No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Verlag F. Pfeil","usgsCitation":"Retzer, M.E., Nico, L.G., and Provenzano, F., 1999, Two new species of Acestridium (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from southern Venezuela, with observations on camouflage and color change: Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, v. 10, no. 4, p. 313-326.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"313","endPage":"326","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314761,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":314760,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.pfeil-verlag.de/04biol/e9902.php"}],"volume":"10","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56a7556fe4b0b28f1184d8a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Retzer, Michael E.","contributorId":152510,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Retzer","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nico, Leo G. 0000-0002-4488-7737 lnico@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4488-7737","contributorId":2913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nico","given":"Leo","email":"lnico@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":589595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Provenzano, Francisco","contributorId":152513,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Provenzano","given":"Francisco","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":589596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70021121,"text":"70021121 - 1999 - Hydrochemical evidence for mixing of river water and groundwater during high-flow conditions, lower Suwannee River basin, Florida, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-05T01:31:32.130178","indexId":"70021121","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrochemical evidence for mixing of river water and groundwater during high-flow conditions, lower Suwannee River basin, Florida, USA","docAbstract":"Karstic aquifers are highly susceptible to rapid infiltration of river water, particularly during periods of high flow. Following a period of sustained rainfall in the Suwannee River basin, Florida, USA, the stage of the Suwannee River rose from 3.0 to 5.88 m above mean sea level in April 1996 and discharge peaked at 360 m3/s. During these high-flow conditions, water from the Suwannee River migrated directly into the karstic Upper Floridan aquifer, the main source of water supply for the area. Changes in the chemical composition of groundwater were quantified using naturally occurring geochemical tracers and mass-balance modeling techniques. Mixing of river water with groundwater was indicated by a decrease in the concentrations of calcium, silica, and 222Rn; and by an increase in dissolved organic carbon (DOC), tannic acid, and chloride, compared to low-flow conditions in water from a nearby monitoring well, Wingate Sink, and Little River Springs. The proportion (fraction) of river water in groundwater ranged from 0.13 to 0.65 at Wingate Sink and from 0.5 to 0.99 at well W-17258, based on binary mixing models using various tracers. The effectiveness of a natural tracer in quantifying mixing of river water and groundwater was related to differences in tracer concentration of the two end members and how conservatively the tracer reacted in the mixed water. Solutes with similar concentrations in the two end-member waters (Na, Mg, K, Cl, SO4, SiO2) were not as effective tracers for quantifying mixing of river water and groundwater as those with larger differences in end-member concentrations (Ca, tannic acid, DOC, 222Rn, HCO3).
Links between erosion/sedimentation history and soil carbon cycling were examined in a highly erosive setting in Mississippi loess soils. We sampled soils on (relatively) undisturbed and cropped hillslopes and measured C, N, 14C, and CO2 flux to characterize carbon storage and dynamics and to parameterize Century and spreadsheet 14C models for different erosion and tillage histories. For this site, where 100 years of intensive cotton cropping were followed by fertilization and contour plowing, there was an initial and dramatic decline in soil carbon content from 1870 to 1950, followed by a dramatic increase in soil carbon. Soil erosion amplifies C loss and recovery: About 100% of the original, prehistoric soil carbon was likely lost over 127 years of intensive land use, but about 30% of that carbon was replaced after 1950. The eroded cropland was therefore a local sink for CO2 since the 1950s. However, a net CO2 sink requires a full accounting of eroded carbon, which in turn requires that decomposition rates in lower slopes or wetlands be reduced to about 20% of the upland value. As a result, erosion may induce unaccounted sinks or sources of CO2, depending on the fate of eroded carbon and its protection from decomposition. For erosion rates typical of the United States, the sink terms may be large enough (1 Gt yr−1, back‐of‐the‐envelope) to warrant a careful accounting of site management, cropping, and fertilization histories, as well as burial rates, for a more meaningful global assessment.
","language":"English","doi":"10.1029/1999GB900061","issn":"08866236","usgsCitation":"Harden, J., Sharpe, J.M., Parton, W., Ojima, D., Fries, T.L., Huntington, T.G., and Dabney, S.M., 1999, Dynamic replacement and loss of soil carbon on eroding cropland: Global Biogeochemical Cycles, v. 13, no. 4, p. 885-901, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GB900061.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"885","endPage":"901","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":230242,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0429e4b0c8380cd5080e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harden, J.W. 0000-0002-6570-8259","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6570-8259","contributorId":38585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harden","given":"J.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sharpe, J. M.","contributorId":7319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sharpe","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parton, W.J.","contributorId":89685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parton","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ojima, D.S.","contributorId":49549,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ojima","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fries, T. L.","contributorId":12053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fries","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Huntington, Thomas G. 0000-0002-9427-3530 thunting@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-3530","contributorId":117440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huntington","given":"Thomas","email":"thunting@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":388100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Dabney, S. M.","contributorId":32946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dabney","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70020956,"text":"70020956 - 1999 - Estimation of geomorphically significant flows in alpine streams of the Rocky Mountains, Colorado (USA)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-23T14:41:27","indexId":"70020956","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3246,"text":"Regulated Rivers: Research & Management","printIssn":"0886-9375","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimation of geomorphically significant flows in alpine streams of the Rocky Mountains, Colorado (USA)","docAbstract":"Streamflows recorded at 24 gauging stations in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado were analyzed to derive regional regression equations for estimating the natural flow duration and flood frequency in reaches where the natural flows are unknown or have been altered by diversion or regulation. The principal objective of this analysis is to determine whether the relatively high, infrequent, but geomorphically and ecologically important flows in the Rocky Mountains can be accurately estimated by regional flow duration equations. The region considered in this study is an area of relatively abundant runoff, and, consequently, intense water resources development. The specific streams analyzed here, however, are unaltered and remain nearly pristine.
Regional flow duration equations are derived for two situations. When the mean annual discharge is known, flows ≧10% of the time can be estimated with an uncertainty of ±9% for the 10% exceedance flow, to ±11% for the 1.0% exceedance flow. When the mean annual discharge is unknown, the relatively high, infrequent flow can be estimated using the mean basin precipitation rate (in m3/s), and basin relief with an uncertainty of ±23% for the 10% exceedance flow to ±21% for the 1.0% exeedance flow. The uncertainty in estimated discharges using the equations derived in this analysis is substantially smaller than has been previously reported, especially for the geomorphically significant flows which are relatively large and infrequent. The improvement is due primarily to the quality of streamflow records analyzed and a well-defined hydrologic region.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1099-1646(199907/08)15:4<273::AID-RRR519>3.0.CO;2-B","usgsCitation":"Surian, N., and Andrews, E., 1999, Estimation of geomorphically significant flows in alpine streams of the Rocky Mountains, Colorado (USA): Regulated Rivers: Research & Management, v. 15, no. 4, p. 273-288, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1646(199907/08)15:4<273::AID-RRR519>3.0.CO;2-B.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"273","endPage":"288","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230243,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Rocky Mountains","volume":"15","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b8ce4b0c8380cd52784","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Surian, Nicola","contributorId":54369,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Surian","given":"Nicola","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":17793,"text":"University of Padova, Italy","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":388103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Andrews, E.D.","contributorId":13922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"E.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1000700,"text":"1000700 - 1999 - Changes in the dreissenid community in the lower Great Lakes with emphasis on southern Lake Ontario","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-04T11:51:15","indexId":"1000700","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Changes in the dreissenid community in the lower Great Lakes with emphasis on southern Lake Ontario","docAbstract":"A field study was conducted in the lower Great Lakes to assess changes in spatial distribution and population structure of dreissenid mussel populations. More specifically, the westward range expansion of quagga mussel into western Lake Erie and toward Lake Huron was investigated and the shell size, density, and biomass of zebra and quagga mussel with depth in southern Lake Ontario in 1992 and 1995 were compared. In Lake Erie, quagga mussel dominated the dreissenid community in the eastern basin and zebra mussel dominated in the western basin. In southern Lake Ontario, an east to west gradient was observed with the quagga mussel dominant at western sites and zebra mussel dominant at eastern locations. Mean shell size of quagga mussel was generally larger than that of zebra mussel except in western Lake Erie and one site in eastern Lake Erie. Although mean shell size and our index of numbers and biomass of both dreissenid species increased sharply in southern Lake Ontario between 1992 and 1995, the increase in density and biomass was much greater for quagga mussels over the 3-year period. In 1995, zebra mussels were most abundant at 15 to 25 m whereas the highest numbers and biomass of quagga mussel were at 35 to 45 m. The quagga mussel is now the most abundant dreissenid in areas of southern Lake Ontario where the zebra mussel was once the most abundant dreissenid; this trend parallels that observed for dreissenid populations in the Dneiper River basin in the Ukraine.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(99)70727-6","usgsCitation":"Mills, E.L., Chrisman, J.R., Baldwin, B., Owens, R.W., O’Gorman, R., Howell, T., Roseman, E., and Raths, M.K., 1999, Changes in the dreissenid community in the lower Great Lakes with emphasis on southern Lake Ontario: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 25, no. 1, p. 187-197, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(99)70727-6.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"187","endPage":"197","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479600,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0380-1330(99)70727-6","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":131766,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e69f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mills, Edward L.","contributorId":61387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mills","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chrisman, Jana R.","contributorId":106446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chrisman","given":"Jana","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baldwin, Brad","contributorId":93438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baldwin","given":"Brad","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Owens, Randall W.","contributorId":23871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Owens","given":"Randall","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"O’Gorman, Robert rogorman@usgs.gov","contributorId":3451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Gorman","given":"Robert","email":"rogorman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":309148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Howell, Todd","contributorId":38941,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howell","given":"Todd","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Roseman, Edward F.","contributorId":100334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roseman","given":"Edward F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Raths, Melinda K.","contributorId":27010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raths","given":"Melinda","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70021002,"text":"70021002 - 1999 - Rate of disappearance of gas bubble trauma signs in juvenile salmonids","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-22T09:51:22","indexId":"70021002","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2177,"text":"Journal of Aquatic Animal Health","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rate of disappearance of gas bubble trauma signs in juvenile salmonids","docAbstract":"To assess the rate of disappearance of gas bubble trauma (GBT) signs in juvenile salmonids, we exposed spring chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and steelhead O. mykiss to water containing high levels of dissolved gas supersaturation (DGS) for a time period sufficient to induce signs of GBT, reduced the DGS to minimal levels, and then sampled fish through time to document changes in severity of GBT. Because of the tendency of GBT signs to dissipate at different rates, we conducted trials focusing on emboli (bubbles) in the gill filaments and lateral line and separate trials that focused on bubbles in the external surfaces (fins, eyes, and opercula). Bubbles in gill filaments dissipated almost completely within 2 h after transfer of fish to water of nearly normal DGS (104%), whereas bubbles in the lateral line dissipated to negligible levels within 5 h. Bubbles on external surfaces were more persistent through time than they were in gill filaments and the lateral line. Although typically dissipating to low levels within 48 h, external bubbles sometimes remained for 4 d. Assuming a direct relation exists between easily observable signs and direct mortality, our results suggest that fish can recover quickly from the potentially lethal effects of DGS once they move from water with high DGS to water of almost normal gas saturation. These results should be of fundamental importance to fishery managers interpreting the results of monitoring for the severity and prevalence of GBT in juvenile salmonids in the Columbia River system and perhaps elsewhere.","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8667(1999)011<0383:RODOGB>2.0.CO;2","issn":"08997659","usgsCitation":"Hans, K., Mesa, M., and Maule, A., 1999, Rate of disappearance of gas bubble trauma signs in juvenile salmonids: Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, v. 11, no. 4, p. 383-390, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8667(1999)011<0383:RODOGB>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"383","endPage":"390","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229730,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9535e4b0c8380cd81883","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hans, K.M.","contributorId":101835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hans","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mesa, M.G.","contributorId":17386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mesa","given":"M.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Maule, A.G.","contributorId":45067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maule","given":"A.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70021038,"text":"70021038 - 1999 - Deformation across the Alaska-Aleutian Subduction Zone near Kodiak","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-09T00:12:53.23987","indexId":"70021038","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deformation across the Alaska-Aleutian Subduction Zone near Kodiak","docAbstract":"The Kodiak-Katmai geodetic array, nine monuments distributed along a profile trending north-northwestward across Kodiak Island and the Alaska Peninsula, was surveyed in 1993, 1995 and 1997 to determine the deformation at the Alaska-Aleutian subduction zone. Velocities on Kodiak island measured relative to the stable North American plate decrease with distance from the Alaska-Aleutian trench (distance range 106 to 250 km), whereas no appreciable deformation was measured on the Alaska Peninsula (distances 250 to 370 km from the trench). The measured deformation is reasonably well predicted by the conventional dislocation representation of subduction with the model parameters determined independently (i.e., not simply by fitting the observations). The deformation of Kodiak Island is in striking contrast to the very minor deformation measured in the similarly situated Shumagin Islands, 450 km southwest of Kodiak along the Alaska-Aleutian trench.
Most of the PCB body burden in lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) of the Great Lakes is from their food. PCB concentrations were determined in lake trout from three different locations in Lake Michigan during 1994–1995, and lake trout diets were analyzed at all three locations. The PCB concentrations were also determined in alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus), rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax), bloater (Coregonus hoyi), slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus), and deepwater sculpin (Myoxocephalus thompsoni), five species of prey fish eaten by lake trout in Lake Michigan, at three nearshore sites in the lake. Despite the lack of significant differences in the PCB concentrations of alewife, rainbow smelt, bloater, slimy sculpin, and deepwater sculpin from the southeastern nearshore site near Saugatuck (Michigan) compared with the corresponding PCB concentrations from the northwestern nearshore site near Sturgeon Bay (Wisconsin), PCB concentrations in lake trout at Saugatuck were significantly higher than those at Sturgeon Bay. The difference in the lake trout PCB concentrations between Saugatuck and Sturgeon Bay could be explained by diet differences. The diet of lake trout at Saugatuck was more concentrated in PCBs than the diet of Sturgeon Bay lake trout, and therefore lake trout at Saugatuck were more contaminated in PCBs than Sturgeon Bay lake trout. These findings were useful in interpreting the long-term monitoring series for contaminants in lake trout at both Saugatuck and the Wisconsin side of the lake.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(99)70723-9","usgsCitation":"Madenjian, C.P., Desorcie, T.J., Stedman, R.M., Brown, E.H., Eck, G.W., Schmidt, L., Hesselberg, R.J., Chernyak, S.M., and Passino-Reader, D.R., 1999, Spatial patterns in PCB concentrations of Lake Michigan lake trout: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 25, no. 1, p. 149-159, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(99)70723-9.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"149","endPage":"159","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128592,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4812e4b07f02db4d92da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Madenjian, Charles P. 0000-0002-0326-164X cmadenjian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0326-164X","contributorId":2200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madenjian","given":"Charles","email":"cmadenjian@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":309136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Desorcie, Timothy J. 0000-0002-9965-1668","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9965-1668","contributorId":23480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Desorcie","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stedman, Ralph M.","contributorId":60578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stedman","given":"Ralph","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brown, Edward H. Jr.","contributorId":33251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Edward","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Eck, Gary W.","contributorId":106053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eck","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Schmidt, Larry J.","contributorId":51238,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"Larry J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hesselberg, Robert J.","contributorId":36074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hesselberg","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Chernyak, Sergei M.","contributorId":98668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chernyak","given":"Sergei","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Passino-Reader, Dora R.","contributorId":50839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Passino-Reader","given":"Dora","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70021130,"text":"70021130 - 1999 - Holocene chronology for lunette dune deposition on the Southern High Plains, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:49","indexId":"70021130","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Holocene chronology for lunette dune deposition on the Southern High Plains, USA","docAbstract":"Lunettes flank the margins of numerous ephemeral lakes that occur across the Southern High Plains of the United States. While their genesis is closely associated with the hydrology of the adjacent lake systems, the detailed inter-relationships between climate changes and geomorphological and hydrological changes upon the lake-lunette system has been hindered by an absence of reliable age control. In order to develop a chronology of lunette deposition, a luminescence dating programme was undertaken on surface collected and core sections from sets of lunettes which flank the southeast margins of three lake basins near Lubbock, Texas. In contrast to the preconception that the formation of lunettes occurred primarily during the last glacial maximum (18-12 ka), the inner two lunette ridges were observed to be emplaced in a punctuated manner during the middle and late Holocene from 5.6??0.5 to 0.7??0.02 ka. The chronostratigraphy developed in the context of the complex hydrogeological processes associated with the Lubbock lake basins demonstrates that the records of activity preserved within the lunettes provides a useful resolution record of climate change and landscape response.","largerWorkTitle":"Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie, Supplementband","language":"English","issn":"00442798","usgsCitation":"Rich, J., Stokes, S., and Wood, W., 1999, Holocene chronology for lunette dune deposition on the Southern High Plains, USA, in Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie, Supplementband, v. 116, p. 165-180.","startPage":"165","endPage":"180","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229852,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"116","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a31d8e4b0c8380cd5e29c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rich, J.","contributorId":59193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rich","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stokes, S.","contributorId":58041,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stokes","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wood, W.W.","contributorId":21974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"W.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1000697,"text":"1000697 - 1999 - Predation on lake trout eggs and fry: A modeling approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-07T11:28:16.5584","indexId":"1000697","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predation on lake trout eggs and fry: A modeling approach","docAbstract":"A general model was developed to examine the effects of multiple predators on survival of eggs and fry of lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush, associated with spawning reefs. Three kinds of predation were simulated: epibenthic egg predators consuming eggs on the substrate surface during spawning, interstitial egg predators that can move in rocky substrate and consume incubating eggs, and fry predators. Also simulated was the effect of water temperature on predation rates. The model predicted that interstitial predation on eggs accounted for most (76 to 81%) of the predation on early life history stages of lake trout; epibenthic egg predation (12 to 19%) and fry predation (0 to 12%) had less effect on lake trout survival. Initial predation conditions chosen for the model were: epibenthic egg predation peaked at 2 eggs/m2/d over 30 d, interstitial egg predation at 2 eggs/m2/d over 180 d, and fry predation at 1 fry/m2/d over 60 d. With a starting egg density of 100 eggs/m2 and initial predation conditions, no lake trout were estimated to survive to swim-up. At egg densities of 250 eggs/m2, 36% of the lake trout survived. At the highest egg densities examined, 500 to 1,000 eggs/m2, estimated survival increased to about 70 to 80%. Simulated survival rates of lake trout decreased dramatically as predation rate increased but were not as sensitive to increases in the duration of predation.
The Cambrian Adams Argillite and the Devonian Nation River Formation are two sandstone-bearing units within a remarkably complete Paleozoic stratigraphic section in east-central Alaska. These strata, now foreshortened and fault-bounded, were originally contiguous with miogeoclinal strata to the east that formed as a passive-margin sequence along the northwestern margin of the North American continent. Seventy-five detrital zircon grains from the Adams Argillite and the Nation River Formation were analyzed in an effort to provide constraints on the original sources of the grains, and to generate a detrital zircon reference for miogeoclinal strata in the northern Cordillera. Thirty-five single zircon grains from a quartzite in the Adams Argillite yield dominant age clusters of 1047-1094 (n = 6), 1801-1868 (n = 10), and 2564-2687 (n = 5) Ma. Forty zircons extracted from a sandstone in the Nation River Formation yield clusters primarily of 424-434 (n = 6), 1815-1838 (n = 6), 1874-1921 (n = 7), and 2653-2771 (n = 4) Ma. The Early Proterozoic and Archean grains in both units probably originated in basement rocks in a broad region of the Canadian Shield. In contrast, the original igneous sources for mid-Proterozoic grains in the Adams Argillite and approximately 430 Ma grains in the Nation River Formation are more difficult to identify. Possible original sources for the mid-Proterozoic grains include: (1) the Grenville Province of eastern Laurentia, (2) the Pearya terrane along the Arctic margin, and (3) mid-Proterozoic igneous rocks that may have been widespread along or outboard of the Cordilleran margin. The approximately 430 Ma grains may have originated in: (1) arc-type sources along the Cordilleran margin, (2) the Caledonian orogen, or (3) a landmass, such as Pearya, Siberia, or crustal fragments now in northern Asia, that resided outboard of the Innuitian orogen during mid-Paleozoic time.
A high-resolution relative earthquake location procedure is used to image the fine-scale seismicity structure of the northern Hayward fault, California. The seismicity defines a narrow, near-vertical fault zone containing horizontal alignments of hypocenters extending along the fault zone. The lineations persist over the 15-year observation interval, implying the localization of conditions on the fault where brittle failure conditions are met. The horizontal orientation of the lineations parallels the slip direction of the fault, suggesting that they are the result of the smearing of frictionally weak material along the fault plane over thousands of years.
Net mass balance has been measured since 1958 at South Cascade Glacier using the ‘direct method,’ e.g. area averages of snow gain and firn and ice loss at stakes. Analysis of cartographic vertical photography has allowed measurement of mass balance using the ‘geodetic method’ in 1970, 1975, 1977, 1979–80, and 1985–97. Water equivalent change as measured by these nearly independent methods should give similar results. During 1970–97, the direct method shows a cumulative balance of about −15 m, and the geodetic method shows a cumulative balance of about −22 m. The deviation between the two methods is fairly consistent, suggesting no gross errors in either, but rather a cumulative systematic error. It is suspected that the cumulative error is in the direct method because the geodetic method is based on a non‐changing reference, the bedrock control, whereas the direct method is measured with reference to only the previous year's summer surface. Possible sources of mass loss that are missing from the direct method are basal melt, internal melt, and ablation on crevasse walls. Possible systematic measurement errors include under‐estimation of the density of lost material, sinking stakes, or poorly represented areas.
Aeromagnetic and high-resolution seismic reflection data were integrated to place constraints on the history of seismic activity and to determine the continuity of the possibly active, yet largely concealed Mount Angel fault in the Willamette Valley, Oregon. Recent seismic activity possibly related to the 20-km-long fault includes a swarm of small earthquakes near Woodburn in 1990 and the magnitude 5.6 Scotts Mills earthquake in 1993. Newly acquired aeromagnetic data show several large northwest-trending anomalies, including one associated with the Mount Angel fault. The magnetic signature indicates that the fault may actually extend 70 km across the Willamette Valley to join the Newberg and Gales Creek faults in the Oregon Coast Range. We collected 24-fold high-resolution seismic reflection data along two transects near Woodburn, Oregon, to image the offset of the Miocene-age Columbia River Basalts (CRB) and overlying sediments at and northwest of the known mapped extent of the Mount Angel fault. The seismic data show a 100-200-m offset in the CRB reflector at depths from 300 to 700 m. Folded or offset sediments appear above the CRB with decreasing amplitude to depths as shallow as were imaged (approximately 40 m). Modeling experiments based on the magnetic data indicate, however, that the anomaly associated with the Mount Angel fault is not caused solely by an offset of the CRB and overlying sediments. Underlying magnetic sources, which we presume to be volcanic rocks of the Siletz terrane, must have vertical offsets of at least 500 m to fit the observed data. We conclude that the Mount Angel fault appears to have been active since Eocene age and that the Gales Creek, Newberg, and Mount Angel faults should be considered a single potentially active fault system. This fault, as well as other parallel northwest-trending faults in the Willamette Valley, should be considered as risks for future potentially damaging earthquakes.
This article compares techniques for calculating broadband time histories of ground motion in the near field of a finite fault by comparing synthetics with the strong-motion data set for the 1994 Northridge earthquake. Based on this comparison, a preferred methodology is presented. Ground-motion-simulation techniques are divided into two general methods: kinematic- and composite-fault models. Green's functions of three types are evaluated: stochastic, empirical, and theoretical. A hybrid scheme is found to give the best fit to the Northridge data. Low frequencies (< 1 Hz) are calculated using a kinematic-fault model and a 3D finite-difference code to propagate energy through a realistic 3D velocity structure. High frequencies (> 1 Hz) are calculated using a composite-fault model with a fractal subevent size distribution and stochastic, bandlimited, white-noise Green's functions. At frequencies below 1 Hz, theoretical elastic-wave-propagation synthetics introduce proper seismic-phase arrivals of body waves and surface waves. The 3D velocity structure more accurately reproduces record durations for the deep sedimentary basin structures found in the Los Angeles region. At frequencies above 1 Hz, scattering effects become important and wave propagation is more accurately represented by stochastic Green's functions. A fractal subevent size distribution for the composite fault model ensures an ω−2 spectral shape over the entire frequency band considered (0.1-20 Hz).
1. Streams flowing from lakes which contain zebra mussels, Dreissena polymorpha, provide apparently suitable habitats for mussel colonization and downstream range expansion, yet most such streams contain few adult mussels. We postulated that mussel veligers experience high mortality during dispersal via downstream transport. They tested this hypothesis in Christiana Creek, a lake-outlet stream in south-western Michigan, U.S.A., in which adult mussel density declined exponentially with distance downstream.
2. A staining technique using neutral red was developed and tested to distinguish quickly live and dead veligers. Live and dead veligers were distinguishable after an exposure of fresh samples to 13.3 mg L−−1 of neutral red for 3 h.
3. Neutral red was used to determine the proportion of live veligers in samples taken longitudinally along Christiana Creek. The proportion of live veligers (mean ± SE) declined from 90 ± 3% at the lake outlet to 40 ± 8% 18 km downstream.
4. Veligers appear to be highly susceptible to damage by physical forces (e.g. shear), and therefore, mortality in turbulent streams could be an important mechanism limiting zebra mussel dispersal to downstream reaches. Predictions of zebra mussel spread and population growth should consider lake-stream linkages and high mortality in running waters.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-2427.1999.00462.x","usgsCitation":"Horvath, T.G., and Lamberti, G.A., 1999, Mortality of zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha, veligers during downstream transport: Freshwater Biology, v. 42, no. 1, p. 69-76, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.1999.00462.x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"69","endPage":"76","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229381,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana, Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Christiana Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.05549233193821,\n 41.82136217133535\n ],\n [\n -86.05549233193821,\n 41.68848372351232\n ],\n [\n -85.88594723374554,\n 41.68848372351232\n ],\n [\n -85.88594723374554,\n 41.82136217133535\n ],\n [\n -86.05549233193821,\n 41.82136217133535\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"42","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-12-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5e80e4b0c8380cd70aa1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Horvath, Thomas G.","contributorId":89492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horvath","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lamberti, Gary A","contributorId":258223,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lamberti","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"A","affiliations":[{"id":52250,"text":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":391730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70021515,"text":"70021515 - 1999 - Seismic activity of the San Francisco Bay region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-18T00:49:39.116562","indexId":"70021515","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic activity of the San Francisco Bay region","docAbstract":"Moment magnitude M with objective confidence-level uncertainties are estimated for felt San Francisco Bay region earthquakes using Bakun and Went-worth's (1997) analysis strategy for seismic intensity observations. The frequency-magnitude distribution is well described for M ≧ 5.5 events since 1850 by a Gutenberg-Richter relation with a b-value of 0.90. The seismic moment rate ΣM0/yr since 1836 is 2.68 × 1018 N-m/yr (95% confidence range = 1.29 × 1018 N-m/yr to 4.07 × 1018 N-m/yr); the seismic moment rate since 1850 is nearly the same. ΣM0/yr in the 56 years before 1906 is about 10 times that in the 70 years after 1906. In contrast, ΣM0/yr since 1977 is about equal that in the 56 years before 1906. 80% (1σ = 14%) of the plate-motion moment accumulation rate is available for release in earthquakes. The historical ΣM0/yr and the portion of the plate-motion moment accumulation rate available for release in earthquakes are used in a seismic cycle model to estimate the rate of seismic activity in the twenty-first century. High and low rates of future seismic activity are both permissible given the range of possible seismic-cycle recurrence times T and the uncertainties in the historical ΣM0 and in the percentage of plate motion available for release in earthquakes. If the historical seismic moment rate is not greater than the estimated 2.68 × 1018 N-m/yr and the percentage of the plate-motion moment accumulation available for release in earthquakes is not less than the estimated 80%, then for all T, the rate of seismic moment release from now until the next 1906-sized shock will be comparable to the rate from 1836 to 1905 when M 6 1/2 shocks occurred every 15 to 20 years.
Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from terrestrial sources forms the major component of the annual carbon budget in many headwater streams. In high-elevation catchments in the Rocky Mountains, DOC originates in the upper soil horizons and is flushed to the stream primarily during spring snowmelt. To identify controls on the size of the mobile soil DOC pool available to be transported during the annual melt event, we measured soil DOC production across a range of vegetation communities and soil types together with catchment DOC export in paired watersheds in Summit County, Colorado. Both surface water DOC concentrations and watershed DOC export were lower in areas where pyrite weathering resulted in lower soil pH. Similarly, the amount of DOC leached from organic soils was significantly smaller (p < 0.01) at sites having low soil pH. Scaling point source measurements of DOC production and leaching to the two basins and assuming only vegetated areas contribute to DOC production, we calculated that the amount of mobile DOC available to be leached to surface water during melt was 20.3 g C m−2 in the circumneutral basin and 17.8 g C m−2 in the catchment characterized by pyrite weathering. The significant (r2=0.91 and p < 0.05), linear relationship between over-winter CO2 flux and the amount of DOC leached from upper soil horizons during snowmelt suggests that the mechanism for the difference in production of mobile DOC was heterotrophic processing of soil carbon in snow-covered soil. Furthermore, this strong relationship between over-winter heterotrophic activity and the size of the mobile DOC pool present in a range of soil and vegetation types provides a likely mechanism for explaining the interannual variability of DOC export observed in high-elevation catchments.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1998WR900125","usgsCitation":"Brooks, P.D., McKnight, D.M., and Bencala, K., 1999, The relationship between soil heterotrophic activity, soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC) leachate, and catchment-scale DOC export in headwater catchments: Water Resources Research, v. 35, no. 6, p. 1895-1902, https://doi.org/10.1029/1998WR900125.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1895","endPage":"1902","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":489173,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1998wr900125","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":230475,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baf1ce4b08c986b32455f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brooks, P. D.","contributorId":46060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKnight, Diane M.","contributorId":59773,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McKnight","given":"Diane","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":16833,"text":"INSTAAR, University of Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":392131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bencala, K.E.","contributorId":105312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bencala","given":"K.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70021825,"text":"70021825 - 1999 - Analysis of stress-induced oval fractures in a borehole at Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 504, eastern equatorial Pacific","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-17T15:27:38.852629","indexId":"70021825","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis of stress-induced oval fractures in a borehole at Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 504, eastern equatorial Pacific","docAbstract":"Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) Hole 504B is located in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean and extends to a total depth of 2111 m beneath the seafloor (mbsf). Several acoustic televiewer logs have been obtained in this well during successive stages of drilling, and the resulting digital images have revealed numerous oval-shaped fractures seemingly etched into the borehole wall. A theoretical examination of these stress-induced features identifies a unique and ephemeral set of stress distributions and magnitudes that are necessary for their production. Consequently, the ovals provide a basis for quantifying the magnitudes and orientations of the maximum and minimum horizontal principal stresses, SH and Sh at this site. Vertical, truncated breakouts and horizontal tensile fractures define the spatial boundaries of the ovals. Explicit criteria for their occurrence are combined with estimates for various physical properties of the rock to yield a range of possible values for the horizontal principal stresses. The conspicuous oval geometry is completed by a curved fracture that joins the vertical and horizontal components. Its degree of curvature is delineated by the modified Griffith failure criterion and is directly related to the principal stress difference (SH − Sh). Matching a series of type curves corresponding to specific values for (SH − Sh) with the actual undistorted well bore images allows the magnitude of the stress difference to be further constrained. With a value for (SH − Sh) of 45 ± 5 MPa the individual magnitudes of SH and Sh are determined more precisely. Final estimates for the horizontal principal stresses in DSDP Hole 504B at a depth of 1200 mbsf are 141 MPa ≤ SH ≤ 149 MPa and 91 MPa ≤ Sh ≤ 109 MPa. Stress magnitudes derived from this approach rely heavily upon the values of a variety of physical properties, and complementary laboratory measurements performed on relevant rock samples provide critical information. Uncertainties in estimating these properties translate into less precise predictions of principal stresses.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/1998JB900086","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Morin, R.H., and Flamand, R., 1999, Analysis of stress-induced oval fractures in a borehole at Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 504, eastern equatorial Pacific: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 104, no. B2, p. 2767-2775, https://doi.org/10.1029/1998JB900086.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"2767","endPage":"2775","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":489161,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1998jb900086","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":229302,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"104","issue":"B2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-02-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eb35e4b0c8380cd48cae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morin, R. H.","contributorId":31794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morin","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flamand, R.","contributorId":72955,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flamand","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2001113,"text":"2001113 - 1999 - Inclusion body disease of cranes","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":2001113,"text":"2001113 - 1999 - Inclusion body disease of cranes","indexId":"2001113","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Inclusion body disease of cranes"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-16T13:59:38","indexId":"2001113","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":37,"text":"Information and Technology Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"1999-0001","title":"Inclusion body disease of cranes","docAbstract":"In March 1978, a previously unidentified herpesvirus was isolated at the National Wildlife Health Center (NWHC) from a die-off of captive cranes housed at the International Crane Foundation (ICF) in Baraboo, Wisconsin. Serological testing of this virus against other previously isolated avian herpesviruses does not result in cross-reactions, thereby supporting this agent’s status as a distinctly new virus. The NWHC assigned the descriptive name, “inclusion body disease of cranes” (IBDC) to this disease when reporting the outbreak in the scientific literature, because the disease is characterized by microscopic inclusions in cell nuclei throughout the liver and spleen.
Very little is known about how this disease is transmitted. As with duck plague and avian cholera, outbreaks are thought to be initiated by disease carriers within a population of birds. The disease likely spreads by direct contact between infected birds and other susceptible birds and by contact with a virus-contaminated environment. Findings of antibody in sera of cranes bled nearly 3 years before the deaths at ICF indicates that the IBDC virus can be maintained in a captive crane population for at least 2 years and 8 months without causing mortality. The IBDC virus has been isolated from the cloaca of antibody-positive cranes, which indicates the potential for fecal shedding of the virus.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Docherty, D.E., 1999, Inclusion body disease of cranes: Information and Technology Report 1999-0001, 4 p.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"153","endPage":"156","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197835,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":15540,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/itr/1999/field_manual_of_wildlife_diseases.pdf#page=165","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fce4b07f02db5f573f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Docherty, D. E.","contributorId":83469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Docherty","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2001114,"text":"2001114 - 1999 - Newcastle disease","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":2001114,"text":"2001114 - 1999 - Newcastle disease","indexId":"2001114","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Newcastle disease"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-16T13:52:00","indexId":"2001114","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":37,"text":"Information and Technology Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"1999-0001","title":"Newcastle disease","docAbstract":"Newcastle Disease (ND) in domestic poultry is a focus for concern throughout much of the world’s agricultural community because of severe economic losses that have occurred from illness, death, and reduced egg production following infection with pathogenic or disease causing strains. Prior to 1990, this disease had rarely been reported as a cause of mortality in the free-living native birds of the United States or Canada. Repeated large-scale losses of double-crested cormorants from ND in both countries has resulted in a need for enhanced awareness of ND as a disease of wild birds and, therefore, its inclusion within this Manual. Background information about ND in poultry is needed to provide a perspective for understanding the complexity of the disease agent, Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Some general information about ND in other avian species is also provided, but the primary focus for this chapter is the effect of NDV on double-crested cormorants.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Docherty, D.E., and Friend, M., 1999, Newcastle disease: Information and Technology Report 1999-0001, 5 p.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"175","endPage":"179","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199094,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":15682,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/itr/1999/field_manual_of_wildlife_diseases.pdf#page=187","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db697527","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Docherty, D. E.","contributorId":83469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Docherty","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Friend, M. 0000-0002-2882-3629","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2882-3629","contributorId":82634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friend","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70188291,"text":"70188291 - 1999 - California gold","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-12T15:58:19.087659","indexId":"70188291","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"California gold","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Classic cordilleran concepts: A view from California","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0-8137-2338-8.41","usgsCitation":"Bohlke, J., 1999, California gold: GSA Special Papers, v. 338, p. 41-53, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2338-8.41.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"41","endPage":"53","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":342127,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":37,"text":"Information and Technology Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"1999-0001","title":"Electrocution","docAbstract":"Power lines and power poles present a potential electrocution hazard to wild birds. Many birds, especially raptors, select power poles for perching, and, sometimes, for nesting (Figs. 50.1–3). If a bird’s appendages bridge the gap between two energized parts or between an energized and a grounded metal part, electricity flows through the “bridge” that is filling the gap and the bird is electrocuted.
Most commonly, birds are electrocuted where conducting wires (conductors) are placed closer together than the wingspan of birds that frequent the poles (Fig. 50.2). Feathers are poor electrical conductors, but if contact is made between points on the skin, talons, or beak, or if the feathers are wet, conduction can occur. Common anatomical sites of contact include conduction between the wrists of each wing or between the skin of one wing and a foot or leg. The resulting shock causes severe, usually fatal, cardiovascular injury.
Because conductors on distribution lines are placed closer together than high voltage transmission lines, birds are more frequently electrocuted on distribution lines despite their lower voltage.
In addition to one to three conductors, power poles may also carry ground wires, transformers, or grounded metal crossarm braces. Complicated wiring configurations that put multiple energized and grounded metal parts near attractive perching or nesting sites are the most hazardous configurations (Fig. 50.3).
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Thomas, N., 1999, Electrocution: Information and Technology Report 1999-0001, 4 p.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"357","endPage":"360","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199090,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":15571,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/itr/1999/field_manual_of_wildlife_diseases.pdf#page=369","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ae4b07f02db606e2e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, N. J. 0000-0002-0161-0391","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0161-0391","contributorId":49731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"N. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2001161,"text":"2001161 - 1999 - Avian pox","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":2001161,"text":"2001161 - 1999 - Avian pox","indexId":"2001161","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Avian pox"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":53926,"text":"itr19990001 - 1999 - Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","indexId":"itr19990001","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"title":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-16T13:56:12","indexId":"2001161","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":37,"text":"Information and Technology Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"1999-0001","title":"Avian pox","docAbstract":"Avian pox is the common name for a mild-to-severe, slowdeveloping disease of birds that is caused by a large virus belonging to the avipoxvirus group, a subgroup of poxviruses. This group contains several similar virus strains; some strains have the ability to infect several groups or species of birds but others appear to be species-specific. Mosquitoes are common mechanical vectors or transmitters of this disease. Avian pox is transmitted when a mosquito feeds on an infected bird that has viremia or pox virus circulating in its blood, or when a mosquito feeds on virus-laden secretions seeping from a pox lesion and then feeds on another bird that is susceptible to that strain of virus. Contact with surfaces or exposure to air-borne particles contaminated with poxvirus can also result in infections when virus enters the body through abraded skin or the conjunctiva or the mucous membrane lining that covers the front part of the eyeball and inner surfaces of the eyelids of the eye.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Field manual of wildlife diseases: General field procedures and diseases of birds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Hansen, W., 1999, Avian pox: Information and Technology Report 1999-0001, 7 p.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"163","endPage":"169","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198920,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":15566,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/itr/1999/field_manual_of_wildlife_diseases.pdf#page=175","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64aea3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hansen, W.","contributorId":82815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}