Epizootics of scaly leg disease caused by infection with the submacroscopic mite Knemidokoptes jamaicensis (Acari: Knemidokoptidae) in migratory American robins (Turdus migratorius) from a residential area of Tulsa (Oklahoma, USA) are documented during the winters (December through February) of 1993–94 and 1994–95. Estimates of 60 to >80% of the birds in several different flights arriving in the area had lesions consistent with knemidokoptic mange. Epizootic occurrence of K. jamaicensis also is confirmed incidentally in American robins from Georgia (USA) in 1995 and 1998 and in Florida (USA) in 1991. These are the first confirmed epizootics of scaly leg attributed to infections with mites specifically identified as K. jamaicensis in North America. Severity of observed lesions in American robins ranged from scaly hyperkeratosis of the feet and legs to extensive proliferative lesions with loss of digits or the entire foot in some birds. Histologically, there was severe diffuse hyperkeratosis of the epidermis which contained numerous mites and multifocal aggregates of degranulating to degenerating eosinophilic heterophils; there was mild to severe superficial dermatitis with aggregates of eosinophilic heterophils and some mononuclear cells. Based on limited data from affected captive birds in Florida, we questioned the efficacy of ivermectin as an effective acaricide for knemidokoptiasis and propose that conditions associated with captivity may exacerbate transmission of this mite among caged birds. While knemidokoptic mange apparently can result in substantial host morbidity and possibly mortality, the ultimate impact of these epizootics on American robin populations presently is unknown.
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land subsidence and aquifer-system deformation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-06T10:29:55","indexId":"70021516","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sensing the ups and downs of Las Vegas: InSAR reveals structural control of land subsidence and aquifer-system deformation","docAbstract":"Land subsidence in Las Vegas, Nevada, United States, between April 1992 and December 1997 was measured using spaceborne interferometric synthetic aperture radar. The detailed deformation maps clearly show that the spatial extent of subsidence is controlled by geologic structures (faults) and sediment composition (clay thickness). The maximum detected subsidence during the 5.75 yr period is 19 cm. Comparison with leveling data indicates that the subsidence rates declined during the past decade as a result of rising ground-water levels brought about by a net reduction in ground-water extraction. Temporal analysis also detects seasonal subsidence and uplift patterns, which provide information about the elastic and inelastic properties of the aquifer system and their spatial variability.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0483:STUADO>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Amelung, F., Galloway, D., Bell, J.W., Zebker, H., and Laczniak, R.J., 1999, Sensing the ups and downs of Las Vegas: InSAR reveals structural control of land subsidence and aquifer-system deformation: Geology, v. 27, no. 6, p. 483-486, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0483:STUADO>2.3.CO;2.","startPage":"483","endPage":"486","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229544,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8d1ce4b08c986b318275","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Amelung, F.","contributorId":106268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Amelung","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Galloway, D. L. 0000-0003-0904-5355","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0904-5355","contributorId":31383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galloway","given":"D. L.","affiliations":[{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":390160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bell, J. W.","contributorId":54288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bell","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zebker, H. A.","contributorId":90457,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zebker","given":"H. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Laczniak, R. J.","contributorId":46104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laczniak","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70021836,"text":"70021836 - 1999 - Use of cosmogenic 35S for comparing ages of water from three alpine-subalpine basins in the Colorado Front Range","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-19T08:44:07","indexId":"70021836","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1801,"text":"Geomorphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of cosmogenic 35S for comparing ages of water from three alpine-subalpine basins in the Colorado Front Range","docAbstract":"High-elevation basins in Colorado are a major source of water for the central and western United States; however, acidic deposition may affect the quality of this water. Water that is retained in a basin for a longer period of time may be less impacted by acidic deposition. Sulfur-35 (35S), a short-lived isotope of sulfur (t( 1/2 ) = 87 days), is useful for studying short-time scale hydrologic processes in basins where biological influences and water/rock interactions are minimal. When sulfate response in a basin is conservative, the age of water may be assumed to be that of the dissolved sulfate in it. Three alpine-subalpine basins on granitic terrain in Colorado were investigated to determine the influence of basin morphology on the residence time of water in the basins. Fern and Spruce Creek basins are glaciated and accumulate deep snowpacks during the winter. These basins have hydrologic and chemical characteristics typical of systems with rapid hydrologic response times. The age of sulfate leaving these basins, determined from the activity of 35S, averages around 200 days. In contrast, Boulder Brook basin has broad, gentle slopes and an extensive cover of surficial debris. Its area above treeline, about one-half of the basin, is blown free of snow during the winter. Variations in flow and solute concentrations in Boulder Brook are quite small compared to Fern and Spruce Creeks. After peak snowmelt, sulfate in Boulder Brook is about 200 days older than sulfate in Fern and Spruce Creeks. This indicates a substantial source of older sulfate (lacking 35S) that is probably provided from water stored in pore spaces of surficial debris in Boulder Brook basin.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0169-555X(98)00090-7","issn":"0169555X","usgsCitation":"Sueker, J., Turk, J., and Michel, R.L., 1999, Use of cosmogenic 35S for comparing ages of water from three alpine-subalpine basins in the Colorado Front Range: Geomorphology, v. 27, no. 1-2, p. 61-74, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(98)00090-7.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"61","endPage":"74","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229490,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206346,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(98)00090-7"}],"volume":"27","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbedbe4b08c986b329807","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sueker, J.K.","contributorId":61977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sueker","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Turk, J.T.","contributorId":94259,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turk","given":"J.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Michel, R. L.","contributorId":86375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michel","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1014601,"text":"1014601 - 1999 - Transitions in forest fragmentation: implications for restoration opportunities at regional scales","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-31T12:44:58","indexId":"1014601","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2602,"text":"Landscape Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transitions in forest fragmentation: implications for restoration opportunities at regional scales","docAbstract":"Where the potential natural vegetation is continuous forest (e.g., eastern US), a region can be divided into smaller units (e.g., counties, watersheds), and a graph of the proportion of forest in the largest patch versus the proportion in anthropogenic cover can be used as an index of forest fragmentation. If forests are not fragmented beyond that converted to anthropogenic cover, there would be only one patch in the unit and its proportional size would equal 1 minus the percentage of anthropogenic cover. For a set of 130 watersheds in the mid-Atlantic region, there was a transition in forest fragmentation between 15 and 20% anthropogenic cover. The potential for mitigating fragmentation by connecting two or more disjunct forest patches was low when percent anthropogenic cover was low, highest at moderate proportions of anthropogenic cover, and again low as the proportion of anthropogenic cover increased toward 100%. This fragmentation index could be used to prioritize locations for restoration by targeting watersheds where there would be the greatest increase in the size of the largest forest patch.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/A:1008026129712","collaboration":"99-046/SAL","usgsCitation":"Wickham, J.D., Jones, K.B., Riitters, K.H., Wade, T., and O’Neill, R.V., 1999, Transitions in forest fragmentation: implications for restoration opportunities at regional scales: Landscape Ecology, v. 14, no. 2, p. 137-145, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008026129712.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"137","endPage":"145","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132217,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4de4b07f02db626d7b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wickham, James D.","contributorId":72278,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wickham","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":6914,"text":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":320701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, K. Bruce","contributorId":66105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"Bruce","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Riitters, Kurt H. 0000-0003-3901-4453","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3901-4453","contributorId":139788,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Riitters","given":"Kurt","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":36400,"text":"US Forest Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":320702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wade, Timothy G.","contributorId":48845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wade","given":"Timothy G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"O’Neill, Robert V.","contributorId":138509,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"O’Neill","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":37070,"text":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":320705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70180176,"text":"70180176 - 1999 - Assessment and analysis of smolt condition in the Columbia River Basin, volume 1: Evaluation of the effect of a modified feeding strategy on growth and smoltification of summer steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) at Dworshak National Fish Hatchery","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-25T11:28:57","indexId":"70180176","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"title":"Assessment and analysis of smolt condition in the Columbia River Basin, volume 1: Evaluation of the effect of a modified feeding strategy on growth and smoltification of summer steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) at Dworshak National Fish Hatchery","docAbstract":"Abstract not available
","language":"English","publisher":"Bonneville Power Administration","publisherLocation":" Portland, OR","usgsCitation":"Schrock, R., Reagan, R., Petrusso, P., and Coyle, J., 1999, Assessment and analysis of smolt condition in the Columbia River Basin, volume 1: Evaluation of the effect of a modified feeding strategy on growth and smoltification of summer steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) at Dworshak National Fish Hatchery.","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":333894,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5889c79ce4b0ba3b075e05e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schrock, R. M.","contributorId":27218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schrock","given":"R. 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In general, these data indicate a relatively uniform Os isotopic composition for modern seawater, but suggest that North Atlantic seawater is slightly more radiogenic than that of the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The systematic difference in the Os isotopic composition between the major oceans probably reflects a greater input of old continental material with a high Re/Os ratio in the North Atlantic Ocean, consistent with the distribution of Nd and Pb isotopes. This spatial variation in the Os isotope composition in seawater is consistent with a residence time for Os of between 2 and 60 kyr. Indian Ocean samples show no evidence of a local source of radiogenic Os, which suggests that the present-day riverine input from the Himalaya-Tibet region is not a major source for Os. Recently formed Fe-Mn crusts from the TAG hydrothermal field in the North Atlantic yield an Os isotopic composition close to that of modern seawater, which indicates that, in this area, the input of unradiogenic Os from the hydrothermal alteration of oceanic crust is small. However, some samples from the deep Pacific (???4 km) possess a remarkably unradiogenic Os isotope composition (187Os/186Os ratios as low as 4.3). The compositional control of Os incorporation into the crusts and mixing relationships suggest that this unradiogenic composition is most likely due to the direct incorporation of micrometeoritic or abyssal peridotite particles, rather than indicating the presence of an unradiogenic deep-water mass. Moreover, this unradiogenic signal appears to be temporary, and local, and has had little apparent effect on the overall evolution of seawater. These results confirm that input of continental material through erosion is the dominant source of Os in seawater, but it is not clear whether global Os variations are due to the input of mantle or meteoritic material, or simply indicate that the continental source itself is not uniform.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0012-821X(99)00139-9","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Burton, K., Bourdon, B., Birck, J., Allegre, C., and Hein, J., 1999, Osmium isotope variations in the oceans recorded by Fe-Mn crusts: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 171, no. 1, p. 185-197, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(99)00139-9.","startPage":"185","endPage":"197","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229267,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206267,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(99)00139-9"}],"volume":"171","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7132e4b0c8380cd764f8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burton, K.W.","contributorId":101399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"K.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bourdon, B.","contributorId":52351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bourdon","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Birck, J.-L.","contributorId":21308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Birck","given":"J.-L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Allegre, C.J.","contributorId":91242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allegre","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hein, J.R. 0000-0002-5321-899X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5321-899X","contributorId":61429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hein","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70021763,"text":"70021763 - 1999 - Modeling the effects of nutria (Myocastor coypus) on wetland loss","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-24T10:30:55","indexId":"70021763","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Modeling the effects of nutria (Myocastor coypus) on wetland loss","title":"Modeling the effects of nutria (Myocastor coypus) on wetland loss","docAbstract":"We created a model to study the process in which nutria (Myocastor coypus) feeding activities lead to erosion and loss of marsh area. This model ties together data on nutria population dynamics and feeding behavior from the literature with data from field studies on the phenology of Scirpus americanus and Spartina patens conducted in the Barataria Basin, Louisiana, USA in 1992. The complete model consists of three linked models: a model of nutria population dynamics (nutria model), a model of the annual marsh biomass cycle of Scirpus americanus and Spartina patens (biomass model), and a plant-biomass density-dependent marsh area model (area model). When all three models are linked together, they form the 'nutria-biomass-area model.' Analysis of the models indicated the following. (1) The high population densities and low survivorship rates as reported in the literature are incompatible. (2) the nutria model is sensitive to adult and juvenile survivorship and, to a lesser extent, young born per female. It is not particularly sensitive to gestation periods, impregnation rates, or time to maturity. (3) The marsh area model is not sensitive to the marsh loss equation nor to the density at which loss of marsh area begins but is sensitive to the amount of biomass destroyed per nutria. (4) Nutria numbers do not significantly decrease in the nutria-biomass-area model until the total marsh area approaches zero because marsh loss occurs only during winter when marsh biomass is at its annual low.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF03161750","issn":"02775212","usgsCitation":"Carter, J., Foote, A., and Johnson-Randall, L., 1999, Modeling the effects of nutria (Myocastor coypus) on wetland loss: Wetlands, v. 19, no. 1, p. 209-219, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03161750.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"209","endPage":"219","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229443,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Barataria Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.604248046875,\n 29.084976575985912\n ],\n [\n -89.5330810546875,\n 29.084976575985912\n ],\n [\n -89.5330810546875,\n 29.76914573606667\n ],\n [\n -90.604248046875,\n 29.76914573606667\n ],\n [\n -90.604248046875,\n 29.084976575985912\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"19","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c42e4b0c8380cd6fb47","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carter, J. 0000-0003-0110-0284 carterj@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0110-0284","contributorId":81839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"J.","email":"carterj@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":391060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Foote, A.L.","contributorId":66435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foote","given":"A.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson-Randall, L. A. 0000-0003-0100-994X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0100-994X","contributorId":28029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson-Randall","given":"L. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70021760,"text":"70021760 - 1999 - Diffusion of radon through concrete block walls: A significant source of indoor radon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-16T15:29:09.449447","indexId":"70021760","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3223,"text":"Radiation Protection Dosimetry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Diffusion of radon through concrete block walls: A significant source of indoor radon","docAbstract":"Basement modules located in southern Minnesota have been the site of continuous radon and environmental measurements during heating seasons since 1993. Concentrations of radon within the basement modules ranged from 70 Bq.m-3 to over 4000 Bq.m-3 between November to April during the three measurement periods. In the soil gas for the same times, concentrations of radon ranged between 25,000 and 70,000 Bq.m-3. Levels of radon within the basement modules changed by factors of five or more within 24 h, in concert with pressure gradients of 4 to 20 Pa that developed between the basement modules and their surroundings. Diffusion is identified as the principal method by which radon is transferred into and out of the basement modules, and appears to be relatively independent of insulating materials and vapour retarders. The variability of radon and correlations with differential pressure gradients may be related to air currents in the block walls and soil that interrupt radon diffusing inward. This yields a net decrease of radon in the basement modules by decay and outward diffusion. Levels of radon within the basement modules increase when the pressure differential is zero and air flow ceases, allowing diffusion gradients to be re-established. Radon levels in both the soil and the basement modules then increase until an equilibrium is achieved.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a032604","issn":"01448420","usgsCitation":"Lively, R., and Goldberg, L., 1999, Diffusion of radon through concrete block walls: A significant source of indoor radon: Radiation Protection Dosimetry, v. 82, no. 1, p. 31-42, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a032604.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"31","endPage":"42","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229404,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"82","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0110e4b0c8380cd4faa7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lively, R.S.","contributorId":70927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lively","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goldberg, L.F.","contributorId":73364,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldberg","given":"L.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021891,"text":"70021891 - 1999 - Semipermeable membrane devices used to estimate bioconcentration of polychlorinated biphenyls","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-23T11:16:53.233106","indexId":"70021891","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Semipermeable membrane devices used to estimate bioconcentration of polychlorinated biphenyls","docAbstract":"ABSTRACT: Aquatic organisms passively accumulate hydrophobic organic compounds, such as polychlorinated biphenyls, even when ambient water concentrations of the contaminant are below analytical detection limits. However, contaminant concentrations in tissue samples are subject to an inherently high level of variability due to differences in species, life stage, and gender bioconcentration potentials. Semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) were used to sample Aroclor 1254, a mixture of readily bioconcentrated polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), in a contaminated wetland near Flat Top, WV. The devices consisted of triolein, a lipid found in fish, enclosed in a polyethylene membrane. SPMDs were deployed in the water column and in direct contact with wetland sediments along a previously identified concentration gradient of PCBs. The devices were retrieved after a 25-day exposure period. Analytes were recovered by dialyzing the devices in nanograde hexane. Hexane dialysates were condensed and analyzed by gas chromatography. All deployed devices sequestered quantifiable amounts of Aroclor 1254. Water-column SPMDs accumulated PCBs far in excess of ambient water concentrations. The devices contacting sediments accumulated PCBs at all sites, though accumulated concentrations did not exceed concentrations in sediment. Patterns of PCB concentration in the devices corresponded to the identified gradient at the site. Results from the water-column SPMDs were used to estimate the concentration of the dissolved, bioavailable fraction of PCBs present in the water column. These concentrations ranged from 0.01 to 0.09 μg/L of bioavailable Aroclor 1254.
We examine possible sources of a small tsunami produced by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, recorded at a single tide gauge station situated at the opening to San Francisco Bay. Coseismic vertical displacement fields were calculated using elastic dislocation theory for geodetically constrained horizontal slip along a variety of offshore fault geometries. Propagation of the ensuing tsunami was calculated using a shallow-water hydrodynamic model that takes into account the effects of bottom friction. The observed amplitude and negative pulse of the first arrival are shown to be inconsistent with small vertical displacements (∼4–6 cm) arising from pure horizontal slip along a continuous right bend in the San Andreas fault offshore. The primary source region of the tsunami was most likely a recently recognized 3 km right step in the San Andreas fault that is also the probable epicentral region for the 1906 earthquake. Tsunami models that include the 3 km right step with pure horizontal slip match the arrival time of the tsunami, but underestimate the amplitude of the negative first-arrival pulse. Both the amplitude and time of the first arrival are adequately matched by using a rupture geometry similar to that defined for the 1995 Mw (moment magnitude) 6.9 Kobe earthquake: i.e., fault segments dipping toward each other within the stepover region (83° dip, intersecting at 10 km depth) and a small component of slip in the dip direction (rake = −172°). Analysis of the tsunami provides confirming evidence that the 1906 San Francisco earthquake initiated at a right step in a right-lateral fault and propagated bilaterally, suggesting a rupture initiation mechanism similar to that for the 1995 Kobe earthquake.
Behavioral avoidance of metal mixtures by rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was determined in the laboratory under water quality conditions that simulated the upper Clark Fork River, Montana, USA. A metal mixture with a fixed ratio of observed ambient metal concentrations (12 μg/L Cu:1.1 μg/L Cd:3.2 μg/L Pb:50 μg/L Zn) was used to determine avoidance in a countercurrent avoidance chamber. Rainbow trout avoided all metal concentrations tested from 10 to 1,000% of the simulated ambient metal mixture. The behavioral response of rainbow trout to the metal mixture was more sensitive than the response of brown trout (Salmo trutta) previously reported from the same laboratory under the same experimental conditions. Additionally, rainbow trout that were acclimated to the simulated ambient metal mixture for 45 d preferred clean water and avoided higher metal concentrations. Therefore, our laboratory experiments on the behavioral avoidance responses of rainbow trout, as well as previously reported experiments on brown trout, show that both species will avoid typical metal concentrations observed on the Clark Fork River. And the greater sensitivity of rainbow trout to the metal mixture may explain, in part, why rainbow trout populations appear to be more severely affected, compared to brown trout populations, in the upper Clark Fork River.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620180231","issn":"07307268","usgsCitation":"Hansen, J.A., Woodward, D.F., Little, E.E., DeLonay, A.J., and Bergman, H.L., 1999, Behavioral avoidance: Possible mechanism for explaining abundanc and distribution of trout species in a metal-impacted river: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 18, no. 2, p. 313-317, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620180231.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"313","endPage":"317","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229273,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f0a4e4b0c8380cd4a81d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hansen, James A.","contributorId":98454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Woodward, Daniel F.","contributorId":75455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodward","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Little, Edward E. 0000-0003-0034-3639 elittle@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0034-3639","contributorId":1746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Little","given":"Edward","email":"elittle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":391590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"DeLonay, Aaron J.","contributorId":53360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeLonay","given":"Aaron","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bergman, Harold L.","contributorId":99099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergman","given":"Harold","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70021764,"text":"70021764 - 1999 - Suite versus composite statistics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:41","indexId":"70021764","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3368,"text":"Sedimentary Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Suite versus composite statistics","docAbstract":"Suite and composite methodologies, two statistically valid approaches for producing statistical descriptive measures, are investigated for sample groups representing a probability distribution where, in addition, each sample is probability distribution. Suite and composite means (first moment measures) are always equivalent. Composite standard deviations (second moment measures) are always larger than suite standard deviations. Suite and composite values for higher moment measures have more complex relationships. Very seldom, however, are they equivalent, and they normally yield statistically significant but different results. Multiple samples are preferable to single samples (including composites) because they permit the investigator to examine sample-to-sample variability. These and other relationships for suite and composite probability distribution analyses are investigated and reported using granulometric data.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Sedimentary Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0037-0738(99)00005-6","issn":"00370738","usgsCitation":"Balsillie, J.H., and Tanner, W., 1999, Suite versus composite statistics: Sedimentary Geology, v. 125, no. 3-4, p. 225-234, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0037-0738(99)00005-6.","startPage":"225","endPage":"234","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206332,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0037-0738(99)00005-6"},{"id":229444,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"125","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9dbde4b08c986b31da42","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Balsillie, J. H.","contributorId":12226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Balsillie","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tanner, W.F.","contributorId":50679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tanner","given":"W.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021895,"text":"70021895 - 1999 - Humboldt slide - A large shear-dominated retrogressive slope failure","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:38","indexId":"70021895","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Humboldt slide - A large shear-dominated retrogressive slope failure","docAbstract":"Humboldt Slide is a large, complex slide zone located on the northern California continental margin. Its three-dimensional architecture has been imaged by a combination of multibeam bathymetry, Huntec Deep-Tow seismic profiling, and sidescan sonar. The slide is interpreted to be Late Pleistocene to early Holocene in age and was caused by a combination of factors. The area of the slide is a local depocenter with high accumulation rates of organic-rich sediment; there has been local steepening of slopes by tectonic uplifts; and the entire area is one of high seismicity. Overall, the failure occurred by retrogressive, shear-dominated, minimum movement apparently as a sequence of events. Failure initially occurred by subsidence extension at the middle of the feature, followed by upslope retrogressive failure and downslope compression, and finally by translational sliding at the top of the slide. Degassing, as evidenced by abundant pockmarks, may have inhibited downslope translation. The slide may still be active, as suggested by offsets in Holocene hemipelagic sediment draped over some of the shear surfaces. Crown cracks occur above the present head of the failure and may represent the next generation of failure.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0025-3227(98)00121-2","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Gardner, J., Prior, D., and Field, M., 1999, Humboldt slide - A large shear-dominated retrogressive slope failure: Marine Geology, v. 154, no. 1-4, p. 323-338, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(98)00121-2.","startPage":"323","endPage":"338","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206286,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(98)00121-2"},{"id":229305,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"154","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3288e4b0c8380cd5e8a4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gardner, J.V.","contributorId":76705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"J.V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Prior, D.B.","contributorId":9792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prior","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Field, M.E.","contributorId":27052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Field","given":"M.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70021896,"text":"70021896 - 1999 - Lone star tick abundance, fire, and bison grazing in tall-grass prairie","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-13T15:21:27.680064","indexId":"70021896","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2441,"text":"Journal of Range Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lone star tick abundance, fire, and bison grazing in tall-grass prairie","docAbstract":"Lone star ticks (Amblyomma americanum L.) were collected by drag samples of 1 km transects on 12 watersheds at Konza Prairie Research Natural Area near Manhattan, Kans., during summer 1995-1996. Watersheds were treated to 2 experimental treatments: 3 burn intervals (1-year, 4-year, and 20-year) and 2 grazing treatments (grazed by bison (Bos bison L.) or ungrazed). The objectives were to determine whether fire interval, time since most recent burn, and the presence of large ungulate grazers would cause changes in lone star tick abundance in tallgrass prairie in central Kansas. Watersheds burned at 1-year intervals had fewer larvae and adults than watersheds burned at 4-year or 20-year intervals. Watersheds burned during the year of sampling had fewer ticks than watersheds burned one or more years in the past. For watersheds burned 1 or more years in the past there was no effect from time since burn. The presence of bison did not affect tick abundance. Spring burning is an effective method to reduce tick populations in tallgrass prairie during the year of the burn.
","language":"English","publisher":"Allen Press","doi":"10.2307/4003507","issn":"0022409X","usgsCitation":"Cully, J., 1999, Lone star tick abundance, fire, and bison grazing in tall-grass prairie: Journal of Range Management, v. 52, no. 2, p. 139-144, https://doi.org/10.2307/4003507.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"139","endPage":"144","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479452,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10150/643977","text":"External Repository"},{"id":229306,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a495de4b0c8380cd6854f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cully, J.F. Jr.","contributorId":51041,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cully","given":"J.F.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70022065,"text":"70022065 - 1999 - Temporal variations in dissolved selenium in Lake Kinneret (Israel)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-15T13:05:02","indexId":"70022065","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":873,"text":"Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Temporal variations in dissolved selenium in Lake Kinneret (Israel)","docAbstract":"Selenium is an essential micronutrient for the growth of the dinoflagellate Peridinium gatunense that dominates the spring algal bloom in Lake Kinneret (LK). The relationship between the levels of dissolved selenium species and the occurance of algal blooms in this lake was studied. During algal blooms of P. gatunense in spring and of the blue-green Aphanizomenon ovalisporum in fall (in 1994) the concentration of epilimnetic dissolved organic Se (Se(org)) increased whereas that of selenite (SeIV) decreased, to levels below the limit of detection: 5 ng/l. The disappearance of SeIV during these blooms is attributed to algal uptake and it is suggested that the growth of both algae may have depended on Se(org) regeneration. A budget performed for selenate (SeVI) suggests that this species is also consumed by algae but to a lesser extent than SeIV (in 1994 ~40% of the epilimnetic load). During the stratification period the hypolimnion of Lake Kinneret becomes anoxic, with high levels of dissolved sulfide. The affects of this environment on the distribution of Se oxy-anions, selenite (SeIV) and selenate(SeVI), were also studied. At the onset of thermal stratification (March) about 35% of the lake inventory of both Se oxidized species are entrapped in the hypolimnion. During stages of oxygen depletion and H2S accumulation, SeIV is completely and SeVI partially removed from this layer. The removal is attributed to reduction followed by formation of particulate reduced products, such as elemental selenium Se(o). The ratio between SeVI to total dissolved selenium (SE(T)) in water sources to the lake is ~0.84, about twice the corresponding ratio in the lake (~0.44, during holomixis). In the lake about 75% of annual SeVI inflow from external sources undergoes reduction to selenide (Se-II) and Se(o) through epilimnetic algal assimilation and hypolimnetic anoxic reduction, respectively. It is suggested that the latter oxidation of the dissolved organic selenide released from biogenic particles and of Se(o) only to the tetravalent species is the cause for the lower ratio of SeVI/Se(T) in the lake.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Aquatic Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s000270050063","issn":"10151621","usgsCitation":"Nishri, A., Brenner, I., Hall, G., and Taylor, H.E., 1999, Temporal variations in dissolved selenium in Lake Kinneret (Israel): Aquatic Sciences, v. 61, no. 3, p. 215-233, https://doi.org/10.1007/s000270050063.","startPage":"215","endPage":"233","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206832,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s000270050063"},{"id":230888,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"61","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba52be4b08c986b320872","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nishri, A.","contributorId":24520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nishri","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brenner, I.B.","contributorId":23711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brenner","given":"I.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hall, G.E.M.","contributorId":67671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"G.E.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Taylor, Howard E. hetaylor@usgs.gov","contributorId":1551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Howard","email":"hetaylor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":392234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70022129,"text":"70022129 - 1999 - Conditions for bubble elongation in cold ice-sheet ice","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-06T23:56:04.895529","indexId":"70022129","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2328,"text":"Journal of Glaciology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Conditions for bubble elongation in cold ice-sheet ice","docAbstract":"Highly elongated bubbles are sometimes observed in ice-sheet ice. Elongation is favored by rapid ice deformation, and opposed by diffusive processes. We use simple models to show that vapor transport dominates diffusion except possibly very close to the melting point, and that latent-heat effects are insignificant. Elongation is favored by larger bubbles at pore close-off, but is nearly independent of bubble compression below close-off. The simple presence of highly elongated bubbles indicates only that a critical ice-strain rate has been exceeded for significant time, and provides no information on possible disruption of stratigraphic continuity by ice deformation.