: bottomland hardwoods with special emphasis on eastern Texas and Oklahoma","docAbstract":"Bottomland hardwood wetlands are the natural cover type of many floodplain ecosystems in the southeastern United States. They are dynamic, productive systems that depend on intermittent flooding and moving water for maintenance of structure and function. Many of the diverse functions performed by bottomland hardwoods (e.g., flood control, sediment trapping, fish and wildlife habitat) are directly or indirectly valued by humans. Balanced decisions regarding bottomland hardwoods are often hindered by a limited ability to accurately specify the functions being performed by these systems and, furthermore, by an inability to evaluate these functions in economic terms. This report addresses these informational needs. It focuses on the bottomland hardwoods of eastern Texas and Oklahoma, serving as an introduction and entry to the literature. It is not intended to serve as a substitute for reference to the original literature.
\nThe first section of the report is a review of the major functions of bottomland hardwoods, grouped under the headings of hydrology, water quality, productivity, detritus, nutrients, and habitat. Although the hydrology of these areas is diverse and complex, especially with respect to groundwater, water storage at high flows can clearly function to attenuate peak flows, with possible reductions in downstream flooding damage. Water moving through a bottomland hardwood system carries with it various organic and inorganic constituents, including sediment, organic matter, nutrients, and pollutants. When waterborne materials are introduced to bottomland hardwoods (from river flooding or upland runoff), they may be retained, transformed, or transported. As a result, water quality may be significantly altered and improved. The fluctuating and flowing water regime of bottomland hardwoods is associated with generally high net primary productivity and rapid fluxes of organic matter and nutrients. These, in turn, support secondary productivity in the bottomland hardwoods and downstream through detrital export. A large number of studies detail the extensive utilization of bottomland hardwoods by animals. Several basic habitat components contribute to this support function, including:
\n1. Fluctuating water levels and permanent bodies of water,
\n2. Hard mast (e.g., acorns),
\n3. Dens and cavities,
\n4. High soil fertility,
\n5. Diversity of food and cover,
\n6. Predominance of woody plant communities,
\n7. Close proximity of diverse structural features, and
\n8. Linear features providing movement corridors.
\nThe second section of the report focuses on the bottomlands of eastern Texas and Oklahoma, including topics such as climate, soils, water resources, historical perspective, vegetation, and fauna. Considerable attention is given to structural characteristics in this section, in order to provide contrasts with bottomland hardwood ecosystems in other areas. In general, the bottomland hardwoods of eastern Texas and Oklahoma are very similar to those elsewhere in the southeastern United States. Differences include the occurrence and relative importance of some community types and plant species and the greater importance of reservoir construction as a source of bottomland hardwoods loss in eastern Texas and Oklahoma. Again, information on faunal utilization is extensive relative to the information available concerning other functions.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biological Report","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of the Interior","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Wilkinson, D., Schneller-McDonald, K., Olson, R., and Auble, G., 1987, Synopsis of wetland functions and values: bottomland hardwoods with special emphasis on eastern Texas and Oklahoma, v. 87, no. 12, 132 p.","productDescription":"132 p.","numberOfPages":"132","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292918,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma;Texas","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -103.22,29.75 ], [ -103.22,37.01 ], [ -93.51,37.01 ], [ -93.51,29.75 ], [ -103.22,29.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"87","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f85992e4b03f038c5c1932","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilkinson, D.L.","contributorId":98235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilkinson","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schneller-McDonald, K.","contributorId":18279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schneller-McDonald","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Olson, R.W.","contributorId":12382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Auble, G.T.","contributorId":19505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Auble","given":"G.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70234319,"text":"70234319 - 1987 - On the aftershock sequence of the earthquake of January 31, 1986 in northeastern Ohio; effects of bandwidth and local geology on observed high-frequency ground motion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-08T18:07:47.415956","indexId":"70234319","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T12:56:53","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"On the aftershock sequence of the earthquake of January 31, 1986 in northeastern Ohio; effects of bandwidth and local geology on observed high-frequency ground motion","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earthquake ground motion estimation in eastern North America proceedings","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Earthquake Ground Motion Estimation in Eastern North America","language":"English","publisher":"Nuclear Regulatory Commission","usgsCitation":"Borcherdt, R.D., and Glassmoyer, G., 1987, On the aftershock sequence of the earthquake of January 31, 1986 in northeastern Ohio; effects of bandwidth and local geology on observed high-frequency ground motion, in Earthquake ground motion estimation in eastern North America proceedings, p. 8-42.","productDescription":"35 p.","startPage":"8","endPage":"42","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":404940,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Ohio","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.0184326171875,\n 41.53325414281322\n ],\n [\n -82.034912109375,\n 40.39258071969131\n ],\n [\n -80.5133056640625,\n 40.39258071969131\n ],\n [\n -80.52429199218749,\n 42.020732852644294\n ],\n [\n -81.441650390625,\n 41.76721469421018\n ],\n [\n -81.73828125,\n 41.566141964768384\n ],\n [\n -82.0184326171875,\n 41.53325414281322\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Borcherdt, Roger D. 0000-0002-8668-0849 borcherdt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8668-0849","contributorId":2373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borcherdt","given":"Roger","email":"borcherdt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":848554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Glassmoyer, G.","contributorId":62751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glassmoyer","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":848555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70207428,"text":"70207428 - 1987 - Lead isotopic fingerprinting of tectono-stratigraphic terranes, east-central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-19T10:21:25","indexId":"70207428","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T10:18:55","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1168,"text":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lead isotopic fingerprinting of tectono-stratigraphic terranes, east-central Alaska","docAbstract":"Common lead isotopic compositions have been determined on feldspars from meta-igneous rocks from nine tectono-stratigraphic terranes or subterranes in east-central Alaska. Most of the terranes have distinct and well-defined signatures in terms of isotopic composition; thus, most can be distinguished on conventional lead isotopic diagrams. Lead isotopic ratios provide evidence for (1) possible sources for the igneous rocks, (2) time of metamorphism, (3) correlation of terrane fragments, and (4) delineation of juxtaposed terranes. Determination of lead isotopic ratios from igneous rocks can be useful in characterizing tectono-stratigraphic terranes (as to mantle or crustal origin) and in correlation, particularly where terrane relationships are enigmatic.
At 2:15 a.m. on December 16, 1811, a unique sequence of earthquakes began in what is today southeast Missouri and northeast Arkansas. Although the area was sparsely populated,the earthquakes, generally referred to as the New Madrid earthquakes, were felt throughout a wide area if the Central and Eastern United States. Consequently, they were widely reported in newspapers and in other written accounts.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey, 1987, Accounts describing the Mississippi Valley Earthquakes of 1811-12: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 19, no. 6, p. 212-217.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"212","endPage":"217","temporalStart":"1811-12-16","temporalEnd":"1812-02-29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":328503,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.26184550019639,\n 39.28013441672701\n ],\n [\n -88.77768557664305,\n 34.81154911352175\n ],\n [\n -80.2738141638751,\n 33.13776512800938\n ],\n [\n -75.08433556275008,\n 36.98197959860714\n ],\n [\n -71.1888303263107,\n 42.181366039517314\n ],\n [\n -76.24500676233586,\n 45.07094044357041\n ],\n [\n -77.79425636048583,\n 43.009793273505665\n ],\n [\n -83.12431998271089,\n 41.647322192326044\n ],\n [\n -91.81052049958322,\n 40.11009539133286\n ],\n [\n -92.26184550019639,\n 39.28013441672701\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"19","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57d7d1ade4b090824ff98cce"} ,{"id":70185416,"text":"70185416 - 1987 - Did the 1982-1983 El Niño-Southern Oscillation Affect Seabirds in Alaska? ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-23T11:14:42","indexId":"70185416","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3783,"text":"The Wilson Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-5643","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Did the 1982-1983 El Niño-Southern Oscillation Affect Seabirds in Alaska? ","docAbstract":"The causes and effects of the oceanographic and atmospheric phenomena known as El Nino and the Southern Oscillation (ENSO) have been studied intensively in recent years (Cane 1983, Rasmusson and Wallace 1983, Barber and Chave 1983, Cane and Zebiak 1985). ENSOs occur at semiregular intervals of 3-4 years, and the stronger events have important biological consequences, including reduced breeding success and survival of seabirds in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Boersma 1978, Barber and Chavez 983, Schreiber and Schreiber 1984, Duffy 1986). The ENSO event of 1982-1983 was perhaps the strongest of this century Cane 1983), and there is evidence that seabird populations as far north as the Oregon coast (42-46'N) were adversely affected (Hodder and Graybill 1985, Bayer 1986). Here I examine evidence for similar effects on seabirds along the Alaskan coast.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wilson Ornithological Society","usgsCitation":"Hatch, S.A., 1987, Did the 1982-1983 El Niño-Southern Oscillation Affect Seabirds in Alaska? : The Wilson Bulletin, v. 99, no. 3, p. 468-474.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"468","endPage":"474","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337993,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":337992,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://wjoonline.org/?code=wors-site","text":"Journal's Homepage"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","volume":"99","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b9ae4b0236b68f829ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hatch, Scott A. 0000-0002-0064-8187 shatch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0064-8187","contributorId":2625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatch","given":"Scott","email":"shatch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70138493,"text":"70138493 - 1987 - Gulf trough: The Atlantic connection","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-26T01:23:08.576903","indexId":"70138493","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gulf trough: The Atlantic connection","docAbstract":"Analyses of seismic reflection profiles and stratigraphic data indicate a continuation of the Gulf trough trend across eastern South Carolina and offshore between Cape Fear and Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. Seismic profiles show a linear northeast-trending zone of nondeposition and erosion and areas of chaotic deposition in the Eocene and Oligocene sections. The character of deposition and erosion along this trend is similar to that produced by bottom currents under the core of the present Gulf Stream. The trend separates deep-water from shallower water deposits, indicating that the erosion was produced by strong marine currents flowing through the Gulf trough in the high sea levels of middle Eocene through early Oligocene time.
The Resurrection Peninsula forms the east side of Resurrection Bay (Fig. 1). The city of Seward is located at the head of the bay and can be reached from Anchorage by highway (127 mi;204 km). Relief ranges from 1,434 ft (437 m) at the southern end of the peninsula to more than 4,800 ft (1,463 m) 17 mi (28 km) to the north. All rock units composing the informally named Resurrection Peninsula ophiolite are visible and (or) accessible by boat.The eastern half of the peninsula is located within the Chugach National Forest; the western half is mainly state land, but there is some private land with recreational cabins. The Seward A6 and A7 and Blying Sound D6 and D7 maps at 1:63,360 scale (mile-to-the-inch) cover the entire Resurrection Peninsula.
Knight Island is located 53 mi (85 km) east of Seward (Fig. 1). Numerous fiords indent the 31-mi-long (50 km) by 7.4-mi-wide (12 km) island and offer excellent bedrock exposures. The island is rugged and has a maximum elevation of 3,000 ft (914 m). It has numerous mineral prospects (Tysdal, 1978; Nelson and others, 1984; Jansons and others, 1984; Koski and others, 1985), and several abandoned canneries are located on the island. Knight Island lies entirely within the Chugach National Forest—state and private inholdings constitute less than five percent of its total land area. The Seward A2, A3, B2, B3, and C2, 1:63,360-scale U.S. Geological Survey topographic maps cover the entire island.
Montague Island, 50 mi (80 km) long and up to 11 mi (18 km) wide, lies 10.6 mi (17 km) southeast of Knight Island. It belongs to an island group that forms the southern margin of Prince William Sound (Fig. 1). Montague Island is less rugged and less heavily vegetated than either the Resurrection Peninsula or Knight Island. Rock exposures are excellent along the beaches, and ground disruption due to recent fault movements is clearly visible. The Seward Al and A2 and Blying Sound Dl, D2, and D3 maps cover the areas of interest on Montague Island.
In all areas, access is by float-equipped aircraft, helicopter, or boat. Wheel-equipped aircraft can land on the beaches or at several landing strips on Montague Island.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Cordilleran section of the Geological Society of America: Centennial Field Guide volume 1","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0-8137-5401-1.433","usgsCitation":"Nelson, S.W., Miller, M.L., and Dumoulin, J.A., 1987, Resurrection Peninsula and Knight Island ophiolites and recent faulting on Montague Island, southern Alaska, chap. of Cordilleran section of the Geological Society of America: Centennial Field Guide volume 1, v. 1, p. 433-438, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-5401-1.433.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"433","endPage":"438","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336371,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":336370,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://geoscienceworld.org/content/cordilleran-section-of-the-geological-society-of-america","text":"Larger Work: Cordilleran section of the Geological Society of America"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Knight Island, Montague Island, Resurrection Peninsula","volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58b69a49e4b01ccd54ff3ffe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, Steven W.","contributorId":74024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":673923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, Marti L. 0000-0003-0285-4942 mlmiller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0285-4942","contributorId":561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Marti","email":"mlmiller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":673924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dumoulin, Julie A. 0000-0003-1754-1287 dumoulin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1754-1287","contributorId":203209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dumoulin","given":"Julie","email":"dumoulin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":673925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70187734,"text":"70187734 - 1987 - Lower Paleozoic carbonate rocks of the Baird Mountains quadrangle, western Brooks Range, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-07T21:25:48","indexId":"70187734","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Lower Paleozoic carbonate rocks of the Baird Mountains quadrangle, western Brooks Range, Alaska","docAbstract":"Lower Paleozoic carbonate rocks in the Baird Mountains quadrangle form a relatively thin, chiefly shallow-water succession that has been thrust-faulted and metamorphosed to blueschist and greenschist facies. Although this succession was thought to be mostly Devonian until recently, a large part of it is in fact pre-Silurian in age.
Middle and Upper Cambrian rocks - the first confirmed in the western Brooks Range - occur in the northeastern quarter of the quadrangle, south of Mt. Angayukaqsraq. These rocks consist of massive marble that grades upward into thin-bedded metalimestone/dolostone couplets and contain pelagiellid mollusks, acrotretid brachiopods, and agnostids. Sedimentologic features and the Pefagiellas indicate a shallow-water depositional environment. Overlying these Cambrian rocks is a thin sequence of Lower arid Middle Ordovician metalimestone and phyllite containing graptolites and cool-water, mid-shelf to basinal conodonts. Upper Ordovician rocks in the Mt. Angayukaqsraq area are bioturbated to laminated dolostone containing conodonts of warm-, shallow-water biofacies.
In the Omar and Squirrel Rivers area to the west, the Lower Ordovician carbonate rocks are thicker and quite different in lithofacies and biofacies. These rocks are mainly dolostone with locally well-developed fenestral fabric and evaporite molds, and bioturbated to laminated orange- and gray-weathering dolomitic marble and metalimestone. Conodonts and sedimentary structures indicate deposition in restricted to normal marine, shallow to very shallow water platform environments.
Exposures of Upper Silurian rocks occur near Mi. Angayukaqsraq and on the middle fork of the Squirrel River, and consist mostly of thinly laminated dolomitic mudstones. Conodonts in these rocks indicate deposition in a somewhat restricted, shallow-water environment.
Devonian carbonate rocks are widely distributed in the western Baird Mountains quadrangle; at least two distinct sequences have been identified. In the Omar and Squirrel Rivers area, Lower and Middle Devonian dolostone, metalimestone and marble are locally cherty and rich in megafossils. To the north, in the Nakolik River area, Middle and Upper Devonian marble and metalimestone are interlayered with planar- to cross-laminated quartz-carbonate metasandstone and phyllite.
Baird Mountains carbonate rocks show some striking similarities in biofacies and lithofacies to lower Paleozoic carbonate rocks of the Seward Peninsula to the southwest and the central Brooks Range to the east.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Alaskan North Slope Geology, Volumes I and II (SEPM Book 50)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"The Pacific Section of the Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists and The Alaska geological Society","usgsCitation":"Dumoulin, J.A., and Harris, A.G., 1987, Lower Paleozoic carbonate rocks of the Baird Mountains quadrangle, western Brooks Range, Alaska, chap. of Alaskan North Slope Geology, Volumes I and II (SEPM Book 50), v. II, p. 311-336.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"311","endPage":"336","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341365,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":341364,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://archives.datapages.com/data/pac_sepm/066/066001/pdfs/311.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Baird Mountains quadrangle, Brooks Rainge","volume":"II","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"591c0fcfe4b0a7fdb43ddf1a","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Tailleur, Irvin L.","contributorId":105304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tailleur","given":"Irvin","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695375,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weimer, Paul","contributorId":107650,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Weimer","given":"Paul","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12430,"text":"University of Texas at Austin","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":695376,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Dumoulin, Julie A. 0000-0003-1754-1287 dumoulin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1754-1287","contributorId":203209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dumoulin","given":"Julie","email":"dumoulin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":695373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harris, Anita G.","contributorId":50162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"Anita","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":30512,"text":"wri874153 - 1987 - Ground-water withdrawals and changes in ground-water levels, ground-water quality, and land-surface subsidence in the Houston district, Texas, 1980-84","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-07T21:28:49.437566","indexId":"wri874153","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4153","title":"Ground-water withdrawals and changes in ground-water levels, ground-water quality, and land-surface subsidence in the Houston district, Texas, 1980-84","docAbstract":"During 1980-84, ground-water withdrawals from the Chicot and Evangeline aquifers in the Houston district decreased from 511 million gallons per day to 444 million gallons per day. This 13-percent decrease was due to the increased availability of surface water and a decreased demand for water. The largest decreases in ground-water withdrawals occurred in the Houston area. Ground-water pumpage was 219.2 million gallons per day during 1984 compared to 254.8 million gallons per day during 1980. Decreases in ground-water withdrawals from 1980 through 1984 occurred in most of the other areas in the Houston district (Pasadena, Katy, Baytown-LaPorte, and Texas City). Large decreases in ground-water withdrawals for rice irrigation in the Katy area were offset by increases in ground-water withdrawals for public supply. Hence, in the Katy area, the quantity of ground water withdrawn during 1984, 148.9 million gallons per day, was only slightly less than the 157.5 million gallons per day withdrawn during 1980.
Water levels generally rose in the eastern part of the Houston district and declined in the western part from spring 1980 to spring 1985. The rise of water levels in wells in the Chicot and Evangeline aquifers was as much as 80 feet and 60 feet, respectively. The decline of water levels in wells in the Chicot and Evangeline aquifers was as much as 40 feet and 80 feet, respectively.
Slight decreases in chloride concentrations in water from the Chicot aquifer occurred in the Alta Loma area between 1980 and 1984. In 1980, chloride concentrations in water from the Chicot aquifer ranged from 250 to 790 milligrams per liter, whereas in 1984, chloride concentrations ranged from 180 to 710 milligrams per liter. Water from one well in the Texas City area had an increase in chloride concentrations from 265 milligrams per liter in 1980 to 300 milligrams per liter in 1984. In water from another well in the Texas City area, chloride concentrations decreased from 760 milligrams per liter in 1980 to 710 milligrams per liter in 1984. The concentrations of chloride and dissolved solids in water from the Evangeline aquifer remained less than 100 milligrams per liter and 500 milligrams per liter during 1980-84.
Land-surface subsidence is still evident in the Houston district. Subsidence rates between 1980 and early 1985 in the eastern and southeastern parts of the Houston district were less than during 1975-79. At the Seabrook site, where a monitor measures most of the subsidence, the average compaction rate during 1980 to early 1985 was 0.04 foot per year while during 1975-79, the rate was 0.14 foot per year. However, subsidence rates in the western, southwestern, and northern parts of the Houston district during 1980 to early 1985 increased from the 1975-79 rates. At the Addicks site, the land surface has subsided at a rate of about 0.17 foot per year from 1980 to early 1985. The subsidence rate from 1975 through 1979 at the site was 0.11 foot per year.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri874153","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Houston and the Harris-Galveston Coastal Subsidence District","usgsCitation":"Williams, J.F., and Ranzau, C., 1987, Ground-water withdrawals and changes in ground-water levels, ground-water quality, and land-surface subsidence in the Houston district, Texas, 1980-84: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4153, Report: v, 56 p.; 4 Plates:18.40 x 12.66 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874153.","productDescription":"Report: v, 56 p.; 4 Plates:18.40 x 12.66 inches or smaller","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":59288,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4153/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59287,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4153/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59286,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4153/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":403224,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4153/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124304,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4153/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":110245,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_46815.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":59289,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4153/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","city":"Houston","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.06170654296875,\n 29.44438130948883\n ],\n [\n -94.910888671875,\n 29.44438130948883\n ],\n [\n -94.910888671875,\n 30.306503259848835\n ],\n [\n -96.06170654296875,\n 30.306503259848835\n ],\n [\n -96.06170654296875,\n 29.44438130948883\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db69662f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, James F. III","contributorId":173660,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Williams","given":"James","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ranzau, C.E. Jr.","contributorId":41831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ranzau","given":"C.E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29770,"text":"wri874098 - 1987 - Effect of urbanization on the water resources of eastern Chester County, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-07T20:28:43.324863","indexId":"wri874098","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4098","title":"Effect of urbanization on the water resources of eastern Chester County, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"The effects of human activity on the water resources of a 207-square-mile area of eastern Chester County was evaluated. The most serious consequence of urbanization is the contamination of ground water by volatile organic compounds, which were detected in 39 percent of the 70 wells sampled. As many as nine compounds were found in one water sample, and the concentration of total volatile organic compounds was as high as 17,400 ug/L (micrograms per liter). In the Chester Valley, volatile organic compounds are moving down the hydraulic gradient caused by quarry dewatering. Movement through the quarries reduces concentrations of these compounds and removes most of them. Phenol was detected in 28 percent of 54 wells sampled, with concentrations up to 7 ug/L.\r\n\r\n Metals, except for iron and manganese, and other trace constituents generally are not a water-quality problem. However, ground water in an area in Chester Valley has been contaminated by concentrations of boron as high as 20,000 ug/L and lithium as high as 13,000 ug/L. The ground water discharges to Valley Creek, where concentrations of boron are as high as 130 ug/L and lithium as high as 800 ug/L.\r\n\r\n Concentrations of chloride as high as 2,100 mg/L (milligrams per liter) were found in a well at a former highway salt storage site. Wells completed in carbonate rock downgradient from the Pennsylvania Turnpike had chloride concentrations as high as 350 mg/L. \r\n\r\n The base-neutral organic compounds bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, di-n-butyl phthalate, and 1,2-dichlorobenzene, and the pesticides alachlor, aldrian, diazanon, DDD, DDT, dieldrin, methyl parathion, picloram, and 2,4-D were detected in a few water samples in low concentrations, However, these organic compounds do not present a widespread water-quality problem. Neither acid organic compounds nor polychlorinated napthalenes (PCN) were detected in ground water. \r\n\r\n The growth of public water and sewer systems has resulted in a significant interbasin transfer of water. Estimates for 1984 range from a net loss of 630 million gallons in the Valley Creek basin to a net gain of 783 million gallons in the Chester Creek basin. The quantity of wastewater discharged from treatment plants generally correlates well with the altitude of the water table and poorly with water use or precipitation, indicating substantial ground-water infiltration. Estimated ground-water infiltration to the West Goshen treatment plant for 1980-84 was 0.8 cubic feet per square mile, or 10 percent of the long-term average flow of Chester Creek. Estimated ground-water infiltration to the Valley Forge sewer system was as high as 4.9 million gallons per day. \r\n\r\n Dewatering operations at two active quarries in Chester Valley have lowered water levels locally and increased the range of the fluctuation of the local water table. The spread of the cones of depression caused by quarry pumping is limited by geologic and hydrologic controls. Pumping of high-capacity wells in Chester Valley has caused small local cones of depression and may have caused some reaches of Valley Creek or its tributaries to lose water. \r\n\r\n One of the greatest effects of human activity on the surface-water system has been the accumulation of organic compounds, particularly PCB and pesticides, on stream-bottom material. PCB, DDE, and dieldrin were found in bottom material from all eight streams sampled. \r\n\r\n Land-use changes in 10 selected subbasins were quantified and related to stream-benthic invertebrate diversity index. from 1970-80, the diversity index increased at all sites. Subbasins that had a greater change in land use had a greater increase in diversity index. The increase may be due to the banning of certain pesticides such as DDT, a decreasing use of pesticides in urbanizing subbasins, or flushing or burial of older pesticide-contaminated sediment.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri874098","usgsCitation":"Sloto, R., 1987, Effect of urbanization on the water resources of eastern Chester County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4098, Report: viii, 131 p.; 2 Plates: 36.43 x 35.29 inches and 29.23 x 18.83 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874098.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 131 p.; 2 Plates: 36.43 x 35.29 inches and 29.23 x 18.83 inches","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":415467,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_46767.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":58569,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4098/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58570,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4098/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58568,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4098/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124903,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4098/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","county":"Chester County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.2917,\n 40.243\n ],\n [\n -75.8667,\n 40.243\n ],\n [\n -75.8667,\n 39.9\n ],\n [\n -75.2917,\n 39.9\n ],\n [\n -75.2917,\n 40.243\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db62542f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sloto, R. A.","contributorId":36155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sloto","given":"R. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29124,"text":"wri874015 - 1987 - Ground-water flow and shallow-aquifer properties in the Rio Grande inner valley south of Albuquerque, Bernalillo County, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-11T20:27:18.117104","indexId":"wri874015","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4015","title":"Ground-water flow and shallow-aquifer properties in the Rio Grande inner valley south of Albuquerque, Bernalillo County, New Mexico","docAbstract":"The purpose of this investigation was to describe the water table configuration and its temporal variations, estimate aquifer properties, and evaluate the interaction of groundwater and surface water in the inner valley of the Rio Grande in southern Albuquerque, New Mexico, where groundwater contamination is a continuing concern. The upper 150 ft of sedimentary deposits in the inner valley, mostly alluvium that consists of cobbles, gravel, sand, silt, and clay, was emphasized because of its susceptibility to contamination. A map of the water table on February 28, 1986 shows that flow generally is parallel to the river and the gradient is approximately 5 ft/mi or 0.0001. In areas affected by municipal and industrial groundwater withdrawals, declines may exceed 10 ft, and the water table gradient is as much as 20 ft/mi or 0.004. The gradient also is steeper near drains, particularly during the irrigation season. In the area east of the community of Mountainview the direction of water movement may have reversed between 1936 and 1986; flow near appears to be toward the east or southeast. Groups of four piezometers, each screened at a different depth, were monitored to describe seasonal changes of the water table. Vertical gradients between piezometers ranged from 0.014 upward to 0.047 downward from July 1985 to June 1986, but were downward most of the year, particulary during the irrigation season. The horizontal hydraulic conductivity of a 15-ft-thick clay and silt bed beneath Rio Bravo Boulevard is estimated to be 0.0001 ft/day. The average interstitial velocity down through this bed is estimated to range from about 0.0002 to 0.0005 ft/day. The fluctuations of the water table at the piezometers nearest the Rio Grande do not appear to be affected by the riverside drain.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri874015","usgsCitation":"Peter, K.D., 1987, Ground-water flow and shallow-aquifer properties in the Rio Grande inner valley south of Albuquerque, Bernalillo County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4015, iv, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874015.","productDescription":"iv, 29 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":57994,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4015/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123690,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4015/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":415599,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_46703.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","county":"Bernalillo County","city":"Albuquerque","otherGeospatial":"Rio Grande Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.5833,\n 35.095\n ],\n [\n -106.7292,\n 35.095\n ],\n [\n -106.7292,\n 34.9394\n ],\n [\n -106.5833,\n 34.9394\n ],\n [\n -106.5833,\n 35.095\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cd65","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peter, K. D.","contributorId":94319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peter","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":44384,"text":"wri874282 - 1987 - Generalized potentiometric surface of the Sparta-Memphis aquifer, eastern Arkansas, spring 1980","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-10T20:01:00.709561","indexId":"wri874282","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4282","title":"Generalized potentiometric surface of the Sparta-Memphis aquifer, eastern Arkansas, spring 1980","docAbstract":"A map shows generalized contours of the altitude of water levels for wells completed in the Sparta-Memphis aquifer in eastern Arkansas. Most water-level measurements used in constructing the map were from the spring of 1980, but supplemental measurements from other years indicated no long-term change in water levels. Hydrographs for selected wells are included to show trends and lack of trends in water-level changes. The aquifer in the Sparta Sand and Memphis Sand of Eocene age which consists of fine to medium sand interbedded with salt, clay, and lignite. The aquifer supplies much of the water used for industry and public supply for eastern Arkansas. Some irrigation users also obtain supplies from the aquifer. Cones of depression caused by pumpage for industrial and public supplies occur near Camden, El Dorado, Magnolia, Pine Buff, and West Memphis.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri874282","usgsCitation":"Ackerman, D.J., 1987, Generalized potentiometric surface of the Sparta-Memphis aquifer, eastern Arkansas, spring 1980: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4282, 1 Plate: 46.19 x 35.57 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874282.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 46.19 x 35.57 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":168019,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":415531,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_46926.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":81675,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4282/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas","otherGeospatial":"Sparta-Memphis aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94,\n 36.5\n ],\n [\n -94,\n 33\n ],\n [\n -90,\n 33\n ],\n [\n -90,\n 36.5\n ],\n [\n -94,\n 36.5\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6aecab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ackerman, D. J.","contributorId":53380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ackerman","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":21461,"text":"ofr86247 - 1987 - Solute geochemistry of the Snake River plain regional aquifer system, Idaho and eastern Oregon","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":21461,"text":"ofr86247 - 1987 - Solute geochemistry of the Snake River plain regional aquifer system, Idaho and eastern Oregon","indexId":"ofr86247","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"title":"Solute geochemistry of the Snake River plain regional aquifer system, Idaho and eastern Oregon"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":38449,"text":"pp1408D - 1988 - Solute geochemistry of the Snake River plain regional aquifer system, Idaho and eastern Oregon","indexId":"pp1408D","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"chapter":"D","title":"Solute geochemistry of the Snake River plain regional aquifer system, Idaho and eastern Oregon"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":38449,"text":"pp1408D - 1988 - Solute geochemistry of the Snake River plain regional aquifer system, Idaho and eastern Oregon","indexId":"pp1408D","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"title":"Solute geochemistry of the Snake River plain regional aquifer system, Idaho and eastern Oregon"},"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-21T13:57:21.054086","indexId":"ofr86247","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-247","title":"Solute geochemistry of the Snake River plain regional aquifer system, Idaho and eastern Oregon","docAbstract":"Three geochemical methods were used to determine chemical reactions that control solute concentrations in the Snake River Plain regional aquifer system: (1) Calculation of a regional solute balance within the aquifer and of mineralogy in the aquifer framework to identify solute reactions, (2) comparison of thermodynamic mineral saturation indices with plausible solute reactions, and (3) comparison of stable-isotope ratios of the ground water with those in the aquifer framework. The geothermal ground-water system underlying the main aquifer system was examined by calculating thermodynamic mineral saturation indices, stable-isotope ratios of geothermal water, geothermometry, and radiocarbon dating.
Water budgets, hydrologic arguments, and isotopic analyses for the eastern Snake River Plain aquifer system demonstrate that most, if not all, water is of local meteoric and not juvenile or formation origin. Solute-balance, isotopic, mineralogic, and thermodynamic arguments suggest that about 20 percent of the solutes are derived from reactions with rocks forming the aquifer framework.
Solute reactions indicate that calcite and silica are precipitated in the aquifer. Mineralogic evidence and thermodynamic arguments suggest that olivine, pyroxene, pyrite, and anhydrite are being dissolved and plagioclase is being weathered. Large amounts of sodium and chloride, relative to their concentration in the igneous rock, are being removed from the aquifer. Release of fluids from inclusions in the igneous rocks, and initial flushing of grain boundaries and pores of detrital marine sediments in interbeds are believed to be the source of the sodium chloride. Identification and quantification of reactions controlling solute concentrations in ground water in the eastern plain indicate that the aquifer is not a large mixing vessel that simply stores and transmits water and solutes but is undergoing diagenesis and is both a source and sink for solutes.
Evaluation of solute concentrations and stable-isotope ratios of hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and sulfur along ground-water flowpaths that transect irrigated areas suggests that irrigation water may have altered solute concentrations and isotope ratios in the eastern Snake River Plain aquifer system. The changes, however, have been small, owing to similarity of solute concentrations in applied irrigation water and in native ground water and rapid movement and large dispersivity of the aquifer.
Reactions controlling solutes in the western Snake River basin are believed to be similar to those in the eastern basin but, because of different hydrologic conditions, a definitive analysis could not be made.
The regional geothermal system that underlies the Snake River Plain contains total dissolved solids similar to those in the overlying Snake River Plain aquifer system but contains higher concentrations of sodium, bicarbonate, silica, fluoride, sulfate, chloride, arsenic, boron, and lithium, and lower concentrations of calcium, magnesium, and hydrogen. These solutes are believed to be derived from reactions similar to those in the Snake River Plain aquifer system, except that ion exchange may be a significant mechanism controlling solute concentrations in the geothermal system.
Geothermometry calculations of selected ground-water samples from known geothermal areas throughout the basin suggest that the geothermal system is large in areal extent but has relatively low temperatures. Approximately half of the silica-quartz calculated water temperatures are greater than 90 degrees Celsius. Radiocarbon dating of geothermal water in the Salmon Falls and Bruneau-Grand View areas in the south-central part of the Snake River basin suggests that residence time of the geothermal water is about 17,700 years.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr86247","collaboration":"A contribution of the Regional Aquifer-System Analysis program","usgsCitation":"Wood, W.W., and Low, W.H., 1987, Solute geochemistry of the Snake River plain regional aquifer system, Idaho and eastern Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 86-247, xi, 146 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr86247.","productDescription":"xi, 146 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154007,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0247/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":382936,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0247/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Oregon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.04833984375001,\n 42.06560675405716\n ],\n [\n -111.15966796875,\n 42.06560675405716\n ],\n [\n -111.15966796875,\n 48.951366470947725\n ],\n [\n -117.04833984375001,\n 48.951366470947725\n ],\n [\n -117.04833984375001,\n 42.06560675405716\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e479de4b07f02db491f0a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wood, Warren W.","contributorId":213538,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wood","given":"Warren","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Low, Walton H.","contributorId":92672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Low","given":"Walton","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":44455,"text":"wri854240 - 1987 - Geology and hydrology of the deep bedrock aquifers in eastern Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-11T18:33:05.976912","indexId":"wri854240","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4240","title":"Geology and hydrology of the deep bedrock aquifers in eastern Colorado","docAbstract":"Deep bedrock aquifers are present in rocks of Cretaceous through Pennsylvanian age in eastern Colorado. These aquifers are the Laramie-Fox Hills (the uppermost aquifer studied), Fort Hays-Codell, Dakota-Cheyenne, Entrada-Dockum, Lyons, and Fountain. Structural mapping indicates the aquifers are 2,000 to 9,000 ft below land surface in most of eastern Colorado but outcrop in local areas in a narrow band along the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains. Recharge primarily occurs in outcrops and produces a northerly or easterly groundwater flow to discharge areas along the South Platte or Arkansas Rivers. Deep aquifers also discharge by underflow to Kansas and Nebraska. Some water-yielding strata in the Dakota-Cheyenne aquifer are not in hydraulic connection with the aquifer, and abnormal fluid pressures, trapped hydrocarbons, and high dissolved-solids concentrations are found in these strata. Temperature and dissolved-solids mapping indicate water temperatures of 100 to 210 in northeastern Colorado and a zone of relatively fresh water extending through a 7,000 sq mi area of the Dakota-Cheyenne aquifer in southeastern Colorado. Water levels in the Laramie-Fox Hills aquifer continue to decline as much as 12 ft/yr in local areas near Denver.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri854240","usgsCitation":"Robson, S.G., and Banta, E.R., 1987, Geology and hydrology of the deep bedrock aquifers in eastern Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4240, 6 Plates: 32.41 x 48.12 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854240.","productDescription":"6 Plates: 32.41 x 48.12 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":161899,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":415584,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_33756.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":275851,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4240/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":275852,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4240/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":275853,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4240/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":275854,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4240/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":275856,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4240/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":275855,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4240/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.402,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -105.402,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -102.045,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -102.045,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -105.402,\n 41\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b4693","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robson, S. G.","contributorId":97102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robson","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Banta, E. R.","contributorId":63038,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banta","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":44418,"text":"wri864352 - 1987 - Ground-water levels in the lower Paleozoic and Precambrian crystalline rocks, southeastern Chester County, Pennsylvania, July and August 1986","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-24T18:47:23.105322","indexId":"wri864352","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-4352","title":"Ground-water levels in the lower Paleozoic and Precambrian crystalline rocks, southeastern Chester County, Pennsylvania, July and August 1986","docAbstract":"A water table contour map of the lower Paleozoic and Precambrian crystalline rocks of southeastern Chester County, Pennsylvania was constructed on the basis of water levels measured in 261 wells in July and August 1986, elevations of 11 springs that were flowing in July and August 1986, and water levels measured in 15 wells. Pre-1986 measurements were incorporated on the map to provide control in areas where more-recent data were not available. The area of crystalline rocks underlies Thornbury, Westtown, East Goshen, and West Goshen Townships, parts of East Whiteland and West Whiteland Townships; and West Chester Borough. Water table altitudes under natural conditions range from 544 ft. above National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD of 1929) near Immaculata College to 234 ft. above NGVD of 1929 near Cheyney College.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri864352","usgsCitation":"Garges, J.A., 1987, Ground-water levels in the lower Paleozoic and Precambrian crystalline rocks, southeastern Chester County, Pennsylvania, July and August 1986: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 86-4352, 1 Plate: 30.30 x 30.41 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri864352.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 30.30 x 30.41 inches","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":173111,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":414719,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_36663.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":81716,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4352/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","county":"Chester County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.5,\n 40.042\n ],\n [\n -75.667,\n 40.042\n ],\n [\n -75.667,\n 39.9\n ],\n [\n -75.5,\n 39.9\n ],\n [\n -75.5,\n 40.042\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b09e4b07f02db69bfee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garges, John A.","contributorId":74428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garges","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5222168,"text":"5222168 - 1987 - Environmental pollutant and necropsy data for ospreys from the eastern United States, 1975-1982","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-05T17:05:40.070542","indexId":"5222168","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Environmental pollutant and necropsy data for ospreys from the eastern United States, 1975-1982","docAbstract":"Twenty-three ospreys (Pandion haliaetus) found dead or moribund in the eastern United States during 1975–1982 were necropsied and selected tissues were analyzed for organo-chlorines and metals. Major causes or factors contributing to death were trauma, impact injuries, and emaciation. DDE was detected in 96% of the osprey carcasses, DDD in 65%, DDT and heptachlor epoxide in 13%, dieldrin, oxychlordane, and cis-nonachlor in 35%, cis-chlordane in 52%, trans-nonachlor in 45%, and PCB's in 83%. Carcasses of immature ospreys from the Chesapeake Bay had significantly lower concentrations of DDE, DDD + DDT, cis-chlordane, and PCB's than carcasses of adults from the same area. Concentrations of some organochlorines in ospreys from the Chesapeake Bay declined significantly from 1971–1973 to 1975–1982. Significant differences in concentrations of certain metals in the ospreys' livers were noted between time periods, and sex and age groups for birds from the Chesapeake Bay. During 1975–1982, adults had significantly lower concentrations of chromium, copper, and arsenic than immatures and nestlings, and adult males had higher mercury concentrations than adult females. Adult females had lower zinc concentrations in 1975–1982 than in 1971–1973. Immatures and nestlings had higher concentrations of chromium and lead in 1975–1982 than in 1971–1973. A slightly elevated concentration of chromium (1.7 ppm) or arsenic (3.2 ppm) was found in the livers of individual ospreys. Several ospreys had elevated concentrations of mercury in their livers; two ospreys had more than 20 ppm which may have contributed to their deaths.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-23.2.279","usgsCitation":"Wiemeyer, S.N., Schmeling, S.K., and Anderson, A., 1987, Environmental pollutant and necropsy data for ospreys from the eastern United States, 1975-1982: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 23, no. 2, p. 279-291, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-23.2.279.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"279","endPage":"291","numberOfPages":"13","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480087,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-23.2.279","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":198836,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Eastern United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.673828125,\n 36.38591277287651\n ],\n [\n -74.8828125,\n 38.61687046392973\n ],\n [\n -70.3125,\n 41.244772343082076\n ],\n [\n -70.400390625,\n 42.74701217318067\n ],\n [\n -66.533203125,\n 44.77793589631623\n ],\n [\n -67.939453125,\n 46.49839225859763\n ],\n [\n -69.345703125,\n 47.45780853075031\n ],\n [\n -72.158203125,\n 45.521743896993634\n ],\n [\n -77.783203125,\n 43.77109381775651\n ],\n [\n -80.595703125,\n 42.032974332441405\n ],\n [\n -81.123046875,\n 39.70718665682654\n ],\n [\n -84.19921875,\n 38.61687046392973\n ],\n [\n -82.08984375,\n 37.020098201368114\n ],\n [\n -75.673828125,\n 36.38591277287651\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"23","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65dc0a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wiemeyer, Stanley N.","contributorId":78279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiemeyer","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schmeling, Shelia K.","contributorId":98673,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schmeling","given":"Shelia","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, Allen","contributorId":167065,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anderson","given":"Allen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014212,"text":"70014212 - 1987 - Modeling and analysis of direct-current electrical resistivity in the Durham Triassic basin, North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-15T16:40:43.85911","indexId":"70014212","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1761,"text":"Geoexploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling and analysis of direct-current electrical resistivity in the Durham Triassic basin, North Carolina","docAbstract":"Sixty-two Schlumberger electrical soundings were made in the Durham Triassic basin in an effort to determine basin structural geometry, depth of the sedimentary layers, and spatial distribution of individual rock facies. A digital computer program was used to invert the sounding curves of apparent resistivity versus distance to apparent resistivity versus depth. The apparent-resistivity-versus-depth data from the computer-modeling program were used to construct a geoelectric model of the basin that is believed to accurately represent the subsurface geology of the basin. The largest depth to basement in the basin along a resistivity profile (geoelectric section) was determined to be 1,800 m. A resistivity decrease was observed on certain soundings from depths of 100 to 1,000 m; below a 1,000-m depth, apparent resistivity increased to the bottom of the basin. Resistivity values for basement rocks were greater than 1,000 ohm-m and less than 350 ohm-m for the sedimentary layers in the basin. The data suggest that the basin contains a system of step faults near its eastern boundary.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7142(87)90012-3","usgsCitation":"Brown, C.E., 1987, Modeling and analysis of direct-current electrical resistivity in the Durham Triassic basin, North Carolina: Geoexploration, v. 24, no. 6, p. 429-440, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7142(87)90012-3.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"429","endPage":"440","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225880,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Durham basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.11054032257658,\n 34.81424858901997\n ],\n [\n -78.71952572597303,\n 35.63369969562967\n ],\n [\n -78.29487040818577,\n 36.369481295510155\n ],\n [\n -78.80312574155963,\n 36.15648733554863\n ],\n [\n -79.43844490827757,\n 35.6255443614009\n ],\n [\n -80.1172332811392,\n 35.01166900462569\n ],\n [\n -80.28442253553915,\n 34.81424671856449\n ],\n [\n -80.11054032257658,\n 34.81424858901997\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"24","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5bd4e4b0c8380cd6f828","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, C. Erwin","contributorId":96261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"Erwin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015300,"text":"70015300 - 1987 - Evolution, biogeography, and systematics of Puriana: evolution and speciation in Ostracoda, III.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-20T11:49:26.225289","indexId":"70015300","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2412,"text":"Journal of Paleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evolution, biogeography, and systematics of Puriana: evolution and speciation in Ostracoda, III.","docAbstract":"Three types of geographic isolation—land barriers, deep water barriers, and climatic barriers—resulted in three distinct evolutionary responses in Neogene and Quaternary species of the epineritic ostracode genus Puriana. Through systematic, paleobiogeographic, and morphologic study of several hundred fossil and Recent populations from the eastern Pacific, western Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean, the phylogeny of the genus and the geography of speciation events were determined. Isolation of large populations by the Isthmus of Panama during the Pliocene did not lead to lineage splitting in species known to have existed before the Isthmus formed. Conversely, the establishment of small isolated populations on Caribbean islands by passive dispersal mechanisms frequently led to the evolution of new species or subspecies. Climatic changes along the southeastern United States during the Pliocene also catalyzed possible parapatric speciation as populations that immigrated to the northeastern periphery of the genus' range split to form new species. The results provide evidence that evolutionary models describing the influence of abiotic events on patterns of evolution and speciation can be tested using properly selected tectonic and climatic events and fossil groups amenable to species-level analysis. Two new species, P. bajaensis and P. paikensis, are described.
A uranium deposit discovered in 1977 in western Alaska, by means of airborne radiometric data, is the largest known in Alaska on the basis of industry reserve estimates. At about latitude 65 degrees N, it is the most northerly known sandstone-type uranium deposit in the world. The deposit lies in Eocene continental sandstone near the eastern end of the Seward Peninsula, in the southern end of a graben that extends northward into the Death Valley depositional basin.The deposit is apparently of epigenetic and supergene origin. The uranium was derived from the Cretaceous granite of the Darby pluton that forms part of the western side of Death Valley. Uranium from primary mineralization is in the subsurface in a marginal facies of the Tertiary sedimentary basin where nearshore coarse clastic rocks are interbedded with coal and lacustrine clay. Primary mineralization occurred when uranium-bearing oxidizing ground water moved downdip from the pluton eastward through transmissive clastic beds or on the surface. Uranium was deposited where the coal or other carbonaceous material produced a reducing environment in arkosic host rocks. The supergene enrichment is related to a soil horizon at the present ground surface. The most common uranium mineral is meta-autunite, but cofflnite has been identified in the primary deposits. The host rocks for the primary deposits were partly covered by basalt flows that issued from nearby vents. Some of the basalt is highly altered, and some basalt float from the supergene zone has alteration rinds that are enriched in uranium.Extensive exploratory drilling took place from 1979 to 1981. The average grade of the potential ore is 0.27 percent U 3 O 8 and the average thickness is 3 m. The calculated reserves are 1,000,000 lbs U 3 O 8 ; additional drilling would probably add to this figure.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.82.6.1558","issn":"00130109","usgsCitation":"Dickinson, K.A., Cunningham, K.D., and Ager, T.A., 1987, Geology and origin of the Death Valley uranium deposit, Seward Peninsula, Alaska: Economic Geology, v. 82, no. 6, p. 1558-1574, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.82.6.1558.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1558","endPage":"1574","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225498,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Seward Peninsula","volume":"82","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1987-10-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1451e4b0c8380cd549d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dickinson, Kendell A.","contributorId":55430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickinson","given":"Kendell","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cunningham, Kenneth D.","contributorId":99707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cunningham","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ager, Thomas A. 0000-0002-5029-7581 tager@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5029-7581","contributorId":736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ager","given":"Thomas","email":"tager@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":367945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014833,"text":"70014833 - 1987 - Character and distribution of borehole breakouts and their relationship to in situ stresses in deep Columbia River basalts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-24T17:02:25.392229","indexId":"70014833","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Character and distribution of borehole breakouts and their relationship to in situ stresses in deep Columbia River basalts","docAbstract":"The character and distribution of borehole breakouts in deeply buried basalts at the Hanford Site in south central Washington State are examined in light of stress indicator data and hydraulic-fracturing stress data by means of acoustic televiewer and acoustic waveform logging systems. A series of boreholes penetrating the Grande Ronde Basalt of the Columbia River Basalt Group were logged to examine the extent of breakouts at depths near 1000 m. Breakouts occur discontinuously throughout the interiors of most flows. In some boreholes the distribution of borehole wall breakouts closely correlates with the incidence of core disking. Differences in the distribution of breakouts and disking are attributed to differences in failure mechanisms. A thin interval of breakout-free basalt occurs near the upper and lower limits of flow interiors, with many intervals of breakouts terminating at the intersection of oblique fractures with the borehole. Hydraulic-fracturing stress measurement results obtained from four deep boreholes indicate anisotropic horizontal principal stresses, with maximum principal stress along an approximate north trending axis, consistent with the east trending orientation of breakouts. Acoustic waveform logs indicate that there is no measurable difference between the seismic properties of breakout-free flow tops and flow interiors. The highly coherent waveforms obtained in almost all flow interiors indicate that damage to the borehole wall associated with breakout formation remains confined to the thin annulus of stress concentration.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB092iB07p06223","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Paillet, F.L., and Kim, K., 1987, Character and distribution of borehole breakouts and their relationship to in situ stresses in deep Columbia River basalts: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 92, no. B7, p. 6223-6234, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB092iB07p06223.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"6223","endPage":"6234","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225406,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"92","issue":"B7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f483e4b0c8380cd4bd77","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paillet, Frederick L.","contributorId":63820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paillet","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kim, K.","contributorId":19303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kim","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014796,"text":"70014796 - 1987 - The Steens Mountain (Oregon) geomagnetic polarity transition: 3. Its regional significance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-18T14:28:19","indexId":"70014796","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Steens Mountain (Oregon) geomagnetic polarity transition: 3. Its regional significance","docAbstract":"Study of the variations of direction and intensity of the geomagnetic field as recorded by the Miocene lava flows on Steens Mountain, southeastern Oregon, has resulted in a detailed description of total field behavior during a reversal in polarity. In addition to information about the polarity reversal itself, the detailed paleomagnetic record includes several thousand years of geomagnetic history preceding and following the polarity transition at 15.5 Ma. In order to test the feasibility of using this record as a means of correlation in this part of the western United States, comparisons are made of reconnaissance and previously published paleomagnetic records obtained from what has been thought to be the Steens Basalt or rocks of equivalent age. Despite the fact that many of these earlier studies were not done in detail and were not intended for correlation purposes, convincing similarities among some of the records are evident. The Steens Basalt paleomagnetic record does, indeed, have potential as a correlation tool during this time of widespread basaltic volcanism. Additionally, paleomagnetic data from flows that were sampled in detail yield a middle Miocene paleomagnetic pole at 88.3°N, 209.0° (α95 = 6.3°) for the High Lava Plains of Oregon. This pole position is statistically indistinguishable from the earth's rotational axis and implies that no tectonic rotation of this region has occurred since these lava flows were erupted. Data from selected sites within the coeval part of the Columbia River Basalt Group yield a paleomagnetic pole at 88.7°N, 171.6°E (α95 = 4.0°). The Columbia River Basalt Group pole is statistically indistinguishable from either the rotational axis or from the High Lava Plains pole. These findings indicate no post‐20 Ma differential rotation between south‐eastern Washington and south‐central Oregon, in contrast to previous interpretations.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/JB092iB08p08057","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Mankinen, E., Larson, E., Grommé, C., Prevot, M., and Coe, R.S., 1987, The Steens Mountain (Oregon) geomagnetic polarity transition: 3. Its regional significance: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 92, no. B8, p. 8057-8076, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB092iB08p08057.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"8057","endPage":"8076","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225913,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"92","issue":"B8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba90fe4b08c986b322018","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mankinen, E. A. 0000-0001-7496-2681","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7496-2681","contributorId":31786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mankinen","given":"E. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Larson, E.E.","contributorId":100508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"E.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grommé, C. S.","contributorId":38558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grommé","given":"C. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Prevot, M.","contributorId":75679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prevot","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Coe, R. S.","contributorId":81228,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Coe","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70014754,"text":"70014754 - 1987 - Marine and nonmarine gas-bearing rocks in Upper Cretaceous Blackhawk and Neslen Formations, eastern Uinta Basin, Utah: Sedimentology, diagenesis, and source rock potential","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-17T16:02:53.961439","indexId":"70014754","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Marine and nonmarine gas-bearing rocks in Upper Cretaceous Blackhawk and Neslen Formations, eastern Uinta Basin, Utah: Sedimentology, diagenesis, and source rock potential","docAbstract":"The Upper Cretaceous Blackhawk and Neslen Formations in the eastern Uinta basin contain large amounts of thermogenic gas that was generated from interbedded humic-rich source rocks. The geometry and distribution of hydrocarbon source and reservoir rocks are controlled by depositional environment. The Blackhawk, composed of laterally extensive sandstone and locally interbedded carbonaceous siltstone and minor coal, reflects deposition in nearshore marine and backshore environments. The Neslen contains organic-rich siltstone and mudstone with lesser amounts of carbonaceous shale, coal, and lenticular sandstone that formed in coastal and lower alluvial-plain depositional settings.
Potential reservoir sandstones are composed dominantly of monocrystalline quartz grains and sedimentary lithic fragments. Mechanical compaction during early burial was followed by the precipitation of quartz, carbonate, and barite later in the burial history. Variations in porosity and permeability (2-10%; < 1 md) reflects the presence of authigenic clay, mineral cements, and dissolved lithic grains. Natural fractures, cemented with carbonate, barite, and kaolinite, occur locally.
Active hydrocarbon generation occurred in the Neslen and Blackhawk during the Oligocene and Miocene when these units were near their maximum burial depth and temperature. The rate of hydrocarbon generation decreased from the late Miocene to the present, owing to widespread cooling that occurred in response to regional uplift and erosion associated with the development of the Colorado Plateau. Temporally equivalent rocks in other areas of the basin may have experienced similar diagenetic and hydrocarbon generation histories.
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