{"pageNumber":"3366","pageRowStart":"84125","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184904,"records":[{"id":70021750,"text":"70021750 - 1999 - A new magnetic view of Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:37","indexId":"70021750","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1728,"text":"GSA Today","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A new magnetic view of Alaska","docAbstract":"A new, publicly available aeromagnetic data compilation spanning Alaska enables analysis of the regional crustal character of this tectonically diverse and poorly understood part of the North American Cordillera. The merged data were upward-continued by 10 km (mathematically smoothed without assumptions about sources) to enhance crustal-scale magnetic features and facilitate tectonic analysis. This analysis reveals a basic threefold magnetic character: (1) a southern region with arcuate magnetic domains closely tied to tectonostratigraphic elements, (2) a magnetically neutral interior region punctuated locally by intermediate and deep magnetic highs representing a complex history, and (3) a magnetically subdued northern region that includes a large deep magnetic high. Our tectonic view of the data supports interpretations that Paleozoic extension and continental rift basins played a significant role in the tectonic development of northern and interior Alaska. Accretion of oceanic and continental margin terranes could be restricted to the southern region. The new magnetic view of Alaska can be compared and contrasted with other Pacific margin regions where convergent margin and accretionary tectonic processes are important.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"GSA Today","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"10525173","usgsCitation":"Saltus, R.W., Hudson, T.L., and Connard, G.G., 1999, A new magnetic view of Alaska: GSA Today, v. 9, no. 3.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229223,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4a6e4b0c8380cd467dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Saltus, R. W.","contributorId":85588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saltus","given":"R.","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hudson, T. L.","contributorId":13992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudson","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Connard, G. G.","contributorId":20354,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Connard","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70021749,"text":"70021749 - 1999 - A comparison of sampling techniques to estimate number of wetlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:37","indexId":"70021749","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comparison of sampling techniques to estimate number of wetlands","docAbstract":"Service use annual estimates of the number of ponded wetlands to estimate duck production and establish duck hunting regulations. Sampling techniques that minimize bias may provide more reliable estimates of annual duck production. Using a wetland geographic information system (GIS), we estimated number of wetlands using standard counting protocol with belt transects and samples of square plots. Estimates were compared to the known number of wetlands in the GIS to determine bias. Bias in transect-derived estimates ranged from +67-87% of the known number of wetlands, compared to bias of +3-6% in estimates from samples of 10.24-km2 plots. We recommend using samples of 10.24-km2 plots stratified by wetland density to decrease bias.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00917648","usgsCitation":"Johnson, R., Higgins, K., Naugle, D., and Jenks, J., 1999, A comparison of sampling techniques to estimate number of wetlands: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 27, no. 1, p. 103-108.","startPage":"103","endPage":"108","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229222,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e371e4b0c8380cd46015","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, R.R.","contributorId":50307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Higgins, K.F.","contributorId":55767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Higgins","given":"K.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Naugle, D.E.","contributorId":85289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naugle","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jenks, J.A.","contributorId":31726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenks","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70021748,"text":"70021748 - 1999 - Potential energetic effects of mountain climbers on foraging grizzly bears","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:37","indexId":"70021748","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Potential energetic effects of mountain climbers on foraging grizzly bears","docAbstract":"Most studies of the effects of human disturbance on grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) have not quantified the energetic effects of such interactions. In this study, we characterized activity budgets of adult grizzly bears as they foraged on aggregations of adult army cutworm moths (Euxoa auxiliaris) in the alpine of Glacier National Park, Montana, during 1992, 1994, and 1995. We compared the activity budgets of climber-disturbed bears to those of undisturbed bears to estimate the energetic impact of climber disturbance. When bears detected climbers, they subsequently spent 53% less time foraging on moths, 52% more time moving within the foraging area, and 23% more time behaving aggressively, compared to when they were not disturbed. We estimated that grizzly bears could consume approximately 40,000 moths/day or 1,700 moths/hour. At 0.44 kcal/moth, disruption of moth feeding cost bears approximately 12 kcal/minute in addition to the energy expended in evasive maneuvers and defensive behaviors. To reduce both climber interruption of bear foraging and the potential for aggressive bear-human encounters, we recommend routing climbers around moth sites used by bears or limiting access to these sites during bear-use periods.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00917648","usgsCitation":"White, D., Kendall, K., and Picton, H., 1999, Potential energetic effects of mountain climbers on foraging grizzly bears: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 27, no. 1, p. 146-151.","startPage":"146","endPage":"151","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229185,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7ef3e4b0c8380cd7a832","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, D. Jr.","contributorId":81267,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"D.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kendall, K.C.","contributorId":39716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"K.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Picton, H.D.","contributorId":12641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Picton","given":"H.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70021747,"text":"70021747 - 1999 - Potential effects of gas hydrate on human welfare","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:37","indexId":"70021747","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Potential effects of gas hydrate on human welfare","docAbstract":"For almost 30 years, serious interest has been directed toward natural gas hydrate, a crystalline solid composed of water and methane, as a potential (i) energy resource, (ii) factor in global climate change, and (iii) sub-marine geohazard. Although each of these issues can affect human welfare, only (iii) is considered to be of immediate importance. Assessments of gas hydrate as an energy resource have often been overly optimistic, based in part on its very high methane content and on its worldwide occurrence in continental margins. Although these attributes are attractive, geologic settings, reservoir properties, and phase-equilibria considerations diminish the energy resource potential of natural gas hydrate. The possible role of gas hydrate in global climate change has been often overstated. Although methane is a 'greenhouse' gas in the atmosphere, much methane from dissociated gas hydrate may never reach the atmosphere, but rather may be converted to carbon dioxide and sequestered by the hydrosphere/biosphere before reaching the atmosphere. Thus, methane from gas hydrate may have little opportunity to affect global climate change. However, submarine geohazards (such as sediment instabilities and slope failures on local and regional scales, leading to debris flows, slumps, slides, and possible tsunamis) caused by gas-hydrate dissociation are of immediate and increasing importance as humankind moves to exploit seabed resources in ever-deepening waters of coastal oceans. The vulnerability of gas hydrate to temperature and sea level changes enhances the instability of deep-water oceanic sediments, and thus human activities and installations in this setting can be affected.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","language":"English","doi":"10.1073/pnas.96.7.3420","issn":"00278424","usgsCitation":"Kvenvolden, K., 1999, Potential effects of gas hydrate on human welfare, <i>in</i> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, v. 96, no. 7, p. 3420-3426, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.7.3420.","startPage":"3420","endPage":"3426","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479536,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"text":"External Repository"},{"id":229184,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206237,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.7.3420"}],"volume":"96","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-03-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7ed4e4b0c8380cd7a799","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kvenvolden, K.A.","contributorId":80674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvenvolden","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":391001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70021746,"text":"70021746 - 1999 - Negative pH, efflorescent mineralogy, and consequences for environmental restoration at the iron mountain superfund site, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-19T07:57:24","indexId":"70021746","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3165,"text":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Negative pH, efflorescent mineralogy, and consequences for environmental restoration at the iron mountain superfund site, California","docAbstract":"The Richmond Mine of the Iron Mountain copper deposit contains some of the most acid mine waters ever reported. Values of pH have been measured as low as -3.6, combined metal concentrations as high as 200 g/liter, and sulfate concentrations as high as 760 g/liter. Copious quantities of soluble metal sulfate salts such as melanterite, chalcanthite, coquimbite, rhomboclase, voltaite, copiapite, and halotrichite have been identified, and some of these are forming from negative-pH mine waters. Geochemical calculations show that, under a mine-plugging remediation scenario, these salts would dissolve and the resultant 600,000-m3 mine pool would have a pH of 1 or less and contain several grams of dissolved metals per liter, much like the current portal effluent water. In the absence of plugging or other at-source control, current weathering rates indicate that the portal effluent will continue for approximately 3,000 years. Other remedial actions have greatly reduced metal loads into downstream drainages and the Sacramento River, primarily by capturing the major acidic discharges and routing them to a lime neutralization plant. Incorporation of geochemical modeling and mineralogical expertise into the decision-making process for remediation can save time, save money, and reduce the likelihood of deleterious consequences.","language":"English","publisher":"PNAS","doi":"10.1073/pnas.96.7.3455","issn":"00278424","usgsCitation":"Nordstrom, D.K., and Alpers, C.N., 1999, Negative pH, efflorescent mineralogy, and consequences for environmental restoration at the iron mountain superfund site, California: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, v. 96, no. 7, p. 3455-3462, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.7.3455.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"3455","endPage":"3462","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479538,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/34288","text":"External Repository"},{"id":229183,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206236,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.7.3455"}],"volume":"96","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-03-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a643be4b0c8380cd72945","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":390999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alpers, Charles N. 0000-0001-6945-7365 cnalpers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6945-7365","contributorId":411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alpers","given":"Charles","email":"cnalpers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":391000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70021744,"text":"70021744 - 1999 - SAR studies in the Yuma Desert, Arizona: Sand penetration, geology, and the detection of military ordnance debris","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:54","indexId":"70021744","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"SAR studies in the Yuma Desert, Arizona: Sand penetration, geology, and the detection of military ordnance debris","docAbstract":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images acquired over part of the Yuma Desert in southwestern Arizona demonstrate the ability of C-band (5.7-cm wavelength), L-band (24.5 cm), and P-band (68 cm) AIRSAR signals to backscatter from increasingly greater depths reaching several meters in blow sand and sandy alluvium. AIRSAR images obtained within the Barry M. Goldwater Bombing and Gunnery Range near Yuma, Arizona, show a total reversal of C- and P-band backscatter contrast (image tone) for three distinct geologic units. This phenomenon results from an increasingly greater depth of radar imaging with increasing radar wavelength. In the case of sandy- and small pebble-alluvium surfaces mantled by up to several meters of blow sand, backscatter increases directly with SAR wavelength as a result of volume scattering from a calcic soil horizon at shallow depth and by volume scattering from the root mounds of healthy desert vegetation that locally stabilize blow sand. AIRSAR images obtained within the military range are also shown to be useful for detecting metallic military ordnance debris that is located either at the surface or covered by tens of centimeters to several meters of blow sand. The degree of detectability of this ordnance increases with SAR wavelength and is clearly maximized on P-band images that are processed in the cross-polarized mode (HV). This effect is attributed to maximum signal penetration at P-band and the enhanced PHV image contrast between the radar-bright ordnance debris and the radar-dark sandy desert. This article focuses on the interpretation of high resolution AIRSAR images but also Compares these airborne SAR images with those acquired from spacecraft sensors such as ERS-SAR and Space Radar Laboratory (SIR-C/X-SAR).Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images acquired over part of the Yuma Desert in southwestern Arizona demonstrate the ability of C-band (5.7-cm wavelength), L-band (24.5 cm), and P-band (68 cm) AIRSAR signals to backscatter from increasingly greater depths reaching several meters in blow sand and sandy alluvium. AIRSAR images obtained within the Barry M. Goldwater Bombing and Gunnery Range near Yuma, Arizona, show a total reversal of C- and P-band backscatter contrast (image tone) for three distinct geologic units. This phenomenon results from an increasingly greater depth of radar imaging with increasing radar wavelength. In the case of sandy- and small pebble-alluvium surfaces mantled by up to several meters of blow sand, backscatter increases directly with SAR wavelength as a result of volume scattering from a calcic soil horizon at shallow depth and by volume scattering from the root mounds of healthy desert vegetation that locally stabilize blow sand. AIRSAR images obtained within the military range are also shown to be useful for detecting metallic military ordnance debris that is located either at the surface or covered by tens of centimeters to several meters of blow sand. The degree of detectability of this ordnance increases with SAR wavelength and is clearly maximized on P-band images that are processed in the cross-polarized mode (HV). This effect is attributed to maximum signal penetration at P-band and the enhanced PHV image contrast between the radar-bright ordnance debris and the radar-dark sandy desert. This article focuses on the interpretation of high resolution AIRSAR images but also compares these airborne SAR images with those acquired from spacecraft sensors such as ERS-SAR and Space Radar Laboratory (SIR-C/X-SAR).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Remote Sensing of Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science Inc","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","doi":"10.1016/S0034-4257(98)00093-5","issn":"00344257","usgsCitation":"Schaber, G.G., 1999, SAR studies in the Yuma Desert, Arizona: Sand penetration, geology, and the detection of military ordnance debris: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 67, no. 3, p. 320-347, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(98)00093-5.","startPage":"320","endPage":"347","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206219,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(98)00093-5"},{"id":229149,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"67","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaf06e4b0c8380cd8734e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schaber, G. G.","contributorId":68300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaber","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70021743,"text":"70021743 - 1999 - A geochemical reconnaissance of the Alid volcanic center and geothermal system, Danakil depression, Eritrea","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:54","indexId":"70021743","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1828,"text":"Geothermics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A geochemical reconnaissance of the Alid volcanic center and geothermal system, Danakil depression, Eritrea","docAbstract":"Geological and geochemical studies indicate that a high-temperature geothermal system underlies the Alid volcanic center in the northern Danakil depression of Eritrea. Alid is a very late-Pleistocene structural dome formed by shallow intrusion of rhyolitic magma, some of which vented as lavas and pyroclastic flows. Fumaroles and boiling pools distributed widely over an area of ~10 km2 on the northern half of Alid suggest that an active hydrothermal system underlies much of that part of the mountain. Geothermometers indicate that the fumarolic gases are derived from a geothermal system with temperatures >225??C. The isotopic composition of condensed fumarolic steam is consistent with these temperatures and implies that the source water is derived primarily from either lowland meteoric waters or fossil Red Sea water, or both. Some gases vented from the system (CO2, H2S and He) are largely magmatic in origin. Permeability beneath the volcanic center may be high, given the amount of intrusion-related deformation and the active normal faulting within the Danakil depression.Geological and geochemical studies indicate that a high-temperature geothermal system underlies the Alid volcanic center in the northern Danakil depression of Eritrea. Alid is a very late-Pleistocene structural dome formed by shallow intrusion of rhyolitic magma, some of which vented as lavas and pyroclastic flows. Fumaroles and boiling pools distributed widely over an area of approx. 10 km2 on the northern half of Alid suggest that an active hydrothermal system underlies much of that part of the mountain. Geothermometers indicate that the fumarolic gases are derived from a geothermal system with temperatures >225??C. The isotopic composition of condensed fumarolic steam is consistent with these temperatures and implies that the source water is derived primarily from either lowland meteoric waters or fossil Red Sea water, or both. Some gases vented from the system (CO2, H2S and He) are largely magmatic in origin. Permeability beneath the volcanic center may be high, given the amount of intrusion-related deformation and the active normal faulting within the Danakil depression.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geothermics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science Ltd","publisherLocation":"United Kingdom","doi":"10.1016/S0375-6505(99)00002-4","issn":"03756505","usgsCitation":"Lowenstern, J.B., Janik, C.J., Fournier, R., Tesfai, T., Duffield, W.A., Clynne, M., Smith, J., Woldegiorgis, L., Weldemariam, K., and Kahsai, G., 1999, A geochemical reconnaissance of the Alid volcanic center and geothermal system, Danakil depression, Eritrea: Geothermics, v. 28, no. 2, p. 161-187, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0375-6505(99)00002-4.","startPage":"161","endPage":"187","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206206,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0375-6505(99)00002-4"},{"id":229114,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e3f6e4b0c8380cd4630e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lowenstern, J. B.","contributorId":7737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowenstern","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Janik, C. J.","contributorId":10795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Janik","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fournier, R.O.","contributorId":73584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fournier","given":"R.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tesfai, T.","contributorId":51602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tesfai","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Duffield, W. A.","contributorId":71935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duffield","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Clynne, M.A.","contributorId":90722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clynne","given":"M.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Smith, James G.","contributorId":44534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"James G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":390989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Woldegiorgis, L.","contributorId":58518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woldegiorgis","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Weldemariam, K.","contributorId":7570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weldemariam","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Kahsai, G.","contributorId":52834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kahsai","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}}
,{"id":70021741,"text":"70021741 - 1999 - Stasis and extinction of Silurian (Llandovery-Wenlock) trilobite associations related to oceanic cyclicity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-04T21:36:49.003723","indexId":"70021741","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2412,"text":"Journal of Paleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stasis and extinction of Silurian (Llandovery-Wenlock) trilobite associations related to oceanic cyclicity","docAbstract":"Silurian trilobites of the central United States belong to a series of temporally-successive associations which appeared abruptly, maintained taxonomic stasis for a time, and then disappeared abruptly. Their disappearance resulted from global perturbations of short-term duration and moderate magnitude, which caused substantial taxonomic replacement but no reorganization of major ecosystems. The most significant extinction and replacement in Silurian trilobite associations in the study area occurs near the Llandovery-Wenlock boundary. This turnover in trilobite associations appears to correspond to Jeppsson's Ireviken Event in his model of oceanic and climatic cyclicity. Major sea-level changes earlier in the Llandovery did not have a similar impact on trilobite associations.","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","issn":"00223360","usgsCitation":"Mikulic, D.G., and Kluessendorf, J., 1999, Stasis and extinction of Silurian (Llandovery-Wenlock) trilobite associations related to oceanic cyclicity: Journal of Paleontology, v. 73, no. 2, p. 320-325.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"320","endPage":"325","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229080,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"73","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b96c1e4b08c986b31b6c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mikulic, Donald G.","contributorId":61159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mikulic","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kluessendorf, Joanne","contributorId":41965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kluessendorf","given":"Joanne","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70021740,"text":"70021740 - 1999 - Lanthanide, yttrium, and zirconium anomalies in the Fire Clay coal bed, Eastern Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:41","indexId":"70021740","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lanthanide, yttrium, and zirconium anomalies in the Fire Clay coal bed, Eastern Kentucky","docAbstract":"The Fire Clay coal bed in the Central Appalachian basin region contains a laterally-persistent tonstein that is found in the coal throughout most of its areal extent. The tonstein contains an array of minerals, including sanidine, ??-quartz, anatase and euhedral zircon, thhat constitutes strong evidence for a volcanic origin of the parting. For this study, five samples of the tonstein and four sets of coal samples underlying the tonstein were collected from five sites in eastern Kentucky. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) analysis of the tonstein and underlying coal collected from four sites in eastern Kentucky show that although Zr concentrations are high in the tonstein (570-1820 ppm on a coal-ash basis (cab)), they are highest in the coal directly underlying the tonstein (2870-4540 ppm (cab)). A similar enrichment pattern is observed in the concentration of Y plus the sum of the rare earth elements (Y + ??REE): total Y + ??REE concentrations in the five tonstein samples range from 511 to 565 ppm (cab). However, Y + ??REE contents are highest in the coals directly underlying the tonsteins: values range from 1965 to 4198 ppm (cab). Scanning electron microscopy of samples from coal which directly underlies two of the tonstein samples show that REE-rich phosphate, tentatively identified as monazite, commonly infills cracks in clays and cells in clarain and vitrain. Zircon is rare and commonly subhedral. On the basis of coal chemistry and grain morphology, we suggest that volcanic components in the tonstein were leached by ground water. The leachate, rich in Y and REE precipitated as authigenic mineral phases in the underlying coal.The Fire Clay coal bed in the Central Appalachian basin region contains a laterally-persistent tonstein that is found in the coal throughout most of its areal extent. The tonstein contains an array of minerals, including sanidine, ??-quartz, anatase and euhedral zircon, that constitutes strong evidence for a volcanic origin of the parting. For this study, five samples of the tonstein and four sets of coal samples underlying the tonstein were collected from five sites in eastern Kentucky. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) analysis of the tonstein and underlying coal collected from four sites in eastern Kentucky show that although Zr concentrations are high in the tonstein (570-1820 ppm on a coal-ash basis (cab)), they are highest in the coal directly underlying the tonstein (2870-4540 ppm (cab)). A similar enrichment pattern is observed in the concentration of Y plus the sum of the rare earth elements (Y+???REE): total Y+???REE concentrations in the five tonstein samples range from 511 to 565 ppm (cab). However, Y+???REE contents are highest in the coals directly underlying the tonsteins: values range from 1965 to 4198 ppm (cab). Scanning electron microscopy of samples from coal which directly underlies two of the tonstein samples show that REE-rich phosphate, tentatively identified as monazite, commonly infills cracks in clays and cells in clarain and vitrain. Zircon is rare and commonly subhedral. On the basis of coal chemistry and grain morphology, we suggest that volcanic components in the tonstein were leached by ground water. The leachate, rich in Y and REE precipitated as authigenic mineral phases in the underlying coal.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Sci B.V.","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/S0166-5162(98)00043-3","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Hower, J., Ruppert, L., and Eble, C., 1999, Lanthanide, yttrium, and zirconium anomalies in the Fire Clay coal bed, Eastern Kentucky: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 39, no. 1-3, p. 141-153, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(98)00043-3.","startPage":"141","endPage":"153","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206398,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(98)00043-3"},{"id":229628,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a446fe4b0c8380cd66ade","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hower, J.C.","contributorId":100541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hower","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ruppert, L.F. 0000-0003-4990-0539","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4990-0539","contributorId":59043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruppert","given":"L.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eble, C.F.","contributorId":35346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eble","given":"C.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70021739,"text":"70021739 - 1999 - Health impacts of domestic coal use in China","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:41","indexId":"70021739","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Health impacts of domestic coal use in China","docAbstract":"Domestic coal combustion has had profound adverse effects on the health of millions of people worldwide. In China alone several hundred million people commonly burn raw coal in unvented stoves that permeate their homes with high levels of toxic metals and organic compounds. At least 3,000 people in Guizhou Province in southwest China are suffering from severe arsenic poisoning. The primary source of the arsenic appears to be consumption of chili peppers dried over fires fueled with high-arsenic coal. Coal samples in the region were found to contain up to 35,000 ppm arsenic. Chili peppers dried over high-arsenic coal fires adsorb 500 ppm arsenic on average. More than 10 million people in Guizhou Province and surrounding areas suffer from dental and skeletal fluorosis. The excess fluorine is caused by eating corn dried over burning briquettes made from high-fluorine coals and high-fluorine clay binders. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons formed during coal combustion are believed to cause or contribute to the high incidence of esophageal and lung cancers in parts of China. Domestic coal combustion also has caused selenium poisoning and possibly mercury poisoning. Better knowledge of coal quality parameters may help to reduce some of these health problems. For example, information on concentrations and distributions of potentially toxic elements in coal may help delineate areas of a coal deposit to be avoided. Information on the modes of occurrence of these elements and the textural relations of the minerals and macerals in coal may help predict the behavior of the potentially toxic components during coal combustion.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","language":"English","doi":"10.1073/pnas.96.7.3427","issn":"00278424","usgsCitation":"Finkelman, R.B., Belkin, H., and Zheng, B., 1999, Health impacts of domestic coal use in China, <i>in</i> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, v. 96, no. 7, p. 3427-3431, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.7.3427.","startPage":"3427","endPage":"3431","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479497,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"text":"External Repository"},{"id":206397,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.7.3427"},{"id":229627,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"96","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-03-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2fdce4b0c8380cd5d14f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finkelman, R. B.","contributorId":20341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finkelman","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belkin, H. E. 0000-0001-7879-6529","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7879-6529","contributorId":38160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belkin","given":"H. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zheng, B.","contributorId":51489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zheng","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70021737,"text":"70021737 - 1999 - Cytochrome P4501A induction, benzo[a]pyrene metabolism, and nucleotide adduct formation in fish hepatoma cells: Effect of preexposure to 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-07T15:11:17","indexId":"70021737","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cytochrome P4501A induction, benzo[a]pyrene metabolism, and nucleotide adduct formation in fish hepatoma cells: Effect of preexposure to 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl","docAbstract":"In PLHC-1 hepatoma cells, benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) caused a maximum induction of cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) activity, measured as ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation (EROD), after 4 to 8 h of exposure, depending on the B[a]P concentration. The decline of EROD activity at longer exposure times was probably caused by the rapid metabolism of B[a]P in this system (57% metabolism within 4 h incubation). In subsequent experiments, PLHC-1 cells were preinduced with PCB 126 for 24 h and then received a dose of 10, 100, or 1,000 nM 3H-B[a]P. A 1-nM concentration of PCB 126 caused an 80-fold induction of CYP1A activity, resulting in an increase in B[a]P metabolism of less than 10%, except at the highest concentration of B[a]P (1,000 nM), where a 50% increase was observed. In another experiment, an 80-fold induction of CYP1A activity caused a 20% increase in the metabolism of B[a]P (100 nM), and RNA adduct formation was increased approximately twofold. These results indicate that, at exposure concentrations up to 100 nM B[a]P, CYP1A activity is not rate limiting for B[a]P metabolism. Furthermore, CYP1A seems to also he specifically involved in B[a]P activation in PLHC-1 cells. However, CYP1A induction causes only a relatively small increase in activation, probably because of the action of other enzymes involved in B[a]P activation and deactivation.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620180316","usgsCitation":"Smeets, J., Voormolen, A., Tillitt, D.E., Everaarts, J., Seinen, W., and Berg, V., 1999, Cytochrome P4501A induction, benzo[a]pyrene metabolism, and nucleotide adduct formation in fish hepatoma cells: Effect of preexposure to 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 18, no. 3, p. 474-480, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620180316.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"474","endPage":"480","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229592,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-03-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fd2de4b0c8380cd4e6a4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smeets, J.M.W.","contributorId":104776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smeets","given":"J.M.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Voormolen, A.","contributorId":17486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voormolen","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tillitt, D. E.","contributorId":83462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tillitt","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Everaarts, J.M.","contributorId":94163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Everaarts","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Seinen, W.","contributorId":83393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seinen","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Berg, Vanden","contributorId":74941,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berg","given":"Vanden","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70021735,"text":"70021735 - 1999 - Genetic and morphometric assessment of an unusual tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) population in the Black Mountains of Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-26T21:32:59.428106","indexId":"70021735","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2334,"text":"Journal of Herpetology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Genetic and morphometric assessment of an unusual tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) population in the Black Mountains of Arizona","docAbstract":"<p><span>Under recent regulatory designation of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) occurring east and south of the Colorado River constitute the Sonoran population, whereas those to the west and north form the Mojave population. These management units, distinguished by significant genetic, morphometric, and ecological differences, represent deep phylogenetic subdivisions within G. agassizii and are of high conservation value. We provide genetic and morphological profiles for an unusual tortoise population inhabiting the Black Mountains of Arizona, some 40 km east of the Colorado River. Both mitochondrial (mt) DNA and morphometric analyses revealed predominately Mojavean features: ten of eleven Black Mountain tortoises possessed Mojave mtDNA markers, and 24 of 37 animals exhibited Mojave morphometric phenotypes. Our results indicate west-to-east movement of tortoises across the Colorado River, though how or when a Mojave lineage became established in the Black Mountains is difficult to ascertain. Active dispersal, river meander, and human transport (early or modern peoples) serve as plausible explanations. Future management of the Black Mountain tortoises should emphasize the population's Mojavean affinities.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles","doi":"10.2307/1565541","issn":"00221511","usgsCitation":"McLuckie, A., Lamb, T., Schwalbe, C., and Mccord, R., 1999, Genetic and morphometric assessment of an unusual tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) population in the Black Mountains of Arizona: Journal of Herpetology, v. 33, no. 1, p. 36-44, https://doi.org/10.2307/1565541.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"36","endPage":"44","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229558,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1564e4b0c8380cd54dc3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McLuckie, A.M.","contributorId":78107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLuckie","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lamb, T.","contributorId":29360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamb","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schwalbe, C.R.","contributorId":35259,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schwalbe","given":"C.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mccord, R.D.","contributorId":71717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mccord","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70021734,"text":"70021734 - 1999 - A sampling plan for conduit-flow karst springs: Minimizing sampling cost and maximizing statistical utility","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:41","indexId":"70021734","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1517,"text":"Engineering Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A sampling plan for conduit-flow karst springs: Minimizing sampling cost and maximizing statistical utility","docAbstract":"Analytical data for nitrate and triazines from 566 samples collected over a 3-year period at Pleasant Grove Spring, Logan County, KY, were statistically analyzed to determine the minimum data set needed to calculate meaningful yearly averages for a conduit-flow karst spring. Results indicate that a biweekly sampling schedule augmented with bihourly samples from high-flow events will provide meaningful suspended-constituent and dissolved-constituent statistics. Unless collected over an extensive period of time, daily samples may not be representative and may also be autocorrelated. All high-flow events resulting in a significant deflection of a constituent from base-line concentrations should be sampled. Either the geometric mean or the flow-weighted average of the suspended constituents should be used. If automatic samplers are used, then they may be programmed to collect storm samples as frequently as every few minutes to provide details on the arrival time of constituents of interest. However, only samples collected bihourly should be used to calculate averages. By adopting a biweekly sampling schedule augmented with high-flow samples, the need to continuously monitor discharge, or to search for and analyze existing data to develop a statistically valid monitoring plan, is lessened.Analytical data for nitrate and triazines from 566 samples collected over a 3-year period at Pleasant Grove Spring, Logan County, KY, were statistically analyzed to determine the minimum data set needed to calculate meaningful yearly averages for a conduit-flow karst spring. Results indicate that a biweekly sampling schedule augmented with bihourly samples from high-flow events will provide meaningful suspended-constituent and dissolved-constituent statistics. Unless collected over an extensive period of time, daily samples may not be representative and may also be autocorrelated. All high-flow events resulting in a significant deflection of a constituent from base-line concentrations should be sampled. Either the geometric mean or the flow-weighted average of the suspended constituents should be used. If automatic samplers are used, then they may be programmed to collect storm samples as frequently as every few minutes to provide details on the arrival time of constituents of interest. However, only samples collected bihourly should be used to calculate averages. By adopting a biweekly sampling schedule augmented with high-flow samples, the need to continuously monitor discharge, or to search for and analyze existing data to develop a statistically valid monitoring plan, is lessened.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Engineering Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/S0013-7952(98)00064-7","issn":"00137952","usgsCitation":"Currens, J., 1999, A sampling plan for conduit-flow karst springs: Minimizing sampling cost and maximizing statistical utility: Engineering Geology, v. 52, no. 1-2, p. 121-128, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(98)00064-7.","startPage":"121","endPage":"128","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229521,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206357,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(98)00064-7"}],"volume":"52","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e569e4b0c8380cd46d4e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Currens, J.C.","contributorId":72036,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Currens","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70021733,"text":"70021733 - 1999 - Site response for Seattle and source parameters of earthquakes in the Puget Sound Region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-18T00:47:17.100688","indexId":"70021733","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Site response for Seattle and source parameters of earthquakes in the Puget Sound Region","docAbstract":"<div id=\"134904764\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \" data-section-parent-id=\"0\"><p>We analyzed seismograms from 21 earthquakes (<i>M<sub>L</sub></i><span>&nbsp;</span>2.0-4.9) recorded by digital seismographs we deployed in urban Seattle to determine site response and earthquake stress drops. The seismometers were situated on a wide variety of geologic units, including artificial fill (e.g., Kingdome, Harbor Island), Pleistocene age soils (glacial till and outwash deposits of Seattle's hills), modified land (downtown Seattle, Space Needle), and Tertiary sedimentary rock. Two mainshock-aftershock sequences were recorded: the June 1997 Bremerton sequence (mainshock<span>&nbsp;</span><i>M<sub>L</sub></i><span>&nbsp;</span>4.9) and the February 1997 South Seattle sequence (mainshock<span>&nbsp;</span><i>M<sub>L</sub></i><span>&nbsp;</span>3.5), along with other events in the Puget Sound region. We developed a new inversion procedure to estimate site response, source corner frequencies, and seismic moments from the<span>&nbsp;</span><i>S</i>-wave spectra. This inversion uses corner frequencies determined from spectral ratios of mainshock-aftershock pairs as constraints. The site responses found from the inversion are not relative to the rock site but are relative to an idealized site with a flat frequency response. The response of the rock site is also found from the inversion. The inversion results show high response for the sites on artificial fill, more moderate amplification for most sites on stiff Pleistocene soils or modified land, and low response for the rock site. Some sites display resonances, such as a strong 2-Hz resonance at our site near the Kingdome, which is caused by the surficial layers of fill and younger alluvium. The sites in West Seattle exhibit high amplification, even though they are on relatively stiff soils of glacial outwash. This may be partly caused by basin surface waves produced by conversion of incident<span>&nbsp;</span><i>S</i><span>&nbsp;</span>waves. This high response in West Seattle is consistent with damage reports from the 1949 (<i>m<sub>b</sub></i><span>&nbsp;</span>7.1) and 1965 (<i>m<sub>b</sub></i><span>&nbsp;</span>6.5) earthquakes. Stress-drop estimates for the events we recorded were generally low, between 0.4 and 25 bars, although some of the events may have had higher stress drops that could not be resolved because of the limited passband. We calculated a stress drop of 24 bars for the Bremerton mainshock and 10 bars for the South Seattle mainshock.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0890020468","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Frankel, A., Carver, D., Cranswick, E., Meremonte, M., Bice, T., and Overturf, D., 1999, Site response for Seattle and source parameters of earthquakes in the Puget Sound Region: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 89, no. 2, p. 468-483, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0890020468.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"468","endPage":"483","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229520,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Puget Sound Region","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.52533897944195,\n              47.75865223343823\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.52533897944195,\n              47.4689028364341\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.0988280442098,\n              47.4689028364341\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.0988280442098,\n              47.75865223343823\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.52533897944195,\n              47.75865223343823\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"89","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b90f6e4b08c986b319705","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frankel, A. 0000-0001-9119-6106","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9119-6106","contributorId":41593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frankel","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carver, D.","contributorId":22792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carver","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cranswick, E.","contributorId":85948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cranswick","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Meremonte, M.","contributorId":22915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meremonte","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bice, T.","contributorId":37398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bice","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Overturf, D.","contributorId":56822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Overturf","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70021730,"text":"70021730 - 1999 - The thin hot plume beneath Iceland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:41","indexId":"70021730","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1803,"text":"Geophysical Journal International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The thin hot plume beneath Iceland","docAbstract":"We present the results of a seismological investigation of the frequency-dependent amplitude variations across Iceland using data from the HOTSPOT array currently deployed there. The array is composed of 30 broad-band PASSCAL instruments. We use the parameter t(*), defined in the usual manner from spectral ratios (Halderman and Davis 1991), to compare observed S-wave amplitude variations with those predicted due to both anelastic attenuation and diffraction effects. Four teleseismic events at a range of azimuths are used to measure t(*). A 2-D vertical cylindrical plume model with a Gaussian-shaped velocity anomaly is used to model the variations. That part of t(*) caused by attenuation was estimated by tracing a ray through IASP91, then superimposing our plume model velocity anomaly and calculating the path integral of 1/vQ. That part of t(*) caused by diffraction was estimated using a 2-D finite difference code to generate synthetic seismograms. The same spectral ratio technique used for the data was then used to extract a predicted t(*). The t(*) variations caused by anelastic attenuation are unable to account for the variations we observe, but those caused by diffraction do. We calculate the t(*) variations caused by diffraction for different plume models and obtain our best-fit plume, which exhibits good agreement between the observed and measured t(*). The best-fit plume model has a maximum S-velocity anomaly of - 12 per cent and falls to 1/e of its maximum at 100 km from the plume centre. This is narrower than previous estimates from seismic tomography, which are broadened and damped by the methods of tomography. This velocity model would suggest greater ray theoretical traveltime delays than observed. However, we find that for such a plume, wave-front healing effects at frequencies of 0.03-0.175 Hz (the frequency range used to pick S-wave arrivals) causes a 40 per cent reduction in traveltime delay, reducing the ray theoretical delay to that observed.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Journal International","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-246X.1999.00753.x","issn":"0956540X","usgsCitation":"Allen, R.M., Nolet, G., Morgan, W.J., Vogfjord, K., Bergsson, B.H., Erlendsson, P., Foulger, G., Jakobsdottir, S., Julian, B., Pritchard, M., Ragnarsson, S., and Stefansson, R., 1999, The thin hot plume beneath Iceland: Geophysical Journal International, v. 137, no. 1, p. 51-63, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246X.1999.00753.x.","startPage":"51","endPage":"63","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487409,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246x.1999.00753.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":206331,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246X.1999.00753.x"},{"id":229441,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"137","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb0fae4b08c986b325185","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Allen, R. M.","contributorId":36170,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Allen","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nolet, G.","contributorId":26448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nolet","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morgan, W. J.","contributorId":10573,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Morgan","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Vogfjord, K.","contributorId":13768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vogfjord","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bergsson, B. H.","contributorId":19320,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bergsson","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Erlendsson, P.","contributorId":95638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erlendsson","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Foulger, G.R.","contributorId":14439,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Foulger","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Jakobsdottir, S.","contributorId":64828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jakobsdottir","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Julian, B.R.","contributorId":101272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Julian","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Pritchard, M.","contributorId":11358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pritchard","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Ragnarsson, S.","contributorId":12644,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ragnarsson","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Stefansson, R.","contributorId":81650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stefansson","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}}
,{"id":70021728,"text":"70021728 - 1999 - Reef and nonreef aquifers - A comparison of hydrogeology and geochemistry, northwestern Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-07T00:58:55.179932","indexId":"70021728","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reef and nonreef aquifers - A comparison of hydrogeology and geochemistry, northwestern Indiana","docAbstract":"<div class=\"abstract-group \"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>The principal bedrock aquifer system across much of Indiana consists of carbonate rocks of Silurian and Devonian age. The Silurian-Devonian aquifer system is used extensively for irrigation in northwestern Indiana and is approximately 170 m thick. Reef and nonreef carbonate aquifers in northwestern Indiana were assessed using hydrogeology (lithology, geophysical logs, aquifer tests) and geochemistry (major ions and stable isotopes).</p><p>The study showed differences in water quantity and quality between the reef and nonreef aquifers. The reef aquifer had few shales, abundant fossiliferous material (up to 100 m thick), and high porosities (10 to 15%). The nonreef aquifer had abundant shales, less fossiliferous material (a few meters thick), and low porosities. Total transmissivities at the reef sites were 697 m<sup>2</sup>/d, (meters squared per day) and 4831 m<sup>2</sup>/d, compared to 46 m<sup>2</sup>/d at the nonreef site. Flowpaths in the nonreef aquifer were associated with fractures and poorly connected moldic porosity with larger fractures and better connected vuggy porosity in the reef aquifer. Water chemistry data for the nonreef aquifer showed mean concentrations of sodium (235 mg/L [milligrams per liter]), sulfate (160 mg/L), sul-fide (13 mg/L), fluoride (2.7 mg/L), and dissolved solids (635 mg/L) approximately two to five times larger when compared to mean concentrations in the reef aquifer. Ground water at the nonreef site was classified as a sodium-bicarbonate type while that at the reef sites was calcium-magnesium bicarbonate. The oxygen/deuterium isotope data indicates recharge from modern precipitation and not Pleistocene-age recharge.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1999.tb00974.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Schnoebelen, D., and Krothe, N., 1999, Reef and nonreef aquifers - A comparison of hydrogeology and geochemistry, northwestern Indiana: Groundwater, v. 37, no. 2, p. 194-203, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1999.tb00974.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"194","endPage":"203","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229402,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a417e4b0e8fec6cdba3b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schnoebelen, D.J.","contributorId":98352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schnoebelen","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krothe, N.C.","contributorId":76378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krothe","given":"N.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70021727,"text":"70021727 - 1999 - Wood duck brood movements and habitat use on prairie rivers in South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-30T11:01:36.861403","indexId":"70021727","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wood duck brood movements and habitat use on prairie rivers in South Dakota","docAbstract":"Wood duck (Aix sponsa) populations have been increasing in the Central Flyway, but little is known about wood duck brood rearing in prairie ecosystems. We compared movements and habitat use of radiomarked female wood ducks with broods in South Dakota on 2 rivers with contrasting prairie landscapes. The perennial Big Sioux River had a broad floodplain and riparian forest, whereas the intermittent Maple River had emergent vegetation along the river channel. Movements between nest sites and brood-rearing areas were longer on the Maple River than on the Big Sioux River (P = 0.02) and were among the longest reported for wood duck broods. Movements on the Big Sioux River were longer in 1992 (P = 0.01), when the floodplain was dry, than in 1993 or 1994. Before flooding occurred on the Big Sioux River, broods used semipermanent wetlands and tributaries outside the floodplain; thereafter, females selected forested wetlands along the river. Broods on the Maple River used emergent vegetation along the river channel throughout the study. Because median length of travel to brood-rearing areas was 2-3 km we recommend maintenance of brood-rearing habitat every 3-5 km along prairie rivers. Wildlife managers should encourage landowners to retain riparian vegetation along perennial rivers and emergent vegetation along intermittent streams to provide brood-rearing habitat during wet and dry cycles.","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","doi":"10.2307/3802653","issn":"0022541X","usgsCitation":"Granfors, D., and Flake, L.D., 1999, Wood duck brood movements and habitat use on prairie rivers in South Dakota: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 63, no. 2, p. 639-649, https://doi.org/10.2307/3802653.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"639","endPage":"649","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229401,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"63","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd19be4b08c986b32f514","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Granfors, D. A.","contributorId":94256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Granfors","given":"D. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flake, Lester D.","contributorId":46452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flake","given":"Lester","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70021726,"text":"70021726 - 1999 - Wave-propagation formulation of seismic response of multistory buildings","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-13T16:40:24.789808","indexId":"70021726","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2467,"text":"Journal of Structural Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wave-propagation formulation of seismic response of multistory buildings","docAbstract":"<p><span>This paper presents a discrete-time wave-propagation method to calculate the seismic response of multistory buildings, founded on layered soil media and subjected to vertically propagating shear waves. Buildings are modeled as an extension of the layered soil media by considering each story as another layer in the wave-propagation path. The seismic response is expressed in terms of wave travel times between the layers and wave reflection and transmission coefficients at layer interfaces. The method accounts for the filtering effects of the concentrated foundation and floor masses. Compared with commonly used vibration formulation, the wave-propagation formulation provides several advantages, including simplicity, improved accuracy, better representation of damping, the ability to incorporate the soil layers under the foundation, and providing better tools for identification and damage detection from seismic records. Examples are presented to show the versatility and the superiority of the method.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1999)125:4(426)","issn":"07339445","usgsCitation":"Safak, E., 1999, Wave-propagation formulation of seismic response of multistory buildings: Journal of Structural Engineering, v. 125, no. 4, p. 426-437, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1999)125:4(426).","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"426","endPage":"437","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229365,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"125","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bcf9be4b08c986b32e9d3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Safak, E.","contributorId":104070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Safak","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70021724,"text":"70021724 - 1999 - Comparison of TOMS and AVHRR volcanic ash retrievals from the August 1992 eruption of Mt. Spurr","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-17T10:23:52","indexId":"70021724","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of TOMS and AVHRR volcanic ash retrievals from the August 1992 eruption of Mt. Spurr","docAbstract":"On August 19, 1992, the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) onboard NOAA-12 and NASA's Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) onboard the Nimbus-7 satellite simultaneously detected and mapped the ash cloud from the eruption of Mt. Spurr, Alaska. The spatial extent and geometry of the cloud derived from the two datasets are in good agreement and both AVHRR split window IR (11-12??m brightness temperature difference) and the TOMS UV Aerosol Index (0.34-0.38??m ultraviolet backscattering and absorption) methods give the same range of total cloud ash mass. Redundant methods for determination of ash masses in drifting volcanic clouds offer many advantages for potential application to the mitigation of aircraft hazards.","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/1998GL900278","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Krotkov, N., Torres, O., Seftor, C., Krueger, A., Kostinski, A., Rose, W.I., Bluth, G., Schneider, D., and Schaefer, S., 1999, Comparison of TOMS and AVHRR volcanic ash retrievals from the August 1992 eruption of Mt. Spurr: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 26, no. 4, p. 455-458, https://doi.org/10.1029/1998GL900278.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"455","endPage":"458","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488110,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/1998gl900278","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":229333,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1999-02-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f847e4b0c8380cd4cfb9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krotkov, N.A.","contributorId":103148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krotkov","given":"N.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Torres, O.","contributorId":106379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torres","given":"O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Seftor, C.","contributorId":103532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seftor","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Krueger, A.J.","contributorId":73764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krueger","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kostinski, A.","contributorId":36017,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kostinski","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rose, William I. Jr.","contributorId":71556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"William","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Bluth, G.J.S.","contributorId":79258,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bluth","given":"G.J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Schneider, D.","contributorId":52752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schneider","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Schaefer, S.J.","contributorId":28486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaefer","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":70021721,"text":"70021721 - 1999 - Lethal levels of selected water quality variables to larval and juvenile Lost River and shortnose suckers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-25T10:09:32","indexId":"70021721","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1555,"text":"Environmental Pollution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lethal levels of selected water quality variables to larval and juvenile Lost River and shortnose suckers","docAbstract":"Resource managers hypothesize that occasional fish kills during summer-early fall in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, may be linked to unfavorable water quality conditions created by massive algal blooms. In a preliminary effort to address this concern, short-term (96-h-long) laboratory tests were conducted with larval and juvenile Lost River (Deltistes luxatus) and shortnose (Chasmistes brevirostris) suckers to determine the upper median lethal concentrations (LC50s; also referred to as median tolerance limits) for pH, un-ionized ammonia, and water temperature, and the lower LC50s for dissolved oxygen. The mean LC50s varied among species and life stages as follows: for pH, 10.30-10.39; for un-ionized ammonia, 0.48-1.06 mg litre-1; for temperature, 30.35-31.82??C; and for dissolved oxygen, 1.34-2.10 mg litre-1. Comparisons of 95% confidence limits indicated that, on average, the 96-h LC50s were not significantly different from those computed for shorter exposure times (i.e., 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h). According to two-way analysis of variance, LC50s for the four water quality variables did not vary significantly (p > 0.05) between fish species. However, LC50s for pH (exposure times of 24 h and 48 h) and dissolved oxygen (exposure times of 48 h, 72 h, and 96 h) differed significantly (p ??? 0.05) between life stages, whereas LC50s for un-ionized ammonia and water temperature did not exhibit significant differences. In general, larvae were more sensitive than juveniles to high pH and low dissolved oxygen concentrations. When compared to ambient water quality conditions in Upper Klamath Lake, our results strongly suggest that near-anoxic conditions associated with the senescence phase of algal blooms are most likely to cause high mortalities of larval and juvenile suckers.","language":"English","publisher":"Applied Science Publishers","doi":"10.1016/S0269-7491(98)00212-7","issn":"02697491","usgsCitation":"Saiki, M.K., Monda, D., and Bellerud, B., 1999, Lethal levels of selected water quality variables to larval and juvenile Lost River and shortnose suckers: Environmental Pollution, v. 105, no. 1, p. 37-44, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(98)00212-7.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"37","endPage":"44","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229295,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206280,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(98)00212-7"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Lost River, Upper Klamath Lake, Tule Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.03475952148436,\n              41.81329069491423\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.03475952148436,\n              42.264098158855845\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.35223388671875,\n              42.264098158855845\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.35223388671875,\n              41.81329069491423\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.03475952148436,\n              41.81329069491423\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"105","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4662e4b0c8380cd6762b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Saiki, M. K.","contributorId":28917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saiki","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Monda, D.P.","contributorId":68909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monda","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bellerud, B.L.","contributorId":35891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bellerud","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70021718,"text":"70021718 - 1999 - Chemical, multispectral, and textural constraints on the composition and origin of rocks at the Mars Pathfinder landing site","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-10-29T13:24:34","indexId":"70021718","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical, multispectral, and textural constraints on the composition and origin of rocks at the Mars Pathfinder landing site","docAbstract":"Rocks at the Mars Pathfinder site are probably locally derived. Textures on rock surfaces may indicate volcanic, sedimentary, or impact-generated rocks, but aeolian abration and dust coatings prevent unambiguous interpretation. Multispectral imaging has resolved four spectral classes of rocks: gray and red, which occur on different surfaces of the same rocks; pink, which is probably soil crusts; and maroon, which occurs as large boulders, mostly in the far field. Rocks are assigned to two spectral trends based on the position of peak reflectance: the primary spectral trend contains gray, red, and pink rocks; maroon rocks constitute the secondary spectral trend. The spatial pattern of spectral variations observed is oriented along the prevailing wind direction. The primary spectral trend arises from thin ferric coatings of aeolian dust on darker rocks. The secondary spectral trend is apparently due to coating by a different mineral, probably maghemite or ferrihydrite. A chronology based on rock spectra suggests that rounded maroon boulders constitute the oldest petrologic unit (a flood deposit), succeeded by smaller cobbles possibly deposited by impact, and followed by aeolian erosion and deposition. Nearly linear chemical trends in alpha proton X-ray spectrometer rock compositions are interpreted as mixing lines between rock and adhering dust, a conclusion supported by a correlation between sulfur abundance and red/blue spectral ratio. Extrapolations of regression lines to zero sulfur give the composition of a presumed igneous rock. The chemistry and normative mineralogy of the sulfur-free rock resemble common terrestrial volcanic rocks, and its classification corresponds to andesite. Igneous rocks of this composition may occur with clastic sedimentary rocks or impact melts and breccias. However, the spectral mottling expected on conglomerates or breccias is not observed in any APXS-analyzed rocks. Interpretation of the rocks as andesites is complicated by absence of a \"1 μm\" pyroxene absorption band. Plausible explanations include impact glass, band masking by magnetite, or presence of calcium- and iron-rich pyroxenes and olivine which push the absorption band minimum past the imager's spectral range. The inferred andesitic composition is most similar to terrestrial anorogenic icelandites, formed by fractionation of tholeiitic basaltic magmas. Early melting of a relatively primitive Martian mantle could produce an appropriate parent magma, supporting the ancient age of Pathfinder rocks inferred from their incorporation in Hesperian flood deposits. Although rocks of andesitic composition at the Pathfinder site may represent samples of ancient Martian crust, inferences drawn about a necessary role for water or plate tectonics in their petrogenesis are probably unwarranted.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/98JE02551","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"McSween, H., Murchie, S., Crisp, J., Bridges, N., Anderson, R.C., Bell, J., Britt, D., Bruckner, J., Dreibus, G., Economou, T., Ghosh, A., Golombek, M., Greenwood, J., Johnson, J.R., Moore, H., Morris, R., Parker, T.J., Rieder, R., Singer, R., and Wänke, H., 1999, Chemical, multispectral, and textural constraints on the composition and origin of rocks at the Mars Pathfinder landing site: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 104, no. E4, p. 8679-8715, https://doi.org/10.1029/98JE02551.","startPage":"8679","endPage":"8715","numberOfPages":"37","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479580,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/98je02551","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":229221,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":278541,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/98JE02551"}],"volume":"104","issue":"E4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f59de4b0c8380cd4c30d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McSween, H.Y. Jr.","contributorId":12243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McSween","given":"H.Y.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Murchie, S.L.","contributorId":7369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murchie","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Crisp, J.A.","contributorId":36327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crisp","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bridges, N.T.","contributorId":23673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bridges","given":"N.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Anderson, R. C.","contributorId":9755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bell, J.F. III","contributorId":97612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bell","given":"J.F.","suffix":"III","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Britt, D.T.","contributorId":72150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Britt","given":"D.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Bruckner, J.","contributorId":12241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bruckner","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Dreibus, G.","contributorId":13050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dreibus","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Economou, T.","contributorId":82040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Economou","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Ghosh, A.","contributorId":17407,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ghosh","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Golombek, M.P.","contributorId":52696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Golombek","given":"M.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Greenwood, J.P.","contributorId":45965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greenwood","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Johnson, J. R.","contributorId":69278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Moore, H. J.","contributorId":71962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"H. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Morris, R.V.","contributorId":6978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morris","given":"R.V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Parker, T. J.","contributorId":30776,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Parker","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Rieder, R.","contributorId":28046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rieder","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Singer, R.","contributorId":105176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Wänke, H.","contributorId":90599,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wänke","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20}]}}
,{"id":70021717,"text":"70021717 - 1999 - Observations on the palynology, petrography and geochemistry of the Western Kentucky number 4 coal bed","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:37","indexId":"70021717","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Observations on the palynology, petrography and geochemistry of the Western Kentucky number 4 coal bed","docAbstract":"Eight bench-column samples of the Western Kentucky Number 4 coal bed, collected from an area along the southern margin of the Western Kentucky Coal Field, were analyzed palynologically, petrographically, and geochemically to document both temporal and spatial variability among these parameters. The Western Kentucky Number 4 coal occurs near the top of the Tradewater Formation, is of Early Desmoinesian age, and is correlative with the lower part of the Allegheny Formation of the Appalachian Basin, and Late Bolsovian strata of western Europe. Palynologically, the coal is co-dominated by spores that were produced by lycopod trees (Lycospora and Granasporites medius) and tree ferns. Thin-walled tree fern spores (Punctatisporites minutus, P. minutus, P. rotundus) are more abundant than thick-walled forms (Laevigatosporites globosus, P. granifer). Calamitean spores (Calamospora and Laevigatosporites spp.) are locally abundant as is cordaitean pollen (Florinites). Small fern (Granulatisporites) and small lycopod spores (Densosporites, Cirratriradites, Endosporites and Anacanthotriletes spinosus) are present, but occur in minor amounts. Temporal changes in palynomorph composition occur, but are not uniform between columns. Spatial variability among columns is also evident. Petrographically, the coal is dominated by vitrinite macerals, with telinite and telocollinite generally occurring more commonly than desmocollinite and gelocollinite. Basal benches typically contain high percentages of vitrinite; middle benches usually contain higher percentages of liptinite and inertinite. In about half the studied columns, the terminal coal benches show a slight increase in vitrinite. In the study area, the petrography of the Western Kentucky Number 4 coal is more uniform than the palynology. Ash yields and total sulfur contents are temporally uniform in some columns, but variable in others. In the latter case, higher percentages of ash and sulfur occur at the base of the bed and decrease up to the middle of the bed. The terminal benches of these columns often, but not always, show slight increases in ash or sulfur. Both syngenetic and epigenetic forms of sulfur are present in the Western Kentucky Number 4 coal. The high vitrinite contents and moderate to high sulfur contents suggest that the Western Kentucky Number 4 paleomire was mainly planar and rheotrophic throughout its developmental history. Groundwaters carrying dissolved solutes may have helped neutralize the normally acidic interstitial peat waters allowing for the production of sulfide minerals. Several of the columns with high sulfur contents at the base of the bed occur in faulted areas. The faults could have promoted the flow of groundwaters through the peat, providing an increased dissolved load for acid mitigation and sulfide formation. The concentration of sulfur at the base of the bed may be a function of the peat/underclay contact enhancing sulfide formation. The clay layer may also have acted as an impermeable boundary for downward moving groundwaters, causing mainly lateral, rather than vertical movement along the base of the coal bed.Eight bench-column samples of the Western Kentucky Number 4 coal bed were analyzed palynologically, petrographically, and geochemically to study both temporal and spatial variability among these parameters. Palynologically, the coal is co-dominated by spores that were produced by lycopod trees and tree ferns. Petrographically, the coal is dominated by vitrinite macerals, with telinite and telocollinite generally occurring more commonly than desmocollinite and gelocollinite. The petrography of the coal was found to be more uniform than the palynology.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Sci B.V.","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/S0166-5162(98)00042-1","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Eble, C., Greb, S., Williams, D., and Hower, J., 1999, Observations on the palynology, petrography and geochemistry of the Western Kentucky number 4 coal bed: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 39, no. 1-3, p. 121-139, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(98)00042-1.","startPage":"121","endPage":"139","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229182,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206235,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(98)00042-1"}],"volume":"39","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6adee4b0c8380cd743bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eble, C.F.","contributorId":35346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eble","given":"C.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Greb, S.F.","contributorId":48294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greb","given":"S.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Williams, D.A.","contributorId":98048,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Williams","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7114,"text":"Arizona State Unviersity","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":390874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hower, J.C.","contributorId":100541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hower","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70021716,"text":"70021716 - 1999 - The Continental Margins Program in Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-24T19:13:37","indexId":"70021716","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2669,"text":"Marine Georesources and Geotechnology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Continental Margins Program in Georgia","docAbstract":"From 1984 to 1993, the Georgia Geologic Survey (GGS) participated in the Minerals Management Service-funded Continental Margins Program. Geological and geophysical data acquisition focused on offshore stratigraphic framework studies, phosphate-bearing Miocene-age strata, distribution of heavy minerals, near-surface alternative sources of groundwater, and development of a PC-based Coastal Geographic Information System (GIS). Seven GGS publications document results of those investigations. In addition to those publications, direct benefits of the GGS's participation include an impetus to the GGS's investigations of economic minerals on the Georgia coast, establishment of a GIS that includes computer hardware and software, and seeds for additional investigations through the information and training acquired as a result of the Continental Margins Program. These addtional investigations are quite varied in scope, and many were made possible because of GIS expertise gained as a result of the Continental Margins Program. Future investigations will also reap the benefits of the Continental Margins Program.From 1984 to 1993, the Georgia Geologic Survey (GGS) participated in the Minerals Management Service-funded Continental Margins Program. Geological and geophysical data acquisition focused on offshore stratigraphic framework studies, phosphate-bearing Miocene-age strata, distribution of heavy minerals, near-surface alternative sources of groundwater, and development of a PC-based Coastal Geographic Information System (GIS). Seven GGS publications document results of those investigations. In addition to those publications, direct benefits of the GGS's participation include an impetus to the GGS's investigations of economic minerals on the Georgia coast, establishment of a GIS that includes computer hardware and software, and seeds for additional investigations through the information and training acquired as a result of the Continental Margins Program. These additional investigations are quite varied in scope, and many were made possible because of GIS expertise gained as a result of the Continental Margins Program. Future investigations will also reap the benefits of the Continental Margins Program.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Georesources and Geotechnology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis Ltd","publisherLocation":"London, United Kingdom","doi":"10.1080/106411999273873","issn":"1064119X","usgsCitation":"Cocker, M., and Shapiro, E., 1999, The Continental Margins Program in Georgia: Marine Georesources and Geotechnology, v. 17, no. 2-3, p. 199-209, https://doi.org/10.1080/106411999273873.","startPage":"199","endPage":"209","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229148,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268186,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/106411999273873"}],"volume":"17","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba6ebe4b08c986b3212df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cocker, M.D.","contributorId":56819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cocker","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shapiro, E.A.","contributorId":25722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shapiro","given":"E.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70021714,"text":"70021714 - 1999 - Spectroscopic determination of leaf biochemistry using band-depth analysis of absorption features and stepwise multiple linear regression","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:53","indexId":"70021714","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spectroscopic determination of leaf biochemistry using band-depth analysis of absorption features and stepwise multiple linear regression","docAbstract":"We develop a new method for estimating the biochemistry of plant material using spectroscopy. Normalized band depths calculated from the continuum-removed reflectance spectra of dried and ground leaves were used to estimate their concentrations of nitrogen, lignin, and cellulose. Stepwise multiple linear regression was used to select wavelengths in the broad absorption features centered at 1.73 ??m, 2.10 ??m, and 2.30 ??m that were highly correlated with the chemistry of samples from eastern U.S. forests. Band depths of absorption features at these wavelengths were found to also be highly correlated with the chemistry of four other sites. A subset of data from the eastern U.S. forest sites was used to derive linear equations that were applied to the remaining data to successfully estimate their nitrogen, lignin, and cellulose concentrations. Correlations were highest for nitrogen (R2 from 0.75 to 0.94). The consistent results indicate the possibility of establishing a single equation capable of estimating the chemical concentrations in a wide variety of species from the reflectance spectra of dried leaves. The extension of this method to remote sensing was investigated. The effects of leaf water content, sensor signal-to-noise and bandpass, atmospheric effects, and background soil exposure were examined. Leaf water was found to be the greatest challenge to extending this empirical method to the analysis of fresh whole leaves and complete vegetation canopies. The influence of leaf water on reflectance spectra must be removed to within 10%. Other effects were reduced by continuum removal and normalization of band depths. If the effects of leaf water can be compensated for, it might be possible to extend this method to remote sensing data acquired by imaging spectrometers to give estimates of nitrogen, lignin, and cellulose concentrations over large areas for use in ecosystem studies.We develop a new method for estimating the biochemistry of plant material using spectroscopy. Normalized band depths calculated from the continuum-removed reflectance spectra of dried and ground leaves were used to estimate their concentrations of nitrogen, lignin, and cellulose. Stepwise multiple linear regression was used to select wavelengths in the broad absorption features centered at 1.73 ??m, 2.10 ??m, and 2.301 ??m that were highly correlated with the chemistry of samples from eastern U.S. forests. Band depths of absorption features at these wavelengths were found to also be highly correlated with the chemistry of four other sites. A subset of data from the eastern U.S. forest sites was used to derive linear equations that were applied to the remaining data to successfully estimate their nitrogen, lignin, and cellulose concentrations. Correlations were highest for nitrogen (R2 from 0.75 to 0.94). The consistent results indicate the possibility of establishing a single equation capable of estimating the chemical concentrations in a wide variety of species from the reflectance spectra of dried leaves. The extension of this method to remote sensing was investigated. The effects of leaf water content, sensor signal-to-noise and bandpass, atmospheric effects, and background soil exposure were examined. Leaf water was found to be the greatest challenge to extending this empirical method to the analysis of fresh whole leaves and complete vegetation canopies. The influence of leaf water on reflectance spectra must be removed to within 10%. Other effects were reduced by continuum removal and normalization of band depths. If the effects of leaf water can be compensated for, it might be possible to extend this method to remote sensing data acquired by imaging spectrometers to give estimates of nitrogen, lignin, and cellulose concentrations over large areas for use in ecosystem studies.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Remote Sensing of Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science Inc","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","doi":"10.1016/S0034-4257(98)00084-4","issn":"00344257","usgsCitation":"Kokaly, R., and Clark, R.N., 1999, Spectroscopic determination of leaf biochemistry using band-depth analysis of absorption features and stepwise multiple linear regression: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 67, no. 3, p. 267-287, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(98)00084-4.","startPage":"267","endPage":"287","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206192,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(98)00084-4"},{"id":229079,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"67","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b95afe4b08c986b31b065","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kokaly, R.F. 0000-0003-0276-7101","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0276-7101","contributorId":42381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kokaly","given":"R.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, R. N.","contributorId":6568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70021713,"text":"70021713 - 1999 - Transport and attenuation of carboxylate-modified latex microspheres in fractured rock laboratory and field tracer tests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-19T10:18:16","indexId":"70021713","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transport and attenuation of carboxylate-modified latex microspheres in fractured rock laboratory and field tracer tests","docAbstract":"<div class=\"abstract-group\"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>Understanding colloid transport in ground water is essential to assessing the migration of colloid‐size contaminants, the facilitation of dissolved contaminant transport by colloids, in situ bioremediation, and the health risks of pathogen contamination in drinking water wells. Much has been learned through laboratory and field‐scale colloid tracer tests, but progress has been hampered by a lack of consistent tracer testing methodology at different scales and fluid velocities. This paper presents laboratory and field tracer tests in fractured rock that use the same type of colloid tracer over an almost three orders‐of‐magnitude range in scale and fluid velocity. Fluorescently‐dyed carboxylate‐modified latex (CML) microspheres (0.19 to 0.98 μm diameter) were used as tracers in (1) a naturally fractured tuff sample, (2) a large block of naturally fractured granite, (3) a fractured granite field site, and (4) another fractured granite/schist field site. In all cases, the mean transport time of the microspheres was shorter than the solutes, regardless of detection limit. In all but the smallest scale test, only a fraction of the injected microsphere mass was recovered, with the smaller microspheres being recovered to a greater extent than the larger microspheres. Using existing theory, we hypothesize that the observed microsphere early arrival was due to volume exclusion and attenuation was due to aggregation and/or settling during transport. In most tests, microspheres were detected using flow cytometry, which proved to be an excellent method of analysis. CML microspheres appear to be useful tracers for fractured rock in forced gradient and short‐term natural gradient tests, but longer residence times may result in small microsphere recoveries.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1999.tb01116.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Becker, M., Reimus, P., and Vilks, P., 1999, Transport and attenuation of carboxylate-modified latex microspheres in fractured rock laboratory and field tracer tests: Ground Water, v. 37, no. 3, p. 387-395, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1999.tb01116.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"387","endPage":"395","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229626,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb734e4b08c986b327100","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Becker, M.W.","contributorId":35896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Becker","given":"M.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reimus, P.W.","contributorId":91266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reimus","given":"P.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vilks, P.","contributorId":49134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vilks","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
]}